AP Psych Chapter 14

John believes America should go to war with Russia, but when he is asked to take the opposite point of view in a class debate, his attitude changes, an example of the power of this principle

cognitive dissonance

Explicit attitudes are typically ________, whereas implicit attitudes are often ________

conscious ; unconscious

Zimbardo discovered that certain things, like mirrored sunglasses or replacing names with numbers, led to this key concept used to describe the loss of former identity

de-individuation

Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of

group polarization

Teachers with preconceived beliefs enter a meeting with others holding similar beliefs. After the meeting, the group should be aware of this phenomenon that enhances attitudes

group polarization

When a groups' members have reservations about sharing opposing points of view, this phenomenon is likely - and should be avoided

groupthink

Fritz Heider, who coined the term "Fundamental Attribution Error," concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their

heredity or their environment

Placing people into groups based on the arbitrary outcome of a coin toss leads people to show favoritism to their own group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

in-group bias

The "us" and "them" concept has led social psychologists to examine this "bias"

in-group bias (or in-group vs. out-group)

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates

the mere exposure effect

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

"We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."

Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with

Alfonse, a junior who is majoring in psychology and lives across the hall

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?

It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks

How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?

We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints

Joel's violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic social scripts, his repeated experience of ostracism, and his persistent abuse of alcohol. An integrated understanding of Joel's behavior within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by

a biopsychosocial approach

De-individuation refers to

a loss of self-awareness and self restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

People who are intrinsically rewarded for helping others are likely to possess this positive trait

altruism

Prejudice is best defined as

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________

attitude ; behavior

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior

belief-based feelings

The three components of prejudice are

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to

believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates

central route persuasion

We have a tendency to overestimate the similarities among people we have sorted into a single category. This best illustrates the ________ roots of prejudice

cognitive

Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a class debate. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory

cognitive dissonance

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of

companionate love

In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner"

complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to

comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study

conformity

When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of

de-individuation

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines

even when the group judgement was clearly incorrect

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal

At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between

explicit and implicit attitudes

Getting people saying "yes" to small requests, then to larger ones

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Our tendency to label others' behavior as part of their disposition

fundamental attribution error

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to

gain social approval

Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression

genetic influences

Aggression seems influenced by solid paternal influences, combating the idea that aggression is solely influenced by this

genetics or heredity

Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of

group polarization

An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of

groupthink

When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four-person lineup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others' wrong answers. This best illustrates the impact of

informational social influence

Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who

invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to

judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance

The idea that the more one is exposed to something (or someone), the more one will come to like it

mere-exposure effect

A vivid example of a North Korean's behavior has an unusually strong influence on people's judgments of all North Koreans primarily because people

mirror-image perceptions

Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of

modeling

Asch found that people conform to gain approval or avoid disapproval from the group, a concept known as this

normative social influence

Toby publicly agrees with his friends that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best Student Senate President. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his friends' opinion best illustrates the power of

normative social influence

The rules of a culture for accepted and expected behavior are

norms

The type of love that usually occurs early in a relationship

passionate love

Choosing to buy a product based on the attractiveness of the salesperson is an example of this

peripheral-route persuasion

One of the most common variations among cultures is the amount of ________ given to others

personal space

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of

role-playing on attitudes

Prison guards' behavior in Zimbardo's experiment illustrate the importance of these on forming and changing our attitudes

roles

Norms are best described as

rules for socially acceptable behavior

Circumstances that increase ________ are likely to reduce ________.

self-awareness ; de-individuation

Compared with numerical majorities, numerical minorities, such as the Scots in Britain, are especially conscious of their

social identities

When team members view themselves as dispensable and/or are not held fully accountable, this typically happens

social loafing

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

social psychology

Bringing in an outside expert is one way to prevent groupthink. Another common preventative measure is this

someone plays "devil's advocate"

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

stereotypes

Some argue that fundamental attribution error forms the basis for the formation of these, which can perpetuate prejudice and discrimination

stereotypes

Organisms often respond to ________ with a fight-or-flight reaction.

stress

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as

superordinate

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as

the chameleon effect

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when

the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

According to the text, aggression always involves

the intent to hurt

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.

think about, influence, and relate to

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study

were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued

The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender is most likely to lead Jack to believe that

women all have pretty much the same attitudes about sex