AP Psych Chapter 14
John believes America should go to war with Russia, but when he is asked to take the opposite point of view in a class debate, his attitude changes, an example of the power of this principle
cognitive dissonance
Explicit attitudes are typically ________, whereas implicit attitudes are often ________
conscious ; unconscious
Zimbardo discovered that certain things, like mirrored sunglasses or replacing names with numbers, led to this key concept used to describe the loss of former identity
de-individuation
Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of
group polarization
Teachers with preconceived beliefs enter a meeting with others holding similar beliefs. After the meeting, the group should be aware of this phenomenon that enhances attitudes
group polarization
When a groups' members have reservations about sharing opposing points of view, this phenomenon is likely - and should be avoided
groupthink
Fritz Heider, who coined the term "Fundamental Attribution Error," concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their
heredity or their environment
Placing people into groups based on the arbitrary outcome of a coin toss leads people to show favoritism to their own group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates
in-group bias
The "us" and "them" concept has led social psychologists to examine this "bias"
in-group bias (or in-group vs. out-group)
After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates
the mere exposure effect
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?
"We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."
Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with
Alfonse, a junior who is majoring in psychology and lives across the hall
How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?
It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks
How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?
We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints
Joel's violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic social scripts, his repeated experience of ostracism, and his persistent abuse of alcohol. An integrated understanding of Joel's behavior within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by
a biopsychosocial approach
De-individuation refers to
a loss of self-awareness and self restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
People who are intrinsically rewarded for helping others are likely to possess this positive trait
altruism
Prejudice is best defined as
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________
attitude ; behavior
Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior
belief-based feelings
The three components of prejudice are
beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action
The just-world phenomenon often leads people to
believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer
Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates
central route persuasion
We have a tendency to overestimate the similarities among people we have sorted into a single category. This best illustrates the ________ roots of prejudice
cognitive
Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a class debate. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory
cognitive dissonance
Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of
companionate love
In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner"
complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study
conformity
When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of
de-individuation
Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
even when the group judgement was clearly incorrect
Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal
At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between
explicit and implicit attitudes
Getting people saying "yes" to small requests, then to larger ones
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Our tendency to label others' behavior as part of their disposition
fundamental attribution error
Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to
gain social approval
Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression
genetic influences
Aggression seems influenced by solid paternal influences, combating the idea that aggression is solely influenced by this
genetics or heredity
Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of
group polarization
An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of
groupthink
When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four-person lineup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others' wrong answers. This best illustrates the impact of
informational social influence
Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who
invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to
judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance
The idea that the more one is exposed to something (or someone), the more one will come to like it
mere-exposure effect
A vivid example of a North Korean's behavior has an unusually strong influence on people's judgments of all North Koreans primarily because people
mirror-image perceptions
Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of
modeling
Asch found that people conform to gain approval or avoid disapproval from the group, a concept known as this
normative social influence
Toby publicly agrees with his friends that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best Student Senate President. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his friends' opinion best illustrates the power of
normative social influence
The rules of a culture for accepted and expected behavior are
norms
The type of love that usually occurs early in a relationship
passionate love
Choosing to buy a product based on the attractiveness of the salesperson is an example of this
peripheral-route persuasion
One of the most common variations among cultures is the amount of ________ given to others
personal space
Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of
role-playing on attitudes
Prison guards' behavior in Zimbardo's experiment illustrate the importance of these on forming and changing our attitudes
roles
Norms are best described as
rules for socially acceptable behavior
Circumstances that increase ________ are likely to reduce ________.
self-awareness ; de-individuation
Compared with numerical majorities, numerical minorities, such as the Scots in Britain, are especially conscious of their
social identities
When team members view themselves as dispensable and/or are not held fully accountable, this typically happens
social loafing
Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
social psychology
Bringing in an outside expert is one way to prevent groupthink. Another common preventative measure is this
someone plays "devil's advocate"
Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
stereotypes
Some argue that fundamental attribution error forms the basis for the formation of these, which can perpetuate prejudice and discrimination
stereotypes
Organisms often respond to ________ with a fight-or-flight reaction.
stress
Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as
superordinate
Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as
the chameleon effect
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when
the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University
The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
According to the text, aggression always involves
the intent to hurt
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.
think about, influence, and relate to
The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study
were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued
The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender is most likely to lead Jack to believe that
women all have pretty much the same attitudes about sex