AP Psych Unit 1
In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using? A Functionalism B Introspection C Biofeedback D Dream analysis E Behavioris
B
A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study's A Sample B Population C Operational definition D Control group E Randomization
A
According to one theory of psychology, many people have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behaviors have proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. This belief is consistent with which of the following models? A Behavioral B Biological C Cognitive D Psychodynamic E Sociocultural
A
All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT: A Research may not involve deception. B Participation must be voluntary. C Participants must be informed of potential risks. D Participants must be offered alternative activities if research participation is a course requirement. E Participants' right to privacy must be protected.
A
In experimental psychology, a significant difference refers to a A difference not likely due to chance B difference not likely due to faulty design C result that indicates a correlation equal to 1.0 D result that departs from previous findings E result that proves a new theory
A
In studying the behavior of five year olds in freeplay situations, a cognitive psychologist would be most interested in the children's A problem-solving strategies B toy preferences C degree of cooperative behavior D prosocial play activities E choice of playmates
A
Introspection as practiced by early structuralists is best illustrated by which of the following behaviors? A Describing one's immediate sensations while looking at a rose B Determining the best way for children to learn in school C Conditioning an infant to fear rabbits D Recalling one's unconscious desires E Creating intelligence tests for use in the military
A
John B. Watson is best known as the founder of A behaviorism B functionalism C rationalism D structuralism E mechanism
A
One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it A did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings B did not take into account overt physical behaviors C did not take into account accumulated experiences D focused primarily on childhood experiences E focused primarily on the unconscious
A
Operational definitions are used for which of the following reasons? A They enable researchers to replicate studies by precisely describing the variables and how they are used. B They exclude mental processes from being studied, as they are no longer considered part of the scientific study of psychology. C They determine which test of statistical significance will be used to analyze the results of the experiment. D They keep the participants in the control group from knowing they have received the placebo. E They determine whether the experiment is better suited for a laboratory or a field setting.
A
Professor González is interested in evaluating the ability of a new method of note-taking to improve student grades. Group A is trained in the new method and group B uses the traditional outline method of taking notes. What is Professor González' independent variable? A Method of note-taking B Grades C Group membership D The subject matter used E The number of students per group
A
The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. This research method is best characterized as A experimental B correlational C longitudinal D naturalistic observation E case study
A
The next questions refer to the situation described below. In an experiment designed to determine whether watching violent scenes on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children together and counted instances of aggressive behavior. The dependent variable in the experiment is the A amount of aggressive behavior exhibited by the children B amount of time that each child spent interacting with the other children C group in which each child was originally placed D violent cartoon E nonviolent cartoon
A
Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior? A Behaviorist B Cognitive C Existentialist D Psychodynamic E Structuralist
A
A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that A differences observed among participants of different ages are usually due to differences in the environment in which they were reared B participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out C unfamiliarity with testing situations can put older participants at a disadvantage D personality traits do not remain constant across the life span E men and women confront different developmental crises in the course of their lives because of their different social roles
B
A psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates which of the following test properties? A Validity B Reliability C Standardization D Statistical significance E Utility
B
A research design involves two randomly assigned groups of participants. One group receives a one-time treatment, and the other does not. Later, the two groups are compared to see whether the treatment had an effect. Psychologists call this kind of research A a correlational study B an experiment C a case study D a survey E a cross-sequential study
B
A research group conducted a study investigating the connection between self-reported number of hours slept in a given week and scores on a happiness measure. Based on the scatterplot above, the group can report that there is A no relationship between amount of self-reported sleep and happiness B a positive correlation C a negative correlation D a perfect, negative relationship between amount of self-reported sleep and happiness E a perfect, positive relationship between amount of self-reported sleep and happiness
B
A research psychologist generalizes from a particular sample to an entire population. This is an example of A statistical inference B random sampling C a correlational study D stratified sampling E descriptive statistics
B
A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean? A 75 B 77 C 86 D 90 E 99
B
Leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation are all studied in which of the following psychological disciplines? A Human factors psychology B Industrial-organizational psychology C Community psychology D Counseling psychology E Experimental psychology
B
On a test, the mean score for a class of 100 students is 80 and the standard deviation of the scores is 10. The professor who gave the test then realizes that she made a scoring error, which she corrects by adding 5 points to each student's score. The standard deviation of the students' new scores is A 5 B 10 C 10.5 D 15 E 85
B
Students from a journalism class ask only their friends to participate in a school newspaper survey and neglect to ask the rest of the student body. The journalism students' data may not be generalizable due to A a lack of debriefing B sampling bias C participant bias D social desirability bias E placebo effects
B
The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the independent variable in this study? A Incidence of aggressive behavior B Type of television program viewed C Sex of the children D Number of groups E Duration of free play
B
The next questions are based on the following. Exam Scores 8 6 5 10 5 7 1 5 10 A student who scored at the mode would have how many points? A 3 B 5 C 6 D 8 E 10
B
Which of the following most accurately describes a dependent variable? A Some characteristic of research participants that is constant, such as gender B Some aspect of a participant's response that is measured in an experiment C A factor that is manipulated by the experimenter in order to observe its effects on some other factor D A factor that can be used to predict how people in an experiment will respond E A factor that is equated for the experimental and the control group
B
Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age? A Cross-cultural B Longitudinal C Cross-sectional D Correlational E Projective
B
10, 3, 5, 7, 10, 3, 10, 5, 2 The numbers above represent the quiz results for a psychology class. What is the median score for the class? A 2 B 3 C 5 D 7 E 10
C
A basic assumption underlying the evolutionary approach to sexual attraction is that men seek potential mates who A display financial resources B have high social status C appear fertile D are taller than average E are highly educated
C
A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is A an experiment B a survey C a case study D cross-sectional research E correlational research
C
A teacher finds the distribution of scores on a final exam to be positively skewed with low variability. On the basis of this information, the teacher would be most justified in concluding that A a small number of students in the class did poorly on the exam B the students in her classroom have a very wide range of intellectual abilities C the exam was too difficult D the exam is not a reliable assessment tool E most of her students are of above average ability
C
According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), which of the following is true of psychological research in which animals are used as subjects? A It must not involve the use of surgical procedures. B It is no longer permitted by the APA without special authorization. C It should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research. D It must be limited to investigations that use correlational procedures. E It may not be conducted by psychologists who do not have a license.
C
Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association help ensure that human participants in psychological research A get paid for their time and trouble B have not participated in similar research in the past C are protected from physical and psychological harm D understand the hypotheses of the researcher before they take part E keep the purposes of the research project confidential
C
In psychology, Gestalt principles are used to explain A statistical probabilities B somatic behavioral disorders C perceptual organization D stimulus-detection thresholds E altered states of consciousness
C
In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following? A Socialization B Cognition C Maturation D Experience E Information processing
C
Of the following topics, which would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to study? A Conformity behavior of college students B Genetic determinants of behavior C Problem-solving strategies in chess D Personnel selection problems E Maturational processes in adolescent development
C
Of the following, an evolutionary psychologist will most likely investigate the A age of children when they speak their first words B speed of an action potential C reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark D factors that make a person feel accepted by others E features of a car that make it easier for a person to operate
C
The claim that a whole is different from the sum of its parts is central to which of the following schools of thought? A Connectionism B Functionalism C Gestalt psychology D Structuralism E Behaviorism
C
The next questions are based on the following. A researcher is trying to determine whether a new painkilling medicine is effective in reducing headaches. Twenty adult participants sit in a noisy environment for 30 minutes and then rate the severity of their headaches on a scale from 0 (none) to 5 (intense). Group M (the medicine group) receives a normal dose of the medicine. Group C (the control group) rests quietly. After 20 minutes, all participants again complete the headache rating scale. The statistically significant differences in headache severity on the posttest appear in the graph below. Which of the following statements is supported by the results of this experiment? A The severity of headaches diminished among the group that received the medicine, whereas the severity of headaches in the control group was unchanged. B The groups showed equivalent decreases in the severity of their headaches from pretest to posttest. C The medicine was more effective in reducing the severity of the headaches than was quiet rest. D The medicine eliminated the headaches of participants to whom it was administered. E Quiet rest is not effective in reducing headaches.
C
The next questions are based on the following. Exam Scores 8 6 5 10 5 7 1 5 10 Which of the following is the median score? A 1 B 5 C 6 D 8 E 10
C
The next questions refer to the following. Rachel plays on the high school basketball team. Her scores for the season are presented in the table below. Which of the following is the median of Rachel's scores? A 6 B 9 C 9.5 D 10 E 10.5
C
A double-blind control is essential for which of the following? A A study comparing the IQ test scores of children from different educational systems B A study of relationships among family members C An experiment to determine the effect of a food reward on the bar-pressing rate of a rat D Assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms E A survey of drug use among teenagers
D
An evolutionary psychologist would explainthat humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for A achievement B individualism C behavioral change D survival E self-actualization
D
In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean? A It contains the bottom 50% of the distribution. B It contains the middle 50% of the distribution. C It contains the bottom 68% of the distribution. D It contains the middle 68% of the distribution. E It is the same as the square of the average deviation.
D
In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the A placebo B control C hypothesis D dependent variable E independent variable
D
In order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be A made up of at least 30 members of the population B as large as possible C normally distributed D representative of the population E made up of at least 50 percent of the members of the population
D
Introspection, a research tool used by early psychologists, is a technique which involves A correlational analyses B machines designed for cognitive analysis C survey methodology D self-examination of mental processes E teaching participants to multitask
D
Standard deviation is a measure of how much A a normal person's behavior changes in a given time B two sets of scores vary together C difference there is between the highest and the lowest score in a sample D scores in a group differ from the mean of that group E scores from a sample differ from that of the population
D
Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely to choose which research method to study it? A Naturalistic observation B Correlational research C Survey research D Case study E Experimental research
D
The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a A bar graph B normal distribution C histogram D scatterplot E frequency polygon
D
The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed A nature vs. nurture B developmental vs. cognitive C cross-sectional vs. longitudinal D continuity vs. discontinuity E maturation vs. learning
D
The next questions are based on the following. Which of the following statistics best approximates the relation between the variables? A 50% B N = 20 C N = 10 D r = -.90 E r = .50
D
Which of the following would an industrial-organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study? A Managerial skills B Employee motivation C Job satisfaction D Corporate profitability E Pay incentive programs
D
A study can be regarded as scientific only if A it utilizes an effective placebo B its findings are accepted by experts in the field C its findings are consistent with established theories D its conclusions are based on strong correlational data E its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies
E
A survey shows that children who have encyclopedias in their homes earn better grades in school than children whose homes lack encyclopedias. The researcher concludes that having encyclopedias at home improves grades. This conclusion is erroneous primarily because the researcher has incorrectly A failed to allow for experimenter bias B identified the independent variable C identified the dependent variable D inferred correlation from causation E inferred causation from correla
E
A test with normally distributed results was returned to a class of 100 students. Later, the teacher realized an error was made and added 10 points to each student's score. Which of the following must have changed as a result of the increase in scores? A A student's percentile rank B The standard deviation of the scores C The variance of the scores D The skew of the distribution E The mode
E
An instructor conducted an experiment to determine the effects of two different methods of study on the amount students learned in introductory physics. The results showed that the average amount learned by the group using one method was greater than the average amount learned by the group using the other. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion to be drawn? A The group of students attaining the higher mean score had studied more than the other group. B The better study method will have different effects for students of varying levels of ability. C Neither group learned a significant amount. D There is a positive correlation between the results of the two methods. E There is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance.
E
Researchers have found a negative correlation between income and dental problems. What conclusion can correctly be drawn from this statement? A Having a higher income causes fewer dental problems. B As income increases, the likelihood of requiring dental care increases. C As income increases, dental procedures become more affordable. D A rise in the incidence of dental problems causes income to be lower. E As income increases, the likelihood of dental problems decreases.
E
The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives? A Behavioral B Biological C Cognitive D Humanistic E Psychoanalytic
E
The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the dependent variable in this study? A Sex of the children B Duration of free play C Type of television program viewed D Level of televised violence E Incidence of aggressive behavior
E
Which of the following best describes the graph above? A Histogram B Frequency polygon C Normal distribution D Positively skewed distribution E Negatively skewed distribution
E
Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study A the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving B how infants move from basic trust to autonomy C the conflicts of the conscious and the unconscious D the relationship of cephalocaudal and proximodistal development E how attribution processes vary across culture
A
Dr. Grayson is interested in studying the relationship between weight loss and mood. To conduct the study, Dr. Grayson analyzes the results of several previous studies on weight loss and emotional state. Which research strategy is Dr. Grayson using? A Meta-analysis B Naturalistic observation C An experiment D A survey E A case study
A
Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that A each person in the town has the same probability of being chosen for the study B an equal number of males and females are selected for interviews C the study includes at least some respondents from every social class in town D the study will uncover widely differing social attitudes among the respondents E the sample will be large enough even though some people may refuse to be interviewed
A
Research shows that women who are referred by a physician to participate in a study of eating disorders have more severe problems than women who volunteer on their own to participate in the study. If research on eating disorders regularly involves only women referred by physicians, the results of the studies might be limited because of the presence of A sampling bias B placebo effects C social desirability D dependent variables E nonrandom assignment
A
Which of the following accurately describes a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past twenty-five years? A A shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the life span B A shift from a cognitive to a psychoanalytic interpretation of developmental phenomena C A shift in research focus from cognitive to personality development D A decrease in interest in the physiological factors affecting growth and development E A decrease in
A
Which of the following is the strongest correlation? A -.90 B -.23 C .40 D .67 E .72
A
Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized? A Humanistic B Behavioral C Gestalt D Cognitive E Psychodynamic
A
Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more? A Experimental B Observational C Correlational D Survey E Case study
A
Which of the following statements best describes the placebo effect? A It can be brought about by the individual's expectations. B It can be induced by antipsychotic drugs. C It is found only among individuals in psychoanalysis. D It is considered an invalid concept in research on client-centered therapy. E It is typically experienced by individuals in long-term therapy.
A
Which of the following studies has had the most profound impact on ethical issues in psychological research? A Stanley Milgram's study of obedience B Solomon Asch's study of conformity C Daryl Bern's study of self-perception D William McGuire's study of self-concept E Leon Festinger's study of cognitive dissonance
A
Which procedure can reduce problems associated with the use of deception by a researcher? A Debriefing B Random sampling C Random assignment D Using only single-blind studies E Using only double-blind studies
A
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of A observable behavior B conscious experience C unconscious motivation D physiology and behavior E evolved psychological mechanisms
B
An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of A learning B free will C determinism D biological instincts E unconscious processes
B
Cognitive theorists emphasize the A powerful unconscious impulses that motivate behavior B formation and modification of schemas C impact of rewards and punishments D individual's desire to become self-actualized E social norms that determine expected behavior
B
Experimental research differs from correlational research in that experimental research A allows for prediction B may reveal a causal relation C establishes a mathematical relation D defines the strength of the relation E uses a dependent variable
B
In a research study, informed consent is a concern of A replicability B ethics C statistical significance D practical applicability E cross-cultural representativeness
B
In an experiment, which of the following variables refers to the outcome that is measured by the experimenter? A Independent B Dependent C Control D Random E Stimulus
B
The next questions are based on the following. A researcher is trying to determine whether a new painkilling medicine is effective in reducing headaches. Twenty adult participants sit in a noisy environment for 30 minutes and then rate the severity of their headaches on a scale from 0 (none) to 5 (intense). Group M (the medicine group) receives a normal dose of the medicine. Group C (the control group) rests quietly. After 20 minutes, all participants again complete the headache rating scale. The statistically significant differences in headache severity on the posttest appear in the graph below. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment? A The rating of headache severity B The medicine C The age of the participants D The 30 minutes of noise E The 20-minute interval
B
Respondents to surveys and questionnaires often report that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than would be expected based on the results of other types of research. This finding can best be explained by which of the following? A Sampling bias B Experimenter bias C The social desirability bias D The bystander effect E The placebo effect
C
The mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that A is symmetrical B is not normal C is positively skewed D represents measures for a random sample E represents measures for a biased sample
C
The next questions refer to the following. A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self-esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self-esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior. Which of the following violations of ethical guidelines occurs in the study? A Inappropriate use of deception B Violation of the right to withdraw C Violation of privacy D Violation of confidentiality E Exposure to harmful procedures
B
The results of a correlational study involving student volunteers in a psychology laboratory might not apply to the general population because A laboratory environments are generally too artificial to generate accurate results B the sample is not randomly chosen and therefore may not be a representative sample C only experimental studies apply to the general population D in a correlational study, no variables are actually manipulated E correlational studies do not involve naturalistic observation
B
When is it permissible for a psychologist to share a client's test scores with another person? A When an employer inquires about the mental health status of the client B When the client provides written permission to share results C When a school official requests the test scores to aid in a college admission decision D When the test scores are within the normal range E Never
B
Which of the following is true of the frequency distributions shown in the graphs above? A Distribution A has more variation than distributions B or C. B Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C. C Distribution B and distribution C have the same variation. D The standard deviation of distribution A is infinite. E The standard deviation of distribution B is zero.
B
Which of the following is true of the two sets of scores above? A Set A has a larger standard deviation. B Set B has a larger standard deviation. C The range is the same for both distributions. D Set A has a lower median score than set B. E The mean score is the same for both distributions.
B
Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior? A Psychoanalytic B Humanistic C Cognitive D Sociobiological E Behavioral
C
An industrial-organizational psychologist would be most likely to study the A cognitive development of adults B recreational activities in a community center C effectiveness of management training D industrialization of the United States E career development of high school students
C
Researchers find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that A earning good grades causes people to sleep more B sleeping more causes students to perform better in school C students who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do not D more sleep has a beneficial impact on students' grades E sleep deprivation has no impact on school performance
C
What field of psychology is most appropriate to analyze the efficiency of businesses in their hiring, basic training, and management leadership skills training? A Clinical B Quantitative C Industrial/organizational D Educational E Comparative
C
Which of the following is a statistical approach concerned with forming conclusions about the effect of the independent variable on variations in the dependent variable? A Descriptive B Correlational C Inferential D Factor analysis E Qualitative
C
Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design? A Testing the first graders, and testing them again when they are in third grade B Testing first graders at the end of the school year C Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year D Observing first graders as they test in two different subject areas E Observing first graders as they interact with either third graders or fifth graders
C
Research finds that, in general, the higher an incoming college student scores on a given test, the higher the student's college grade point average (GPA). Which of the following best describes this relationship? A A bimodal distribution B A normal distribution C A skewed distribution D A positive correlation E A negative correlation
D
Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. Which of the following psychological points of view best explains this behavior? A Collectivistic B Individualistic C Psychoanalytic D Evolutionary E Humanistic
D
The most distinctive characteristic of the experimental method is that it A studies a few people in great depth B studies subjects in their natural environment C is an efficient way to discover how people feel D seeks to establish cause-effect relationships E provides a chronological basis for reaching conclusions
D
The next questions are based on the following. What type of graph would a researcher use to represent these data? A A frequency distribution B A histogram C A stem-and-leaf plot D A scatterplot E A normal curve
D
The next questions refer to the following. A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self-esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self-esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior. Which of the following elements constitutes the independent variable in the study? A The number of successful coin tosses B The number of coins the participants tossed C The measure of self-esteem D The feedback about relative performance in coin tossing E The number of participants
D
The next questions refer to the following. Rachel plays on the high school basketball team. Her scores for the season are presented in the table below. Which of the following is the range of Rachel's scores? A 6 B 8 C 9 D 15 E 23
D
To determine whether a cause-effect relationship exists between two variables, a researcher must use A descriptive statistics B archival data C naturalistic observation D an experimental approach E a correlational study
D
What is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology, from past to present? Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Structuralism Humanism A I, II, III, IV B II, III, IV, I C I, IV, III, II D III, II, I, IV E III, II, IV, I
D
Which of the following is required for a psychological experiment? A More than one independent variable B Sophisticated equipment C Highly generalizable results D Precise operational definitions E A longitudinal design
D
Which of the following scattergrams represents the data above? A B C D E
D
Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism? A It was formulated to account for cognitive development. B It is rooted in Sigmund Freud's view of the importance of early experiences. C It focuses on the development of thought processes and knowledge. D It holds that development is largely a product of learning. E It emphasizes the dominance of heredity over environment.
D
Which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information? A Behavioral B Psychodynamic C Evolutionary D Cognitive E Sociocultural
D
Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following? A Learning B Motivation C Development D Sensation E Perception
E
In developmental psychology, one advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional research A controls for cognitive ability B controls for gender C controls for cultural influences D involves subjects of the same age E requires comparatively little time
E
In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development? A Cinical case study B Between subjects C Cross-sectional D Ethnographic E Longitudinal
E
Martha is an undergraduate student who is interested in pursuing a career in psychology. She wants to use her knowledge of psychology to help employees become more productive in the workplace. Which field of psychology should Martha select in graduate school? A Physiological B Cognitive C Educational D Clinical E Industrial-organ
E
Of the following, a behavioral psychologist is most likely to study the A perceived locus of control of adults who experience panic attacks B formation of emotional attachments to significant others C defense mechanisms used by depressed adults and children in stressful situations D genetic basis for schizophrenic disorders E effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances
E
The next questions refer to the situation described below. In an experiment designed to determine whether watching violent scenes on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children together and counted instances of aggressive behavior. The control group in the experiment is the group that A the researchers thought would be most aggressive B performed the larger number of aggressive acts C performed the smaller number of aggressive acts D watched the violent cartoon E watched the nonviolent cartoon
E
Which of the following best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research? A They have just begun to address such issues. B They disclaim ethical concerns regarding research. C They have developed codes of ethics for research with human participants only. D They have developed codes of ethics for research with animal subjects only. E They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects.
E
Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology? A A study of the unconscious motives involved in behavior B An introspective study of the mental imagery used in problem solving C An analysis of the neurons involved in memory storage D The use of a projective test to assess personality E A study of how reinforcement affects learning
E
Which of the following is used to reduce the effects of confounding variables in experiments? A Descriptive statistics B Inferential statistics C Meta-analysis D An algorithm E Random assignment
E
