Chapter 10 Motivating Employees
True or false: Employees who are disengaged do not cost the company anything
False
True or false: Frederick Gilbreth was the "Father of Scientific Management"
False
True or false: In the global business world, group leaders do not need to be able to deal with ambiguity
False
True or false: When a worker perceives inequity in the workplace they will increase their effort to get more recognition from management
False
The study that asked workers to rank a list of job-related factors in order of what motivated them most was a new direction taken by:
Federick Herzberg
Which of the following is an example of intrinsic reward
Feeling that your work contributes to society Feeling that your work contributes to the company Personal satisfaction
The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being watched or studied is referred to as the _
Hawthorne effect
The _ gave birth to the human-based management movement since it identified that worker's feelings and attitudes affect their work
Hawthorne studies
To which part of the theories is job enrichment most closely related
Herzberg's higher-level motivators
_ do not move people to action when present in the workplace
Hygiene factors
Employers can recognize a job well done by:
Increasing pay Providing a path for advancement Increasing employee responsibilities
Based on Figure 10.3 is clear that Maslow and Herzberg disagree on which element as being a true motivator
Job security
Which of the following would be an example of empowerment that would motivate workers
Let the workers design the solution to a problem
In the 1960s, Peter Drucker designed a method of management that includes employees in goal setting, known as which of the following
Management by objectives
_ employees accomplish more tasks effectively and thus lead a company to success
Motivated
Which element in the work environment was found to be dissatisfying when not present, but when present did not serve as a motivator for workers
Pay and job security
Select assumptions made by Theory X managers about people
People are motivated to avoid punishment People prefer to avoid work People must be controlled and forced to work
Match the following elements to Ouchi's Type A & J management
Type J Implicit, informal controls Consensual decision making Type A Explicit controls Individual responsibility
Theory Z is an attempt to blend:
Types J and A
Select examples of characteristics of manager with a Theory X mentality
Very busy checking others Telling people what to do and how to do it
Which of the following are examples of factors that contributed to increased worker productivity during the Hawthorne studies
Worker involvement in managerial decisions Management respect and interaction Social group membership and informality
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y identified assumptions manager's have about workers. Select the statements below that represent a Theory X manager's beliefs
Workers are motivated by fear and money Workers prefer to avoid responsibility
A researcher whose work was based on Taylor's was Henry L. Gantt who developed _ to plot and tract production
charts
Employee empowerment cannot be successful without clear and open _ throughout an organization
communication
The key to successful employee empowerment is free-flowing _ and information throughout the organization
communication
When managers create places for employees to talk, adopt suggestions, and reward upward communication, they will successfully create an organization with a culture that rewards
communication
A job enrichment strategy is to assign work so that workers:
complete an identifiable task are held responsible for successful achievement of a task
Peter Drucker developed MBO because he recognized that:
employees need to motivate themselves managers can only thwart employee motivation, not motivate an employee
Giving employees the authority to make decisions and the tools to implement the decisions they make is called _
empowerment
_ would be a key technique that would be comfortable for a manager with Theory Y assumptions
empowerment
According to reinforcement theory, a manager who tries to stop undesirable behavior by not responding to it is using
extinction
A promotion at work is an example of a(n) _ reward
extrinsic
Frederick Taylor was nicknamed the _ of scientific management:
father
The best way to give an employee a feeling of achievement and recognition is through which component of job enrichment
feedback
An example of Maslow's hierarchy is when a person has eaten, is full from a six-course meal, and:
is no longer motivated by hunger
A higher-level need on Maslow's hierarchy will not be a motivator until _-_ needs have been satisfied
lower level
Herzberg's study of motivating factors led to the conclusion that the best way to motivate workers is to:
make their jobs interesting recognize their achievements through advancement
The system of goal setting and implementation with discussion, review and evaluation of objectives is called
management by objective
A culture that focuses on building personal relationships and _ before focusing on tasks is a high-context culture
trust
While workers in the United States are more task oriented and require information to do their jobs, workers from Korea are more motivated by strong relationships and developing _ to do the same job
trust
According to Vroom, before committing maximum effort to a task employees will first ask themselves three questions:
"Can I do this?", "Will I be rewarded?", and "Do I like the reward?"
It was not until the early _ century that studies of management principles had any lasting implications
20th
According to Ouchi's research about the effect of national culture on organizations, Type _ management relies on individual decision making and achievement
A
Which of these methods used in organizations encourage communication
Allow employees to voice ideas Train managers to be good listeners
Match the generations to the birth years listed
Baby boomer 1945-1964 Generation X 1965-1980 Generation Y (Millennial) 1980-2000
Match the generation to characteristics that describe it
Baby boomer Grew up in prosperity, one parent working, values job security Generation X Grew up with both parents working, seeks work-life balance, values career security Generation Y (Millennial) Grew up with indulgent parents technologically savvy, values frequent positive feedback
What was the goal of Taylor's scientific management
Benefit the firm Benefit the worker Increase worker productivity
Which of the following are costs directly associated with recruiting and training a new employee to replace one who is dissatisfied and leaves
Dollars for hours spent training Decreased productivity Loss of intellectual capital
When a manager withholds praise for a late project, it is an example of which form of reinforcement theory
Extinction
_ is an example of positive reinforcement
Recognition Pay raise Praise
Which item was listed by workers as creating enthusiasm for job content
Sense of achievement
Match the key element of job enrichment to their meaning
Skill variety The extent to which the job demands different skills Task Identity The degree to which the job requires doing a task from beginning to end Task significance The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of others in the company Autonomy The degree of freedom or discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures Feedback The amount of direct and clear information given about job performance
Which of the following are included in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs
Social Physiological Safety
Fredrick Taylor wrote:
The Principle of Scientific Management
If one manager views most employees as motivated to do work while a second manager view most employees as lazy, they are operating under which of the following management theories respectively
Theory Y and Theory X
What kind of study analyzes which tasks must be performed to complete job and the time needed to do each task
Time-motion
What is the purpose of Management by Objectives
To engage everyone in the organization in goal setting and implementation To monitor the results of implementing goals To reward the accomplishment of organization goals
True or false: Maslow's higher level needs of Self-Actualization and Esteem correspond to Herzberg's Motivators
True
True or false: Theory Z matches the culture, situation, and specific needs of the organization and its employees, whereas McGregor's Theory X and Y is about assumptions managers take about workers' attitudes
True
A type of _ used by managers to plot the work of employees in detail was developed by Henry Gantt, who followed Taylor's principles
chart
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, when a lower level need has been met:
a higher level need will emerge as a motivator
Understanding motivation in global organizations is:
a new challenge for most firms
Herzberg found that the job-related factors that motivated workers to achieve full potential include:
a sense of achievement recognition
Studying workers as they shovel different types of materials with different types of shovels in order to determine the most efficient tool and method to use is an example of:
a time-motion study
According to a survey of recent college graduates, opportunities for _ are important in attracting and retaining employees
advancement
Vroom's expectancy theory states that the:
amount of effort an employee exerts on a specific task depends on expectations of the outcome
A Gantt _ is used by managers to plot the work of employees
chart
The belief that your work makes a difference and gives you satisfaction is an example of:
an intrinsic reward
Taylor's method was to:
determine the one "best" way teach people the one best way to do their jobs study the most efficient way to do a task
When using MBO, a manager must
develop commitment goals formulate goals cooperatively with employees
Herzberg's findings were that motivators are to productivity as hygiene factors are to:
dissatisfaction
According to Herzberg's theory, employees require basic tools to do their work and are _ in their absence, however, employees are _ when involved in decision making
dissatisfied motivated
In a manufacturing environment, scientific management is demonstrated by doing time-notion studies of the steps in an assemble process to determine if _ can be gained by adjusting the way the steps are performed
efficiency
A worker who works with passion and feels connected to their company is said to be _
engaged
Designing a more challenging job that has more motivating characteristics is job _
enlargement
Job _ involves combing tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment
enlargement
A motivational strategy that focuses on motivating the worker through the design of the job itself is called job _
enrichment
Management by objectives requires discussion, review, and _ of objectives among managers, supervisors and employees
evaluation
Management by objectives requires discussion, review, and _ of objectives among managers, supervisors, and employees
evaluation
The basis of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is that motivation and effort is affected by:
expectations of achieving a desirable outcome
Rewarding Baby boomer employee for following the rules while rewarding younger workers like Millennials for changing them is an effective way to apply motivation strategy to workers of differing _
generations
Small businesses can motivate employees by:
giving employees small equity stakes offering flexible schedules telling them their work is appreciated
_-_ theory, the basis for Management by Objectives developed by Peter Drucker in the 1960s, proposes that setting ambitious, but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance
goal setting
Setting ambitious, but attainable goals with a new employee and then giving him the tools with which achieve them so he will be motivated is an application of which theory
goal-setting theory
Trust within the _ is at the heart of Type J management
group
The significant difference between coaching and helping is:
helping means doing part of the work
The effects on organizations of unmotivated and unhappy workers include:
high recruitment and training costs poor relationships with customers
Lower level workers such as housekeepers in a hotel can be aided in satisfying _ level needs by discussing what the hotel would be like in their absence. This gives meaning to their jobs and their presence
higher
Helping lower-level worker like hotel housekeepers understanding what the hotel would be like in their absence gives meaning to their jobs and presence. According to Maslow's hierarchy, they are fulfilling:
higher-level needs
Increased worker productivity during the first Hawthorne studies determined that _ and _ factors affected productivity
human psychological
According to Herzberg, clear company policy and administration at work is considered a(n) _ factor
hygiene
When applying reinforcement theory, extinction means:
ignoring unwanted behaviors to stop them
Examples of job enrichment strategies are:
job enlargement and job rotation
A practical application of Maslow's and Herzberg's theories by motivating workers through the structure of the job itself is:
job enrichment
A strategy that motivates workers through characteristics of the job itself is _
job enrichment
Herzberg studied _ factors and asked employees to rank them by level of enthusiasm
job related
Moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating is called:
job rotation
According to Herzberg, hygiene (maintenance) factors at work would include:
job security good working conditions
The Hawthorne studies were originally designed to study the relationship between:
lighting and productivity
In a service environment, scientific management is demonstrated by breaking down the steps needed to perform the service, then timing a person delivering it to determine if _ economy can be improved
motion
Globalization has created a need for managers to understand cultural differences in order to _ employees around the world
motivate
The conclusion of Herzberg's theory is that the best way to create more productive employees is to add _ factors and satisfy the hygiene factors
motivating
Creating an upbeat, relaxed company culture helps small businesses_______ their workers instead of using monetary incentives.
motivation
Employee involvement and group membership were two of the reasons employees gave the reason for increased _ during the Hawthorne studies
motivation
Victor Vroom believed that the level of employee expectation of achieving an outcome has a direct effect on _ and effort
motivation
The Hawthorne studies as compared to scientific management studies can be respectively described as:
motivation versus motion
Job factors that cause employees to be productive and gives them satisfaction is the definition of a(n) _ according to Herzberg
motivator
An assumption about people made by a Theory Y manager is that people:
naturally like to work
Maslow's theory states that once needs are met they:
no longer motivate
Equity theory states that employees:
perceptions of fairness affect motivation compare their inputs and outputs to those of others in similar positions try to maintain equity between what they put into job and what they get out of it
Match the Maslow hierarchy level to the corresponding need
physiological food, shelter, clothing safety job security social group acceptance at work esteem recognition from the boss self-actualization feeling that one's full potential has been attained
If a worker perceives inequity in a situation, he may try to restore it by:
producing less leaving the organization
During the Hawthorne Studies, researchers were baffled when _ went up regardless of changed environmental conditions
productivity
Taylor's scientific management became the dominant strategy for improving _ in the early Twentieth century
productivity
Scientific management viewed people as machines that needed to be:
programmed
Extrinsic rewards include:
promotions pay raises recognition and praise
Small businesses can motivate their workers without increasing costs by giving them:
public recognition stock options
Based on Figure 10.3, it is clear that Maslow and Herzberg agree that:
recognition at work is a motivator
Examples of punishment include:
reduced pay
Motivation is defined as people acting to receive rewards to avoid punishment according to _
reinforcement theory
Positive and negative reinforcers applied to motivate a person to behave in a certain way is the application of:
reinforcement theory
Unlike scientific management, the Hawthorne studies found that human _ have a great impact on employee productivity
relations
To use self-managed teams to improve productivity, management must reinvent work by:
respecting workers allowing autonomy developing workers' skills
It is expensive to _ employees who are disengaged
retain
Expectancy theory recognizes that individuals establish their own views of task difficulty and the value of the _ to that person
reward
When implementing management by objectives it is a manager's responsibility to involve everyone, commit employees to the goals, monitor progress, and _ accomplishments
reward
Job _ is applied as a method of motivation when an employee is moved from on job to another on different days to make the job more interesting and challenging
rotation
Which of these are basic element of Taylor's Scientific Method
rule of work method time
If a person feels as if they have enough food, water, and shelter to survive, according to Maslow, the next need that they will strive to achieve is called
safety
The idea that all jobs can be broken down into elemental steps that can be made more efficient is the principle of
scientific management
The job enrichment process involves creating _ variety and _ significance on the job in order to motivate workers
skill task
The Management by Objectives system is most effective in _ situations that allow long-range planning
stable
The basic tools used in scientific management are:
stopwatch observation
A culture that focuses on the _ and views relationship building as a waste of time is a low-context culture
task
Coaching and helping employees are different in that coaching requires a manager to:
teach recommend guide
The time period of Herzberg's study was:
the mid-1960s
A lower-level needs are fulfilled in Maslow's hierarchy the higher-level, unmet needs become _
the motivators
The relationship between expectancy theory and employee motivation lies in the individual worker's belief that:
the reward for achieving a goal will be worth the effort he or she is capable of achieving the goal achieving a goal will be rewarded
An example of scientific management still in use today at UPS is:
the use of a stop watch to time package delivery
An example of how United Parcel Service has used the principles of Scientific Management is:
the use of tools such as ring scanners to read a bar code the use of simulators to teach employees to lift packages correctly
The idea that every job could be broken down into a series of elementary motions and analyzed to make it more efficient was the Gillbreths':
theory of motion economy
Herzberg's theory applies Maslow's hierarchy and then breaks it into:
two types of factors
The problems associated with retaining workers who are disengaged include:
undermining the efforts of employees who are engaged decreased productivity compensating workers who put in time but no energy
Maslow's theory states that people are motivated only by:
unmet needs
Companies can minimize the perception of unfairness in the workplace by having clear and frequent communication:
with all employees
An example of the initial results of the Hawthorne studies is:
worker productivity increased no matter what the level of lighting
In his study, Herzberg asked _ to rank those areas of the job that create enthusiasm
workers
Equity judgements by employees are often incorrect because:
workers overestimate their own contributions
According to McGregor a manager who believes an employee has little ambition, avoids responsibility and prefers to be directed is considered to be a theory _ employee
x
