ap psy
If you wanted to choose a book that best described the whole scientific field of psychology, what book title would be most appropriate?
"Understanding Behavior and Mental Processes"
Some psychologists, echoing Watson, point out that consciousness is subjective and "if you can measure it...
"you are in fact studying behavior"
Some psychologists, echoing Watson, point out that consciousness is subjective and "if you can measure it..."
"you are in fact studying behavior"
Which of the following coeffcients of a correlation indicate the weakest relationship between two variables?
0.51,-0.28, 0.08, -1.00, 1.00
Most tests using the deviation IQ set the mean at
100 points and the standard deviation at 15 points
If a four-year-old girl correctly answered questions on an intelligence exam similar to a five-year-old girl, she would be said to have a mental age of five. In this case her intelligence quotient (IQ) would be:
125
An 8-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of:
125.
A performance score on the WAIS that is higher than all but 2 percent of all scores earns an intelligence score of:
130
On a normal distribution of IQ test scores, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 points, a score of 85 places you approximately in what percentile of the population?
16th
In a normal distribution of IQ scores, what percentage of people has a score between 85 and 115?
68.26 percent
Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur's mental age is:
4
About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.
68
An infant sleeps approximately 17 hours a day. Of those hours, how many are spent in REM?
50 percent
If your score falls at the 75th percentile on a standardized test, which of the following is an accurate interpretation?
75% of the people who took the test scored at or below your score.
If a subject if given a 100 gram weight and his difference threshold is measured at 2 grams, according to Weber's Law, when we present the subject with a 400 gram weight, his difference threshold will be measured at
8 grams.
Which age group of people is most susceptible to hypnosis?
8-12
If a child of age 10 made a mental age score of 8 on the Binet test, his IQ would be
80
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every:
90 minutes.
Which statement best defines dependency?
A change in the nervous system occurs so that a person now needs to take the drug to prevent withdrawal symptoms.
A savant can best be defi ned as:
A mentally handicapped individual with exceptional ability in mathematical calculations, memory, art, or music
Mental age can best be defined as:
A method of estimating a child's intellectual ability by comparing the child's score on intelligence tests and his or her age
Which of the following is the best example of a negative reinforcement?
A mother taking an aspirin to eliminate her headache
Marc, a psychology major, collected survey data about the number of hours that college students study for finals and their grades on those finals. His data indicates that students who spend more time studying for finals tend to do better than other students. What can Marc now conclude?
A relationship exists between studying and exam grades.
A random sample can best be defined as:
A sample in which each potential participant has an equal chance of being selected
Which of the following psychologists would argue that learning can take place when someone is watching another person and performs that behavior even when not reinforced?
Albert Bandura
____ nerves receive information, while ____ nerves carry out instructions.
Afferent; efferent
Psychoanalytic psychology focuses mainly on
Internal conflict and unconscious desires
Charles Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence referred to which of the following?
Ability to perform complex mental work and mathematical or verbal skills
The process by which a tiny electrical current is generated when the positive sodium ions rush inside the axon, causing the inside of the axon to reverse its charge, is called:
Action potential
Which of the following drugs are physically addictive? Morphine Cocaine Heroin
All of these
If an action potential starts at the beginning of an axon, the action potential will continue at the same speed to the very end of the axon. This concept is known as
All-or-none law
Descriptive statistics
Allow the researcher to control for confounding variables
The normal curve would represent the distribution of:
American women in terms of their physical heights.
Emma is telling her younger sister stories about her first Christmas in their new home. Which part of the brain is Emma using to recall these memories?
Amygdala
Punishment can best be defined as:
An attempt to weaken a response by following it with something unpleasant
Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence was divided into three categories. Which three categories are correct?
Analytical, problem solving, practical
Which of the following types of tests measures the capacity of a test taker to perform some task or role in the future?
Aptitude
Which of the following is a positive correlation?
As study time decreases, students achieve lower grades
Recent research found a correlation between the time one spends listening to heavy metal music and the number of books one reads. The correlation coefficient between these two variables was -.83. What does this correlation mean?
As the age of the subject increases, the number of books he or she reads decreases
Driving a car along a familiar route while listening to the radio or thinking of something else is an example of:
Automatic process
Which of the following is not controlled by the hypothalamus?
Balance and coordination
An extremely well-developed kinesthetic sense would be very important for which of the following vocations?
Ballet dancer
Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?
Bandura
______________________are psychoactive drugs that depress the central nervous system, while __________stimulate the central nervous system.
Barbiturates, amphetamines
Fred, Barney, George, and Bart are ten years old, and each suffers from a different sleep disorder. Fred occasionally shifts suddenly during the day from a normal waking state into several minutes of sleep, during which time he has very little muscle tone and is effectively immobile. Barney walks in his sleep (but does nothing else), while George sometimes moves to act out his dreams. Bart has nightmares (not night terrors). Who is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms?
Barney
"Give me a dozen healthy infants and my own special world to bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist, . . . lawyer, doctor . . ." What psychological approach would support this statement?
Behavioral
The use of rewards, punishments, and positive reinforcement is an example of which field of psychology
Behavioral
What is the difference between cognitive psychology and behavioral psychology?
Behavioral psychology deals with reinforcement and punishment, while cognitive psychology deals with informative processing.
Psychology is considered a science mainly because it relies on direct observation. Which field of psychology supports this
Behaviorism
Which of the following statements best explains E. L. Th orndike's law of effect?
Behaviors are strengthened by positive consequences and weakened by negative ones
Which of the following psychologists believed that intelligence was a collection of mental abilities?
Binet
Sabina is having problems with chronic anxiety. She goes to a psychiatrist who tells her that she needs medication to reduce her anxiety. Which approach to psychology does Sabina's psychiatrist take?
Biological
Which of the following approaches to psychology is most likely to have a paper entitled "The Role of the Endocrine System as a Secondary Neurotransmitter"?
Biological
Which subfield of psychology would focus on how a stroke could affect the functioning of the brain?
Biological psychology
Which part of the brain is responsible for combining sounds into words and arranging words into meaningful sentences?
Broca's area
After she suffered a stroke, Mrs. Jacobitz had so much difficulty speaking that she had to communicate by writing. This suggests that her cortex was damaged in:
Broca's area.
Which of the following drugs block reuptake, leading to increased neural stimulation?
Cocaine
The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the:
CR.
Classical conditioning occurs most rapidly when the learner perceives the ________ to cause the ________.
CS; UCS
Thanh was in a car accident a year ago in which she suffered some brain damage. Because of the rare nature of her impairment, Dr. Morello kept very detailed notes concerning the treatments administered, the effects of those treatments, and other particular aspects of her condition. He hopes to publish his findings so that if another psychologist encounters a patient with a condition like Thanh's, that psychologist will have some information to aid him or her in treating that individual. Which research method is Dr. Morello using?
Case study
Which of the following is not part of the limbic system?
Cerebellum
Who contributed to the ideas of evolutionary perspective by suggesting that nature selects organisms best suited for survival in a given environment?
Charles Darwin
Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy?
Clinical
Which area of psychology is most concerned with understanding the internal works of the "mind", such as memory and thought?
Cognitive
Which area of psychology is most concerned with understanding the internal works of the "mind", such as memory and thought?
Cognitive
Which perspective would look at how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?
Cognitive
Which perspective//approach would most look at how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?
Cognitive
The study of mental activity linked with brain activity best describes
Cognitive neuroscience
According to operant conditioning, the __________ of behavior are the best predictor of whether or not that behavior is preformed again,
Consequences
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Control Group
Constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has the exact same conditions and is treated the same
Controls
Azul's job is to create an exhibit at the science museum that lets people walk through a giant "eye" so they can understand how it works. If the museum visitors are supposed to follow the same path as real photons do, Azul should arrange their path to follow which order?
Cornea, pupil, lens, retina
Which part of the brain is affected during a split-brain operation?
Corpus callosum
Which of the following research methods does not permit researchers to draw conclusions regarding cause-and-effect relationships?
Correlational research
Th e WAIS and the WISC are credited for:
Creating intelligence tests specifi c to different age groups
According to Raymond Cattell, what is the major difference between crystallized intelligence and fl uid intelligence?
Crystallized intelligence is the ability to absorb and retain information, while fluid intelligence refers to problem-solving abilities.
____ receive information from other neurons; ____ transmit information to other neurons.
Dendrites; axon buttons
the responses (measured outcomes) made by the participants in your experiment
Dependent Variable
Which would be categorized as a "leading question" when interviewing somebody under hypnosis?
Did the robber seem nervous?
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
Double Blind Procedure
A condition involving mental retardation caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup is known as:
Down syndrome.
Th e center of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming is based on the belief that:
Dreams provide explanations for physiological activity.
Which instruments are used to monitor sleep in the laboratory?
EEG, EMG, EOG
Neurons that carry information away from the spinal cord to produce responses in various muscles or organs throughout the body are called:
Efferent neurons
An EEG records:
Electrical impulses from the brain
An approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation/research data
Empirical Investigation
Which of the following is not considered to be an altered state of consciousness?
Exercise
a kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the Independent Variable
Experimental Method
If a researcher is trying to establish a causal relationship between eating breakfast and work performance, the researcher should use which of the following methods of research?
Experimental research
You are listening to a televised debate about cloning. One of the scientists says that cloning would allow us to improve the quality of the human race by creating exact duplicates of highly intelligent people. People who were not considered suitable candidates for cloning would be able to adopt these "high quality" children, rather than having their own. This scientist's views about intelligence most closely mirror the views of
Francis Galton
The psychoanalytic approach to understanding personality was described by
Freud
The idea that dreams represent wish fulfi llment comes from which theory of dream interpretation?
Freud's theory of dream interpretation
A professor constructs a questionnaire to determine how students at the university feel about nuclear disarmament. Which of the following techniques should be used in order to survey a random sample of the student body?
From the alphabetical listing of all students, every tenth (or fifteenth, e.g.) should be asked to complete the questionnaire
The _____ school of psychology focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and flourish.
Functionalist
The __________ school of psychology focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and flourish.
Functionalist
Which of the following neurotransmitters most closely resembles the affects alcohol has on the nervous system?
GABA
An architect would likely have good spatial intelligence, a gymnast or dancer would likely have good body-kinesthetic intelligence, and a psychologist would probably have good intrapersonal skills. Which of the following psychologists would agree with this statement?
Gardner
__________ intelligence tests assess a wide variety of mental abilities.
General
The term biological psychology is concerned with
Genetics and the nervous system
Dylan has recovered from extensive injury to his left cerebral hemisphere and has continued his career. His occupation is most likely:
Graphic artist
A teenage boy once described using this drug as "life without anxiety, . . . it makes you feel good." However, this boy eventually discovered the dark side of the drug. With constant use, dosages became larger and larger. Eventually getting high was almost impossible and normal functioning was out of the question. Which drug was he referring to?
Heroin
Which of the following drugs does not fall under the category of a stimulant?
Heroin
Which of the following psychoactive drugs is not a depressant?
Heroin
Which of the following statements best describes opiates?
Heroin is an example of an opiate.
Who is most likely to be criticized for extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of talents?
Howard Gardner
The idea that psychology is not based on scientific fact or human shortcomings but instead should focus on human experience is the basis for which psychological approach
Humanism
Of the following approaches to understanding behavior, which will most likely focus on the way that adults process information?
Humanistic
The study of current environmental influences and the importance of satisfying the needs for love and acceptance best describe which school of psychology
Humanistic
The study of current environmental influences and the importance of satisfying the needs for love and acceptance best describe which school of psychology?
Humanistic
a statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study.
Hypothesis
Cross-cultural studies during the last thirty years show
IQ gains that are typically 15 points.
Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by heredity?
Identical twins reared separately are more similar in their intelligence scores than fraternal twins reared together.
Th e MMPI (Minnesota multiphasic inventories) is designed to:
Identify characteristics of personality and behavior
As a result of her car accident, Mimi suffered damage to her Broca's area of the brain. What symptoms will she suffer as a result?
Inability to speak in fluent sentences
The stimuli you are studying A condition that the experimenter changes independently of all the other carefully controlled experiment conditions.
Independent Variable
In an experiment, Sydney is going to investigate how alcohol affects aggression. The number of alcoholic drinks the subject has is called:
Independent variable
Jordan runs an experiment testing the effects of sugar consumption on aggression levels in children. He randomly assigns 20 subjects either to a control group given sugar-free candy or to the experimental group that was given the same candy that did contain sugar. He then tests the subjects' response to several different puzzles, each with increasing di& culty. Jordan hypothesizes that sugar levels do play a role in aggression in children. In order to know whether his hypothesis has been supported, Jordan will need to use:
Inferential statistics
Jules is trying to get a couch through her front door, but is not having much success. She stops, stares at the couch, then the door, and suddenly realizes that she needs to turn the couch a different way. When she does so, the couch fits easily through the door. Which type of learning explains Jules's solution to her problem?
Insight
Wolfgang Kohler conducted a series of experiments in which he placed a chimpanzee in a cage with a banana on the ground just out of his reach outside of the cage. After a period of inaction, the chimp suddenly grabbed the stick in the cage, poked it through the cage, and dragged the banana within reach. Th is type of learning is called:
Insight
Th e concept of reaction range indicates that:
Intelligence may increase or decrease as a result of the environment
Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science?
Intuition and common sense are not always correct
Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science?
Intuition and common sense are not always correct.
Karlie is always told that she has beautiful eyes. To which part of her eye are people most likely to be referring when they tell her this?
Iris
One major criticism of Ivan Pavlov's concept of classical conditioning was that
It did not take into account voluntary human behavior
Which of the following is not an ethical principle regarding research on humans?
It is never acceptable for a researcher to deceive a participant during the research.
What is the job of the sodium pump?
It is responsible for keeping the axon charged by returning and keeping sodium ions outside the axon membrane.
Because Lela did not want to raise her child in poverty, she put her baby up for adoption. A middle-class family, in a good home, is now raising Lela's baby. What effect could this have on the child's IQ?
It may be as much as 10 to 15 points higher than the IQs of children who stay in disadvantaged settings
A psychologist conducts an experiment by feeding pigeons blue and red seeds that are otherwise identical. The blue seeds contain a chemical that makes the birds sick. The psychologist wants to know how long it will take the birds to learn that only the red seeds are good to eat. Which psychologist would most likely conduct this experiment?
John B. Watson (behaviorist)
The concept of tabula rasa, or "blank state" (the idea that human beings come into the world knowing nothing, and thereafter acquire all of their knowledge through experience), is most closely associated with
John Locke
The concept of tabula rasa, or "blank state" (the idea that human beings comeinto the world knowing nothing, and thereafter acquire all of their knowledge through experience), is most closely associated with
John Locke
People born with an extra X chromosome, resulting in an XXY patter; causes minimal sexual development and personality traits.
Klinefelter's syndrome
Cold sweats, vomiting, convulsions, and hallucinations are all symptoms of what drug?
LSD
After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of:
LSD.
After several attempts at escape with no success, the electrically shocked dogs give up. At that moment the gates open and the dogs could simply walk out, but they don't; instead they just sit there. Th is could most likely be explained by the concept of:
Learned helplessness
Which of the following is NOT true with regards to learning?
Learning involves all changes in behavior the organism may show
Which of the following statements best exemplifi es the idea behind social cognitive learning?
Learning is likely to happen whether we see someone else punished or rewarded for behavior
Harry Harlows's goal was to get his monkeys to fi gure out that in any set of six trials, the food was always under the same box. Initially the monkeys chose the boxes randomly, sometimes fi nding food and sometimes not. However, after a while their behavior changed: after two consistent trials of fi nding the correct box, they continually went back to the same box. Harlow concluded that the monkeys had "learned how to learn." According to Harlow the monkeys established:
Learning sets
Latent learning can best be described as:
Learning that is not immediately refl ected in a behavior change
Wernicke's area is located on which lobe of the brain?
Left temporal lobe
If genetic factors contribute to IQ scores, then fraternal twins should have:
Less similar IQ scores than identical twins
The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by:
Lewis Terman.
Blank slate is to innate ideas as ________ is to _______.
Locke; Socrates
Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in:
Loss of muscular coordination
Alfred the brain was in a car accident, and the doctor suspects that Alfred may have suffered structural damage. Which of the following tests would be the most appropriate to find out whether there is structural damage?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Th is drug induces a number of physiological and psychological effects, some of which include dilated blood vessels in the eye, dry mouth, time distortion, euphoric feelings, sense of relaxation, and mild muscular weakness.
Marijuana
I believe people choose to live meaningful lives. I share many of the same beliefs as Carl Rogers. Most important, I believe many people have the ability to reach self-actualization. Who am I?
Maslow
Of the following, who is associated with the Gestalt school of psychology?
Max Wertheimer
Th e hormone most closely related to one's sleep patterns is:
Melatonin
Maddie is walking down a dark alley by herself late at night. She automatically turns her head to the left when she hears a strange noise. What part of the brain is she using?
Midbrain
In Albert Bandura's "bobo" doll experiment, which group of children spontaneously acted aggressively toward the doll rather quickly?
Model-reward condition
In using hypnosis for pain reduction, patients highly susceptible to hypnosis were:
More likely to report significantly lower pain levels
A geometric illusion in which two lines of equal length appear unequal depending on whether angular lines forming arrowheads at each end point toward or away from each other.
Mueller-Lyer illusion
A relatively rare condition that involves irresistible attacks of sleepiness, brief periods of REM, and often muscle paralysis is called:
Narcolepsy
The observation in a classroom that the higher the room temperature, the lower student performance would be an example of:
Negative correlation
A defendant is harassed and tortured until he confesses. This is an example of
Negative reinforcement
Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely in the future to make goofy faces to make Jacob stop crying
Negative reinforcement
In a double-blind experimental design, which of the following would be true?
Neither the researchers nor the experimental subjects know whether the latter have been assigned to an experimental group or a control group.
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes
Normal Curve/distribution
For behaviorists, psychological science is rooted in
Observation
Which of the following is true of sleep?
One passes through all stages of sleep, including REM, several times in a normal night.
What is one major difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning
Operant conditioning takes place as a result of some voluntary action, while classical conditioning takes place without choice
Specific descriptions of concepts involving the conditions of a scientific study.
Operational Definitions
Bodily sensations such as touch, pressure, and temperature are controlled in which area of the brain?
Parietal lobe
An MRI involves:
Passing nonharmful radio frequencies through the brain to study brain structure
What are the four major areas of impact of psychoactive drugs?
Perception, behavior, moods, mental processes
The division that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body; divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Is the mind's tendency to judge an object's size according to the background. An example of this is a set of converging lines drawn upward with an equal set of parallel lines drawn horizontally (this diagram appears to be like railroad tracks that stretch off into the distance). The horizontal lines (the railroad tracks in our example) near the bottom where the converging lines are farther apart appear to be shorter, and the rungs near the top where the lines are closer together appear to be longer. At the bottom, the horizontal tracks stay inside the vertical lines while the top ones extend over them. It is this difference in background that makes the top tracks appear longer.
Ponzo illusion
All of the following are terms related to hypnosis except:
Posthypnotic exhortation
Which of the following functions best explains the role of the sympathetic nervous system?
Preparing the body for "fight or flight"
Th e American Psychiatric Association established IQ ranges for various levels of retardation. Below 25 is considered to be:
Profound retardation
Which of the following professionals is also a medical doctor?
Psychiatrist
Hallucinogens are best defi ned as:
Psychoactive drugs that produce strange and unusual perceptual,sensory, and cognitive experiences
Clients who work with their therapists to explore their past to discover the source of their illness would be seeking what type of therapy
Psychoanalytic
Psychologists who emphasize the importance of repressed memories and childhood experiences subscribe to which of the following perspectives?
Psychodynamic
Which perspective would most likely explain anger as "an outlet for unconscious hostility?"
Psychodynamic
The science of behavior and mental processes best defines
Psychology
With which definition of psychology would John Watson and B.F. Skinner most agree?
Psychology is the science of behavior.
Suspending a basketball player for committing a flagrant foul is an example of:
Punishment
Th e majority of our dreams occur in which stage of sleep?
REM sleep
When in this stage of sleep, brain waves have a fast frequency and low amplitude and look very similar to beta waves, which occur when you are wide-awake and alert. Which state of sleep is this?
REM sleep
Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through:
REM sleep.
A process by which chance alone determines the order in which the stimulus is presented Example: Flip a coin to choose the left or right hand of a subject
Random Presentation
Dr. Mallard conducted research that required 50 participants. The first 25 people that arrived on the day of the experiment were assigned to the experimental group' and the remaining 25 were assigned to the control group. Such a method of assignment may influence the results of his experiment. Instead, Dr. Mallard should have used which method of assignment?
Random selection
The extent to which traits, abilities, or IQ scores may increase or decrease as a result of environmental factors is called:
Reaction range
The main job of the thalamus is:
Receiving sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate area
In vision and hearing, sensory information takes which of the following routes?
Receptors—sensory nerves—thalamus—cerebral cortex
You know that your friends Manuel and William are the same height. You use the fact that Manuel's image on your retina is smaller than William's to conclude that Manuel must be farther away from you. Which depth cue are you using?
Relative size
In research, this refers to doing a study over to see whether the same results are obtained
Replicate
When humans suffer damage to this part of the brain, there can be a lapse into a permanent state of unconsciousness.
Reticular formation
According to Ernest Hilgard's hidden observer theory, people who are hypnotized and told to plunge one hand into a glass of painfully cold ice water with the suggestion they will not feel pain, will respond to the question "Do you feel pain?" by:
Saying they do not feel pain
B. F. Skinner used his "Skinner Box" to work on a procedure in which the experimenter successfully reinforced behaviors, which led up to the desired behavior. Th is procedure is known as:
Shaping
Dr. Cho is concerned that his body language might influence the outcome of his experiment. Which of the following methods should Dr. Cho use to ensure that he will not impact the results of the study?
Single-blind study
The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:
Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.
The pons is located between the medulla and other brain areas. It is responsible for which of the following?
Sleep and arousal
Th e adaptive sleep theory suggests:
Sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from
Which of the following psychologists would most likely explore how we view and affect each other?
Social
Another name for the cell body of the neuron is:
Soma
Knowing what you are touching or how hot to make the water for you shower involves which of these areas of the brain?
Somatosensory cortex
Which of the following psychologists did not suggest the existence of more than one kind of intelligence?
Spearman
Sensations of falling or floating weightlessly (hypnagogic sensations) are most closely associated with ________ sleep.
Stage 1
Th e sleep stage that is a transition from wakefulness to sleep and lasting 1-7 minutes is:
Stage 2 sleep
Sleepwalking and sleep talking are characteristics of which stage of sleep?
Stage 4 sleep
Which stage of sleep is characterized by delta waves (very high amplitude and very low frequency)?
Stage 4 sleep
During which stage of sleep does the person report they were "just drifting"?
Stage I
Deep sleep is associated with which stage of sleep?
Stage IV
What statistical technique would be appropriate for a researcher to use in trying to determine how consistent intelligence scores are over time?
Standard deviation
If Mia stepped on a nail, which of the following would be the correct order of communication for her to feel the pain?
Stimulus-electrical impulse-neurotransmitter-receptor site
Self-reflective introspection (looking inward) to discern the elements of experience best describes a technique used by
Structuralists
One major difference between structuralism and functionalism is
Structuralists wish to divide the mind into mental elements while functionalists believe behavior helps an organism adapt to the environment
Which of the following psychologists wrote The Principles of Psychology?
William James
In order for a person to be hypnotized, the hypnotist must do which of the following?
Suggest what the subject will experience during hypnosis
Dr. Sanborn is interested in studying people who have sustained brain damage after ingesting banana peels. Over the past five years, he has studied only one patient. Which of the following research methods is Dr. Sanborn most likely using?
Survey
Which of these tests is projective, requiring subjects to tell stories about photographs or drawings?
TAT
While waiting at the end of a long line, Roger notices that he can't determine the hair color or facial features of the people at the front of the line, but he can do so with people near him. Roger would perceive people at the front of the line to be farther away due to what depth perception cue?
Texture gradient
Professor Leonard is interested in studying the effects of caffeine on attention. One group of students is administered 100mg of caffeine prior to a two-hour lecture on the migrating practices of North American geese. The other group receives no caffeine prior to hearing the lecture. In this study, what is the dependent variable?
The ability of students to pay attention to the lecture
Professor Jackson is conducting an experiment on the effects of chalk dust on memory retention. Two groups are given the same memory test. Participants in group A are exposed to chalk dust at all. Identify the dependent variable in Professor Jackson's study
The amount of time between exposures
Alfred Binet is known as the father of intelligence mainly because of his work in:
The assessment of one's ability to learn and the creation of the mental age
When researchers removed all time cues, such as light, clock, radio, and television, from subjects' environment, the length of the day expanded from 24 to about 25 hours. Th is phenomenon is known as:
The circadian rhythm
Which of the following best describes the basic principle behind operant conditioning?
The consequences one receives are directly based on his or her behavior.
The Hawthorne effect is best defined as:
The idea that people will alter their behavior because of the researchers' attention and not because of actual treatment
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between inspection time and IQ is true?
The longer the inspection time, the lower the intelligence.
A normal distribution is one in which:
The majority of scores fall in the middle range.
A developmental psychologist focuses mainly on
The manner in which a child develops the ability to speak, learn, and understand the world around him or her
The debate on the relative contribution of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as
The nature-nature issue
The debate on the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as
The nature-nurture issue
Dr. Bisell conducts an experiment to see whether hunger makes mice run faster through a maze. He randomly assigns 25 mice to a control group or an experimental group. Which cannot be a confounding variable?
The population from which he selected the mice
Which of the following statements best defines the concept of equivalent form reliability?
The score received on the test should reflect the scores received on previous standardized tests
Katrina takes a study break and decides to eat an apple. What kind of sensory information about the apple is likely to reach Katrina's cerebral cortex without first going through the thalamus
The smell
James read a magazine ad about a drug that doctors say may help college students perform better on multiple-choice type tests. Being the inquisitive person that he is, James decided to do an experiment to see if the magazine's claims were true. He administered the drug to one of his classes, and gave the other class a placebo. James then tested the students in both groups on material they had recently discussed in class. In this example, what is the experimental group?
The students who received the drug
Which of the following best defines eclectic psychology?
The study of a variety of theories within the field
Phenomenology is best defined as
The study of natural, unanalyzed perception
A group of ranchers attempts to discourage coyotes from attacking their sheep by placing a substance on the wool of the sheep that makes coyotes violently ill if they eat it. Very quickly, the coyotes avoid the sheep entirely. In this scenario, what are the UCS, CS, and CR, respectively?
The substance, the sheep's wool, aversion to the sheep
What is one major difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
The sympathetic nervous system increases physiological arousal, while the parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to a calmer and relaxed state.
A student is writing an article for her school newspaper about the school's new cell-phone policy, and she'd like to include survey results form a random sample of students in her article. Which of the following constitutes a random sample?
The writer pulls the names of five students from a hat that contains all students' names. She interviews the five selected students.
A testable explanation for a set of facts or observations... not just speculation or a guess.
Theory
Researchers studying gender have found that
There are more similarities than differences between the genders
Martina believes that high doses of caffeine slow a person's reaction time. In order to test this belief, she has five friends each drink three 8-ounce cups of coffee and then measures their reaction time on the learning task. What is wrong with Martina's research strategy?
There is no control condition.
Which of the following is a potential problem with case studies?
They may be misleading because they don't fairly represent other cases.
Psychodynamic psychology focuses mainly on which of the following?
Thoughts, impulses, and desires beyond the conscious being
What is the goal of both positive and negative reinforcement?
To increase the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated
Th e reduction in the body's response to a drug, which may accompany continual drug use, is called:
Tolerance
Thorndike's law of eff ect neglects the inner drives or motives that make learners pursue the "satisfying state," allowing learners to reach their goals. Which of the following psychologists would have agreed with that statement?
Tolman
People born with only a single X chromosome in the spot usually occupied by the twenty-third pair; causes some physical characteristics, lie shortness, webbed necks, and differences in physical sexual development.
Turner's syndrome
Which of the following is the most effective way to eliminate experimenter bias?
Use a double-blind design.
Which of the following is the best example of applied research?
Using psychological concepts to boost morale and productivity
When an intelligence test measures what it is supposed to, the test is considered to be:
Valid
Schedules of reinforcement have a direct eff ect on maintaining your behavior. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is identified in this example: Calling a friend and getting a busy signal because he or she is frequently on the phone?
Variable interval
Devyn watches a violent television show and then pretends to shoot her brother Tyler with a toy pistol. A psychologist would say that Devyn has learned this behavior through:
Vicarious learning
If damage occurs to the occipital lobe, an individual could fail to recognize some objects, persons, or color.This damage is called:
Visual agnosia
The idea that fear could be learned is based on the work of
Watson
There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can we properly conclude from this discovery?
We cannot conclude anything about cause and effect
Which of the following psychologists added a performance scale in an attempt to measure nonverbal skills and rule out other cultural of educational biases?
Wechsler
The region in the rear portion of the left temporal lobe that enables a person to understand speech is called ________ area
Wernicke's
In which of the following parts of the brain would a lesion most likely result in aphasia?
Wernicke's area
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of a cognitive map?
When asked for directions to his job, a man recites them in great detail.
Which of the following approaches focuses on free will and consciousness?
Which of the following approaches focuses on free will and consciousness?
Which of the following psychologists started the first lab in Germany?
Wilhelm Wundt
Which of the following psychologists was a structuralist?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who was considered the father of psychology
Wundt
Is a classic optical illusion that uses parallel lines and angles in ways that fool the eye and the brain to believe that the lines are not actually parallel.
Zollner illusion
An integrated understanding of mental processes within the framework of both social systems and brain functions is most clearly provided by:
a biopsychosocial approach.
What is "anandamide"
a brain chemical which appears in the frontal lobes and hippocampus
You are in an unfamiliar setting and your eyes are closed. Which of the following sounds would be hardest for you to locate correctly
a bell ringing 6 feet directly in front of you
What is a formal definition of "operant"?
a class of behaviors with an equivalent effect on the environment
Savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
Refer to the following and your knowledge of psychology to answer questions 82 and 83 : When subjects in the experimental group put a puzzle piece in the wrong place, the experimenter unconsciously winced. The experimenter did not wince when subjects in the control group put a piece in the wrong place.
a confounding variable
Brielle is studying the effect that alcohol consumption has on test taking ability. In her study, a subject's alcohol tolerance would be
a confounding variable.
What is a lucid dream?
a dream where you know you are dreaming
A good analogy for the way in which a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites is
a key fitting in the lock of a door
Jonathan has a terrible dream in which he's being strangled by the tentacles of an octopus. When he wakes up, Jonathan remembers the frightening dream vey well and immediately writes about it in his sleep journal. Jonathan appears to be experiencing
a nightmare.
Don hears a sound and decides it is a bell ringing. Don's experience is called
a perception.
Walter has taken a test that attempts to assess his interests and attitudes. Walter has MOST likely taken
a personality test
In the study about indulgent parents and tantrums, the control group should be comprised of
a random assortment of indulgent and non-indulgent parents
Alcohol myopia" is said to be...
a reason alcohol consumption is a "risk factor" for sexually transmitted diseases
The survey is a research method in which:
a representative sample of individuals are questioned regarding their attitudes or behaviors.
The grouping principle of connectedness is best exemplified by
a row of protesters holding hands to create a barrier.
Pablo thinks 75-watt light bulbs give more light than 60-watt bulbs. His wife thinks both are equally bright. Pablo apparently has ________ threshold for light as compared to his wife.
a smaller difference
What is an axon?
a tube of membrane
In considering the nature of intelligence, experts would most likely agree that intelligence should be defined as a(n):
ability to learn from experience.
Parapsychology refers to the:
ability to perceive future events.
Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.
absolute threshold
Intelligence tests were initially designed by Binet and Simon to assess:
academic aptitude.
Bryan reads the newspaper to his grandmother because the muscles in her eyes can no longer change the shape of her inflexible lenses. This problem with _____________ keeps her from focusing small print on her retina.
accommodation
Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce:
acetylcholine
A test designed to assess whether newly graduated medical students should be granted the legal right to practice medicine would most likely be considered a(n) ________ test.
achievement
The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called:
acquisition.
Someone who eats salty food for an extended period of time eventually will be unable to taste the salt on their food unless they increase the amount. This phenomenon is referred to as
adaptation.
Twenty-eight-year-old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of:
age regression.
Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as
alpha waves
Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of:
alpha waves.
When your mental processes are sufficiently different from normal waking experience that you or an observer notice significant behavior changes, you are in a(n) ______________ state of consciousness.
altered
François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?
amphetamines
Madisen has just completed a two-year internship with a law firm. She takes a test that is designed to assess her current knowledge of general legal principles. In this case, the test that Madisen takes would be classified as
an achievement test
What is Pavlovian conditioning, in a nutshell?
an anticipatory biological response
What is a CER, (conditional emotional response)by definition?
an emotional response like anxiety or happiness, set off by a CS
In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of:
an experiment.
The perception that seemingly infertile couples who adopt a child are subsequently more likely to conceive a child themselves best illustrates:
an illusory correlation
Dr. Didden was hired by the TLC Company to help them retain their employees without lowering the firm's profits. After TLC removed cubicles and permitted employees to decorate their work room as recommended by Dr. Didden, the absentee rate declined and no employees went for jobs elsewhere. Dr. Didden is most likely to be
an industrial/organizational psychologist
Teresa sleeps 16 hours a day and about half of that time is spent in REM sleep. From this information it is most likely that Teresa is
an infant.
Mental age/chronological age) x 100 yields
an intelligence quotient
A drug that inhibits the release of a particular neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap is called a(n):
antagonist
Due to an automobile accident, Jenny suffered damage to her cerebral cortex in Broca's area. Jenny is most likely to experience
aphasia.
Left hemisphere damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to contribute to:
aphasia.
Dr. Carmody has designed a new critical thinking assessment test. He administers the test to a group of students in October. In April, he tests the same students and finds that the overall correlation between the two sets of scores is +0.91. Based on this information, Dr. Carmody could conclude that his new test
appears to have high test-retest reliability
Interested in learning how to fly airplanes, Roger has just taken a test designed to predict how well he is likely to do in a pilot training program. Roger has taken a(n)
aptitude test
Tests designed to predict ability to learn new skills are called:
aptitude tests.
Terman showed that mentally gifted children
are generally successful in their chosen occupations as adults.
If a study about the relationship between intelligence and income produced a Pearson correlation coefficient of .90, it would suggest that
as intelligence increases, income increases
The regions of the parietal lobes that are involved in mathematical and spatial reasoning are known as:
association areas.
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of:
associative learning
Damage to the cochlea's hair cell receptors is most likely to cause a loss of:
audition.
The digestion of last night's dinner is most directly controlled by the ______________ system
autonomic nervous
Whenever Lisa's aunts visit, they kiss her on the cheek. Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing. Now whenever her aunts enter her home, she pretends to cough. This is an example of
avoidance conditioning.
The longest part of a motor neuron is likely to be the:
axon
The reuptake of a neurotransmitter such as serotonin would involve the reabsorption of serotonin into a(n):
axon terminal.
The two most basic divisions of the nervous system are the
central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________.
breathing; walking
Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?
barbiturates
Over the past 60 years, children with mental retardation have increasing been likely to:
be mainstreamed into regular school classrooms.
By the 1920s a new definition of psychology had gained favor. Psychology was said to be the science of...
behavior
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as:
behavior genetics.
If Aristotle and Locke, who both believed that what we know is acquired from experience, were alive today, they would best agree with the
behavioral approach
Those who believe that that key to understanding behavior is to understand the role of the environment in shaping organisms are called
behavioral psychologists
The psychological approach this is most responsible for the increase in animal research was
behaviorism
) When looking at his newborn son, Justin says to his wife, Natalie, "Just think. He is a totally blank slate. We will shape him with our rewards and punishments." Natalie says, "No, he was born innately good. All we need to do is to help him fulfill his growth potential." Justin has a(n) _____ approach, while Natalie has a(n) _____ approach.
behaviorist; humanistic
Psychologists generally agree that intelligence test scores are ________ in terms of being sensitive to differences caused by cultural experiences and are ________ in terms of their predictive validity for different groups
biased; not biased
Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning
biological predispositions
The five-stage sleep cycle provides an example of:
biological rhythms.
You are looking for a psychologist to help you cope with your depression. Dr. Joellet explains that your depression is the result of norepinephrine imbalances in your brain. Dr. Graham tells you that your depression is due to your thinking negative thoughts. Dr. Turnquet explains that since you enjoy watching TV and spend more time watching TV when you are depressed, you will continue being depressed. Dr. Joellet is using the ______________ approach, Dr. Graham is using the ______________ approach, and Dr. Turnquet is using the ______________ approach
biological; cognitive; behavioral
In cases of overstimulation, the subjects usual response is to
block out the stimuli and not pay attention at all.
When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by:
blocking the reuptake of dopamine.
How can escape learning be converted into avoidance learning?
by giving the animal a warning signal
Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?
convergence
When a psychologist says a stimulus is subliminal they mean it
cannot be reported by the subject.
The story of Phineas Gage is considered a
case study
The association areas are located in the:
cerebral cortex.
The largest and most complex part of the human brain is the
cerebrum
If you learn the way from home to school as a specific sequence of right and left turns, you have learned by means of:
chained associations.
In the maze learning activity, you were asked to consider whether finding your way from one location to another is facilitated by ________ or by ________.
chained associations; cognitive maps
When Jason briefly turned to summon the waiter, his wife quickly switched her glass of red wine with his glass of white wine. Jason's failure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best illustrates:
change blindness.
In experimental research, psychologists
change independent variables to see their effect on the dependent variable
In the maze learning activity, you were asked to find your way through the different mazes. The reinforcer for reaching the goal box in each case was:
cheese.
Neurotransmitters are ______________ that travel across the ______________ to another cell.
chemicals; synapse
Austin Powers travels from California to New York, chasing Dr. Evil across the country. Austin then experiences fatigue, irritability, inattention, and sleeping problems due to the disruption of his ______, which caused ______.
circadian rhythms; jet lag
Jamal claims that his special psychic powers enable him to perceive exactly where the body of a recent murder victim is secretly buried. Jamal is claiming to possess the power of:
clairvoyance.
Joe had a bad problem of falling asleep in his Psychology class. Every time Joe did this, his teacher would snap his fingers and then drop a very large book next to Joe's head, making a loud noise. Joe quickly woke up, however, after a few times of this, Joe would wake up when the teacher simply snapped his fingers. In this example, which type of learning is taking place?
classical conditioning
Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
classical conditioning
If you have frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:
classical conditioning.
People have been observed to form negative attitudes toward Pokemon characters who were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of:
classical conditioning.
The diagram below illustrates UCS----------UCR CS-----------CR
classical conditioning.
If two identical objects are equally distant from a viewer, the brighter object appears to be:
closer.
Cars are typically perceived as ________ if they have bright rather than dim headlights. Cars are typically perceived as ________ if they are higher rather than lower in our field of vision
closer; farther away
Claire worked all night on a 500-piece jigsaw puzzle but misplaced ten of the puzzle's pieces. She showed the puzzle to her friend Karen. Even though the puzzle was missing ten pieces, Karen could still perceive a complete picture by using the perceptual process of
closure.
Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of:
cocaine.
Jacob, a 60-year-old accountant, notices a loss of hearing only for higher-frequency sounds. It is most likely that this hearing loss involves problems in the:
cochlea.
The basilar membrane is located in the:
cochlea.
A philosopher who claims that "life is directed by one's thoughts" would be stating a position most consistent with the ______________ approach to psychology.
cognitive
Which psychological approach is most concerned with the importance of encoding, storing and retrieving information?
cognitive approach
Travelers whose familiar route to a destination is blocked are often able to reach their destination quickly and easily by taking an unusual sequence of turns down other streets. This suggests that people often find their way by means of:
cognitive maps.
Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for underestimating the influence of ________ on behavior.
cognitive processes
Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of:
cognitive processes.
Wilhelm Wundt and the structuralists studied questions still asked today primarily by
cognitive psychologists
Sascha is in a marching band. Because the band members move together identically, the audience perceives waves of motion. Sascha's band director has used the Gestalt principle of ______________ to cause the audience to perceive the waves of motion.
common fate
Compared to when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds:
complete the sleep cycle more slowly.
Schemas are best described as:
concepts that organize sensory input.
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.
conditioned
If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.
conditioned
A word of praise is to a soothing backrub as ________ is to ________.
conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer
Judy is an avid cyclist. She often likes to ride her bicycle to unwind after work. One evening, while reflecting on her day, she realizes that she has broken her normal leg rhythm. This perception of her leg movements is now being processed by Judy at the ________ level.
conscious
How does expertise relate to domain-specific knowledge?
experts are distinguished by lots of domain-specific knowledge
During a dinner conversation, a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes _____, whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes _____
conscious processes; observable responses
The awareness, or perception, of the environment and of our own mental processes is a good definition of
consciousness.
Predictability is to criterion-related validity as ____ is to test-retest reliability
consistency
A study that seeks to determine if blondes have more fun by analyzing blonde-haired people who own dogs fails
construct validity
Lanette is arguing with her professor that questions on her last test were not covered during lectures or in the textbook. Lanette is basically arguing that the test did NOT have
content validity
When Helen noticed that her classmates were all wearing expensive designer jeans, she suddenly perceived her own off brand jeans to be very unattractive. This best illustrates the importance of:
context effects.
At a hockey game, Aneesha notices three people sitting next to each other, all wearing the same team jerseys, and who all jump up and cheer at the same time. When the game ends, Aneesha notices that these three people all walk toward the south entrance, moving at about the same speed. In this example, which perceptual cue did not contribute to Aneesha's perception of these three people as a group?
continuity
A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of:
continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.
A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement.
continuous; partial
In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition.
control
Giving placebos in drug experiments is necessary to
control for the effects of suggestion and expectation.
At the kennel, Jim can tell that the terrier is closer to him than the collie because his eyes have to turn inward more to focus the terrier's image on his retina. This feedback tells him that the terrier is closer. This is an example of
convergence.
The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the
corpus callosum
If those with low self-esteem are also particularly likely to suffer from depression, this would not necessarily indicate that low self-esteem triggers negative emotions because:
correlation does not prove causation.
The researcher was interested in determining whether her students' test performance could be predicted from their proximity to the front of the classroom. So she matched her students' scores on a math test with their seating position. This study is an example of:
correlational research.
Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ________ intelligence.
creative
University students who focus on the interest and challenge of their school work rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate:
creativity.
If you wanted to be able to predict how successful you would be at being an engineer, you would take a test that measured your potential for this profession. It is hoped that the test would be high in
criterion-related validity
What does a lobotomy involve?
cutting off communication between the frontal lobe and the rest of the brain
At 1:00 am, Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of:
delta waves
An axonal arborization looks somewhat like...
dendritic tree
Chromosomes are composed of:
deoxyribonucleic acid.
Dr. Kurtz believes that students who use calculators learn the basics of math better. He designs an experiment in which Group A is taught a math concept and allowed to use calculators. Group B is taught the same math concept but is not allowed to use calculators. Then he gives both groups a standardized math test to assess their knowledge of the concept and compares their scores. In Dr. Kurtz's experiment the standardized math test score is the
dependent variable
In large doses, alcohol is a ________; in small amounts, it is a(n) ________.
depressant; depressant
An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to:
depression.
The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants.
depth perception
Destruction of a rat's lateral hypothalamus does not:
destroy the ability to feel hungry.
A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue.
destruction
Sensation is the:
detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system
Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.
developmental
Among the major research areas in psychology, the area that the largest proportion of psychologists identify as their primary area of interest is
developmental psychology
If a baby calls only his father "da-da," and not the milkman, grocery clerk, or the postman it is an example of
discrimination
Mary is a first grade teacher and has gotten her class into the habit of playing during the last hour of the day. Any other time of the day, the game playing is not allowed. This is an example of
discrimination
After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of:
discrimination.
A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called
dissociation.
In a study, the control group is intended to
distinguish between different potential causes
Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates:
divergent thinking.
Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter:
dopamine.
Researchers conclude that subjects who were given a sugar pill experienced the same results as those who took actual medication. This is known as the
double-blind effect
A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome
down syndrome
Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is:
dreaming.
The belief that death involves the liberation of the soul from a bodily prison illustrates:
dualism.
Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep?
heightened muscle tension
Conduction hearing loss is most likely to result from damage to the:
eardrum.
The ability to control one's impulses and delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-term goals is most clearly a characteristic of:
emotional intelligence.
When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sister's frustration regarding their dispute. Her behavior best illustrates:
emotional intelligence.
The view that knowledge comes from experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation is called:
empiricism.
The system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream is known as the
endocrine system
Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called:
endorphins.
Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce
epileptic seizures.
In a moment of danger, an individual's adrenal glands release:
epinephrine.
Mary has found that every day for the past four weeks she gets a headache whenever she goes to her A. P. Psychology class. Mary now takes some aspirin once the headache starts. She still gets a headache, but has learned how to make the unpleasant situation as short as possible. This is an example of
escape training.
Achmed claims that men are more aggressive than women because in the past, being aggressive increased men's reproductive chances. Clarisse argues that this difference is a result of men being rewarded and women being punished for being aggressive. Achmed is taking the ______ approach while Clarisse is taking the ______ approach to understanding aggressiveness.
evolutionary; behavioral
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to:
exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.
The most crucial ingredient in all learning is:
experience.
The concept of control is important in psychological research because:
experimental control allows researchers to study the influence of one or two independent variables on a dependent variable while holding other potential influences constant.
Dr. Adcock is a community psychologist studying whether a special program instituted for an at -risk group of junior high school students decreases behavior problems. At-risk students are randomly assigned to either Group A, the special program, or Group B, a study hall meeting at the same time. In this experiment, Group A is the ______________ while Group B is the ______________.
experimental group; control group
A study that seeks to determine the long-term health impact of playing professional football that only includes current players fails
external validity
When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called:
extinction.
Telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition are different forms of:
extrasensory perception.
Telepathy refers to the
extrasensory transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves:
extrinsic motivation.
Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by
extrinsic motivation.
Which procedure is used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores?
factor analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of test items that seem to tap a common ability is called:
factor analysis.
When you look at a vertical line, you are probably activating different ________ than when you look at a horizontal line.
feature detectors
The 'stereotype threat' refers to the hypothesis that women and racial minorities will
feel anxiety because of the stereotype that they'll perform badly on tests, causing them to perform poorly
Although several students in the classroom are talking loudly, Jim's attention is focused only on what his girlfriend is saying. In this instance, the girlfriend's voice is a:
figure.
A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces the rat once every 5th time he makes the correct response is called a
fixed ratio.
Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $18 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule
fixed-ratio
The humanistic approach to psychology emphasizes the importance of
free will and conscious awareness
Injury to certain areas of the ________ lobes can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact.
frontal
The psychological views of William James are to those of Edward Titchener as _____ is to _____.
functionalism ;structuralism
Aptitude tests are to ________ as achievement tests are to ________.
future performance; current competence
The goal of a descriptive study is to
gather data about a subject
Mutations are result from random errors in:
gene replication.
You had a car crash; now all cars scare you. ------------ is occurring.
generalization
Who would be most involved in designing user-friendly programming controls for TVs, VCRs, and DVD players?
human factors psychologists
A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:
generalization.
In the classical conditioning example of the child fearing the doctor, the child's fear of a scientist in a white lab coat illustrates the process of:
generalization.
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates
generalization.
Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development
genetic predispositions
Motor neurons transmit signals to:
glands.
The rods and cones are to vision as the taste buds are to
gustation
Six-year-old Jean hits another child and steals the child's lunch money. A psychologist who takes a psychodynamic approach would suggest that Jean
has an unconscious drive for aggression, causing her to act out
Ryan is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, sleep spindles begin to appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Ryan
has just entered Stage 2 sleep
Destry recently completed the Artistic Reasoning Test (ART) for the third time in four months. The first time he took the test, his score was near the middle of the scale. The second time, he scored near the top of the scale; but for the most recent test, he scored near the bottom of the scale. Destry's scores for this test indicate that the test
has low reliability
Frequency is to pitch as amplitude is to:
loudness
Intelligence tests have effectively reduced discrimination in the sense that they have:
helped limit reliance on educators' subjectively biased judgments of students' academic potential.
The best summary statement regarding the role of heredity on human intelligence is that
heredity may impose upper limits on intelligence
Nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.
heredity; experience
The iris constricts in response to visible ________ light waves.
high amplitude
Silas took the College Aptitude Test (CAT) when he was a junior in high school, and he attained a very high score on the test. When Silas was in college, he was suspended his first year, and when he was readmitted, he ended up dropping out because he was doing poorly in all his classes. When Silas went for career counseling, he retook the CAT, and again he earned a very high score. Based on Silas' experience, you might conclude that the CAT has
high reliability, but low validity
Ms. Costas owns a business with nine other employees. Ms. Costa's annual salary is $90,000. Her manager's salary is $60,000. Of her other employees, three earn $25,000 each and five earn $15,000 each. For this distribution, the mean is
higher than both the median and the mode
The correlation of intelligence test scores between identical twins is
higher when they are raised together than when they are raised apart.
"Monday morning quarterbacks" rarely act surprised about the outcome of weekend football games. Their tendency to believe they knew how the game would turn out is explained by
hindsight bias
The simultaneous stimulation of adjacent cold and warmth spots on the skin produces the sensation of:
hot.
Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to:
hue.
Most psychologists agree hypnosis involves.
hypersuggestibility
An Austrian physician's so-called "animal magnetism" best illustrated the dynamics
hypnosis
Alfred Binet developed his intelligence test to
identify children who needed special education programs.
How can something intended as a punisher actually function as a reinforcer?
if frequency of the "punished" behavior goes up
If Jill carefully watches Eduardo as he runs directly toward her, she will experience a(n):
increase in retinal disparity and an increase in convergence
Sleeping pills tend to ___ the amount of sleep one receives and ___ the quality of that sleep.
increase; decrease
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight saving time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.
increase; decrease
Negative reinforcement...
increases the rate of behavior
Dr. Jiminez investigated the influence of snacking upon the onset of sleep in preschool children. One group of preschoolers ate a candy bar prior to bedtime, and the other group ate nothing. Time until the onset of sleep was recorded for each child. In this experiment, eating or not eating the snack is the ______________ variable, and the time until the onset of sleep is the ______________ variable
independent; dependent
A perceptual set is a:
mental predisposition that influences what we perceive.
Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?
industrial/organizational psychology
REM sleep is
inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills
Both Plato and Socrates saw knowledge as
innate
Receptor cells for the vestibular sense are located in the:
inner ear.
Anne has noticed that for the past three weeks she is unable to sleep for more than five hours at a time, even though she used to regularly get 8 hours of sleep per night. She wakes early in the morning and just can't fall back to sleep once this happens. It appears that Anne has developed
insomnia
If the pathway through the superior colliculus were not functioning correctly, you might expect that a person would have difficulty
integrating visual and auditory information
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
intelligence
The two major cues we use to localize sound sources in space are
intensity and timing differences at the ears
In the operant conditioning experiment in which you reinforced various rats for pressing a bar, the reinforcement was:
intermittent.
A study that seeks to determine the effectiveness of a fast food commercial that tests some people before lunch and others after lunch fails
internal validity
In early psychology, Wilhelm Wundt developed a technique for doing research that involved having people describe their thoughts as they observe an object. This technique is called:
introspection
When Judy reads a book, the images of the printed words come into sharpest focus at a point behind her retina. This indicates that she
is farsighted.
Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle regarding research on humans?
it is never acceptable for a researcher to deceive a participant during the research
According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to:
its underlying but censored meaning.
The Moon just above the horizon typically appears to be unusually:
large because we perceive it as unusually far away from ourselves.
If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates:
latent learning.
If Professor Kosiba lesions the amygdala of a laboratory rat, it is most likely that the rat will become:
less aggressive.
Compared to rods, cones are:
less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail.
The median of a skewed distribution is likely to be ________ the mean.
less than or greater than
The hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus are all part of the
limbic system.
A brochure displays a long stretch of road. The lines that make up the road are drawn so that they converge at the horizon. The result is that the picture creates a sense of distance. This is based on an environmental depth cue called
linear perspective.
Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream
manifest
The standard deviation is the average distance of each score in a distribution from the:
mean.
If a distribution is badly skewed, researchers are more likely than usual to prefer the ________ as a measure of central tendency.
median
A cognitive psychologist is most likely to be interested in...
memory and perception
A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficulty adapting to the demands of life
mental retardation
Which of the following is a stimulant drug known as "speed" whose aftereffects may include seizures and periods of disorientation?
methamphetamine
Reinforcement is to operant conditioning as ________ is to observational learning.
modeling
The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of
modeling
Compared to boys, girls are ________ capable of remembering objects' spatial locations and they are ________ capable of detecting odors.
more; more
Which of the following is a narcotic?
morphine
Tanya is riding on a train and notices that the wildflowers by the side of the tracks seem to be moving by much faster than the mountains in the distance. This is an example of
motion parallax
In order for you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.
motor neurons
Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?
narcolepsy
If a genetic predisposition to fear darkness contributes to reproductive success, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates:
natural selection
A noted psychologist and environmentalist, Dr. Pigeon, has received a grant to study older persons' bird-feeding behavior in public parks. Dr. Pigeon has research assistants sit in public parks to unobtrusively collect the data. Dr. Pigeon has chosen a ______________ research method.
naturalistic observation
The question "Is intelligence more influences by heredity or experience?" deals with a big issue in psychology known as
nature vs. nurture
If we stop nagging a young boy as soon as he makes his bed, we are giving him ________ reinforcement for making his bed.
negative
The loss of your drivers license as a consequence of drunken driving is to ________ as the reduction of anxiety as a consequence of studying effectively is to ________.
negative punishment; negative reinforcement
Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:
negative reinforcement.
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are:
negatively correlated.
Environmental stimulation during childhood often contributes to the development of intelligence by altering the circuitry of the brain. This alteration illustrates:
neural plasticity.
Studies suggest that there is a positive correlation between intelligence and the brain's:
neural processing speed.
A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between:
neurotransmitters and depression.
Which sleep disorder is more likely to be experienced by children than by adults?
night terrors
Which of the following chemical messengers is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
norepinephrine
The classical conditioning process in which the CS comes before the UCS is called
normal.
Jeremy has a score of 115 on an IQ test that can be compared to the scores of hundreds of other people who took the same test. The capability to compare scores statistically is a function of
norms.
If persons with high scores on one variable are equally likely to have either high or low scores on a second variable, the two variables are:
not correlated.
Ben and Jennifer got into a heated argument. Jennifer punched Ben in the eye, damaging his fovea. Ben is most likely going have trouble
noticing the details of objects.
People's scores on the general intelligence factor are most highly correlated with their ability to solve ________ problems.
novel
Lightness constancy refers to the fact that:
objects are perceived to have consistent lightness even if the amount of light they reflect changes.
If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:
observational learning.
Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for:
observational learning.
Our ability to learn by witnessing and imitating the behavior of others best illustrates:
observational learning.
In order for Mr. and Mrs. Goldberg to best predict their newborn daughter's future intellectual aptitude they should
obtain information about their own levels of intelligence.
Any given area of the retina relays its information to a corresponding location in the:
occipital lobe
Seeing is to hearing as the ________ lobes are to the _______ lobes.
occipital; temporal
PET scans...
often use labeled glucose
If you sent the word "banana" to a split-brain patient's left hemisphere and the word "cucumber" to his right hemisphere, which of the following would he be able to name verbally?
only the banana
If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates:
operant conditioning.
In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers with a(n):
operational definition.
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because:
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
Tiny bones in the middle ear relay the eardrum's vibrations directly to the:
oval window
Hallucinations similar to those that accompany a near-death experience can be produced by:
oxygen deprivation.
A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers best illustrates the importance of:
parallel processing.
The sensory cortex is located in the ________ lobes.
parietal
Perceiving objects as having consistent shape, size, and color regardless of the angle, distance, and lighting conditions from which we view them is known as:
perceptual constancy
Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a:
perceptual set.
A cognitive psychologist would likely be most interested in
perceptual speed on word association tests
A genetically-induced lack of an enzyme that is a cause of a type of mental retardation describes
phenylketonuria.
Andre is participating in a psychology study. He is sitting alone in a room and every few seconds a bright light flashes in front of him. When the light flashes, he blinks. After a while, a phone rings right before the flash of light. Soon, Andre blinks when the phone rings. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the
phone ringing.
Endorphins are most directly involved in the control of:
physical pain.
Psychophysics is best defined as the study of relationships between:
physical stimuli and psychological experience
Brain scans indicate that well-practiced pianists have a larger-than-usual auditory cortex area that encodes piano sounds. This best illustrates:
plasticity
When Stoyka was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Stoyka is now a successful college student who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of
plasticity.
In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)
population.
Humanistic psychology has recently been "rediscovered" and is now a popular approach to understanding behavior. This area is now called
positive psychology
Humanistic psychology has recently been "rediscovered" and is now a popular approach to understanding behavior. This area is now called
positive psychology
After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of:
positive punishment.
If persons with low scores on one variable also have low scores on another variable, the two variables are:
positively correlated.
Athea was a subject in a study in which the glucose in her brain was marked with a radioactive substance. Then radiation detectors identified especially active brain areas. Athea participated in a study that employed
positron emission tomography (PET)
Dr. Huanca hypnotizes Travaughn and then tells him that from now on, whenever he feels the urge to smoke a cigarette, he will get up and get a glass of water instead. This instruction is an example of
posthypnotic suggestion.
Rudy claims that his special psychic powers enable him to correctly anticipate whether the outcome of a coin toss will be heads or tails. Rudy is claiming to possess the power of:
precognition.
The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of good grades as ________ is to ________.
primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer
Dopamine, an important transmitter substance...
produces psychosis in large amounts
Damage to a region of the brain essential to recognizing faces results in a condition known as
prosopagnosia.
The goal of a study is to
prove or disprove a hypothesis
In order to make the Where's Waldo pictures challenging, the creator, Martin Hanford, must make sure that all the people in the picture are closer together, thus making it more difficult to pick out Waldo from the background. In this way, Martin is playing with the grouping principle of
proximity.
Keith believes that his behavior reflects his unconscious struggles to satisfy his desire for sex and food and the need to abide by the restrictions of society. His roommate thinks his behavior reflects an excessive amount of hormones. Keith's approach regarding his behavior is ______ and his roommate has a ______ approach.
psychodynamic; biological
Farouk insists that by intense mental concentration he can actually influence the mechanically generated outcomes of slot machines. Farouk is most specifically claiming to possess the power of
psychokinesis
Your best friend criticizes psychological research for being artificial and having no relevance to behavior in real life. In defense of psychology's use of laboratory experiments you point out that:
psychologists intentionally study behavior in simplified environments in order to gain greater control over variables and to test general principles that help to explain many behaviors
To say that "psychology is a science" means that:
psychologists study thoughts and actions with an attitude of skepticism and derive their conclusions from direct observations.
Marat had a terrible toothache and decided to go to the dentist. The dentist made the problem worse and Marat was in a lot more pain. Now, he no longer trusts dentists and is unlikely to go to one in the future, if he has a toothache. This is an example of
punishment.
To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. In order to reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of:
random assignment
Research has indicated that seventh- and eighth-graders who outscored most high school seniors on a college aptitude test had begun ________ at an unusually early age.
reading
In answering multiple-choice test items, smart test-takers are best advised to:
recall the correct answer to each question before reading the alternative answers.
The right hemisphere is superior to the left at:
recognizing people's faces
Which of the following distance cues most likely contributes to the perception that the height of the St. Louis Gateway Arch is greater than its width?
relative height
The law of effect refers to the tendency to:
repeat behaviors that are rewarded.
Behaviorism was built around the idea that
research should be based on observable and measurable data
Signals sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland have been implicated in
resetting circadian rhythms
Pavlov is to ________ as Skinner is to ________.
respondent behavior; operant behavior
We compute motion based on the assumption that shrinking objects are:
retreating.
You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to:
retrieve sticks and balls.
The left hemisphere of a split-brain patient receives visual input only from the ________ visual field of ________.
right; both right and left eyes
A correlation between variables can be detected by visual inspection of a:
scatterplot.
The median of a distribution of scores is the:
score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores.
A token economy deals with which of the following concepts?
secondary reinforcement
Felix was so preoccupied with his girlfriend's good looks that he failed to perceive any of her less admirable characteristics. This best illustrates the dangers of:
selective attention.
The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Sam. This illustrates the importance of:
sensory interaction.
One of the challenges researchers of a study face is
separating the behavior they're interested in from all the other behaviors that happen along the way
A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates:
shape constancy.
In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:
shaping.
Lars is trying to get his dog, Trixie to "sit up". So he starts rewarding her first when she lies down. Then he rewards her when she is sitting on her backside. And finally he only rewards her when she sits up with her paws off the ground. Lars got Trixie to "sit up" by using
shaping.
Rats are exposed to a bright light while being injected with an overdose of insulin. In time, the bright light alone produces a response that is almost indistinguishable from that produced by the insulin. The unconditioned response in this example is the
shock reaction to the insulin.
The fact that fear may increase your sensitivity to an almost imperceptible pain stimulus is of most relevance to:
signal detection theory
At the hockey game, Marcos could easily spot who was cheering for the other team. They were seated throughout the arena, but each of them was wearing their team colors of red and gray. Marcos was relying on the grouping principle of
similarity.
Mikala has never been able to "see" what the picture is in the new three-dimensional art. Every time Mikala looks at one of these, she sees only a blur of disorganized two-dimensional images. The Gestalt principle of ______________ might explain why Mikala can't see the three-dimensional picture
simplicity
When most scores in a data set are toward one end of the range of scores, the distribution is said to be:
skewed.
Stage 2 sleep is to ________ as Stage 4 sleep is to ________.
sleep spindles; delta waves
The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during:
slow-wave sleep.
What is true of NON-REM sleep, in contrast to REM sleep?
slower and more regular breathing
If two objects cast retinal images of the same size, the object that appears to be closer is perceived as ________ the object that appears to be more distant
smaller than
Olfactory receptor cells are essential for our sense of:
smell.
Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with
social influence theory.
Dr. Mills engages in basic research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?
social psychology
Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective
social-cultural
During depolarization, ________ molecules rush into the axon; during repolarization, ________ molecules rush out of the axon.
sodium; potassium
Retinal disparity refers to the:
somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object.
The myelin sheath helps to increase the ________ of neural impulses.
speed
After Les touches a hot iron, he pulls his hand away almost instantaneously. The command that instructed Les's muscles to pull his arm away so quickly most likely came from his
spinal cord.
A large number of people were asked to answer only the odd-numbered questions on a test. Later, they are asked to answer only the even-numbered questions. By comparing each person's two scores, a determination of the test's __________ reliability could be made.
split-half
Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates:
spontaneous recovery
Extinction does not destroy the learning of the response. This is demonstrated by
spontaneous recovery.
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:
spontaneous recovery.
As a typical night of sleep progresses, ______________ sleep gets shorter while ______________ sleep gets longer.
stage 4; REM
As the size of a representative sample increases, the ________ of that sample is most likely to decrease.
standard deviation
The Flynn effect best illustrates that the process of intelligence testing requires up-to-date:
standardization samples.
Researchers are in the process of developing a new college entrance exam. They want to ensure that wherever the test is given, it will be administered, scored, and interpreted in the same manner. In other words, the researchers are concerned with
standardization.
The fact that two people taking the same test in two different places will receive the same instructions, the same questions, and the same time limits means that the test has been
standardized
Males have been found to score lower on tests of verbal aptitude when tested by females than when tested by males. This best illustrates the impact of:
stereotype threat.
Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of:
stereotype threat.
Many forms of meditation involve..
stopping or diverting the inner voice
The correlation coefficient enables researchers to specify the ________ of the relationship between two variables.
strength
When little Rosario quickly flipped the pages of her new "flip" book, Sniffy the rat appeared to run around, eat cheese, and scratch himself. Rosario's perception of Sniffy's movements is due to
stroboscopic motion.
When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system
sympathetic
The synaptic gap or synaptic space; tiny gap between the terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron (almost never touch); location of the transfer of an impulse from one neuron to the nex
synaptic cleft
The process by which a single neuron relays messages to other neurons is called
synaptic transmission.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps through which neurotransmitters progress during synaptic transmission?
synthesis, release, binding, inactivation, reuptake
Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children most clearly differ in
temperament.
Wernicke's area is typically located in the left ________ lobe.
temporal
Information about where a particular score on a test falls in relationship to some group is given by
test norms
When Monet paints haystacks, he depicts the haystacks that are closer to him with a lot of detail but the ones farther away with less detail. He also paints a barn that is in the distance as partially blocked by one of the haystacks. Monet is using the depth cue of ______ to depict the haystacks and ______ to depict the position of the barn.
texture gradient; interposition
Which brain structure appears to play an active role in integrating sensory information?
thalamus
Which of the following does not belong with the other four?
thalamus
Some hereditarians have been fearful that higher twentieth-century birth rates among those with lower intelligence scores would shove average intelligence scores progressively downward. This fear has been most directly alleviated by the discovery of:
the Flynn effect.
A tone which predicts a puff of air elicits an eyeblink. What is the puff of air?
the UCS
Experiments with the visual cliff suggest that:
the ability to perceive depth is at least partially innate.
In a psychological study, reliability refers to
the accuracy and consistency of tools for measuring variables
To what does the term "positive" refer, in the term "positive reinforcement"?
the application or addition of a stimulus to a situation
In computers, when the print command is executed, a cable carries this signal from the computer to the printer. In comparing a computer to a neuron, the cable that carries the signal between the computer and the printer would be equivalent to
the axon
The point at which the optic nerve connects with the eye is
the blind spot.
Speed of processing has been measured by which of the following techniques?
the brain activity that follows exposure to a stimulus
A participant in an experiment is told that a particular pill should improve her performance on a cognitive task. The participant is then given the pill, and she performs better than usual on the task. In actuality, the pill did not contain any ingredients that would affect her performance on the task. The participant's improved performance was most likely due to
the placebo effect
Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on:
the circadian rhythm.
The limbic system is responsible for
the control of hunger, thirst, and sex
What is true of differential reinforcement, but not true of shaping (the method of successive approximations)?
the desired response already occurs
In the PsychSim Hunger and the fat rat activity, you had an opportunity to simulate:
the destruction of a rat's lateral hypothalamus.
Concerning the major psychological perspectives on behavior, the text author suggests that:
the different perspectives often complement one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behavior than provided by any single perspective.
Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of:
the double-blind procedure
Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person's specific mental abilities as:
the g factor.
On the day she is to be interviewed for an important new position, Rachel awakens with a severe toothache. During the interview she feels no pain; not until 30 minutes later does she become aware again of the troublesome toothache. Rachel's experience is best explained by:
the gate-control theory.
How do convolutions of a human brain compare with those of a rat or dog brain?
the human brain has many more convolutions
How might lateralization contribute to a "control system" guiding activity, according to a decades-old theory?
the left hemisphere leads a person to take on challenges, the right hemisphere is associated with avoidance
In a psychological study, validity refers to
the legitimacy of the research and its conclusions
The Müller-Lyer illusion involves the misperception of:
the length of lines.
What is the corpus callosum?
the main fiber bundle connecting the hemispheres
Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by:
the opponent-process theory.
The axons of ganglion cells converge to form:
the optic nerve.
A "split-brain" patient is asked to stare at a black dot between the HE and ART as the word HEART is displayed on a screen. When asked what she sees, what will the patient do?
the patient will say she sees the word ART.
In REM sleep, the EEG resembles that of a person who is awake and mentally active, but
the person's muscle tone decreases to the point of virtual paralysis.
The illusion of movement in animated neon signs is known as:
the phi phenomenon
Even with your eyes shut, you can usually tell whether you are upright or tilted. One of the receptors which contribute to the accuracy of this judgement is
the position of fluid in the semicirrcular canals.
A psychologist administers an intelligence test to 100 fourth graders. One month later the psychologist returns and readministers the test. The psychologist is probably interested in
the reliability of the test.
The impact of vision on the sense of touch is best illustrated by:
the rubber-hand illusion.
Your roommate is conducting a survey to learn how many hours the typical college student studies each day. She plans to pass out her questionnaire to the members of her sorority. You point out that her findings will be flawed because:
the sample will probably not be representative of the population of interest.
While conducting an experiment on alcohol tolerance, Dr. Guff solicits his subjects at the door to Skam's (a local drinking and social establishment). When he publishes his findings (that people are extremely tolerant to the effects of alcohol), Dr. Guff's research is criticized because of a) too many
the samples being biased..
What is the hypnagogic state?
the state of transition into sleep
Thousands of controlled experiments indicate that:
there is no reliable evidence that anyone possesses ESP.
I am entitled to say that two colors are "complimentary" if
they lie directly opposite each other on the color wheel
The process by which rods and cones convert electromagnetic energy into neural signals is an example of:
transduction.
When working a jigsaw puzzle for the first time, you turn the piece in several different ways and try it in several places before you fit it into the right place. In this example, which type of learning is taking place
trial and error
New research indicates that we have a receptor for a seeming fifth taste sensation, the meaty taste of:
umami.
If a light is dimmed before a person's eye the pupil will dilate. If a sequence of events is established in which a bell is rung, the light is dimmed and the pupil dilates, the pupil will eventually dilate with just the ringing of the bell. If this happens, the light dimming is called the
unconditioned stimulus.
Sigmund Freud believed that
unconscious motivations and wishes affect personality and psychological well-being
Visual purple is
used in adapting to dark.
Your psychology professor has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test.
validity
Dr. Darden is concerned about whether or not the final exam in his physics class accurately measures a student's accumulated knowledge about core concepts from the course. It appears that Dr. Darden is most concerned with the
validity of his final exam
If we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object, the object would probably:
vanish from sight
A "pop quiz", a quiz that could be given on any day without notice from the teacher, is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?
variable interval
Asking someone out on a date is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
variable-ratio
Correlation refers to the extent to which two variables:
vary together.
The WAIS consists of separate ________ subtests.
verbal and performance
Janice experienced motion sickness simply from watching a movie scene of a thrilling motorcycle chase. Her experience best illustrates the impact of:
visual capture.
Gestalt psychologists emphasized that:
we organize sensations into meaningful patterns.
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, when red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones are all stimulated simultaneously, a person should see:
white.
When Celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply of heroin, she began to develop tremors, fever, and an intense craving for the drug. Celeste was experiencing symptoms of:
withdrawal
The experience of insomnia following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates:
withdrawal.
When Mark first tried to quit smoking, he experienced anxiety, irritability, and difficulty sleeping. Mark was experiencing:
withdrawal.
Consciousness is:
your awareness of ourselves and our environment.