Misc. I
grain boundary
The interface separating two adjoining grains having different crystallographic orientations.
Fundus
The large, upper end of te the uterus, also the bottom aperature for the internal surface of the hollow organ (e.g. eye, uterus, stomach)
What is the thermodynamic limit?
The limit where a sysem becomes infinitely large, so that measurable fluctuations away from the most likelymacrostate never occur.
Replication origin
The location at which duplication of the DNA begins
blood cultures
Sepsis
What are organs?
Several types of tissues arranged into a functional unit Epithelial cells - performs specialized work; connective tissue - support; blood vessels - nourishment Basic organ types: Hollow Compact
SOB
Shortness of Breath
shrub
Shrub - a loose descriptive term for a woody plant which produces multiple stems, shoots or branches from its base, but does not have a distinct single trunk.
How are lipids transported through the blood?
Since lipids are insoluble in aqueous solution, they are transported in the blood via lipoproteins
monocots
Single cotyledons (embryonic seed leaf). Flower parts in 3s or multiples of 3s, vascular tissue in scattered bundles, fibrous root system, leaves with parallel veins.
SR
Sinus Rhythm
VSS
Sital Signs Stable
Anterior
Situated in fron of or directed toward the front
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate
What are considered to be small numbers in statistical mechanics?
Smal numbers are small numbers, like 6, 23, and 42. You already know how to manipulate small numbers.
SBO
Small bowel obstruction
Anatomical Position
Standing erect, arms at thte sides, with palms facing forward
Cachectic
State of ill appearance and malnutrition
s/p
Status Post
SLR
Straight-left raise
strep
Streptococus
Injury of cells are dependent on cell type. Compare hwo different cell types tolerate ischemia,
Striated skeletal muscle can tolerate ischemia - 2-3 h Cardiac muscle - 20-30 min (non-contractile 1-2 min) CNS neurons - 2-3 min
What happens to the multiplicity as the system gets larger?
The multiplicity gets sharper, meaning there is more multiplicity for fewer macrostates because other macrostates are less probable. Imagin a gaussian curver getting thinner as the system gets larger.
SP
Suprapubic
SVT
Supraventricular tachycardia
How strong are the surface membrane interactions and what are the interactions>
Surface membrane proteins - weaker lipid-protein or protein-protein interactions Surface proteins - cytoskeletal interactions, cell motility, transduction of transient signals
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder
Diaphoresis
Sweating
mycorhiza
Symbiotic relationship between fungus and a plant root (called a fungus root). The hyphae penetrate the root cells. The fungus provides minerates (nitrogen and phosphorous) and the plant provides sugar.
Sx
Symptoms
What are some synthetic and natural hydrogel types?
Synthetic (man-made) PEG PVA PLA PGA PA PMMA pHEMA Natural (natural sources, typically ECM proteins) Collagen (connective tissue protein) Fibrinogen (glycoprotein) Laminin (basement membrane protein) Hyaluronic acid (ECM glycosaminoglycan) Agarose (red algae) Alginate (brown seaweed)
Distinguish synthetic polymvers from natural polymers.
Synthetic (vs natural polymers): No immunotoxicity Reproducible Wide range of properties defined by user
What is the atomic packing factor?
Tells how efficently attoms are packed
TTP
Tender to palpation
trans (structure)
The CH3 and H reside on opposite sides of the carbon double bond
cis (structure)
The CH3 and H reside on the same side of the carbon double bond
What is the first Tea Classic and when was it written?
The Classic of Tea or Tea Classic is the very first monograph on tea in the world, written by Chinese writer Lu Yu between 760 CE and 780 CE during the Tang Dynasty.
Rankine cycle
The Rankine cycle is a cycle that converts heat into work. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water. this cycle generates about 80% of all electric power used throughout the world, inculding virtualy all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, A scottish polymath
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
The Swedish botanist who is known as the father of modern taxonomy. He also observed the Lap in Lapland who were using utricularia to make cheese.
Hallucinations
The apparent, often strong subjective perception of an object or even whe no uch stimulus or situation is present; may be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile
allosteric
The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.
Why does protein absorption matter to biomaterials?
The body recognizes and responds to biomaterials due to fast protein adsorption upon implantation. The proteins are then recognized by integrin receptors present on most cells.
What is Thermal Physics?
The branch of physics that deals with systems consiting of large numbers of particles.
What's happening when you charge a battery?
The chemical reaction is running in reverse.
face-centered cubic (FCC)
The crystal found for many metals has a unit cell of cubic geometry, with atoms located at each of the corners and the centers of all the cube faces.
Fick's First Law
The diffusion flux is proportional to the concentration gradient. The relationship is employed for steady-state diffusion situtations.
What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics?
The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has. Specifically, the netropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero.
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
The entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium almost always increases. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium-thestate of maximum entropy of the system-in a process known as "thermalization." Equivalently, perpetual motion machines fo the second kind are impossible.
Equipartition Theorem
The equipartition theorem states that energy is shared equally amongst all energetically accessible degrees of freedom of a system. The equipartition theorem - the energy is shared out evenly amongst the x, y, and z translational degrees of freedom.Specifically, it states that each quadratic degree of freedom will, on average, possess an energy ½kT. A 'quadratic degree of freedom' is one for which the energy depends on the square of some property. Consider the kinetic and potential energies associated with translational, rotational and vibrational energy. Translational degrees of freedom K = ½ mv2 Rotational degrees of freedom K = ½ Iω2 Vibrational degrees of freedom K = ½ mv2 V = ½kx2
How does the immune system function? What is autoimmunity/
The immune system exist to defend the host against infections organisms, i.e. determining self from not-self; in most cases no "innocent bystanders" Autoimmunity - inappropriate response to self, is a chronic, life-threatening disease Severe infections could be fatal as a direct consequence of the host immune response
lattice
The regular geometrical arrangement of points in crystal space.
What is a dichotomous question?
The simplest form of a fixed alternative question that allows only a "yes" or "no" response.
When does the flow of energy between two einstein solids (A and B) stop?
The spontaneous flow of energy stops when a system is at, or very near, its most likely macrostate, that is, the macrostate with the greatest multiplicity
How can the cell-substrate potentially alter the cells>>
The substrate could alter: Adhesion Morphology Migration Proliferation Cell-cell communication Gene expression Production of ECM Differentiation Cellular signaling
What is Kirchoff's current law?
The sum of the currents entering a node must equal the sum of the currents exiting a node.
Fick's Second Law
The time rate of change of concentration is proportional to the second derivative of concentration. This relationship is empolyed in nonsteady-state diffusion situations.
hexagonal close-packed (HCP)
The top and bottom faces of the unit cell consist of six atoms that form regular hexagons and surround a single atom in the center
How does water on the surface of protein adsorbed Tissue Culture Polysyrene (TCP) compare to uncoate TCP?
The uncoated has droplets while the coated is absorbed/spread and no droplets are visible?
What is voltage?
The voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to move a unit positive charge from the -terminal to the + terminal. The unit of voltage is the volt, V.
Enquiry into Plants. Who wrote it? Why is it significant?
Theophrastus (371-287 BCE)-He described 500 categories in the mediterranian Largest for Folk Herbals (2 multivolume books) was among the first that grouped plants into life form (such as woody, nonwoody, etc.)
What makes a gas an ideal gas
These gases don't interact. They are dilute enough sothat the intermolecular forces can be neglected within collisions The molecules behave as free particles which have KE, but no PE.
What do hepatocytes lose when they are co-cultured in vitro? How do you avoid this?
They lose their ability to produce albumin (the carrier of hydrophobic protiens). Co-culturing with fibroblast allow them to keep producing albumin. Hepatocytes adhered to collagen-coated regions; fibroblasts adhered to serum coated regions; non-fouling PEG separated the two cell types.
T-spine
Thoracic spine
TPA per protocol
Thrombolytic Agent
Tight junctions
Tight junctions seal cells together, making a sheet that prevents small molecule passage (but not water); basis for high electrical resistance of epithelia
Extension
To straighten
trach
Trachea, tracheotomy, tracheostomy
trach
Tracheotomy, tracheostomy
How was it discovered that DNA formed specific base pairs? What did this lead to?
X-ray diffraction photographs of fibers of DNA taken by Maurice WIlkins and ROalind Franklin indicated DNA formed regular helical strucutres. Watson and Crick then deduced a structural model for DNA.
YTD
Year to date
What is another form of DNA besides A-DNA and B-DNA and how is it unique?
Z-DNA it is a left handed double helix with a zig zag backbone. It is the narrowest of the 3 forms of DNA and it's unqiue shape show how DNA can be flexible and dynamic.
Lasix
_____-diuretic Cardiac Drugs
Plavix
______ (generic=clopidogrel) antiplatelet
Pepcid
______-H2 antagonist Antacid
Heparin drip
_______ ____ -antcoagulant Cardiac Drugs
anticoagulant
_______ ____ -antcoagulant Cardiac Drugs
Tagament
_______-H2 antagonist Antacid
Protonix
_______-Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Antacid
Atropine
_______-antiarrhythmic Cardiac Drugs
Dopamine drip
________ ____ -vasopressor Cardiac Drugs
Cardizem
________-antianginal, antiarrhythmic, htn Cardiac Drugs
Antenolol
________-antianginal, htn Cardiac Drugs
Vicodin
________/Lortab Pain Control-Opiate
Clonidine
_________-htn Cardiac Drugs
What's the difference between a battery and a fuel cell?
a battery has a fixed interal supply of fuel
bladless
a blade is reduced to only a midrib or is completely lacking
Vein
a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart
Cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
Albuterol
a bronchodilator (trade names Ventolin or Proventil) used for asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions
polymerization
a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound
Cirrhosis
a chronic disease interfering with the normal functioning of the liver
polycrystalline
a crystalline solid composed of a collection of many grains
Carnot Cycle
a cycle (of expansion and compression) of an idealized reversible heat engine that does work without loss of heat First pointed out by Sadi Carnot in 1824.
What is the working substance in an internal combustion engine?
a fas, intitially a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline. This mixture is first injected into a culinder and compressed, adiabatically, by a piston.
What is ethnobotony?
a focus within ANTH that examines the relationship between humans and plants in different cultures
Avulsion
a forcible tearing or surgical separation of one body part from another
organ
a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function
proteoglycans
a glycoprotein consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells.
compound leaf
a leaf with more than one nlade is a compiound leaf, and its blaeds are called leaflets
solvent
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
shrub
a low woody perennial plant usually having several major branches
paramagnet
a material in which the constituent particles act like tiny compass needles that end to align parallel to any externally applied magnetic field Paramagnetism is a magnetic alignment that lasts only as long as an external field is applied
claudistics
a method that classifies organisms according to the order in which they diverged from a common ancestor/ the greater the number of derived characters shared by the clades the more recently the groups will show a common ancestor
Dilaudid
a narcotic analgesic (trade name Dilaudid) used to treat moderate to severe pain
anion
a negatively charged ion
Hydrogel
a network of polymer chains (natural or synthetic) that are hydrophilic. Hydrogels can contain over 99.9% water and due to their significant water content, possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue.
Ibuprofen
a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (trade names Advil and Motrin and Nuprin) used to relieve the pain of arthritis and as an analgesic and antipyretic
What is phytography?
a part of taxonomy which deals with descriptions of plants and their various organs
Macule
a patch of skin that is discolored but not usually elevated
subshrub
a plant having the stature of a shrub but not completely woody; lower stems are woody, upper portions are herbaceous -subshrub habit changes based on distribution of the plant (Ex budlegi->buddlias) -some plants take subshrub habit under extreme conditions (ex. Grapes in one climate)
herb
a plant lacking a permanent woody stem
cation
a positively charged ion
Rale
a rapid series of short loud sounds (as might be heard with a stethoscope in some types of respiratory disorders)
Grand mal
a seizure (or a type of epilepsy characterized by such seizures) during which the patient becomes unconscious and has convulsions over the entire body
What is a diode?
a semiconductor that consists of a p-n junction
spathe
a single conspicuous bract the subtends a flower cluseter (usually a fleshy spike) spathes are often ornamental
Chromosome
a single large macromolecule of DNA plus the DNA-bound proteins which serve to package and manage the DNA.
grain
a small single crystal
lectotype
a specimen selected from the original material to serve as the type when no holotype was designated or if it becomes missing
Syncope
a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain
syndiotactic
a stereoisomer with R groups that alternate sided of the chain
isotactic configuration
a stereoisomer with all R groups situated on the same side of the chain
atactic configuration
a stereoisomer with random R group arrangement
How was early hierarchial systems of artifical taxonomy?
a superficial classification
tree
a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown
Cauex or lignotuber
a taproot that has fused with the stem may become woody. Lignotubers often occur in seasonally dry or fire-prone habitats, and the plants appear to use this strategy to recover from dormancy or fire.
lattice
a three-dimensional array of points coinciding with atom positions (or sphere centers)
WDWN
Well-developed, well-nourished
Which is a leading? -Does this plant have a name? -What is the name of this plant?
What is the name of this plant? is a leading question
Confluent
When cells cover 100% of the allotted surface Proliferation ceases at confluence due to contact inhibition (for normal cells; typically lost in cancer cells)
trifoliate leaf
When the leaflets are in threes, as in most Clover leaves, the leaf is usually termed trifoliate leaf
Why is DNA used to carry gentic information rather than RNA?
While both have increased stability from the negatively charged phosphodiester linkages that repels nucleophilic species that would otherwise hydrolize them, DNA is more stable because the lack of the 2'-hydroxly group increases its resistance to hydrolysis.
WBC
White Blood Count
Why is Langmuir isotherms used for monolayers?
Why a monolayer: Adsorption isotherms fall within the range expected for closely-packed protein monolayer, depending on diameter and orientation of protein Existence of limited sites (competition) with the monolayer being the limit
Now express the efficency in terms of temperature instead of heat. (this was the point of the previous question)
Why this matters..we can now use temperature to determine efficency. What we get from this is: In order to obtain maximum efficency the cold reservoir nedds to be very cold, or the hot reservoir needs to be very hot, or both. The smaller the ratio Tc/Th, the more efficient you engine can be.
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack
Cornea
Transparent coat of the eyeball covering the iris and pupil, allowing light into the eye
Tx
Treatment
tree
Tree - a woody, perennial plant with a single main stem, generall branching at some distance from the ground and possessing a more or less distinct, elevated crown.
Tribal System
Tribal system of naming usually doesn't change form culture to culture, breaks down to salient taxon, this is used throughout the culture when there is no ambiguity
tubers
Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients. They are used by plants to survive the winter or dry months, to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season, and as a means of asexual reproduction.[1] There are both stem and root tubers stem tubers-ex. potatoes. root tubers-ex. sweet potatoes
TOA
Tuboovarian Abscess
Pronator
Turning of the palm of the hand downward by medial forearm rotation
Supinator
Turning of the palm of the hand upwards by lateral forearm rotation
TM
Tympanic Membrane
What are the 5 types of collagen?
Type I - - ubiquitous in hard and soft tissues Type II - cartilage, intervertebral disk, vitreous of the eye Type II - soft tissues Type IV and V - non-fibrillar - soft tissue, blood vessels
What are the 4 basic types of basic tissues?
Types: Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle Nervous tissue Distinctive microscopic appearance and function
UA
UTI, Hematuria
US
Ultrasound
umb
Umbilical
Margaret Mead
United States anthropologist noted for her claims about adolescence and sexual behavior in Polynesian cultures (1901-1978)
How much DNA do humans share?
Unrealate humans share at least 99% of their DNA
UTD
Up to date
URI
Upper Respiratory Infection
Superior
Upper, nearer to crown of head
Dyspepsia
Upset stomach or "Indigestion" characterized by epigastric pain, burning or nausea
UA
Urinalysis
UTI
Urinary Trach Infection
UDS
Urine Drug Screen
Lortab
Vicodin/Lortab Pain Control-Opiate
VS
Vital Signs
WNL
Within Normal Limits
Afebrile
Without fever
Rosalind Franklin
Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA
What cell systems are vulnerable to cell injury?
Vulnerable cell systems: Membrane integrity ATP generation Protein synthesis Genetic apparatus integrity
W/D
Warm and Dry
Cerumen
ear wax
What is the difference between elastic and perminate deformations?
elastic deformation: -bonds not broken -changing PE and it springs back to original shape perminate deformation -crystals slip past one another -may be breaking bonds, potentially
How is elastin different from collagen?
elastin is extensible
If collagen fibriils are nonextensible then why are structures made up of collagen flexible?
elastin is present
Olcranon
elbow
EKG
electrocardiography
What characterizes a good conductor?
electrons can detach and flow easily
Matirx turnover is low in healthy mature tissue, where might you expect it to be high?
embryonic development
What does the natural taxonomic system do that the others do not? What do you need to know for this system?
employs Darwins ideas of evolution now we look at life history and are thinking about species as not being unique, but rather originating from a coommon origin so similarities are more important than differences, was birth of phylogenetic tree need to know if the plant is primative (early) or advanced (evolved)
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
How does DNA polymerase mistakes get fixed?
endonucleases attach to bad polymerase and chew it away so it can start over again (like an eraser)
What is heat
energy transferred during heat (thermal energy is energy stored in a body, while heat is energy trnasfered between two bodies)
Cardiomegaly
enlarged heart, an abnormal enlargement of the heart
Hematosplenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen and liver
What is the role of the FDA and FTC?
ensure that beneficial, safe, high-quality products are acailable and associated with truthful and not misleading claims
ECM is synthesized and rmoldled in response to what?
environmental cues
epi
epinephrine
Define: Diffusion Equilibrium
equilibrium in which the molecules of each substance are free to move around but no longer have any tendency to move one way or another
scape
erect leafless flower stalk growing directly from the ground as in a tulip
ETOH
ethyl alcohol
What is the difference between dicots and eudicots
eudicots are the modern dicots others are condsidered paleodicots referring to primative oragins difference is in pollen structure
q.d.
every day
q.h.
every hour
Diaphoresis
excessive or profuse sweating or perspiration
Colectomy
excision of the colon
EOMI
extra ocular movement intact
FHT
fetal heart tone
ligament
fibrous tissue, binding bones together
corms
fleshy, upright, subterranean stems that bear papery modified leaves or scales, as in the the Crocus
f/u
follow up
saturated
for a hydrocarbon, all bonds are single bonds and no new atoms may be joined without removal of others that are already bonded
Why might all accessible microstates not be equally probable
for a large system the number of acessible microstates is usually so huge that only a miniscule fration of them could possibley occur within a lifetime while all microstates of two small einstein solids are equally probable, some macrostates are not (think back to making a the table of energy quanta in an oscillator, there is only one way to arrange 1 1 1)
FB
foreign body
tetrahedral positoin
four atoms (three in one plane, and a sinle one in the adjacent plane) surround one type
Fx
fracture
enrichment
fration of protein higher on the surfane than in the bulk
Alexis Carrel
french surgeon and nobel prize recipient who claimed to have cultured immortal chicken heart cells
What 2 ways can transmembranes transport?
from channels or vesicle formation
Which way does the conventional current flow through a diode?
from p-type to n-type
FROM
full range of motion
GB
gall bladder
Compare the efficiency of gasoline engines and diesel engines.
gasoline typically 20-30% efficiency diesel typically 40% efficiency
What happens if you plug in N/NA for n into the ideal gas law?
getting grouped with R, the new value becomes k and you get PV=NkT
What are ethnobotanical artifacts?
gifts of sorts given by people in the culture (like a warrior canoe)
GCS
glasgow coma scale
How do you fabricate ceramics
glass blowing fiber drawing pressing sheet forming hydroplastic forming (extrusion for ceram with dry and fire) slip casting (pour into mold, dry and fire) power pressing (uniaxial (on direct push), isostatic (envelope put in water(, hot pressing, press+heat) tape casting (sheets of cer cast as flexible tape cementation -harending of paste-when mix cement with water -hardeningprocess-hydration -goes one way -Portland cement
GAGs
glycoaminoglycans
GSW
gun shot wound
caapi
hallucinogenic plant from the family Malpighiaceae used by South American Amazonian tribes
How do you form metals
hamer/forgeing rolling drawing extrusion
Tissue culture?
harvest of cells and their growth in an artificial environment
orthotropic
have three mutually perpendicular planes of property symmetry and can have different material properties along each axis
comose
having a tuft of hair, as many seeds
punctate
having dots or pits, these often waxy or glandular
glochidiate
having hairs that are barbed at the tip
hirsute
having moderately stiff sperate hairs
Afebrile
having no fever
Mottled
having spots or patches of color
What can cause melting?
heating -adding acid or alkali to minimize bases
HCT
hematocrit
Hgb
hemoglobin
Epistaxis
hemorrhage from the nose; nose bleed
Qwual-size energy units occur for any quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillator. What is the size of the energy units?
hf where h is Plank's constant (6.63X10^-34 J*s) and f is the natural frequency fot the oscillator (1/(2pi)sqrt(Ks/m)
How does the tissue capillary network vary on tissue type?
high densisty network in areas of high oxygen need Cartilage - requires less nutrition Heart valves - very thin
Give the meaning of higher and lower temperature objects in terms of energy.
higher temperature-"gives up energy" lower temperature-"sucks in energy"
Hyperkalemia
higher than normal levels of potassium in the circulating blood
h/o
history of
Urticaria
hives; an eruption of wheals on the skin accompanied by itch
graft copolymer
homopolymer side branches of one type may be grafted to homopolymer chains that are composed of different repeat units
macrostate
how many of a kind (ex. flip a coin 8 times, how many heads or tails there are is the macrostate) (ex. flip a coin 3 times the microstate is HHT, so the macrostate is HH)
What is potential difference?
how much work being done to move a charge from point A to point B
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
isomerism
hydrocarbon compounds with the same composition that have different atomic arrangements
hydrolisis
hydrolisis (Greek: lysis: separation), Breakage of one single molecule into two with the entrance of a water molecule
hydrophilic
hydrophilic (Greek: philos: love) moecules dissolve easily in water because their negatively charged ends attract the positively charged hydrogens of water, and their positively charged end attract the negatively charged oxygen of water. Thus, water molecules surround (solvate) a hydrophilic molecule separating it from the group
name 3 free radicals.
hydroxyl superoxide nitric oxide
HTN
hypertension
What is the adaptive response results from subjecting the heart to increased load (high blood pressure)?
hypertorpy (enlargement of cells and eventually the heart
phyllodia
if the blade is present but much reduced, the leaves may be called phyllodia
ternate leaf
if the leaf blade is divide more than once into threes, as in some memeber of the Parsnip family, it is called ternate leaf
alternate leaf arrangement
if the leaves are arranged singly on the stem, one leaf at a node, they are alternate in arrangement, but the angle between the leaf and the one directly above it may vary considerabley and may be expressed by a numerical fraction indicating the degree fo rotation o fht einternode befor the next leaf is reached
opposite leaf arrangement
if the leaves are paired on the stem, two at each node, they are opposite.
ferromagnet
if the particles interact strongly enough with each other, the material can magnetize even without any externally applied field such as iron
whorled arrangement
if three or more leaves occure at asingle node, they are whoreled.
Aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
stipulare spines
in some plants the sipule may be modified into thron=like structues, whicha re then called stipular spines
What 2 assays asses biocompatibility?
in vitro & in vivo
random copolymer
in when two different polymer chains randomly dispersed along the chain
hypertrophy
increase in size of cells ex. High BP causes this in heart leading to cardioamegaly
hyperplasia
increase inn cell number
What does raising the temperature do to raising the temperature of semiconductors?
increase it
What does raising the temperature do to an insulator's conductivity?
increases it
CBC
infection, anemia
the number of allowed wavefunctions is ___, but the number of independent wavefunctions is ____
infinite finite if the total available position space and momentum space are limited
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gall bladder
Bronchitis
inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes
Paronychia
inflammation of the nail fold
Pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura of the lungs (especially the parietal layer)
reproductive organs
inflorescences, flowers, fruits, and seeds
Inf
infusion, inferior, infection
polyHema
inhibits macrophage adherence while TCP allows it
What is the intial inflammatory respone activated by?
injury to vascularized connective tissue
IDDM
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Which of the following are not components of the ECM? Laminin proteoglycans integrins elastin hyaluronan glycoproteins fibroblasts collagen
integrin and fibroblasts
What are the receptor that cells use to attach to certain proteins?
integrins
Subclasses of MMP
interstitial collagenase stromelysins gelatinases
ICU
intesive care unit
What are the 3 layers of the blood vessel?
intima (primarily endothelium) media (primarily smooth muscle and elstin) adventia (primarily collage)
IM
intramuscular
IV
intravenous
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
isotropic
invariant with respect to direction
Nystagmus
involuntary, rapid movement of eyeball
Two elements on opposite sides of the periodic table are likely covalent or ionic?
ionic
What interaction are important to stabilizing nucleosome care particles
ionic interations and H bonds
necrosis
irreversible tissue injury -when due to ischemia it is also called infaction, ex. myocardial infarction (MI)
How does ischemia affect the heart and other dependent organs? Break it down in min. This is why CPR is so important.
ischemia to heart -1-2 min->myocardial cells become noncontractile -3-5 min neurons die (1-2 min til loss of blood flow 2-3 min til neuronal death) -20-30 min cardiac muscle dies
Which is worse, ischemia or hypoxia?
ischemia, because in addition to reduced oxygen due to reduced blood flow, waste builds up in the tissue and could be potentially toxic
When is a polycrystal isotropic and anisotropic?
isotropic-if grains are randomly oriented anisotropic-if grains are textured
Heisenberg uncertainty priciple
it is impossible to know both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time., the principle that states that
Why is an ethnobotonist encouraged to explore the folklore?
it often offers a perspective on plant importance to the people
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ?
j
JVD
jugular venous distention
What is k a converting factor for?
k is essentially a conversion factor between temperature and molecular energy, at least for this simple piston system
lac
laceration
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
Prunus avium
large Eurasian tree producing small dark bitter fruit in the wild but edible sweet fruit under cultivation sweet cherries
When do small and large footprints develop
large footprinst happen at lower concentration (time to spread) smaller footpints occure at higher cncentratons (competition
What does endocytosis allow the ?passage of
large molecules or particles (vs exocytosis) Transporters exhibit strong specificity
Lat
lateral
LAD
left anterior descending
LBBB
left bundle branch block
LLL
left lower lobe
LUL
left upper lobe
LUQ
left upper quadrant
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
The ___ spread out the wavefunction is in position space, the ___ spread out it must be in momentum space, and vice versa.
less, more
stellate
like a star (hairs having radiating branches)
LOC
loss of consciousness
What does raising temperature do to the conductivity of a wire?
lowers it
hyaluronan
lubricating/cushioning properties: useful for protecting corneal endothelium during ocular surgery. Intra-arcticular injection is + for pts with osteoarthritis. has anti-adhesive properties and may be useful in post surg wound healing
LP
lumbar puncture
What is responsible for catabolism in the cell?
lysosomes and proteasomes
h
m
What is a ceramic?
made from 2 different types of atomic electronegativity (ionic bonding)
Surface erosion
mainly is hydrophobic polymers, such as polyanhydrides and poly(ortho esters) in which the rate of bond cleavage is faster than water diffusion into the gel; bulk device structure remains unchanged until complete degradation; release properties correlate with mass loss
How might the collection and use of ethnobiological artifcats be used to test hypotheses?
many cultures expereince ecological disparity and may not have access or the knowledge used to create artifact such as metal tools
Why would a plant from the solanun/solanaceae family offend a mexican healer?
many of those plants are poisonous and showing the healer that plan would insinuate the healer is a witch
What are microst from quenched to nonq end in jominy quen test
mart mart+pearl fine pearl pearl
*Burgers vector
mathematical representation of the magnitude and direction of distortions in a lattice caused by dislocations
tendrils
may be slender, twining brances used for supprot by climbing plants such as Grapes, or , in other plants, may be a leaf origin.
amorphous
meaning literally without form, noncrystalline
meds
medications
What principle do thermometers work on?
mercury thermometer->thermal expansion digital thermometer->electrical property (resistance of standard object)
MCP
metacarpophalangeal (joint)
What invention propelled the introduction of the artificial taxonomic system?
microscope
histology
microscopic study of tissue structure
MCA
middle cerebral artery, motorcycle accident
imitrex
migraine
Pulmonaria
mint family, leaves look like lungs
What is and Eistein solid?
model of a solid as a collection of identical oscillators with quantized energy units are first proposed by albert einstein in 1907
bracts
modified leaves or scales from the axils of which flowers or flowering branches are produced
bracts
modified leaves with bright color that serve the same function of petals in attracting pollinators
rhisomes
modular growth of modified stem
macromolecule
molecules in polymers that are gigantic in comparison to the hydrocarbon molecules
unsaturated
molecules that have double and triple bonds
bifunctional
monomers discussed that have an active bond that may react to form two covalent bonds with other monomers forming a two-dimensional chain-like molecular structure
trifunctional
monomers that have three active bonds from which a three-dimensional molecular network structure results
phyllotaxy
most plants maintain a single kind of arrangement, or phylotaxy, of their leaves throughout; but occasionally a plant may be variable in this characteristic, having perhaps alternate leaves below andopposite leaves higher ont he stem.
osmosis
movement of water across the membrane due to concentration gradient
network polymer
multifunctional monomers forming three or more active covalent bonds making three-dimensional networks
composite
multiphase material that is artificially made
Myalgia
muscular pain
MI
myocardial infarction
How are the constants R and K related (give a formula)?
nR=Nk
N/V/D
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
anions
negatively charged ions
thermosetting polymer
network polymers that become permanently hard during their formation and do not soften upon heating they have covalent crosslinks between adjacent molecular chains
NVID
neurovascularly intact distally
angiogenisis
new blood vessel growth
neotype
new type, chosen to serve in place of the holotype if all of the original specimens have been lost or destroyed
NTG
nitroglycerin
NAD
no acute distress
ebracteate
no bracts
What kind of ordering would a dense and non dense packing make? Which typically has lower energy
non dense have random packing and the typical neighbor bond is higher in energy that the typical dense, ordered packing which have lower energies
Ecchymosis
non-elevated bruise
NIDDM
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
What does amophous mean?
noncrystalline
nl
normal
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
NCAT
normocephalic, atraumatic
Nares
nostrils
Why might participant observation be impossible?
not possible because of cultural filters and because you could be introducing somethin not a part of the culutre (like giving weapons as gift, promoting warlike behavior)
What is a nucleotide? What are the nucleotides for DNA and RNA?
nucleoside joined to 1 or more phyosphoryl groups by ester linkage DNA: deoxyadenylate, deoxyguanlyate, deoxycytidylate, thymidylate (b/c not found in RNA) RNA: adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, uridylate
What is coordination number?
number of nearest neighboring atoms
NH
nursing home
Raceme
o A Raceme is an elongated inflorescence with a central axis along which are simple pedicles of more or less equal lengths. There is usually an order of blooming from the base upward, but some racemes have flowers opening almost simultaneously or irregularly. Figure 20 on page 22 of Chapter 8
spike
o A spike is an elongated inflorescence with a central axis along which are sessile or subsessile flowers. The usual order of blooming is from the base upward. Very small spikes, particularly in grasses and sedges, are known as spikelets, These may be grouped into various arrangements such as panicles, racemes, or spikes. Figure 21
What role did Candolle play in artificial taxonomy?
o A.P. De Candolle: 1778-1841. Plant sex isn't enough need other reproductive characteristics to split species properly. Added other organs too like petals. (non- o Blue print form.
adnation
o Adnation - members of 2 or more different whorls fuse together
inflourescence
o An inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on a plant, or the mode of flowering. An old concept of inflorescences was based on the sequence of blooming and the position occupied by the oldest flower. Inflorescence were classified by this method into determinate types, in which the oldest flower terminated the main axis and the general progression of blooming was downward or outward, and indeterminate types, in which the youngest flower was terminal or central and the progression of blooming was upward or inward.
axillary placentation
o Axillary Placentation. Here the ovules are attached near the center of the ovary at the junction or axis of the partitions that divide the ovary into compartments. This can occur only in compound pistils and is regarded as an intermediate stage in evolution.
What is phylogenetic taxonomy?
o Began in order to refine the system at the time Old idea was Darwin's - ancestral -> advanced Evolutionary trees are meant to be constructed as family tree Problem with them presumes that they occur with evolution and with no intermingling 2 methods - 2 Dogmas of analyses were produced • Phenetics • Cladistics
What is the difference between caulescent and acaulescent herb stems?
o Causlescent hellbores are identified by the above-ground stems. Causlescent plants do not divide well during propagation. Short lifespans of three to four seasons are typical for Causlescent plants. Blooming begins within the first year or two. o Acaulescent's stems are hidden underground.
How are folk taxonomy and folk categories based on habit and uses?
o First taxonomy used by Ethnobotanists, approach to diversity is prescientific o Local people treat the plants as Folk Category which rely on 3 basic features; Habit - growth form at maturity , Uses Morphology - individual features
What is folk taxonomy?
o First taxonomy used by Ethnobotanists, approach to diversity is prescientific o Local people treat the plants as Folk Category which rely on 3 basic features; Habit - growth form at maturity , Uses Morphology - individual features o Most traditional culture utilize folk taxonomies usually found in oral tradition o Local people treat living things around them o the herbals demonstrate folk taxonomy
free-central and basal placentation
o Free-Central and Basal Placentation. Here the ovules are produced on a projection from the base of the ovary of a compound pistil, this placenta being free from the ovary wall laterally and ovary one celled. Basal placentation is restricted to the reduced condition in which a single ovule is produced. By dissolution of the partitions in the axillary type we can derive this type of placentation.
*homogenous
all of the same or similar kind or nature, same throughout
Prednisone
allergic reaction
decadron
allergic reaction
Benadryl
allergic reactions
Epinephrine
allergic reation
What are micotubles dimers of?
alpha and beta tubulin
Fragaria vesca
alpine strawberries
Carminative
also known as an aromatic or stomachic (internal). Counter irritant consumed to couteract excessive gas and flatulence
AMS
altered mental status
Amb
ambulatory
What are the physical structure classification for hydrogels?
amorphous semicrystaline
Amt
amount
Diarrhea
an abnormal, frequent discharge of fluid fecal matter form the bowel
What is one's life history?
an account of the series of events making up a person's life
adventitia
an enveloping or covering membrane or layer of body tissue
Cellulitis
an inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin) characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain
umbel
an umbrellalike flower cluster with all flower stalks radiating from the same point
dicots
angiosperms that have two seed leaves, Two cotyledons. Flower parts in fours or fives, vascular tissue in distinct bundles arranged in a circle, taproot system, leaves with netted veins.
Are single crystals isotropic or anisotropic?
anisotropic (properties vary with direction)
protonix
antacid
ant
anterior
abx
antibiotc
Abx
antibiotic
Amoxil
antibiotic
Ancef
antibiotic
Bactrim
antibiotic
Bicillin
antibiotic
Bicillin LA/CR
antibiotic
Cipro
antibiotic
Cipro/ciprofloxacin
antibiotic
Clindamycin
antibiotic
Flagyl
antibiotic
Levaquin
antibiotic
Mefoxin
antibiotic
Rocephin
antibiotic
Unasyn
antibiotic
Zithromax (Z-pak)
antibiotic
ancef
antibiotic
levaquin
antibiotic
rocephin
antibiotic
Compazine
antiemetic
Reglan
antiemetic
phenergan
antiemetic
zofran
antiemetic
bentyl
antispasmotic
Atarax
anxiolytic
Xanax
anxiolytic
valium
anxiolytic
Fontanel
any membranous gap between the bones of the cranium in an infant or fetus
protozoans
any of diverse minute acellular or unicellular organisms usually nonphotosynthetic
Prunus domestica
any of various widely distributed plums grown in the cooler temperate areas Plums
paratype (co-type)
any specimen other than the holotype in the same species (including isotype to show variability)
What is an external parameter?
anything that affects energy levels of the system
appy
appendectomy
MalusXdomestica
apple trees
appt
appointment
approx
approximately
How many genes are there in the human genome?
approximately 25,000
primative characters
are characters shared by all members of the clades
steroids
are four ringed structures They include some hormones, vitamin D, and cholesterol, an important membrane compones
spines, or thorns
are often sharp and stunted braches, but may be modified leaves or parts of leaves
In a PV diagrham, how do you find the work done?
area under the curve (integral)
Axilla
armpit
pinnately compound
arranged on either side of and elongated axis, or rachis, when the leaf is pinnately compound
phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on a stem
EKG
arrythmia, MI
ABG
arterial blood gas
scope
arthroscopy, endoscopy
Joint
articulation or junction between two or more bones or cartilage
prn
as needed
What happens as the coordinaiton number increases?
as the coordination number increases, the packing efficiency of a crystal structure increases increases which increases the stability of the structure
What's a big problem with herbals and their reliability?
as the herbals get passed down the accuracy of transcripition mutilates the original illustration in addition to the limited organization (recall how Theophrastus and Dioscorides arranged theirs?)
ASA
aspirin
ion
atom that has a positive or negative charge, a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
self-diffusion
atomic migration in pure metals
AFib
atrial fibrillation
What adaptive response occurs when Heart cells are subjected to prolonged starvation (illness, tumor)?
atrophy
Auto/Ped
automobile vs. pedestrian
Occiput
back part of the head or skull
Barbellate
barbed down the sides (applied ot hairs)
Why can't you use celsius instead of kelvin in the ideal gas law?
because if you were to plug a celsius temperature into the equation you would get nonsense--it would say that the volume or pressure of gas goes to zero at the freezing temperature of water and becomes negative at still lower teperatures
Why did artifical systems stop after 1859?
because of new natural dystems introduced because of Darwin
Why is a structure with a larger ion in the center of its cube of atoms more stable than one with a smaller ion in the center?
because the large atom increases the inertaction between the atoms it is seperating.
glabrescent or glabrate
becoming glabrous (hairless) in age
arboresccent
becoming tree-like in size and woody, usually wiht a single main trunk
Paroxysmal
beginning suddenly or abruptly
What is ecological disparity?
being exposed to a the environment aroung them and being limited to using only what is in that environment
Doctrine of Signatures
belief that God made all the plants and their form to allow us to determine what it's used for; ex. Strawberries = heart medicine, Pulmonaria (mint family, leaves look like lungs) = lung medicine)
Diuretic
believed to expel poisons by increasing urine flow
BKA
below knee amputation
Hemangioma
benign angioma consisting of a mass of blood vessels, a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
BHCG
beta hCG- serum pregnancy test
bilat
bilateral
BBS
bilateral breath sounds
BLE
bilateral lower extremities
BTL
bilateral tubal ligation
BUE
bilateral upper extremities
What are the 4 humors?
black blood, yellow blood, flem, bile
blood
blood cells suspended in ciscous fluid plasma
Hematochezia
blood in stool
Hematuria
blood in the urine
BP
blood pressure
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
What does BCC mean?
body centered cubic
immune system
body's reaction to any substance regardless of the pathologic consequences
What is a decoction used for?
boiling water is used to extract active substances from a crude or dried plant material
bulk degredation
bond cleavage throughout the polymer; decrease in MW of polymer, more water infiltration, dramatic change in mechanical properties; release properties depend on mass loss and diffusion
BM
bowel movement
dendrograms
branching tree diagrams. depicts relationships between organisms -species are nodes of the dendrogram o use apomerphic characters not primative characters (ancestral or pleisionerphic) o trace to a common ancestor (extinct)
dendrograms
branching tree diagrams. depicts relationships between organisms -uses apomorphic not primative characters (ancestral or pleisionerphic)
spherulite
bulk polymers that are crystallized from a melt are semicrystalline and form a spherulite structure as implied by the name, each spherulite may grwo to be roughly spherical in shape (one that naturally occurs in nature is rubber)
What were early sexual classification (for artificial) systems based on?
bumber of male organs vs. number of female organs
How do cells sense their environment?
by extending processes call f ilopodia
What is articial taxonomy?
o Invented by western Europeans to make identification easier and more efficient o All species are natural units that are made by God and are unchanging A rose, is a rose, is a rose - all roses have certain things that they all have that don't change o Works on hierarchy - shared anatomical features o Buried in 19th century o emerged from the invention of the microscope
What is natural taxonomy?
o Natural Systems (after 1859) Artificial hierarchy officially stopped in 1859 after Darwin's, Origin of Species is published o Employed the Natural Biological Species Concept - species are not real - only taxonomic divisions are real o Ultimately characteristics are not used for classification o Primitive or advanced - based on fossil record o Usually have to use logic
What role did Linnaeus play in artificial taxonomy?
o P. Magnol: Linnaeus gave him genus magnolius so he wouldn't be forgotten. 1707-1708 made system ppl could build on- binomial nomenclature like genus then species. First to publish his constructed hierarchy based on 1 system o
parietal and marginal plaentation
o Parietal and marginal placentation. Here the ovules are attached to the inner wall of the ovary on one or more placentae This type occurs in simple pistils, where it is often referred to as marginal, and in may compound pistils, where is i is called parietal. with rare exceptions as in the Mustard Family, the ovary is not compartmented. This type of placentation is generally regarded as primitive.
ischemia
reduced blood flow
developmental involution
reduction in size of an organ or part (as in the return of the uterus to normal size after childbirth)
degree of polymerization
refers to the number of small molecules (monomers) connected to form a polymer
RRR
regular rate and rhythm
homeostasis
regulation of the intracellular environment within narrow physiological parameters
sono
sonogram
biological species concept
species are not real-only taxonomic divisions are real, Definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members can breed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring (so no infertile hybrids)
In artifical taxonomy, the divide an counquer allowed for what?
species to be separated by differences • Allowed people to separate based on male and female organs • Husbands/Wifes • CAlyx = bed • Petals - curtains
Hemoptysis
spitting of blood, bloodstained sputum
isotype
came for same place and at the same time with same collector number as the holotype
CA
cancer, carcinoma
Palpable
capable of being touched or felt
morphine
cardiac drug, pain control-opiate
CVD
cardiovascular disease
What function do lysosomes and proteasomes perform?
catabolism
cath
catheterization
Infiltrate
cause (a liquid) to enter by penetrating the interstices
Durotaxis (mechanotaxis)
cells can sense the rigidity of their substrate, migrate from soft ot stiff
explant culture
cells grow out of a tissue
week, months, years, and a century Which are not relevant rates of degradation for a material to be considered biodegradable?
century
CVA
cerebral vascular accident
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CMT
cervical motion tenderness
Cx
cervix
copolymers
chains composed of two or more different repeat units
metaplasia
change from one mature type to another
The usage of what was expanded by the natural system?
character Though not always useful, characteristics were usually used to determine if the characteristic was primative or advanced. This determination if it was primative/advanced had to be based on fossil records which usually weren't present in which case logic had to be used.
The usage of what was expanded by the Natural system?
character • Characteristics are not always used for classification o Primitive or advanced = based on fossil records o Usually have to use logic
primitive characters
characters shared by all memebrs of the clades
What is ionic bonding?
chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions
CP
chest pain
CXR
chest x-ray
chole
cholecystectomy
Lymphadenopathy
chronic abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually associated with disease)
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Psoriasis
chronic, non-contagious disease characterized by inflamed lesions ocvered with silvery-white scabs of dead skin
What are the major classes of lipoproteins in humans?
chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL)
What is the FTC responsible for?
claims in advertising and all direct marketing materials
What is the FDA's primary responsibility for?
clais on product labeling, including packaging and promotional materials distributed at the point of sale
Terpenes
class of lipid include vitamin A, a vitamin important for vision
phenetics
classification based on degree of overall similarity between individuals
cluadistics
classification of clades by similar traits
involucre
clusters or whorls of bracts make up an involucre
What is the most common protein in the animal world?
collagen
Name the most common fibrillar protein? What is its function?
collagen most common protein tensile streangth
Atelectasis
collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants)
topotype
collected at the same place as the holotype and is likely part of same species but is not collected at the same time
Vitis vinifera
common European grape cultivated in many varieties
anoxia
complete absence of oxygen
CBC
complete blood count
istropic
componet properties of the crystal are not directional, in a polycrystal this happens due to multiple crystals pointing in all directions
CT
computed tomography, computerized tomography
Vertigo
condition ot dizziness, often described as room spinning sensation
What might cause loss of cell communication?
congenital defect, cancer
CHF
conjestive heart failure
anastomeses
connection between two or more arteries that supply the same region
Gap Junctions
connexins connect two adjacent cells' cytoplasm; only small molecule transport possible
lipoprotein
contains a lipid core surrounded by phospholipids and apoproteins. THus the lipoprotein is able to disolve lipids in its hydrophobi core, and then move freely through the awueous solution due to is hydrophilic shell. Lipoproteins are classified by their density. The greater the ratio of lipid to protein, the lower the density. The major classes of lipoprotiens in human are chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low ensity lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL)
unsaturated fatty acids
contian one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
Chaning the stiffness of a hydrogel can control what when cell culturing?
control cell differentiation, yielding completely different cells such as neural and muscle cells based on the stiffness of the hydrogel these cells are cultured in
How is coordination number effected by the cation and anion radi
coordination number increases with the (radius of the cation)/(radius of the anion)?
CAD
coronary artery disease
Two elements right next to one another are likely ionic or more likely covalent?
covalent
canescent
covered or becoming covered with grayish hairs
glaucous
covered with a bloom, a whitish substance that rubs off
scurfy
covered with minute scales
pubescent
covered with short, soft hairs (the term pubescnece regers to any kind of hairiness)
pilose
covered with soft, rather long, shaggy hiars
lanate
covered with wooly, tangled hairs
CCU
critical care unit
What is current?
current (I) is the time rate of flow of charge, electrons carry the charge i=(dq)/(dt)
What bases derive from pyrimideine?
cytosine (C), uracil (U), and thymine (T)
d
d
not complet
d
DOA
dead on arrival
Hypoxia
decrease in O2 supply relative to tissue need
atrophy
decrease in cell size without change in number ex. illness or cancer
DTR
deep tendon reflex
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
Hypoatremia
deficient sodium in the blood
DJD
degenerative joint disease
catabolism
degradation of internalized molecules into their constituent amino acids, sugars and lipids
Conjunctiva
delicate memberane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball
DTs
delirium tremens
In a piston wat is delta t?
delta t (as in time)=2L/vx vx-(velocity in the x direction) L-length from piston to wall
How is it that the velocity from the pressure equation comes from delta vx and delta t? As in how is that speed affects pressure?
delta vx: if the molecule is moving faster, each molecule is moving gaster, each collision is more violent and exerts more pressure delta t: if the molecule is moving faster, collsions occur more frequently
stereoisomerism
denotes the situation in which atoms are linked together in the same order (head-to-tail) but differ in their spatial arrangement
tomentose
densely wooly, with matted hairs
degree of polymerization
dependence on number-average and repeat unit molecular weight (represents the average number of repeat units in a chain)
ampomorphic
derived ir advabed characteristics that aros relatively late in members of a group and therfore differ among them; advanced
apomorphic
derived or advanced characteristics that arose relatively late in members of a group and therefore differ among them; advanced
anisotropic
describing a substance that has physical properties that differ according to direction
What is design?
design is th process of creating a circuit to satisy a set of goals.
Anomalous
deviating from the general or common order or type
What does anomalous mean?
deviating from the general or common order or type
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
Dx
diagnosis
What is a transect?
diagrahm depicting alinar representationof plants viewed every so many meters through an area
What are some materials that might need single crystals for engineering applications?
diamond single cyrstals-for abrasives and turbine blades
Which is more important in the artificial taxonomic system, similarities or differences?
differences
Wheezing
difficulty breathing, whistiling sound resulting from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageways
interdiffusion
diffusion of atoms of one metal into another metal
d/c
discontinue
Vroman effect
displacement of initially absorbed firrinogen by later arriving mor serfac active pasma prteins trasitions in the abs
melting (DNA)
dissocations of the double helix
DIP
distal interphalangeal (joint)
hydrophobic
due the cohesive forces of water, water will "squeeze" hydrophobic (Greek: hydros: water, phobos:fear) moleules away from water, and cause them toaggregate
herbaceous
dying down to the ground every year, the stems containing very little woody tissue, and the duration annual if for one year only; biennial if the plant blooms the second year, after preliminary vegetative growth the first year, and is short-lived; perennial if the plant continues to live for an indefinite preiod of years and blooms ordinarily every year after the first
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
two-state paramegnet
each elementary compass needle (dipoles) can have only two possible orientations, either parallel or antiparallel to th applied field
Howm many degrees of freedom does a small oscillation contribute?
each mode contributes 2 d.o.f. (1 for KE and 1 for PE)
microstate
each of the distinctly different outcomes to specify the microstate of a system we must specify the state of each individual particle (ex. flip a coin 8 times, there 8 microstates) (ex. flip 3 times, HHT would be a microstate
pneumatophores
spongy, aerial roots of marsh or swamps, such as in mangal (mangroves), where roots are present in waterlogged soils and cannot obtain enough oxygen for maintaining healthy tissues. Here, pneumatophores are "breathing roots" that are emergent, and they have special air channels (lenticels) for gas exchange in the atmosphere (air enters at zones called "pneumathodes") and there is an internal pathway for getting O2 into the root and to supply submerged roots. The aerial loop of a mangrove root is sometimes called a "knee" or "peg root," but it is not clear that knees are necessarily breathing roots.
What is Heating?
spontaneous flow of energy from a body of high temperature to a body at lower temperature
hyperchromism
stacked bases absorb more UV light than unstacked.
s/p
status post
stolons, or runners
stems trailing above ground, which often root at their nodes and thus tend to produce new plants when the connection with the parent plnt is broken, as in the Strawberry
viscid
sticky (usually from glandualr hairs exuding a stick liquid)
SLR
straight leg raise
FragariaXananassa
strawberry
annealling
stree relief -plastic deform -unevencooling -phase transformationduring cooling process anealling -negate cold work spherodize -make very soft steels -heat just below eutectic and hold for 15-25 hours full anneal -makes soft steels for forming -heat to y and cool to course pearlite normalizing -deform steel with large graings. then heat trea tot allow recry to ge smaller grains
cells and ECM
structural elements of tissues: structure is adapted to perform a function => change in function may alter structure
karyology
study of cell nuclei
pathology
study of molecular, biochemical, and structural alterations and their consequences in deseased tissues and organs and their underlying mechanisms that cause these changs
SubQ
subcutaneous
SubL
sublingual
subshrubs
subshrub: secondary branches do not grow woody but the central one does. The secondary branches will die off but the central branch remains and the cycle starts over again. Based on climate changes. Habits can change over various climates. Grapes are subshrubs.
isotropic
substances in which measured properties and independent of the direction of measurements
repeat unit
successively repeated along the chain
What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
sugar -phosphate -1 of 4 base pairs
engler
suggested major division of dicots between archichamydeae (absent or free petals) and metachlamydeae (united petals)
What are the 2 forms of circular DNA that may arise in non-human lifeforms?
superhelical releaxed molecule
Supp
suppository
SVT
supraventricular tachycardia
Mastectomy
surgical removal of a breast to remove a malignant tumor
Debridement
surgical removal of foreign material and dead tissue from a wound in order to prevent infection and promote healing
Cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the gall bladder (usually for relief of gallstone pain)
slip
suspended ceramic particles and organic liquid contains binder, plasticizers
What is dropsy?
swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue
hematoma
swelling of blood which occurs in an organ or tissue resulting from ruptured blood vessels
Edema
swelling of the body tissues due to an excessive accumulation of fluid in connective tissue from a serous cavity
root tubers
swollen portions of a root that can have buds to produce new shoots; when broken off, these can grow into a new plant, so this is a form of cloning. In the older literature, these were sometimes referred to as fascicled roots.
sx
symptoms
SEM
systolic ejection murmur
tachy
tachycardia
Define: Operational Definition
tells you how to measure the quantity in question (such as temperature)
melting temperature
temperature at which double helix is lost -doesn't happen inside cell, the proteins helicases break down the DNA using ATP
TTP
tender to palpation
What is the goal and outcome of invitro testing?
test the consquences of leachable or secreted substances from a biomaterial to a cell cultrur, either cell proliferation is unaccected or cell death results
What act set standards and regulatory measures for preventative healthcare programs/supplements?
the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act (DSHEA)of 1994
What two organizations, by authority of the DSHEA, can tak action against produt that present safety problems or are improperly labeled?
the FDA and FTC
Dorsiflexion
the act of bending backward (of the body or a body part)
Contusion
the action of bruising
inflourescence
the arrangement of flowers on a plant, or the mode of flowering
Aneurysm
the balooning out of an artery wall at a point where it has grown weak
unit cells
the basic structural unit or building block of a crystal structure by virtue of its geometry and the atom positions within
What is cosmology?
the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe
Malleoulus
the bulge on either side of the ankle joint
Etiology
the cause of a disease
crystal system
the combination of the lattice parameter that yields a cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthohombic, rhombohedral, monoclinic, or triclinic structure
vroman effect
the competitive displacement of earlier adsorbed proteins by other proteins with stronger binding affinities
genome
the complete set of information in an organism's DNA.
Chromatin
the complex of DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes.
What is Boltzmann's constant?
the constant k
What is conventional current?
the current opposite to the flow of electrons, this is the current being referred to by most circuits or physics books
Dermis
the deep vascular inner layer of the skin
What is the work produced by a heat engine?
the difference between the heat absorbed and the waste heat expelled.
anisotropy
the directionality of properties
karyotype
the display of the 46 human chromosomes in mitosis
leaf margins
the edge of the leaf blade is its margin
life history
the ethnographic method of gathering data based on extensive interviews with individuals about their memories of their culture from childhood through adulthood
What does it mean for a system to be weakly coupled?
the exchage of energy between them is much slower than the exchange of energy among atoms within each solid
Give an example of a plant mediator mediator.
the fruit coming from the tree of knowlege is often thought to be an apple despite the bible never explicitly say what fruit it was
What happened in1492?
the great colombian exchange-the beginning of economic botony
Dentition
the kind and number and arrangement of teeth (collectively) in a person or animal
What is the electron-volt (eV)?
the kinetic energy of an elctron that has been accelerated through a voltage difference of one volt: 1 eV=1.6X10^-6 J
palmately/digetally compound leaflet arrangement
the leaflets of a compound leaf may be arranged like spokes of a wheel or the fingers of a hand when the leaf is palmately or digitalely compound
Shaft
the main (mid) section of a long bone
peduncle
the main supporting stalk of the whole inflorescence
crystal structure
the manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially arrange for crystalline solids
What is a plant's habit
the mature form of the plant -xylem (water conducting organ in seed palnts) in rings with outermost group of cells that makes the ring pushing the ring behind them (vascular cambium) -protoxylem and secondary xylem
cosmology
the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe
chain-folded model
the molecular chains within each platelet fold back and forth on themselves, with folds occurring at the faces
functionality
the number of bonds that a given monomer can form
multiplicity
the number of microstates corresponding to a given marostate (ex. flip a coin 3 times. looking at the microstate HHT the macrostate is HH and the multiplicity is 3)
coordination number
the number of nearest-neighbor or t touching atoms
holotype
the original specimen from which the description of a new species is made
polymer crystallinity
the packing of molecular chains to produce an ordered atomic array
Cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
sessile
the pteiole may be lacking and the blade attached directly to the branch, such leaves being called sessile
inflammatio
the reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury
chromatin
the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
haustorial roots
the root of particular parasitic plants that become cemented to the host axis via a sticky attachment disc before the root or sinker intrudes into the tissues of the host.
monomer
the small molecule form which a polymer is synthesized
anthropology
the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings
Wha is purple foxglove purple foxglove?
the source for digitalis, a cardiac glycoside used in the treatmentof congestive heart failure
strangling roots
the special name for roots of strangling figs (Ficus), which are primary hemiepiphytes that begin life as tropical epiphytes in trees and send down adventitious roots that become rooted in the soil. The roots surround the host trunk, eventually strangling the bark and killing the host tree.
pedicels
the stalks supporting single flowers are called pedicels
What is thermal equilibrium?
the state in which the macroscopic properties of a system do not change during an observation time large coumpared to the time scales characterizing the microscopic molecular motion (but not too large).
pathology (microscopic)
the study of the molecular, biochemical, and structural alteration and their consequences in diseased tissue and organs, and the underlying mechanisms
etymology
the study of the sources and development of words
What is Kirchoff's voltage law?
the sum of rises and drops of voltages around a complete path is equal to zero
atomic packing factor (APF)
the sum of the sphere volumes of all atoms within a unit cell (assuming the atomic hard-sphere model) divided by the unit cell volume
venation
the system of pricipal veins in the leaf blade constitutes its venation
Triacylglycerols
triacylglycerols (lating:tri:three), commonly called triglcerided or simly fats and oils, are construced from three carbon backbone called glycerol which is attached to three fatty acids. Their function in a cell is to store energ. THey may also function to provide thermal insulation and padding to and organism. -adipocytes contain almost nothing but triglycerides
What is collagen made of?
triple helix of polypeptide alpha chain
What are the 2 structues fo organs?
tubular (ex. blood vessels, digestive, respiratory) compact (ex. liver)
TM
tympanic membrane
US
ultrasound
lattice parameters
unit cell geometry that is completely defined in terms of six parameters: the three edge length a, b, and c, and the three interaxial angles α, β, γ
metachlamydeae
united petals
URI
upper respiratory infection
bulbs
upright, subterrnaean stems, the stem part of which much smaller than in th ecrom and is surrounded by thickened, fleshy leaves or scales, as in the onion
UA
urinalysis
UTI
urinary tract infection
UDS
urine drug screen
Gene
usually means a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein.
What kind of resistor is a potentiameter (pots)?
variable resistor
V Fib
ventricular fibrillation
buttress or tabular roots
vertically flattened roots that project out of the ground and lower trunk at the base fo large trees. models have suggested how these buttresses proved additional tensile forces to resist uprooting of large tropical trees
VSS
vital signs stable
Hematemesis
vomiting blood
W/D
warm and dry
What is released during DNA synthesis?
water (acid base reaction) and heat (to keep entropy going up and because bonds formed are exothermic)
solvate
water molecules surround a hydrophilic molecule, separating it from the group
weight-average molecular weight
weight of molecules in the total sample weight Mw = sum of wi * mean Mi
diffraction
when a wave encounter as series of regularly spaced obstacles that (1) are capable of scattering the wave, and (2) have spacings that are compable in magnitude to the wavelength
homopolymer
when all repeating units along a chain are of the same type
What is a series curcuit?
when connected only at 1 end and no other supplying or draining is connected ath that end
Define: Mechanical Equilibrium
when large-scale motions (such as the expansion of an air balloon) can take place but no longer do
single crystal
when the periodic and repeated arrangement of atoms is perfect or extends throughout the entirety of the specimen without interruption
acaulescent
when there is no evident aerial stem, the leaves being all basal (actually on a shortened stem at the base), and the flower stalk, or scape, is leafless, the plants are termed acaulescent (stemless) or scapose (with a scape), as Dandelions and some kinds of Violets.
Sclera
whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering of the eyeball
scabrous
wiht short, stiff hairs or projections that one can feel by lightly passing the finger over the surface
fimbriate
with a fringe
uncinate
with a hook at the tip, as some hair or spines
glandular
with glads (usually hairs having enelarged cells at the tip)
villous
with long, soft, shaggy hairs that are not matted
strigose
with sharp-pointed, staight, appressed hairs
Cilate
with soft hairs on the margin formina fringe
hispid
with stiff or bristly hairs
floccose
with tufts of wooly hairs that rubb off easily
puberulent
with very soft, minute, downy hair
WNL
within normal limits
glabrous
without hair
shrubby, or fruticose
woodey more or less thorughout , and large, commonly with several main stems but no main trunk
What is and isn't a state variable and why?
work and heat are not state variables because they depend on path energy is a state variable because it is independent form the path taken
Sputum
wpittle, any mixture with saliva that is expacerbated through the mouth
rugose
wrinkled
Darwin is know for animal evolution. What does he know about plants?
wrote 7 books on plants
x
x
If I want to know the average speed of a molecule of gas I could take the square root of the equation for the average velocity squared, but why isn't this completly accurate?
you are finding the root mean square (rms) Vrms is slightly larger than the average speed, but is still a good estimate if you are not too concerned with accuracy
Why is stirling's approximation useful when calculating multiplicity?
you can estimate the multiplicity of an Einstein soid containing a large number of oscillators and energy units
Endocytosis
~2500 vesicles/min for a fibroblast Clathrin-coated pit can contain many different receptors Vesicles fuse with endosome - acidic pH Transcytosis - from apical to basal cell surface Exocytosis - recycling of vesicles back to plasma membrane Cells can internalize 1-2% of its plasma membrane/min!
Why aren't old herbals reliable?
• Accuracy of their herbals deteriorated over time as they were copied repeatedly after the Fall of Rome
Adnation
• Adnation - members of 2 or more different whorls fuse together o Degree of adnation determines architecture (flower ovary position)
Arecaceae/Palmae
• Arecaceae/Palmae (palm family) - K 3 C 3 A 0-6s, 6 (∞) G 0-p, 3, (3)
What are the 3 types of leaf arrangement
• Arrangement (Phyllotaxy) o Alternate - one leaf per node o Opposite - leaves paired on the stem - 2 leaves per node o Whorled - 3 or more leaves at a single node
Asteraceae/Compositae
• Asteraceae/Compositae (food plants) - K 2-i C 5 A ⁻5⁻ G 1, (2)
Taxonomy
• Attempt to define and isolate overwhelming diversity by classification • Four possible modes - each mode used = different
How did herbals impact the western civilization?
• Attempt to organize the different medicinal plant species • Strayed from the Doctrine of Signatures (belief that God made all the plants and their form to allow us to determine what it's used for; ex. Strawberries = heart medicine, Pulmonaria (mint family, leaves look like lungs) = lung medicine) • Herbals needed to teach "what's what" yet organization was limited and it's difficult to identify something based on what's written and the pictures drawn
Bau Plan
• Bau Plan - shows major structures and how they are attached to each other - similar to the blueprints of a building tells the amount and type of organ, but doesn't show fusion
How did the phylogenetic system begin?
• Began in order to refine the system at the time o Old system = Darwin's - ancestral → advanced • Evolutionary trees are meant to be constructed like a family tree • Problem: presume that they occur with evolution and with no intermingling
How has evolution been reinterpreted as genealogy in the phylogentics system?
• Began in order to refine the system at the time o Old system = Darwin's - ancestral → advanced • Evolutionary trees are meant to be constructed like a family tree • Problem: presume that they occur with evolution and with no intermingling
Brassicaseae/cruciferae
• Brassicaceae/Cruciferae (mustard family) - K 4 C 4 A 2+4 G (2)
Coalescence/Connate
• Coalescence/Connate - one of the whorls fuses together generally forming continuous sleeve or bell shaped structure
What is a compound leaf?
• Compound - leaf with more than one blade, blades are called leaflets o Pinnate, Bipinnate, Palmate, Trifoliate Found in packet (Ch 8. Page 93) figures 13a-f
Cucurbitaceae
• Cucurbitaceae (gourd/pumpkin family) - K 5 C 5 A 0, 1- {5} G 0, (3) o {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate
What are the 3 dependable characters
• Dependable characters o Number of whorls o Organ number o Degree of floral fusion
Dioscorides
• Dioscorides (1st century CE) o Military man who worked for Nero o Wrote "Materia Medica" - most influential herbal (even far after he died) o Writes on the medicinal effect of plants Wrote over 600 categories based on medicinal properties o Books survived the Fall of Rome
Engler and Prantl (contributions to the natural system)
• Engler (1840 - 1930) and Prantl o 19th century o Earliest flowering plants are woody plants in which flowers lack petals At the bottom of the family tree, Plants that shed pollen in the air (birches, oaks, hickory, etc) • Plants had sexual organs before they had anything to attract pollinators
epigynous
• Epigynous - "on top of ovary" o Inferior ovary o Everything has fused to everything, even layer of tissue that has buried the ovary o When you look in the flower you see the ovary (just stile and stigma)
Half Flower
• Half Flower - cut flower in half and show organs
hypanthium
• Hypanthium - calyx fuses to corolla fuses to androecium, forming tube around the gynoecium
hypogynous
• Hypogynous - "under the gynoecium" o All organs in the flower are under the gynoecium o Ovary is superior and free of other tissue
What are the symbols and abbrevations for hte floral formula?
• K - Calyx • C - Corolla • A - Androecium • G - Gynecium • + - more than one whorl of the same organ • O (circle around) - specific whorl fused together • __ (lines below/above) - how the whorls are fused together • (# before) , (#after) - most common condition , other conditions in other species • i - indeterminate - unsure of how many there are • As - sterile androecium - not functional organs - stamenodes (look like mini stamen) • Gp - pistilodes - look like mini pistols but not functional • +C - corona formed
Leguminosae
• Leguminosae (pea family) o Mimosoideae - K 5 C 5 A {10-∞} G 1 {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate o Caesalpinioideae - K 5 C 5 A {10, <10} G 1 {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate o Papilionoideae - K 5 C (3+2) A 9 +1 G 1
How is a folk varietal distinguished by its name?
• Ma'a (bread food) - Attachment given to the name (ex. Ma'afala) gives Folk Varietal • Salient Taxon - word everyone in the culture knows - used only when there is no ambiguity (Ma'a vs. Ma'afala) generally the Monomial, taken by Ethnobotanists to mean the genus
leaf margin
• Margins o Edge of leaf blade = margin o Found in packet (Ch 8. Page 93) figure 13g
What are the 3 essential pieces of the floral formula?
• Number of whorls • Number of organs in each whorl • Degree of fusion in between those whorls
perigynous
• Perigynous - "around gynoecium" o Superior ovary
Poaceae/Gramineae
• Poaceae/Gramineae (grass family) - P 2-3 A 3,6 G 1 o P = perianth, whorls of sterile organs in which you can't discriminate btwn true sepals and true petals
What were early sexual classification systems (for artificial system) based on?
• Published system based on number of male organs vs. number of female organs
Rosaceae
• Rosaceae (major bush/tree fruits) - K 5 C 5 A ∞ G 1, (5), ∞
) Floral formulae of subfamilies within the Rosaceae and Leguminoseae (Fabaceae)
• Rosaceae (major bush/tree fruits) - K 5 C 5 A ∞ G 1, (5), ∞ o Know where variations on sub-families occur - Gynoecium • Leguminosae (pea family) o Mimosoideae - K 5 C 5 A {10-∞} G 1 {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate o Caesalpinioideae - K 5 C 5 A {10, <10} G 1 {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate o Papilionoideae - K 5 C (3+2) A 9 +1 G 1
Rutaceae
• Rutaceae (citrus fruit family) - K 5 C 5 A 5,10-∞ G (4), (5)
salient taxon
• Salient Taxon - word everyone in the culture knows - used only when there is no ambiguity (Ma'a vs. Ma'afala) generally the Monomial, taken by Ethnobotanists to mean the genus
What is a simple leaf?
• Simple - leaf with single blade
Solanaceae
• Solanaceae (food plants/nicotine) - K 5 C 5 A 5 G (2)
What is the biological species concept?
• Species are NOT real - only taxonomic divisions are real
What is the "flexibility of species" introdyced by Darwin?
• Species are not set and constantly changing • establish genealogy and lineage • Brought about an interest in life history o New interest in germination, growing, etc. in plants
H0w are hierarchies characterised under the natural system?
• Species are not unique - share common origin • Characters shared in common are of the same/greater importance than what make them different • Birth of phylogenetic trees
Theophrastus
• Theophrastus (371 - 287 BCE) o Pupil of Plato and Aristotle, from Athens, Greece o Wrote "Inquiry into Plants" - described about 500 categories (NOT species) of plants. Some represent folk varietal - others do not o Oldest pure plant folk treatment for western herbals o First of the western herbalists that differentiates between different types of plants - woody vs. non-woody, trees vs. shrubs, etc. o Books survived the Fall of Rome
What are the priciples of cladistics and is bias?
• Trying to make a logical point • Can't say evolution occurs until a new character appears • Only (advanced or) derived or apomorphic characters that should be used to make a genealogy, the primitive of ancestral or plesiomorphic characters are thrown out o Genealogy should record the appearance of new characters o Assumes that an old species splits into 2 daughter species - plants don't really work that way because of integration/gene flow and spontaneous chromosome change • Convergent evolution = issue. 2 traits show up from two entirely different species, evolved similar derived forms that are in two different environments with no real relation at all
What are the priciples of phenetics and its biases?
• Used wide number of characters all equal in character • Used as many characters as possible and let the computer sort this out - who has it and who doesn't • Doesn't appreciate how variable a character may be in a natural population • Does not make presumptions about evolutionary history
How are the anthropologist's techniques limited?
•Anthropologists becomes the recording person of events specifically associated to Richard Burton (1821 - 1890) •People of different cultures may not take the anthropologists seriously - many people in Samoa said Margaret Mead was lying •Most useful informant may not want to give you the information you want - N. Chagnon (1938) who brought gifts to the tribes he wanted information from •How long will it take before you're accepted? •Sampling - how do you know whom you're speak to is whom you're looking for? Lot of changes in community status and life history •It is important to respect their customs, •Must gain acceptance and trust from the culture being studied •Anthropologists have to be very careful when taking down peoples info - age, where they fall in society and their family, are they literate? (exposure to other cultures) ◦How the people of the tribes are treated is important as well (Solanum and Solanaceae - genus/family of plants that if given to women in Mexico is accusing them of witchcraft.
What are cultural filters?
•Cultural Filters - conditions from environment and culture shape our actions/opinions and true cultural immersion doesn't exist
What are some cultural filters of hinderances to collecting accurate field data and what might be done about it?
•Cultural Filters - conditions from environment and culture shape our actions/opinions and true cultural immersion doesn't exist •When posing as a member of another culture you may introduce things into the culture that wasn't there before and may alter the culture ◦ex. Metal tools Chagnon gifted and traded for info •How are you asking questions? Do the informants feel threatened? ◦Leading Questions vs. Non-leading questions ■"Does this plant have a name?" ■"What's the name of this plant?" ◦Encourage explanation ◦Cross verification - repeat what you asked/did in order to verify •Keep field diary and data separate •Ethnobiological artifacts: get things made for you (gain trust) •Ecological disparity: natural objects used by a culture depend on the habit around them
Which came first, economic botany or ethnobotany?
•Economic Botany - began in 1492 after the great Columbian Exchange - 1st recorded time plants were brought over •Ethnobotany - Began in 18th century with Carolus Linnaeus (1733) and William Withering (1795) ◦Aboriginal Botany (1875) -> Ethno-botany (1895) -> Ethnobotany (1990)
How might questioning informants be damaging to field data?
•How are you asking questions? Do the informants feel threatened? ◦Leading Questions vs. Non-leading questions ■"Does this plant have a name?" ■"What's the name of this plant?" ◦Encourage explanation ◦Cross verification - repeat what you asked/did in order to verify
What example fo ethnobotanical studies enfranchise and protect traditional culuture in INDIA?
•India ◦Indian Ayurvehdics (1000 BCE - 500CE) ■7500 - 8500 plant species uses described ■Encyclopedia of medicinal plant ■Healer goes out - pays no attention to bark - only cares about leaves - ~52% of species use only leaves •Interesting because at certain times of the year no leaves are present due to monsoon season causing herbaceous plants to go dormant and tree drop their leaves •Tropical trees - new evidence found that the leaves contain medicinal qualities because microorganisms enter through the stomata ◦Maybe healers of India knew only the leaves contained these medicinal qualities •Thailand
What can be done to improve the accuracy of field data?
•Keep field diary and data separate •Ethnobiological artifacts: get things made for you (gain trust)
How is it that folklore is a source of ethnobotanical data?
•Need to understand myths and legends that are still believed by the people because it gives them their cosmology - gives them their place in the universe •Claude Levi Strauss - best way to get the most of the folklore is to read as many versions of the story as possible to really understand what its getting at and its importance to the society •Anomalous - people view the plant as unusual in its shape, morphology and/or origin. Usually associated with domestic plants or anthropogenic organisms (things that want to live among a human society) ◦Important in the stories of the people because they serve as mediators, which are things that influence the culture in good or bad ways ■Mediator changes from culture to culture and from year to year
What example fo ethnobotanical studies enfranchise and protect traditional culuture in Thailand
•Thailand ◦Respiratory ■Albizzia and Glycyrrhiza - compounded together to make a demulcent which is the equivalent of a modern day cough drop ◦Gastrointestinal ■Cinnamomum - bark of the cinnamon tree which is made into a decoction (boiled over and over again - turns gelatinous) and carminative (taken as an anti-irritant - taken to inflate the problem then get rid of it) ◦Muscular/Skeletal Pain ■3 species - no poppies used ◦Postpartum ■Lactation tonic ◦57 total medicinal species, only 44 are in cultivation - the rest = wild ■Royal Thailand hospital did survey of local plant species •116 medicinal species (both wild and domestic) •43 preparations (only) ◦Of the 43 preparations done only 4 cured or absolved symptoms
How might an ethnobotanist's presence be damaging to her/his field data?
•When posing as a member of another culture you may introduce things into the culture that wasn't there before and may alter the culture ◦ex. Metal tools Chagnon gifted and traded for info
How is systematic/strucuted questioning different from interviewing subjects?
◦Group of selected informants are asked to respond to a prescribed set of the same questions ◦Gives formal and quantitative data response - gives statistical base
Who used systematic/structured questioning extensively?
◦Margaret Mead (1901 - 1978) - people felt she could give a very good view of women - shocked people with her first book on the love affairs of women in a tribe in Samoa
What key information is gathered by interviewing?
◦Records accounts of community and cultural structure - Life History ◦How people view their lives and their natural surroundings
How is interviewing conducted in ethnobotanical context?
◦Use open ended or semi structured view to questions ◦Only interested in interviewing members of the population that you have either selected specifically or at random ◦Tend to be "off the cuff" ◦Isolate and use the local expert/informant
Why would "soft" or "hard' proteins confromations change?
"Soft" proteins - less thermodynamically stable - adsorb faster and more tenaciously; e.g. - lysozyme "Hard" proteins - more thermodynamically stable - don't adsorb as readily or as tenaciously; e.g. lactalbumin
What is temperature?
"Temperature" is a way of quantifying the tendency of energy to enter or leave an object during the course of rthese random rearreancgements.
Richard Burton
(1821-1890) Knew 8-12 languages. English explorer who with John Speke was the first European to explore Lake Tanganyika, searched for the source of the Nile River, had to stop because of illness, and his partner went on to claim to have found the source of the Nile River
William Withering
(1741-1799) first individual in medicine to scientifically investigate a folk remedy of foxglove to treat dropsy through interviews with the women in shropshire
glucolipids
(Greek:glucus:sweet) are similar to phospholidis, except that glycolipids have one or more carbohydrates attached to the three-carbon glycerol backbone instead of the phosphate group. Are also amphipathic. The are found in abundace in the membranes of myelineated cells composing the human nervous system.
Malocclusion
(dentistry) a condition in which the opposing teeth do not mesh normally
Show how it is you end up with the equation from the square illustration and how PdeltaV cnacles
(does not include work done by the environment) (constant T and P)
eicosanoids
(eikosi: Greek:twenty) another class of lipids listed as a fatty acids, it is the 20 carbons Eicosanoids inlcude prostagladins, thomnoxanes, and leukotriens.EWicosanoids are released from cell membranes as local hormones that regulate, among other things, blood pressure, body tmeperature, and smooth muscle contraction. Asprin is a commonly used inhibitor of the sythesis of prostaglandins.
Purgative
(external). A violent, uncontrollable laxative given to victims of poisoning, sever abdominal pains and constipation. Purgatives beleived to expel worms and other internal parasites are known as vermifuges or anthelmintic.
Vulnerary
(external). Believed to cure wounds.
Emollient
(external). Believed to protect or soothe the skin.
Astringent
(internal and external). Believed to tighten loose tissue so they were used externally to stop bleeding and inflammation and internally to reduce diarrhea, "excessive" secretions, loose gums etc. (often acidic-sour to taste causing puckering).
Tonic
(internal or external). Believed to tone and invigorate by "nourishing" a specific body part. There are hair tonics, uterotonics for the uterus, nerve tonics for nerves and "bitter" tonics to stimulate digestion. Yest, the quinine in cocktails was once considered good for you.
Calmatives and Nervines
(internal). Believed to act as a sedative calming nervous conditions and even hysteria (in women).
Demulcent
(internal). Believed to coat irritated internal tissues (e.g. sore throat). Often based on natural plant slimes and gelatins.
Anticatarrhal and Expectorant (internal).
(internal). Believed to control or rid the upper half of the body of excess mucus (mostly commonly given to cold and flu sufferers).
Refrigerants
(internal). Believed to cool overheated bodies often based on juicy parts of plant.
Diaphoretic or Sudorific
(internal). Believed to increase perspiration to expel internal "poisons." Don't confuse this one with Diuretic
Antilithic
(internal). Believed to prevent or expel stones and gravel accumulating in the bladder and kidneys.
Cathartic
(internal). Laxative
acaulescent
(leaves produced by shoot that have leaves lying flat on ground (ex. Dandilion)
Para
(obstetrics) the number of live-born children a woman has delivered
caulescent
(stem with leaves that runs up the stem, may end in terminal flower) herbs
What do I mean when I say Phylogeneticist treat species as abstracts? What is the Phylogeneticist primary interest
(treat species as node on a family tree) -their primary interest is constructing a path of genetic trait passing through the phyologenetic tree
What is the formula for the multiplicity of N indistinguishable monatomic molecules in a hpersphere of radius sqrt(2mU)?
*1/N! compesates fo rthe overcounting
How does multiplicity relate to volume?
*the 1 subscript indicates that this is for a gas of just one molecule
When is heat positive and when is it negative?
+ for energy transferred to the system - for eneryg transferred out of the system
When is work positive and negative?
+ if work done on the system - if work is done by the system
What are the bonding classifcations for hydrogels?
- Chemical (covalent) - Physical (hydrogen, ionic bonds) Hydrogels are crosslinked by: Primary covalent crosslinks Ionic forces Hydrogen bonds Hydrophobic interactions Polymer crystallites Physical entanglements Affinity or bio-recognition Combination of two or more strategies
What are the 3 divisions in porosity?
- Non-porous: 0.1-10 nm - Microporous: 10-100 nm - Macroporous: 0.1-10 μm
How does oxygena dn oxygen derived free radicals affect the cell?
- OH, O2, and NO are free radicalts that can intiate autocatylitic reactions. Those that react with free radicals also turn into free radicals. Free radicals cause single strand to break in DNA. Thye fragment lipid peroxidation. They fragment or cross-link protients leading to degredationor loss of enzymatic activity
CTA chest
- heart-imaging test diagnose a pulmonary embolism (PE) or if fatty deposits or calcium deposits have built up in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle -radiology at participating hospital
What do carrier and channel proteins allow through the membrane?
- larger molecules <1000 Da (ions, glucose, nucleotides, amino acids) Carrier proteins undergo series of conformational changes to carry cargo through membrane - active transport (requires ATP) Channel proteins create hydrophilic pores (open vs close) - passive transport (requires a gradient)
biodegradable
- when degradation involves biological processes, such as body fluids, cellular activities and enzymatic reactions
What aret eh 4 groups GAGs?
--Hyaluronic acid: a component of loose connenctive tissue and of joindt fluid, where it act as a lubricant -Chrondoitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate -Heparan sulfata and heparin -Keratin sulfate
What is the charge of an electron?
-1.602X10^-19 coulomb's
Why was the artificial taxonomy system invented and what is it>
-Artificial Taxonomy-invented to make identification more easier and efficient -species identified and classified based on how the plants look in comparison to other -microscopes become available an aide in this classification -work on a hierarchy as different -species are classified based first on shared antatomical species -Orders, Genus, Species -let unique characters divide up the taxonomy
What is a face centered cubic structure?
-Atoms touch each other along face diagnols -like a simple cubic that has half an atom slapped onto each of its cubic sides
What are 4 ways to transport across the membrane
-Direct passage -Carrier and channel proteins -Endocytosis -Osmosis
Doctrine of Signatures
-Doctrine of Signatures: belief by medieval philosophers, that as god made all the plants used in medice and thus god pts a signature on a plant that tells you what it's good for (ex. Strawberries are red so they must be good for your heart) -ended up with many plants classified as Pulmonaria (Lungs)
How are primative and advanced characteristics characterised by Engler and Prantle, and Rvon Wettstein?
-Engler and Prantl: (1840-1930) the earliest (primative) plants are those that are woody in which produce tiny flowers that lack petals (ex. Briches, oaks, etc.) -Rvon Wettstein: (1802-1931) primative organs by number and lack of fusion of reproductive organ, advandced have fewer parts and fused reproductive organ
What cells and proteins might you find in the ECM?
-Fibroblasts -basement membrane protiens -interstitial matrix proteins
What are the adhesive molecules in the ECM?
-Fibronectin: a glycoprotein important for linking cells in the ECM via cell suface integrins -Laminin-found in the bastemnet membrane
folk taxonomies
-Folk taxonomies were the earliest to make it into print, but not in all cultures
Explain how steel is refined.
-Iron or and coke are layer in a refractory vessel. -Coke (C) and O2 create heat and CO2. (C+O2->C2) -The CO2 breaks down to CO with the addition of coke. (CO2+C->2CO) -The CO reacts with the iron ore (Fe2O3) (3CO+Fe2O3->2Fe+3CO2) -slag is the made to purify the metal..limestone is added (CaCO3->CaO+CO2) Then (CaO+SiO2+Al2O3->slag)
What is the difference between northern climates and tropical climates in where they go for medial plants?
-North of the equator bulbs and roots mostly used for medicinal purposes, in the Tropics they go to the trees and shrubs
What are the 8 essential function a cell?
-Protection from the environment -Acquisition of nutrients -Movement -Communication -Catabolism of extrinsic molecules -Degradation and renewal of senescent -Intrinsic molecules -Energy generation -Self-replication
How does RNA differ from DNA? How is it similar?
-RNA has 2'-hyroxl in ribose instead of having deoxyribose -RNA has Uracil instead of thymine -both have 3'-5' linkages
What are the 4 factors that impact biocompatibility?
-Toxicology-measurement of effects of leachables -Reactions to products of microorganism colonization -mechanical effect -variety of reaction to interactions with surrounding protiens
Why were herbals used in the first plance?
-Used herbals because folk taxonomies were limited and orals were difficult to learn
How is systematic or structural information obtained and how is it distinct from the other anthropologist tools?
-a group of selected informants are asked to respond to prescribed questions -distinct becuse it gives formal and quantitative data -this was used a lot by Margaret Mead
What are the 2 proteins that inhibit cell adhesion
-albumin -immunoglobin G (IgG)
What proteins are most abundant in plasma?
-albumin (~60%) -immunoglobins, -fibringogen
What are the three types of leaf arrangement?
-alternate -opposite -whorled
lipid
-any biological molecule that has a low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents -hydrophobic, making them excellent barriers separating aqueous environments
What are the characteristics of noncrystalline materials?
-atoms have no periodic packing -occurs for: complex structures, rapid cooling
What are the characteristics of crystalline materials?
-atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays -typical of: metals, many ceramics, and some polymers
What is a body centered cubic structure?
-atoms touch each other along cube diagnols -like a SC with a whole atom in the center
Why do base pairs stack?
-because the bases are hydrophobic and the backbone is polar, hydrophilic. So, to minimize base contact with water, bases stack in way that creates he least surface contact with waer. -stacking force, van der Waals forces, also help pull the base pairs closer to one another, further stabilizing the structure -conformation is favored by 5 member ring of backbone
What are the three main leaf parts?
-blade-the expanded portion -petiole-leaf stalk -stipule-a pair of appendages at the base of the petiole
name 5 leaf modifications
-bladless -phyllodia -sessile -exstipulate -stipular spines
name some forms of modified leaes
-bud scales -bulb scales -some tendrils -bracts
How can chemical injury occur?
-by combing with a molecular component or organelle (ex. chemotherapy drugs) -by being converted to toxic metabolites
What varibles affect the consequences of injury?
-cell type -current status (nutritional, hormonal, etc.) -cell adaptability (differnet tissues withstand differnet durations of ischemia)
What is climax and succestional vegetation?
-climax: ex. fire, erruption, etc. -succestional: ex. glacial, errosion, etc.
Cells respond to their topography by altering what?
-cytoskeleton -gene expression -nuclear shape -ion channels
What are the 3 limitations of ferrous alloys?
-dense -poor elect conductors -poor corrosion resisistant
What varibles affect the cellular response to injury?
-duration -severity -dosage (toxins) -type of injury
What are the 5 proteins that promote cell adhesion?
-fibronectin -laminin -collagen -vitronectin -von Willenbrand's factor
What are the four taxonomies?
-folk -artificial -natural -phylogenetic
how are free radicals controlled in the body?
-free radicals spontaneously decay, the rate of decay is increased by speroxide dismutates, increased by enxymes such as glutathione (GHS) peroxidase -endogenous/exogenous antioxidants block or scavange free radicals (ex. vitiamin E)
Napolean Chagnon
-gave metal gifts in return for answering questions, thereby introducing something new to the culture, ..., -Writes among the Yanomamo emphasized of their violent aggression and claimed its centrality to their culture. He argued that this violence is natural in human behavior and social organization.
What are the major differences between necrosis and apoptosis
-generally necrosis is a response to cell injury and apoptosis is a regulatory response -inflammation due to necrosis, apoptosis causes no inflamation
What are the 3 basic feature a folk category rely on?
-habi -uses -morphology
herbals
-herbals among the earliest -herbals became more specialized -780 A.D First Tea Classic -earliest books in sanscript -our taxonomy in Greek and latin -Theophrastus (371-287 BCE)->wrote 2 multivolume books on plants -Enquiry Into Plants->He described 500 categories in the mediterranian -largest for folk herbals -first of the western herbalist that grouped plant into life form (such as woody, nonwoody, etc.) -Dioscorides 1 A.D. wrote -Materiamedica->most influencial herbal -describes 600 categories which are arranged by medical uses -Theophrastus and Diocorides the surviving plant book copies after the fall of Romes -Problem: as the herbals get passed down the accuracy of transcripition mutilates the original illustration -Herbals came before Doctrine of Signatures -Used herbals because folk taxonomies were limited and orals were difficult to learn -yet organization in the herbals was limited
What are the 4 significant adaptive responses?
-hypertrophy -hyperplasia -atrophy -metplasia
Why might ther be differences between the theoretical density and the actual density of a material?
-imputities -isotopes -more or less electrons than what is theoretical
What kind of information does interviewing key informants give and how is it distinct form hte other anthropologist tools?
-indivuals selected specifically or at random, starting intviews with social questions and then asking about plant, help provide information leading to a key informant who has the plant knowledge -it shows how people view their lives and surroundings
What sequence host reactions may occur following implantation of medical devices?
-injury -blood material interations -provisional matrix formation -acute inflammation -chronic inflammation -granulation tissue -foreign body reaction -fiberous capsule development
What are the 2 characterisitcs of necrosisi?
-irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction -profound disturbances in membrane function
What does participant observation/cultural emmersion show and what information does it give?
-it shows how people put knowledge into practice -it collects information about what kind of roles the plants are taking in the sociest --subsistant (farming, etc.) --ritualized occaisions (psychogenic drugs)
fatty acids
-lipids -builing blocks for most, but not all, complex lipids -They are long chains of carbons truncated at one end by a carboxylic acid -There is usually an even number of carbons, with the maximum number of carbons in humans being 24. -either saturated or unsaturated -oxidation of fatty acids liberates large amounts of chemical energy for a cell -most fats reach the cell in the form of fatty acids, and not as triacylglycerols
What are some physical factors of a wire that can affect resistivity?
-longer wire=more resistivity -longer cross-section=less resistivity
What might cause physical cell injury?
-mechanical -temperature -electrical -radiation -genetic defects
What are some issues that arise when applying the tools of ananthropologist?
-no coopoeration from informants (joking, lying) -trust (how long will it takge to gain it?) -sampling (do the people being interviewed represent the entire community) -changing life history -inability to culturally imerse or cultural contamination with presence -leading questions
List 5 causes of cell injury
-oxygen deficiency -chemical injury -biological agets -physical injury -genetic defects
What are the three basic anthropolgist techniques employed fromt he 1800's throught th 20th century?
-participant observation/cultural immersion -interviewing -systematic/strucured questioning
What are the six major groups of lipids
-phospholipids -steroids -triglycerols -fatty acids -terpenes -glycolipids
water
-sovent in which the chemical reactins of living cells take place -70-80% of cell's mass is due to water -small molecule that can hydrogen bond, important so that water can maintain its liquid state in the cellular environment -strong cohesive forces between water molecules
What is characteristic of metallic crystal strutures?
-tend to be densely packed -have the simplest crystal structures
What do the phylogeneticist rely on for classification and what is the problem with this?
-they used to use a wide variety of characteristics, but depend more and more on DNA and RNA analysis which may presents its own complecation -problem with this is that characters are treated of equal value and let the computer sort out the similarities, this ignores obvious causes for certain traits attain by environmentsl factors (ex. Tropical flowers with tubular structures in an area with a lot of hummingbirds -plant phylogenetic classification based on chlorablast analysis, though plants without chloryphill gets left out
What are the 3 main categories of habit for sexually mature plants?
-tree -shrub -herb
What biological agent can cause cell injury?
-viruses-cause immune system to destroy cells, cause malignant neoplasms, or cause poor cell function -bacteria-toxic endotoxins -protozonas -helminthes (worms_
What are the two ways of measuring temperature?
-volume of a column of mercury -conductivity of a semiconductor
When does the equation for the K translational with T break down and be incorrect?
-when colecules exert forces on each other, -of if collisions with the walls are ineastic, -or if the ideal gas law itself fails
5
...
7
...
Anti-diarrheal
...
Antibiotics
...
Antiemitic
...
Antispasmotic
...
Anxiolytic
...
Edema
...
Edentulous
...
Effusion
...
Embolism
...
Emesis
...
Epitaxis
...
Erythema
...
Etiology
...
Exacerbation
...
Exudate
...
Febrile
...
Gastroenteritis
...
Hematemesis
...
Hematochezia
...
Hematoma
...
Hematuria
...
Hemohorax
...
Hemoptysis
...
Hemorrhage
...
Hepatosplenomegaly
...
How much momentum gets transfered to the wall in an elastic collision?
...
Hyperkalemia
...
Hypertension
...
Hypoatremia
...
Ileus
...
Infarct
...
Infiltrate
...
Inguinal
...
Ischemia
...
LDH
...
Lacrimal
...
Langmuir isotherm
...
Lingual
...
Loculations
...
Lymphadenopathy
...
Malaise
...
Melena
...
Meningitis
...
Mitochondiron
...
Mottled
...
Neuralgia
...
Norocephalic
...
Nystagmus
...
Occiput
...
Olecranon
...
Paresthesia
...
Pharyngitis
...
Photophobia
...
Pleurisy
...
Pneumothorax
...
Post-ictal
...
Pretechia
...
Psoriasis
...
Purulent
...
Rale
...
Rhinorrhea
...
Rhonchi
...
Sciatic
...
Seizure
...
Sepsis
...
Sputum
...
Stenosis
...
Stridor
...
Syncope
...
TILT
...
Tachycardia
...
Thoracostomy
...
Tinea
...
Tinnitus
...
Torsion
...
Turgor
...
Utricaria
...
What
...
What are the 7 types of typifiation
...
What do MSC
...
What is hepatocyte co-culture?
...
What is the equation derived from the first law of thermodynaics?
...
What is the formula for KE?
...
What is the formula for momentum?
...
What is the imperical gas law?
...
What is the kinetic energy of rotation?
...
What is the kinetic energy of translation?
...
What is the number density?
...
What is the potential enenery of the harmonic oscillator?
...
What is thermal energy?
...
What prat of the cell is basal and which is apical?
...
Wheeze
...
When is it safest to apply the equipartition therem?
...
cell injury
...
incomplete...not on test 1
...
ubiquitous
...
Cell Signaling
...Through ECM mechanical forces - mechanotransduction - integrins link ECM proteins to actin cytoskeleton; focal adhesion complexes (protein complexes) transduce ECM signals
Contusion
.A mechanical injury causing hemorrhages beneath unbroken skin; bruise.
Angina
.A severe, often constricting pain, usually referring to the chest that occurs when your heart does not get enough blood
External
.Outside
Adnexa
.Refers to the appendages of an organ. Ex. Ovaries and Fallopian tubes
hilus
(anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ
What is covalent bonding?
A chemical bond resulting from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Body Centered Cube
A common crystal structure found in some elemental metals. Within the cubic unit cell atoms are located at corner and cell center position.
body-centered cubic
A common metallic crystal structure with a cubic unit cell with atoms located at all eight corners and a single atom at the cube center
alternating copolymer
A copolymer in which two different repeat units alternate positions along the molecular chain
graft copolymer
A copolymer where in homopolymer side branches of one monomer type are grafted to homopolymer main chains of a different monomer type.
corms
A corm (or bulbo-tuber, bulbotuber) is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat
Crepitance
A crackling or grating sound, usually of bones
Crepitus
A crackling or grating sound, usually of bones
Hexagonal Close Packed
A crystal structure found for some metals. THe HCP unit cell is of hexagonal geometry and is generated by staking of close-packed planes of atoms.
Face Centered Cube
A crystal structure found in some of the commmon elemental metals. Within the cubic unit cell, atoms are located at all corner and face-centered positions.
crystalline
A crystalline material is one in which the atoms are situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances; this is, long-range order exists, such tat upon solidification, the atoms position themselves in a repetitive three-dimensional pattern, in which each atom is bonded to is nearest-neighbor atoms.
What is close-packed directions?
A crystallographic direction in a crystal along which atoms touch.
What is direct current?
A direct current is a current of constant magnitude.
mixed dislocation
A dislocation that has both edge and screw components.
Clathrin
A fibrous protein found on the intracellular side of the plasma membrane (also associated with the Golgi complex) that helps invaginate the membrane. Typically cel surface receptors are associated with clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane binding of the ligan to the receptor trigger invagination (example: cholesterol uptake via lipoprotein endocytosis).
proteasomes
A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin, Function: Breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins
collagen
A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
solid solution
A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species. Both substititutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible.
macromolecule
A huge molecule mad up of thousands of atoms
simple leaf
A leaf with a single blade (which may be variously indented or deeply cut) si a simple leaf
block copolymer
A linear copolymer in which identical repeat units are clustered in blocks along the molecular chain
edge dislocation
A linear crystalline defect associated with lattice distortion produced in the vicinity of the end of an extra half-plane of atoms within a crystal. The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line.
screw dislocation
A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion created when normally parallel planes are joined together to form a helical ramp. The Burgers vector is parallel to the dislocation line.
alloy
A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements
amphipathic
A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
nucleotide
A monomer made of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Makes up RNA and DNA.
Bruit
A murmur or sound heard in auscultation of an artery
What is the atoms/unit cell number for a SC structure?
1
How much is 1 atm in Pa and bars?
1 atm=1.013X10^5 Pa=1.013 bar
How many joules are in a calorie?
1 calorie=4.186 J
syntype
1 of 2 or more speciemnet used to descripe a new species (ex. bud, bloom, fruit)
Linnaeus developed this tool of the anthropologist when he went to Lapland.
1) The Direct of Observation Technique employed by Linnaeus (1700's) Linnaeus directly observed the Lap people (of Lapland) and how they would utilize Utricularia which was a proteolytic enzyme that separated curds and whey to make cheese
What are the 4 mechanisms that control homeostasis?
1) genetic 2)neighboring cells 3) environmental conditions 4) availability of O2 and metabolic substances
What are the 3 main mechanisms of cell injury?
1) loss of adequate ATP 2) oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals 3) failure of intracellular calcium homeostatic mechanisms
What are the 7 principle functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
1) mechanical support for cell anchorage 2) determination of cell rientation 3)control of cell growth 4) maintenance of cell differentiation 5) scaffolding for orderly tissue renewal 6) establishment of tissue microenvironments 7) sequestration, storage, and presentation of soluble regulatory molecules
What are the 4 feathures of Watson and Cricks model?
1)2 helical plynucleotide chanins, right handed screw sense, anti-parallel chains (meaning they have opposite polarity 3' across from 5'_ 2) sugar phosphate backbones on outside and base pairs on inside 3) bases are nearly perpinicular. For every helical turn (360 deg) there are 10 base pairs, from 1 base to the next is a 36 deg turn. The structure repeats every 34 A 4) helix diameter is 20A
How is collagen made?
1)synthesiszed in cells as solulbel procollagen precursors 2) secreted inot extracellular environments nad self assembled 3) mature insoluble collage during syntehses enzymatic modifications occurs such as hydroxylationfo of proline and lysine residues, Vitamin C is needed ro hyrdoxlyation fo the collagen propeptide, explaining why lack of vitamin c leads to scurvy.
What are some new elements of ehtnobotanical inventories?
1.) Floristics-like plant needing partial shade, etc. 2.) Vegetation Ecology-type of vegitation it's found in (climax or succestional?) 3.)Reginal variation 4.)combinations
What are the 7 typifications?
1.) Holotype 2.) Lectotype 3.) Neotype 4.) Isotype 5.) Paratype 5.) Syntype 7.) Toptype
What are 2 factors that determine crystal structure?
1.) Relative size of ions 2.) Maitenance of Charge Neutrality
What are the 7 elemetns of the ethnobotanical inventories?
1.) Voucher-taxonomic evidence 2.) Habit-morphology, moduar growth, the plant patterns of growth, wood tissue and rings or other 3.) Indiginous Name-helpful in determining plants with similar uses (ex. bane implies enemy often used as poisons 4.) Status-domestic or cultivated or wild or abandoned cultigan? 5.) Uses 6.) Part(s) used 7.) how prepared and applied
What are the 6 power of the FTC?
1.) enforce laws against unfair or deceptive acts or practies to ensure that consumers have accurate data so they can make informed decisions on dietary supplements 2.) stop adcertising that is not adequately substantiated 3.) investigate complaints of questionable trade practices 4.) following investigation, negotiate a consent order, or proceed to cease and desist order that can be broad in scope 5.) seek injunctions to stop false adcertisements or other violations 6.) seek civil penalties for violations
What are the 5 characteristics of the phylogenetic system?
1.) evolution reinterpreted as a geneology 2.) use of dendrograms 3.) speces as abstracts 4.) Priciples of phenetics and its bias 5.) Principle of claudistics and its bias
What are the 3 tools of the antropologist?
1.) participant observation/Cultural immerson 2.) Interviewing key-informant 3.)Systematic or Structured Interactions
What is the FDA empowered to do? (Hint: there are 6)
1.) stop any company from selling a dietary supplement that is toxic or unsanitary 2.) stop the sale of a dietary supplement that has false or unsubstantiated claims 3.) take action agaist dietary supplements that pose a significant unreasonable risk of illness or injury 4.) stop any company making a claim that a product cures or treats a disease 5.) stop a new dieatary ingredient from being marketed if the FDA does not receive sufficient safety data in advance, except for those sold prior to the passage of the DSHEA 6.) require dietary supplements to meet strict manufacturing requirements (i.e., Good Manufacturing Practices, including potency, cleanliness, and stability).
What is the value of K?
1.381X10^023 J/L
What is the coordination number for a FCC structure?
12
What is the coordination number for a hexagonal close-packed structure (HCP)?
12
What is 1 L in SI units?
1L=(0.1m)^3
What is the atoms/unit cell number for a BCC structure?
2
bid
2 times a day
Deoxyribose is much like ribose except it lack an O where?
2' carbon
What is a chromosome made up of?
24 distinct molecules -22 autosomal -2 sex (X and/or Y)
Mean size of the gene?
27,00 nucleate pairs
How many valence electrons are in p-type semiconductors?
3
How many alpha Helices compose the histone fold?
3 histone fold->B Histone dimer->c
About how many nucleotides are in human DNA?
3 billion
How many degrees of freedom does a monatomic gas have?
3 d.o.f. f=3
How many degrees of freedom does a diatomic gas have?
3 translational d.o.f. and 2 rotational d.o.f. f=5
How many degrees of freedom does a polyatomic gas have?
3 translational d.o.f. and 3 rotational d.o.f. f=6
How long is DNA?
3.2X10^9 nucleotide pairs
What is room temperature in kelvin?
300K
cytoskeleton
3D architecture and scaffolding, guiding wires for molecular motors (dyneins and kinesins)
How many moelcules of DNA are there in sister chromatin?
4
What is the atoms/unit cell number for a FCC structure?
4
How many valence electrons are in n-type semiconductors?
5
What is the atoms/unit cell number for a HCP structure?
6
What is Avogadro's number?
6.02X10^23
What is the value of R?
8.31 J/(K(mol))
What is Boltzmann's in eV?
8.62X10^-5 eV/K
What's the efficiency of an ideal hydrogen fuel cell?
83%
How are free radicals useful?
: normal part of respiration, microbial killing by phagocytic cells, tumor killing by macrophages
What are the carbon concentrations for low, medium, and high carbon steel? What is stainless steel? What happens as you increase carbon concentration?
<.25 low .25-.6 medium .6-1.4 high stainless steel is a high alloy (usually 11% Cr) increasing concentration of carbon increases strength and decreases ductility
Claude Levi Strauss
A French cultural anthropologist most noted for his contribution to structural anthropology, or the study of underlying patterns in culture especially through the analysis of themes that recur in myths and rituals.
Claude Levi Strauss
A French cultural anthropologist most noted for his contribution to structural anthropology, or the study of underlying patterns in culture especially through the analysis of themes that recur in myths and rituals. He would have multiple people tell the same story inorder to get the true core elements of it.
bulbs
A bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases.[1] The leaves often function as food storage organs during dormancy. A bulb's leaf bases, also known as scales, generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse conditions. At the center of the bulb is a vegetative growing point or an unexpanded flowering shoot. The base is formed by a stem, and plant growth occurs from this basal plate. Roots emerge from the underside of the base, and new stems and leaves from the upper side
Cachetic
Being in a stte of malnutrition and wasting.
Flexion
Bending or angulations
bilat
Bilateral
BBS
Bilateral Breath Sounds
BLE
Bilateral lower extremities
BTL
Bilateral tubal ligation (OB-GYN)
BUE
Bilateral upper extremities
What do you need for cell culture>
Blood - culture media (+/- serum) with glucose, nutrients, and buffer to maintain pH Media regularly replaced since not circulated Antibiotics accounts for lack of immunity Laminar flow hood and aseptic technique - contamination control Humidified incubator at 37oC Vented flasks to allow gas exchange 5% CO2 maintains neutral pH Phenol red as pH indicator - turns yellow at low pH 95% humidity at control evaporation Cells are passaged (sub-cultured) by adding Trypsin/EDTA, which degrades cell adhesion proteins (CAPs) Cell are typically re-plated at a lower density to allow room to ploliferate
BP
Blood Pressure
BSG
Blood Sugar Glucose
What is k?
Bolzmann's constat (k=R/NA) k=1.1381X10^-23 J/K
When is bond hybridization possible?
Bond hybrindizaiton is possible when there is significant covalent bonding.
BM
Bowel movement
BS
Bowel sounds, breath sounds
If interactions between molecules can break down the equation for K translational why doesn't it break down the ideal gas law? When might a problem arise?
Brief interactions between molecules are generally no big deal, since such colisions won't change the average velocities of the molecules. The only serious problem is when the gas becomes so dense that the space occupied bu the molecules themsleves becomes a substantial fraction fo the total volume of the container. Then the basic pitcure of molecules flying in straigt lines through empty space no longer applies. In this case, however, the ideal gas law also breaks down, in such a way as to precisely preserve the equation for K translationsl. COnsequently this equation is stillture not only for dense gases but also for liquids and sometimes even solids!
1597 A.D. The Herball, or Genrall Historie of Plantes.
British, by John Gerarde. Prototype of artificial taxonomy system as it attempts to organize and identify plants using botanical characters (seeds, floral organs, leaves etc.). Descriptions include critical analyses of medical plants that discounts many old superstitions.
1629 A.D. Paradisi in Sole Paradisus.
British, by John Parkinson. Incorporates some plants of North America.
Give an example of a plant with a combination of the types of venation
Buckthorn (Rhamnus)
Dehiscence
Bursting open of a wound, especially a surgical abdominal wound
What role did Linnaeus play in artificial taxonomy?
C. Linnaeus: sex classification. Only wanted to know how many female vs. male organs were in each. Binomial nomenclature system based on ppl inheriting a 2 name (first and last name) system of that time species planetarium 1733
substrate
A part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes
Linneaus
C. Linneaus (1707-1778)-produced a the modern system of naming (genus species binomial), first to publish a hierarchy by using only the sexual system of classification -How many stamens(male) in regard to carpals+Pistil(female)? -got the idea for the binomial system from people having first and last name -Species Pantarum 1733
BNP
CHF
What gets added to a ceramic sensor to cause the potential diff tha tha ti proportional to the external partial pressure
Ca, removes Zr and increases O2 vac
durotaxis
A subset of mechanotaxis - termed durotaxis - refers specifically to cell migration guided by gradients in substrate rigidity (i.e. stiffness).
Aneurysm
A widening of a blood vessel due to pressure on weakened tissues causing formation of a sac of blood that may become clotted
AP De Candolle
A.P De Candolle-(1778-1841) Swiss, added onto sexual classification, including more floral characters such as petals Candolle originated the idea of "Nature's war", which influenced Charles Darwin and the principle of natural selection.[1] Candolle recognized that multiple species may develop similar characteristics that did not appear in a common evolutionary ancestor; this was later termed analogy.
What stacking sequence does a heagonal close-packed structure have?
ABAB
What is the densisty of capillaries?
Capillary density - each 100-200 um due to oxygen diffusion limitation (Q: what does that mean?)
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
ASA 325 mg PO
Cardiac Drugs
NTG 0.4 (1/150) SL q5 minutes x3
Cardiac Drugs
NTG Paste
Cardiac Drugs
NTG drip
Cardiac Drugs
Morphine
Cardiac Drugs Pain Control-Opiate
CPR
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
CV
Cardiovascular
Antianginal
Cardizem-___________, antiarrhythmic, htn Cardiac Drugs
antiarrhythmic
Cardizem-antianginal, ______________, htn Cardiac Drugs
What are the carbon concentration of ferrous alloys for cast iron and steels?
Cast Iron >2.1%, but generally 3-4.5% Steel <1.4%
catabolism
Catabolism - degradation of internalized molecules into their constituent amino acids, sugars and lipids
cath
Catheter, catheterization
What are doe the following stand for and what is the organization name? 10XX 11XX 15XX 40XX 43XX 44XX
AISI/SAE 10XX-plain carbon steels 11XX-plain carbon stell resulfurized fo rmachinability 15XX-Mn 1-1.65% 40XX Mo .2-.3% 43XX-Ni 1.65-2%, Cr .4-.9%, Mo.2-.2% 44XX-Mo .5%
Lomotil
ANti-diarrheal
How does failure of Ca homeostasis affect the cell?
ATP dependent Calcium transporters stop due to loss of ATP, increasing Ca flow which stimulates phospholiases (membrane damage), protases (catabolizes proteins) ATPases (increase ATP depletion, endonucleases (fragment genetic material)
Why function do ATP-dependent calcium transports serve?
ATP-dependent calcium transporters maintain cytosolic calcium at very low levels (< 0.1 μM) Extracellular calcium - 10,000-fold higher
AAA
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
Ascites
Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
AMI
Acute Myocardial Infarction
What is the adhesion belt mad up of
Adhesion belt - tight junctions of same cell connected through actin microfilaments; structural integrity and shear strength to cell sheets
What are the advantages and disadvantages of primary cell culture>
Advantages: More representative of cells in the body Disadvantages: Time consuming Expensive Large variability Mixture of cells Genetic varions
What are the advatages of hydrogels?
Advantages: They emulate soft tissues such as skin, brain, and muscle. They are hydrophilic and enable protein diffusion as well as protein structure preservation. They are extremely versatile.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of cell lines?
Advantages: Uniform and same for each lab (genetic clones of a parent cell) Reproducibility of experiments Ease and cost of maintenance Disadvantages: Transformed => might demonstrate responses not typical of normal cells Cell lines are usually obtained from ATCC - American Type Culture Collection
What happens in an internal combustion engine?
After the working substance is injected into a cylinder. A park plug then ignites the mixture, raising its temperature and pressure while the volume doesn't change. Next the high-pressure gas pushes the piston outward, expanding adiabatically and producing mechanical qork. Finally the hot exhaust gases are expelled and replaced by a new mixture at lower temperature and pressure.
AMA
Against Medical Advice
A&O x3
Alert & Oriented x3 (person, place, time)
Do all organic compounds have carbon and hydron?
All organic compounds come from living things. All have carbon and hydrogen. Some can be without hydrogen though.
Benadryl
Allergic Reactions
Decadron
Allergic Reactions
Epinephrine
Allergic Reactions
Prednisone
Allergic Reactions
What's the throttle process?
Also called the Joul-Thomson process. No heat flow during this process. Entalpy constant during process. The trottling valve cools the fluid to below the temperature of the cold reservoir, so it can absorb heat as required. How it cools The force between any two molecules i sweakly attractive at long distances and strongly repulsie at short distances. Under most (though not all ) conditions the attraction dominates; then .PE is negative, but becomes less negative as the pressure drops and the distances between the molecules increases. To compensate for hte increase in potential energy, the KE generall drops ant hte fluid cools as desired
AMS
Altered Mental Status
Why is the Carnot Cycle impracticle?
Although it is efficeint, it's terriblely impractical because the flows so slowly during the isothermal steps that it takes forever to get a significant amount of work out of the engine.
What is the unit of current?
Ampere, which is 1 colulomb per second
Bruit
An abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or an organ.
Annual plants
Annual plants start their life cycle from seeds to flowers to seeds again within a single growing season. After one year, the roots, leaves and stems of an annual plant dies. What bridges the gap from one generation to the next are the dormant seeds.
GI cocktail
Antacid
Amoxicillin (amoxil)
Antibiotic
Bactrim DS
Antibiotic
Flagyl
Antibiotic
Compazine
Antiemitic
Phenergan
Antiemitic
Reglan
Antiemitic
Zofran
Antiemitic
Bentyl
Antispasmotic
Ativan
Anxiolytic
Valium
Anxiolytic
Vistaril
Anxiolytic
Xanax
Anxiolytic
How does sufaces coated in fibrinogen plasma compare to those coated in fibrinogen deficient plasma?
Cell adherence can be restored with exogenous fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is the most important protein for platelet adhesion in static conditions as it preferentially adsorbs to the surface.
cell line
Cell line - cells that have been passaged many times without loss of phenotype; physiologically, cells that can divide repeatedly without shortening of their telomere Cell lines are immortalized, i.e. have escaped the Hayflick limit Maintained as a stock in the lab
Which side is the apical side of the cell membrane?
Cell polarity - basal (bottom) vs apical (exposed to exterior enviorment)
integrins
Cell-surface receptor proteins that span the membrane and bind on their cytoplasmic side to associated proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton, Cell surface receptor that binds to Fibronectin.
Filopdia
Cells sense their environment by extending processes called filopodia Cells respond to topography by altering their: Cytoskeleton Gene expression Nuclear shape Ion channels
When are cells typically passaged(moved to new culture flask(?
Cells typically passaged at ~80% confluence
CNS
Central Nervous System
CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid
CVA
Cerebrovascular Accident
CMT
Cervical Motion Tenderness
C-Collar
Cervical collar
C-Spine
Cervical spine
C-Section
Cesearean section
What is charge?
Charge is the quantity of electricity responsible for electric phenomena.
free radicals
Chemicals that harm the bodies tissues by starting destructive chain reactions in the molecules of the bodies cells, such reactions are believed to trigger or worsen some diseases
CP
Chest Pain
CXR
Chest X-Ray
2000 B.C. Pen Tsao.
Chine, attributed to the Emperor Shen Nung (probably a mythical figure). May be the oldest surviving compilation of medicinal plants native to Asia including Cannabis.
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CTA
Clear to Auscultation, CT Angiogram
CHI
Closed Head Injury
What do coatings do for cell adhesion and in what ways can coatings be achieved?
Coatings - enhance cell adhesion, preferentially select for certain cell types. Coatings are achieved by: Spin coating substrate on a surface Immersing substrate in a protein of interest Chemical (covalent) attachment of proteins or ligands (e.g. using crosslinkers)
State the second law of thermodynamics.
Any large system in equilibrium will be found in the macrostate with the greatest entroy (aside from fluctuations that are normally too small to measure) or more briefly: Entropy tends to increase
ABG
Arterial Blood Gas
Explain the first law and second law in context of the heat engine.
As derived by the previous equation of efficiency, the efficiency can never be greater than 1. We can't get more work out than the amount of heat we put in the. We can't win! We will always be putting in more heat than work output. Unless, according to the the second law e can be 1, if Tc is 0 or Th is infinite. Bothe of which are IMPOSSIBLE...what a scam! You can't even break even!
PRN
As needed
q.h.s
At bedtime, every night
When is fibrinogen an not as effective at suface adhesion?
At high shear rates - von Willebrand's factor is more important as platelet adhesion to it allows them to "roll" along the surface until activated.
Why is von Willebrand's factor important to blood?
At high shear rates - von Willebrand's factor is more important as platelet adhesion to it allows them to "roll" along the surface until activated.
STAT, stat
At once, immediately
Equipartition Theorem
At temperature T, the average energy of any quadratic degree of freedom is 1/2kT
AFib
Atrial Fibrillation
What form of DNA was the Watson and Crick model based on?
B-DNA
1770 B.C. Code of Hammurabi.
Babylon. Medicinal uses of henbane, licorice root and mints.
Selective depetion studies have been done in vivo where protein compete for adsorption to surfaces. What were the results after removing one protein at a time?
Only one protein is removed from mixture at a time. Results: vitronectin more important than fibronectin for cell spreading; fibronectin important for adhesion of platelets, neutrophils, macrophages. Effect of protein removal depends on surface chemistry
Define: Temperature
Operational-what you measure with a thermometer Theoretical -the thing that's the same for two objects, after they've been in contact long enough -a measure of the tendency of an object to spontaneously give up energy to its surroundings. When two objects are in thermal contact, the onset that tends to spontaneously lose energy is at the higher temperature
Ortho
Orthopedic, orthopedics
OD
Overdose
What is the formula for pressure?
P= F/A
How is F, A, and P related?
P=F/A
What is the potential energy for a harmonic oscillator?
PE=1/2*(Ks)(x^2) PE=potential energy Ks=spring constant
PID
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
What is the ideal gas law in terms of k?
PV=NkT N= k= T=temperature
What is the ideal gas law?
PV=nRT P=pressure V=volume n=number of moles of gas R=universal constant T=temperature in kelvins
PPD
Packs per day (cigarettes)
Ibuprofen
Pain Conrtol-NSAID
Totadol
Pain Control-NSAID
Dilaudid
Pain Control-Opiate
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation
palp
Palpation
What are 3 forms of extracellular signaling?
Paracrine - only between cells in the immidiate vicinity; minimal diffusion, signal rapidly degraded Synaptic - activated neurons secrete neurotransmitters at a synapse onto a target cell Endocrine - regulatory substance (hormone) secreted into the blood stream; targets distant cells
Atelectasis
Partial or total collapse of lung tissue
clopidogrel
Pavix (generic=clopidogrel) antiplatelet
FROM
Full Range of Motion
Genesis of a herbarium specimen once it arrives at a herbarium (from the entry door to the cabinet shelf).
Fumigation Documentation: herbarium number Mounting and Labeling: specimen and label attached to sheet Sorting: Family division Filing and maintenance: each family has number, genus is alphabetized, color coding
What Is the purpose of inflammation
Function - contain, neutralize, or wall off the injurious agent or process. It also sets in motion a series of events that may heal and reconstitute the implant site through tissue regeneration, scar tissue or both. Immediately following injury: Changes in vascular flow, caliber and permeability Exudation - escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the injured tissue Cellular events Early responses involve mainly blood and vasculature; blot clots and thrombosis Intensity and duration of inflammation characterize material biocompatibility
What is the function and composition of the plasma membrane?
Function - protection, nutrient acquisition, communication Composed of amphipathic phospholipids which spontaneously assemble in a 2D sheet
plasma memebrane function? Composition?
Function - protection, nutrient acquisition, communication Composed of amphipathic phospholipids which spontaneously assemble in a 2D sheet Transmembrane proteins and channels facilitate transport, surface proteins link to ECM Asymmetric lipid component
What is the function and the 3 major classes of protiens for the cytoskeleton?
Function: Cellular integrity (shape, polarity) and movement Three major classes of cytoskeletal proteins (eukaryotic cells): Actin microfilaments - 6-8 nm diam Intermediate filaments - 10 nm diam Microtubules - 25 nm diam
parenchyma
Functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration
Give 7 functions of ECM:
Functions: Mechanical support for cell attachment Determination for cell orientation Control of cell growth Maintenance of cell differentiation Scaffolding for orderly tissue renewal Establishment of tissue microenvironments Sequestration, storage, and presentation of soluble resulatory molecules
What are the different types o actin microfilaments and what are their functions?
G-actin - major subunit of microfilaments; globular; most abundant cytosolic protein F-actin - double-stranded helical filaments; polar (stable vs active end) F-actin + F-actin binding proteins forms bundles and networks to control cell shape and motility In muscle cells - F-actin + myosin control cell shape contractility
glycosaminoglycans
GAGs Are composed of repeating units of a disaccharide, one of which is a derivative of an amino sugar and one of which carries a negative charge, either as a carboxylate or a sulfate., A water-binding substance between the fibers of the dermis., GAG (chondroitin)+core protein=proteoglycan; on hyaluronan molecule=proteoglycan aggregate;
Stool guaiac
GI
GB
Gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones
Gap junctions
Gap junctions function as cell-cell communication and do not contribute to cell-cell adhesiveness
GERD
Gastro esophageal reflux disease
370-278? B.C. History of Plants.
Greece, by Theophrastus. Organizes 500 folk varieties of plants into four categories and also adresses comparative morphology of leaf shape, root shape, woodiness etc.
Theophrastus
Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC) Theophrastus (371-287 BCE)->wrote 2 multivolume books on plants -Enquiry Into Plants->He described 500 categories in the mediterranian -largest for folk herbals -first of the western herbalist that grouped plant into life form (such as woody, nonwoody, etc.)
GSW
Gunshot wound
What bonds hold together base pairs?
H bonds
isotropic
Having identical values of a property in all crystallographic directions
HA
Headache
HR
Heart rate
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Heat and work are forms of energy transfer. Energy is invariably conserved but the internal energy of a closed system changes as heat and work are transferred in or out of it. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
HCT
Hematocrit
Hgb
Hemoglobin
herb
Herb-(1) strictly, a plant without persistent stems above ground, often confined to perennials with annual stems or leaves arising from a persistent subterranean stem or rootstock. More generally, any non-woody plant; (2) a plant with culinary or officinal properties.
Whic came first, the Doctrine of Signatures or Herbals?
Herbals
What are printed folk taxonomies?
Herbals first herbals were in Sanskrit and were not exclusively about plants but also has religious rituals
) Preserving diversity and novelty (how herbarium collections are made).
Herbarium: plant museum, arranged according to natural system, based on field collections press the plant-fight the problem of moisture (blotting paper) record data in field notebook
Give a full description o fthe Rankine cycle.
Here the working substance is NOT and IDEAL GAS.
What does HCP stand for?
Hexgonal Close-Packed
Hx
History
h/o
History of
HSM
Holo-Systolic Murmur; also Hepato-Splenomegaly
Hot vs cold working
Hot -large deformations -ductile -need high temp -oxidation on surface -less energy needed cold -better strength -no surf ox -increase brittlenesss
What kind of information can be gathered by systematic/structured interviewing?
How people view their lives and their natural surroundings
What are the 4 major groups of GAGs?
Hyaluronic acid (not sulfated) - loose connective tissue, lubricant in joint fluid Chrondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate Heparan sulfate and heparin Keratin sulfate
What 2 ionic interactions help stabilize DNA?
Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals
HTN
Hypertension
Hypertonic vs Hypotonic
Hypertonicity - more salt extracellularly (cell shrinks) Hypotonicity - more salt intracellularly Loss in energy results in osmotically swollen cells (cells accumulate ions)
Name 5 methods of adaption
Hypertrophy - increase in cell size Hyperplasia - increase in cell number Atrophy - decrease in cell size, but not number Metaplasia - transformation from one cell type to another Subtle changes in gene expression
Hyst
Hysterectomy
CT Head
ICH, Mass
Why is the multiplitcity of and indistinguishable two molecule ideal gas half that of a distinguishable one?
IF they're indistinguishable, then we've overcounted the microstates by a factor of 2, since interchanging the molecule with each other doe snot give us a distince state
I&D
INCISION AND DRAINAGE
ICE
Ice, compression, elevation
Are adaptive responses permanent?
If the stressor receeds, cells will revert.
Gibb's free energy
If the system is in an environment with constant pressure and constant temperature, then the work you need to do to creat it, or the work you can recover when you destroy it, is given by the Gibbs free energy.
What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. (this law helps define the notion of temperature)
ICD
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
rhizome
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (from Ancient Greek: rhízōma "mass of roots",[1] from rhizóō "cause to strike root")[2] is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes may also be referred to as creeping rootstalks or rootstocks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and are diageotropic or grow perpendicular to the force of gravity. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards.[3] If a rhizome is separated into pieces, each piece may be able to give rise to a new plant.
stolons
In botany, stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds.[1][2] Stolons are often called runners. Thus, not all horizontal stems are called stolons. Plants with stolons are called stoloniferous. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil surface or in other orientations underground.[1]
What is Equipatition Theorem?
In thermodynamics equilibrium, the thermal enrgy is equally distributed among the degrees of freedom so that each quadradic degree of freedom carries mean energy=(1/2)KT
Dyshasia
Inability to understand language as a result of injury or disease to the brain
I&D
Incision and Drainage
What doe cytosolic calcuium activate
Increased cytosolic calcium activates: Phospholipasis - promoting membrane damage Proteases - catabolizing structural and membrane proteins ATPases - accelerating ATP depletion Endonucleases - fragmenting genetic material
Bronchitis
Inflammaiton of the bronchi
Costochondritis
Inflammation of the costal cartilages
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticulum, especialy the small pockets in the wall of the colon
Cellulitis
Inflammation of the skin
Eczema
Inflammatory condition of the skin, characterized by itching or burning, tiny pauples and vesciles, oozing, crusting, and scaling
Addaption is the extensive change in the intracellular environment to acoomodate stressors. When is a cell's adaptive capacity exceeded?
Injury
Internal
Inside
ICH
Intracranial hemorrhage
ICP
Intracranial pressure
IM
Intramuscular
IUP
Intrauterine Pregnancy
IUP
Intrauterine pregnancy
IV
Intravenous
IVPB
Intravenous piggyback
IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
lac
Laceration
differentiate the function of blood vessels bases on size
Large - deliver blood Smaller - regulate blood flow Smallest - diffusional transport => most exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste Ex. Capillaries blood flow - 0.1 cm/sec vs aorta blood flow - 50 cm/sec
What are considered to be large numbers in statistical mechanics?
Large numbers are much larger than small numbers, and are frequenlty made by exponentiating small numbers, which is of order 10^23. The most important property of large numbers is that you can add a small number to a large number without changing it. For ex. 10^23 +23=10^23
diuretic
Lasix-________ Cardiac Drugs
LMP/LNMP
Last Menstrual Period/Last Normal Menstrual Period
LMP
Last Menstrul Period
LNMP
Last Normal Menstrual Period
L
Left
LLE
Left Lower Extremity
LLQ
Left Lower Quadrant
LUQ
Left Upper Quadrant
LVH
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
LBBB
Left bundle branch block
c/o
Complains of
CBC
Complete Blood Count
What are the properties of GAGs?
Components - carbohydrate (long chain GAGs) bound to protein Proteoglycans - GAGs covalently bound to protein GAGs - highly charged (sulfated) polysaccharide chains up to 200 sugars long, composed of repeating un-branched disaccharide units
decompounded leaf
Compound elaves are sometimes twice divided or eve thrice divided, in which case they are twice-compound or decompounded
LOC
Loss of Consciousness
What are the three basic mechanisms of cell injury?
Loss of adequate ATP production Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals Failure of intracellular calcium homeostatic mechanisms
Rhonchi
Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
What would cause conformational changed in absorbed proteins
Low structural protein stability Unfolding to allow further bond formation with surface Adsorbed proteins can loose much of their structure Degree of denaturation upon adsorption is dependent on the protein, the length of time it spends on the matrix, the solvent, surface chemistry, etc., and is usually not complete Some proteins become more stable upon adsorption
Inferior
Lower, farther from crown of head
LP
Lumbar Puncture
L-spine
Lumbar spine
Troponin
MI
What is Thermodynamics?
Macroscopic approach dealing with heat and temperature without delving into what they are. Can be developed axiomatically based on four laws of thermodynamics. foundation of thermodynamics
Pierre Magnol
Magnol is of lasting importance because he was one of the innovators of the current botanical scheme of classification. He was the first to publish the concept of plant families as we know them, a natural classification, in which groups of plants with associated common features were described.
What is the main application of synthetic polymers?
Main applications: Sutures Tissue engineering Drug delivery
PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PCN
Penicilin
PUD
Peptic Vascular Disease
CHF
Congestive Heart Failure
Telomere
Contain repeated nucleotide sequences that enable the ends of chromosomes to be replicated. Also protect the end of the chromosomes from being mistaken by the cell as a broken DNA molecule in need of repair.
CPAP
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
CABG
Coronary Arterial Bypass Graft
CABG
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
CAD
Coronary Artery Disease
CVAT
Costovertebral angle tenderness
eudicots
Member of a clade consisting of the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.
How does the cell membrane transport and what is impermeable?
Membrane - impermeable to charged, large molecules. Permeable to ions, sugars, amino acids by pore (protein channels) or transport (carrier) proteins. Material could also be internalized by phagocytosis (cell eating) or pinocytosis (cell drinking)
What are membranes impermeable to?
Membranes are impermeable to: Ions (due to high degree of hydration); larger molecules
MIP
Metacapointerphalangeal
Perennial plants
Perennial plants, also known as herbaceous plants, are very diverse. Some perennial plants are called monocarpic when they bloom and bear fruits only once. Polycarpic perennials bloom and bear fruit every year. Compared to annual plants, perennials are hardier. They are characterized by evolved structures that allow their survival for many years. This is typical of rhizomes and bulbs. There are times when perennial plants become deciduous. This means they have alternating periods of growth and dormancy as a response to the change in climate. Evergreen perennial plants grow all year round.
Cervical
Pertaining to the neck or to the cervix of the uterus
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are built from a glycerol backbone as well, but a polar phosphate group replaces one of the fatty acids. The phosphate group lies on the opposite side of the glycerol form the fatty acids making the phospholipid polar at the phosphate end and nonpolar at the fatty acid end. This condition is called amphipathic
PTX
Pneumothorax
PE
Polmonary embolism
*homopolymer
Polymer that is made up of a single repeat unit.
post-op
Post operative
PA & Lat
Posteroanterior and lateral (x-rays)
What is power?
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy.
Pre-adsorption of proteins in Tissue Culture Polysyrene (TCP) can enhance cell adhesion. Compare albumin and fibrogen absorbed.
Pre-adsorption on adhesive proteins in tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) enhances cell adhesion. Cell adhesiveness depends on the type of protein and itc concentration on the surface: 5% cell spreading on albumin coated TCP Up to 100% spreading on fibrinogen coated TCP 0.03 - 3 μg/ml To pre-adsorb: First step - coat with specific adhesion protein; Second step - block with albumin to avoid non-specific binding
How can preignition be avoided?
Preignition can be avoided in the Diesel engine by compressing only air, then spaying fuel into the cylinder after the air is hot enough to ignite the fuel.
PVC
Premature ventricular contractions
PCP
Primary Car Physician
primary culture
Primary culture refers to the stage of the culture after the cells are isolated from the tissue and proliferated under the appropriate conditions until they occupy all of the available substrate (i.e., reach confluence). At this stage, the cells have to be subcultured (i.e., passaged) by transferring them to a new vessel with fresh growth medium to provide more room for continued growth. For primary culture, cells are either used without passaging or passaged very few times because they can change their phenotype (cell characteristics that result from the environment - as opposed to genotype)
PTA
Prior to Arrival
What are the properties fo a free radical? Hwo do they do harm?
Properties: unstable, reactive, autocatalytic (turn interacting molecules into free radicals) Harm: single stain breaks in DNA, fragmentation of membrane lipids, fragmentation or crosslinking of proteins leading to loss of enzymatic function
tetramer
Protein with four polypeptide chains
PIP
Proximal interphalangeal (joint)
ayahuasca
Psych Viridis which contains DMT mixed with Banisteriospis caapi for prep of Ayahuasca in the Amazon rainforest BC contains harmine and harm aline which are MAO inhibitors that potentiate the CNS hallucinogenic action of DMT, the psychoactive hallucinogenic compound in the Psych viridian plant
PERRLA
Pupils equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation
What is the value for the ideal gas law constant R?
R=8.31 J/(mol*K)
ROM
Range of Motion
What cycle would an air conditioner or ordinary refrigerator be the reverse of?
Rankine cycle
What are the 3 characteristics of protein adsorption?
Rapid kinetics Monolayer adsorption Competitive adsorption
C&S
Culture & Sensitivity
How can compression and tensile loads affect cell differnetion?
Cyclic tensile load - cells align in the direction of the applied load and assume an elongated morphology Important for evaluation of cells from the musculoskeletal system Cyclic tensile of compressive load - increases osteoblast mineralization Important - bone mineralization and mineral density
What is cytosol made of?
Cytoplasm (cytosol) - a microcosm of water, ions, sugars and small MW molecules. Contains the energy source - ATP.
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton - 3D architecture and scaffolding, guiding wires for molecular motors (dyneins and kinesins)
Serum Ketones
DKA
D-dimer
DVT
Cyanosis
Dark blue or purple disoloration of the skin
Who promted the introduction o fhte natural system?
Darwin
Salve
Decoctions or infusions are heavilythickened with fatty material until they reach the consistency of butter at room temerature (for external applictation).
Ointment
Decoctions orinfusijons are combined with fatty material until they reach a semi-liquid stat at room temperature (for external application).
DTR
Deep tendon reflex
DVT
Deep vein thrombosis
DJD
Degenerative Joint Disease
What influences degredation rate?
Degradation rate is influenced by the local biological environment - pH, cellular activity, enzymes - e.g., a highly inflammatory environment might speed up degradation Degradation rate is also influenced by the chemical, physical, and morphological properties of degradable polymers: Hydrophilic polymers exhibit faster hydrolytic degradation than hydrophobic polymers (Q: Why?) Amorphous polymers degrade faster than semi-crystalline polymers Polymers with high Tg degrade slower than polymers with low Tg Degradation is a dynamic process and can change over time l-PLA crystallinity increases with degradation which slows degradation over time Acidic degradation products change pH which could accelerate degradation
Conjunctiva
Delicate membrane lining the eyelins and covering the eyeball
Prone
Denoting the position of the body when lying flat, with face downward
Supine
Denoting the position of the body when lying flat, with face up
When would a small or large footprint occure?
Developed for reversible adsorption (e.g. gas), yet applicable. Explanation - the protein footprint varies depending on the adsorption conditions: Larger footprint at lower concentration (time to spread) Smaller footprint at higher concentrations (competition)
DM
Diabetes Mellitus
DM
Diabetes mellitus
DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Dx, dx
Diagnosis
Sanger Sequencing
Dideoxynucleotides halt DNA polymerization at each base, generating sequences of various lengths that encompass the entire original sequence. Terminated fragments are electrophoresed and the original sequence can be deduced.
DED
Died in E.D.
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Materiamedica Who wrote it? How many categories does it describe?
Dioscorides 1 AD 600 categoris
DIP
Distal Interphalangeal (joint)
Transverse
Divides body into upper and lower parts
Midline
Divides the body into left and right sides
DNR
Do not resucitate
What is the species system?
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Did Katie Pick Cucumbers Often For Grandma Sally?)
Vasopressor
Dopamine drip - ___________ Cardiac Drugs
What would cause bioactivity changes of adsorbed proteins?
Due to: Structural and conformational changes Proteins (e.g. enzymes) retain at least some of their activity when adsorbed, especially when surfaces are fully loaded
Atrovent
DuoNeb Updraft (Albuterol with ________): Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment
Albuterol
DuoNeb Updraft (_________ with Atrovent): Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment
Chem7/BMP
E+/- (electrolyte imbalence)
What does ECM regulate?
ECM regulates - cell proliferation, growth, migration, shape, differentiation
q
Each, every
Cerumen
Ear wax
ecological disparity
Ecological disparity: natural objects used by a culture depend on the habit around them
If there is no hot reservoir connected to the engine, how is thermal engery produced?
It is produced internally by nurning the fuel
How is A-DNA different than B-DNA?
It is the less hydrated form (though it's more significant than this) Still like B-DNA it is right handed and antiparallel strands Unlike B-DNA, A-DNA is -wider -shorter -has tilted bases instead of perpendicular ones -C-3', instead of C-2', lies out of the plane, so endo puckering of sugars tha tleads to 11 degree tilting of base pairs -is favored by RNA because steric strain arises in B-DNA where the 2' hydroxyl group's oxygen is too close to the phosphoryl groups. Phosphoryl groups in A-DNA bind fewer H2O than B-DNA so that dehydration favors form A.
What are the two chief objectives of phytography?
Its two chief objectives are acuracy and completeness of description without undue wordiness
What are the units of k?
J/K
JVD
Jugular venous distension
KUB
Kidneys, ureters, bladder (X-ray)
semiconservative replication
Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand
What is Statistical Mechanics?
Microsopic approach to thermal phenomena. COmbines mechanics with statistical ideas in a theroy that predicts averaged macroscopic properties of many particle systems. Microscopic foundation of thermodynamics.
Imitrex
Migraine Relief
Petechia
Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
1550 B.C. Ebers Papyrus.
Egypt. Contains over 700 medicinal "formulas" including uses or opium poppy, castor oil seed and mandrake.
chromatid
Either of the two strands of a replicated chromosome joined at the centromere
Turgor
Elasticity of the skin, the normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel or capillary resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane
EKG (ECG)
Electrocardiogram
ETT
Endotracheal Tube
ETT
Endotracheal tube
number-average molecular weight
Mn; the total weight of all the polymer molecules in a sample divided by the total number of polymers in the sample, Mn = (sigma)XiMi -- where Xi = fraction of total number of chains
EtOH
Ethyl Alochol (consumption, dependency)
Castanea sativa
Europena , wild or cultivated throughout southern Europe, northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia European chestnuts
Dorsal
Rear or Back
Posterior
Rear or Back
What are the reasons for metallic crystal structures to be so densely packed?
Reasons for dense packing: -typically, only one element is present, so all atomic radii are the same -metallic bonding is not directional -nearest neighbor distances tend to be samll in order to lower bond energy -electron cloud shields cores from each other
RBC
Red blood cells
Flourescein
Red, crystalline substance used in diagnostic examination of the eye to detect corneal lesions, abrasions, or foreign bodies
anisotropic
Exhibiting different values of a property in different crystallographic directions
What doe experiemtnes on protein adsorption on cell-material interaction give us insight into?
Experiment types: With purified protein(s) With complex media (more in vivo representative) Insight into: Adsorption rates Protein conformational changes Protein activity retention Cell adhesion to proteins Cell response to proteins (signaling)
EOMI
Extra ocular movements intact
Where are external and internal proteins synthesized?
Extracellular proteins - synthesized in RER or Golgi Intercellular proteins - synthesized on ribosomes
What does FCC stand for?
Face Centered Cubic
matrix metalloproteinases
Family of enzymes that degrade collagen and other ECM components; involved in tissue remodeling; dependent on zinc ions for their activity; types: interstitial collagenases, stomolysins, mambrane-bound matrix metalloproteinases; produced by fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, synovial cells and some epithelial cells
Distal
Farther from limb root
Lateral
Farther from the midline
What does the FTC stand for?
Federal Trade Commission
FHT
Fetal heart tone
What are the types of polymers
Fibers Coatings Adhesives Elastomers Film Foam
What types of collagen are fribrillar and which are nonfibrillar.? Where are these types found?
Fibrillar (most abundant) -Type I: in hard and soft tissues -Type II: rich in cartilage, invertebtal disks, and vitreous of the eye -Type III: soft tissues Nonfibrillar -Type IV: basement mebranes -Type V: soft tissues and blood vessels
FTN
Finger-to-nose (coordination test)
What are Newton's three laws of motion?
First law: If an object experiences no net force, then its velocity is constant. (the object is either at restor moves in a straight line with constant speed) Second Law: The acceleration fo a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force and is inversely proportional to the mass m on the body. (F=ma) Third Law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force a force F2=-F1 on the first body. (for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction)
How dou you indicate
Floral formulae for imperfect flowers on monoecious and dioecious plants
F/U
Follow Up
What does FDA stand for?
Food and Drug Administration
Fx
Fracture
MVC
Motor Vehicle Collision
MAE
Moves all Extremities
MAEW
Moves all extremities well
MI
Myocardial Infarction
Granulation tissue is mad up by myofibroblasts. What are they?
Myofibroblasts - have actin microfillaments (similar to smooth muscle cells) Present in developing granulation tissue Responsible for wound contraction
How are nucleosides linked to their bases?
N-9 of purine (A and G bases) and N-1 of pyrimidine (T, C, and U bases) attached to C-1 of sugar by N-glycosidic linkage
In a solid atoms can oscillat 3 ways. So hwo many atoms are ther with N oscillators?
N/3
NG
Nasogastric
N/V
Nausea and vomiting
N/V/D
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea
Proximal
Nearer to the limb root
Medial
Nearer to the midline
Superficial
Nearer to the surface
Why is it important ot understand myths and legends as an ethnobotanyist?
Need to understand myths and legends that are still believed by the people because it gives them their cosmology - gives them their place in the universe
NTG
Nitroglycerin
NAD
No Acute Distress
NKDA
No Known Drug Allergy
NKA
No known allergies
NKDA
No known drug allergies
Is the ideal gas low true for a real gas in the real world
No, the ideal gas law is an approximation, never exactly true for a real gas in the real world. It is valid in the limit of low density, when the average space between gas molecules is much larger than the size of a molecule. For air (ant other common gases) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the average distance between the molecules is roughly ten times the size of a molecule, so the ideal gas law is accurate enough for most purposes.
NRB
Nonrebreather (oxygen mask)
nl
Normal
NS
Normal Saline
NSR
Normal Sinus Rhythm
NCAT
Normocephalic, atraumatic
NPO
Nothing By Mouth
NPO
Nothing per os (by mouth)
What is a nucleoside and what are they in RNA and DNA?
Nucleoside: a unit consisting of a base bonded to a sugar RNA: adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine DNA: deoxyadensoine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymide
NH
Nursing Home
obs
Observe
RRR
Regular rate and rhythm
Debridement
Removal of foreign matter or dead tissue form a wound
resp
Respiration, repiratory
RR
Respiratory
Resp
Respiratory
DuoNeb Updraft
Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment
Ventolin Updraft
Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment
Xopenex Updraft
Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment
Solumedrol
Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment Allergic Reactions
RICE
Rest, ice, compression
RTER
Return to Emergency Room
RA
Rheumatoid Arthritis
RBBB
Right Bundle Brance Block
RLQ
Right Lower Quadrant
RUQ
Right Upper Auadrant (of Abdomen)
RUE
Right Upper Extremity
RUQ
Right Upper Quadrant
1 A.D. Materia Medica.
Roman, by Dioscorides (military physician). Five volumes became the prototype of all herbals that followed for the next 1300-1400 years. Most plants discussed are still native to Mediterranean basin through Asia Minor.
RA
Room Air
Why is simple cubic structure (SC) rare?
SC structures are rare due to low packing density (only Po has this structure)
SC
SUPRACLAVICULAR
SI
Sacroiliac (joint)
salient taxon
Salient taxon used only whne there is no ambiguity (ex. Mallard duck->salient taxon?->duck)
What language was the earliest herbals written in?
Sanscript
stem-loop
Seen in RNA and one-stranded DNA. complimentary bases of a single strand pair in order to form this structure. Short double-stranded section. Stabilize by 3 or more base pairs, not all pairs have to bind. Metal ions like Mg can help stabilize the unpaired.
Rx
perscription
Hypertension
persistantly high arterial blood pressure
Euthymic
pertaining to a normal mood in which the range of emotions is neither depressed nor highly elevated
Cervical
pertaining to the nex or to the cervix
What is the principle source of hydrocarbons?
petroleum
How to deoxyribose and ribose link to themselves (not to eachother)?
phosphodiesterase bridges form on 3'-hydroxyl group of sugar moiety of nucleotide that is esterfied to phosphate group and joined to 5'-hydroxyl group
Malaise
physical discomfort (as mild sickness or depression), vague feeling of bodily discomfort or illness
What function does the ECM (extracellular matrix) sere?
physical support: cells adhere, signal, interact
reticulate (or net-veined) types
pinnate and palmate venation
epiphyte
plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain
serum
plasma without coagulation proteins
thermoplastic polymer
plastics that sofen when heated (and eventually liquefy) and harden when cooled-processes that are totally reversible and may be repeated
CXR
pneumonia, fx, pneumothorax
PTX
pneumothorax
DNA has directionality called its what?
polarity written 5' to 3' Ex. ACG -3' linked to deoxyguanylate -5' linked to deoxyadenylate
branched polymer
polymers that are synthesized so that side-branch chains are connected to the main ones
cations
positively charged ions
saturated fatty acids
posses only single carbon-carbon bonds
post-op
post operative
tropism
preferred tissue of invation
preg
pregnancy, pregnant
GRAV
pregnant first time
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
Dioscorides
prepared a materia medica w/c scientifically classified 600 different plants according to substance; was the first to write extensively on the careful preparation of drugs as a watchdog to protect us from ineffective medicinals -Dioscorides 1 A.D. wrote -Materiamedica->most influencial herbal -describes 600 categories which are arranged by medical uses
Rx
prescription
script
prescription
When molecules collide with the calls of their contianer they exert a force on each wall. What will this produce in a closed container?
pressure
PCP
primary care physician
PTA
prior to arrival
convergent evolution
process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments a problem for the cladistic principles
angiogensis
process of formationof new blood vessels
organogenesis
process of organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development
Purulent
producing or containing pus
Trismus
prolonged spasm of the jaw muscles
What's the difference between serum and plasma?
pserum is plasma without coagulation proteins
PE
pulmonary embolism
PERRLA
pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation
What does adenine derive from?
purine
What does thymine derive from?
pyrimidine
What do the 5 major nucleic acids derive from?
pyrimidine-UCT purine->AG
What is the width of the peak?
q/swrt(N)
ROM
range of motion
hybridized (DNA)
reanneale DNA from 2 different organisms
What are the major componets of the DNA replication machine?
red-require ATP
What is "contact" between two objects relative to thermodynamics?
some means for the two objects to exchange energy spontaneously, in the form of "heat"
monomer
A stable molecule from which a polymer is synthesized. (a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers)
octahedral position
six ion spheres, three in each of the two planes (two triangles, one on top of the other, outline makes a david's star)
What are the two general types of roots?
(1) those derived from the primary, or semianl (seed) root (2) adventitious roots, whcih are derived in some other way
What are the three broad categories for root systems?
(1) those in which the primary or semianl, root is maintained (2) those in which the adventitious root system originates from the lower portions of a vertial unmodified stem, this root system early replacing the primary root (3) thos e in which advntitious roots involve various kinds of modified stems, such as shizomes, stolons, tubers, corms, and bulbs
What is the total thermal energy in terms of N f k and t? This is the average thermal energy, when is flucations away from the average negligible? Is this thermal energy the total energy of the system?
(1.23) -when N is large -almost never because there is also "statiac" energy that doesn't chage as you change the temperature such as energy stored in chemical bonds or the rest energies (mc^2) of all the particle sin the system
How long can skeletal, cardiac, and nervous tissue withstand ischemia?
skeletal-2 to 3 hours cardiac-20 to 30 min nervous-2 to 3 min
amphipathic
(Latin: ambo:both) A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
crystallite
small crystalline regions that make up a semicrystalline polymer
How does loss of adequate ATP production affect the cell?
(by ischemia, ypoxia, or mitochondrial dysfunction) -sodium pump can't keep up witht eh flux of couterions and water, leading to acute celluar swelling -increase in anerobic glycolissi, meaning adenosine monompophate(AMP) that stimulates enxym phophofructokinase that uses glycogen stores for ATP, increasing glycolysis leads to accumulation of lactic acid and inorganic phosphate hydroliss of Phosphate ester that causes intracellular PH (recall inorganic phosphate is an intracellular buffer) also more osmotic pressure -decrease in pH and ATP-causes Ribosomesl to detach from RER and ploysomes to disconnect inot monomes->cytoskeleton disperses leasing to loss of microvilli and surface blubs -acute cellular swelling -increase anerobic glycolysis->lactic acid build up,decrease in pH, increase in osmotic pressure -loss of cytoskeleton
Seizures
1. The sudden attach or recurrence of a disease 2. A single episode of epilepsy, often named for the tiype it represents
branched polymers
A polymer having a molecular structure of secondary chains that extend from the primary main chains
cross-linked polymers
A polymer in which adjacent linear molecular chains are joined at various positions by covalent bonds.
random copolymer
A polymer in which two different repeat units are randomly distributed along the molecular chain.
linear polymers
A polymer produced from bifunctional monomers in which each polymer molecule consists of repeat units joined end to end in a single chain
network polymer
A polymer produced from multifunctional monomers having three or more active covalent bonds, resulting in the formation of three-dimensional molecules
Angina
A severe, often constricting pain, usually referring to the chest that occurs when your heart does not get enough blood
chromosome
A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.
lysosomes
A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.
What is a circuit?
An electric circuit or electric network is an interconnection of electrical elements linked together in a closed path so that an electric current may flow continuously.
Langmuir isotherm
An equation relating the fraction of the surface sites that are occupied by adsorbed molecules to the concentration of those molecules in the fluid phase that is in equilibrium with the surface.
What is the old concept of inflorescence which no longer applies universally to observed complex inflourescences?
An old concept of inflorescence was based o the sequence of blooming and the position occupied by the oldest flower. Classified into determinate and indeterminate types. determinate type-the oldest flower terminated the main axis and the general progression of blooming was downward or outward indeterminate type-the youngest flower was terminal or central and the progression of blooming was upward or inward
What is the type of equilibrium for each of the following quantities? Energy Volume Particles
Energy-thermal equilibrium Volume-mechanical equilibrium Particles-diffusive equilibrium
Cardiomegaly
Enlarged heart
enrichment
Enrichment - fraction of protein higher on the surface than in the bulk Adsorption of a protein on a surface, depends on its affinity for that surface Ex - inhibition of fibrinogen to PEG 10-fold excess of lower affinity albumin, but only 1/10 of high affinity hemoglobin
Comparte enthalpy,, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy.
Enthalpy----ENERGY you COULD RECOVER if you destroy the system----ENERGY to CREATE the system OUT OF NOTHING and ENERGY to PUT it into the ENVIRONMENT (constant pressure) Helmholtz----WORK that COMES OUT when the system is destroyed----TOTAL ENERGY needed for WORK to CREATE the system, MINUS the HEAT you can get for FREE from the ENVIRONMENT (constant temperature) Gibb's----WORK you RECOVERED when you destroy the system----WORK needed to CREATE the system (constant temeperature and pressure)
FB
Foreign body
What are non-fouling surfaces?
Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces to the detriment of function.
Diarrhea
Frequent discharge of fluid fecal matter
Anasarca
Generalized edema
What is tissue homeostasis regulated by?
Genetic programs of metabolism, differentiation and specialization (remember that genome of each cell is same initially) Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions Environmental conditions (mechanical forces, temperature) Oxygen and food (metabolic substrates) Pathological changes result when normal limits are exceeded, especially for a prolonged time.
Difference between genotype and phenotype
Genotype - every cell in the body has the same genes Phenotype - with selective differentiation, only subset of gene are expressed, yielding a distinct biological profile; genes could be turned off irreversibly as the cell specializes
1554 A.D. Stirpium Historiae Pemptades Sex (Kryteboeck).
German, by Rembert Dodoens. Uses color plates of flowers, includes some plants of Far East ands timulates British interest.
GCS
Glasgow coma scale
list the 7 ceramics
Glass Clay Refractory Abrasives Cements Advanced abrasives
Are nucleosome rigid or dynamic? Why is this feature important? What are the two mechanicsm that ensure the nature of this structure?
Importance of being dynamic: allow on-demand access of specific underlying DNA by proteins involved in gene expression, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Mechanism 1: chromatin-remodeling complex --- protein machine that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the structure of nucleosomes; Mechanism 2: reversible modification of histones.
Why is the SI unit for temperature called kevin?
In 1848 William Thomson proposed the absolute temperature scale with the zero point as -273 degrees C. He was later named Baron Kelvin of Largs.
What is Maxwell's Demon?
In 1867 James CLerk Maxwell posed this question, wondering whether a "very observant and neat figered being" couldn't deflect fast-moving molecule in ode direction and slow-moving molecules in another, therby causing heat to flow from a acold object to a hot one. -though, even a ypothetical "intelligent" demon, it turns out, must create entropy as it processes the information needed to sort moleules -though not eve a demon can violtate the second law of thermodynamics
What is the fundamental assumption of statistical mechanics?
In an isolated system in thermal equilibrium, all accessible microstates are equally probable?
What does direct passage allow through the membrane?
small non-polar molecules (O2, CO2); small polar molecules <~100 Da (water, ethanol, urea); large hydrophobic proteins (hormones)
SSE
soap suds enema
What are the cation/anion radius ranges for linear, triangular, tetrahedral, octahedral, and cubic structures?
Linear: <.155 Triangular: 0.155-0.225 Tetrahedral: 0.225-0.414 Octahedral: 0.414-0.732 Cubic:0.732-1.0
LFT
Liver function test
diffusion
Mass transport by atomic motion
Tincture
Material is bruised or macerated and soaked in a solvent (vinegar, glycerol, oil or alcohol) without heating. The strained "essence" is usually stored in alcohol to increase shelf life.
med, meds
Medication; Medications
polycrystal
solid is comprised of an aggregate of smaller single crystals, like a mosaic
What is h?
Planck's constant
Decoction
Plant material is boiled repeatedly until the liquid content is much reduced and the extract is concentrated. Often thickening to become viscous-gelatinous and very bitter (herbalist in Missouri call this and ooze).
Poultice
Plant material is mashed in a liquid or fat without cookin or staining. It is applied directly to an external part of the baody and is "kept in placed" with a bandage of cloth or leaves (but believed to relieve "internal" problems).
Centromere
Specialized DNA sequence that allows one copy of each duplicated chromosome to be apportioned to each daughter cell
Name some specialized functions fo the ECM
Specialized due to function: Strength - tendon Filtration - kidney glomerulus Adhesion - basement membrane for epithelia Bones and teeth - calcification (strength)
SEM
Systolic Ejection Murmur
What is the relaxation time?
T time required for a system to come to thermal equilibrium
Thrombolytic Agent
TPA per protocol
Infusion
Tea. Fresh or dries plant parts are combined with boiling water for seveal minutes.
What is relased during acute inflammation that sppeds things up?
The process of recognition and attachment is expedited by serum factors "opsonins" - IgG and complement-activated fragment (C3b) Opsonins adsorb to biomaterials and neutrophils and macrophages have corresponding cell-membrane receptors Other blood proteins - fibrinogen, vitronectin, may also facilitate cell adhesion Inflammatory response in tissues depends upon the size of the implant (i.e. is it phagocytosable - < 5 um, or not - > 5 um)
What is temperature?
The quantity that characterizes bodies in thermal equilibrium. The fact that we can define temperature is the 0th Law of Thermodynamics.
noncrystalline
solids that lack a systematic and regular arrangement of atoms over relatively large atomic distances
Why aren't free radicals toxic?
There is a coping mechanism in place. Coping cellular mechanisms: superoxide dismutases (SOD) - facilitate the breakdown of superoxide; gluthatione peroxidase (GHS) - catalyze free radical breakdown, antioxidents - block or scavenge free radicals
V-Fib
Ventricular fibrillation
V-Tach
Ventricular tachycardia
What are considered to be very large numbers in statisical mechanics?
Very large number are even larger than large numbers, and can be made by exponetiating larger numbers. An example would be 10^10^23. Ver large numbers have the amazing property that you can multiply them by arge numbers without chaing them for instance, 10^10^23x10^23-10^(10^23+23)=10^10^23 *when you eventually divide by the same very large number you need to keep track of any leftover factors *one common trick for manipulating very large numbers is to take the logarithm. This operation turns a very large number number. I'll use this trick later in this section.
endosome
Vesicle formed when a cell takes up material from the surrounding environment using the process of endocytosis.
O2
oxygen
What is the stacking sequence of a face centered cubic structure?
abc
Abd
abdomen
abd
abdomen
AAA
abdominal
Tachycardia
abnormal rapid heart beat
Paresthesia
abnormal skin sensations (as tingling or tickling or itching or burning) usually associated with peripheral nerve damage
Melena
abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood (usually from gastrointestinal bleeding)
Menorrhagia
abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation
Bradycardia
abnormally slow heartbeat
AB
abortion
archamydeae
absent or free petals
Ascites
accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity
What is Stirling's approximation?
accurate in the limit where N>>1 this is an approximation, useful because N! can get to be too large for a calculator to calculate
Induration
act of hardening; a specific area of hardened tissue
ASA
acteylsailicylic acid
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
What adaptive response occure due to evniromental insults?
adapative respons is genetic changes (cancer due to abnormal growth
What is doping?
adding impurities to a semiconductor inorder to get a certain number of valence electrons
what are the types of polymerization formation
addition-> intitiation propagation termination and condensation (two diff molecules for and creat new like nylon+water)
What are bases derive from purine?
adenine (A) and guanine (G)
Adipocytes
adipocytes (Latin: adips:fat, Greek:kytos:cell), also called fat cells, are specialized cells whose cytoplasm continas almost nothing but thriglycerides
crosslinked polymer
adjacent linear chains that are joined one to another at various positions by covalent bonds
competitive adsoption
adsorptionof proteins is selective and lead to enrichment of surfaces in certain proteins
What are nodal roots?
adventitious roots that form characteristically in rings from stem tissues around a node
prop or stilt roots
adventitous roots that develop on a trunk or lower branch that begin as aerial root (another ex.: reaching for water) but eventually grow into a substrate fo some type; these roots in some cases seem to proved mechanical support, having either good compression or tensile properties to help support trees at their bases
Signaling has high _______, and ______ interactions.
affinity specific
When did artifical taxonomy end?
after Darwin's orgin of species which was published in nov 1859, spawing the new natural taxonomic system
When is thermal equilibrium reached?
after two objects have been in contact long enough
AMA
against medical advice
toradol
pain control (NSAID)
vicodin
pain control-opiate
Photophobia
pain in the eye resulting from exposure to bright light (often associated with albinism)
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
pain relief
Demerol
pain-narcotic
Pallor
paleness
Pt
patient
What does aboriginal mean?
people native to a place prior to colonization (a pegorative term)
fruit and seed characters
o The fruit of a flowering plant may be defined as a matured ovary and its contents, together with other flower parts that may sometimes adhere to it. The fruit is often an important diagnostic feature of a family or genus: the legume of the Pea Family, for example, or the aggregate of droplets of the blackberry and Raspberry. o A fruit is really a matured ovary containing one or more seeds. o The ovary wall, known as the pericarp, consists of three layers in fruits: the exocarp, or outer layer, which is often the skin; the mesocarp, or middle layer, which may become fleshy; and the endocarp, or inner layer, which is sometimes modified in various ways. o Fruits are formed when an ovary undergoes changes, becoming either dry and hardened or enlarged and fleshy. This maturation process is generally triggered by signals accompanying seed formation. The nature of the fruit in a particular plant will depend, to a large extent, on the nature of the ovary from which it develops. For example, the placentation of the ovules carried in a particular ovary will determine the eventual placement of seeds within the fruit. Also, the number of locules in the ovary will be apparent in the fruit. o A seed is a mature ovule. The typical seed consists of an embryo surrounded and protected by a seed coat, with or without a quality of stored food, known as the endosperm, in which the embryo is embedded.
What are dendrograms and the nodes on them
o like a family tree o species are nodes on a fam tree o use apomerphic characters not primative characters (ancestral or pleisionerphic) o trace to a common ancestor (extinct)
sintering
occurs during firing of a piece that has been powder pressed
Inguinal
of or relating to or near the groin
Sciatic
of or relating to the ischium (or the part of the hipbone containing it)
exstipulate
often stipule ar not produces, and such leaves are exstipulate
block copolymer
one in which identical repeat units are clustered in blocks along the chain
Adding a nucleotide to a 5' while adding to a 3' is an incorrect model. Explain DNA synthesis. What is the leading and lagging strand? What do you call the fragments?
one strand synthesizes continuously while the other synthesizes discontinously
Hydrocarbons
organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen
polymorphic
relating to the crystallization of a compound in two or more different forms
Bragg's law
relationship among x-ray wavelength, interatomic spacing and angle of diffraction for constructive interference
annealing (DNA)
renaturation process
solumedrol
repiratory and allergic
ventolin
respiratory
xopenex
respiratory
ischemia reperfusion
restored blood flow to a previously ischemic (diminished blood flow) tissue
How can ischemia reperfusion cause damage?
return of blood flow-> -increases Calcium and causes loss of cell integrity -activation of immunity responses and local inflammation of cell recruitment that releases potentially deleterious oxygen derived reactive species and cytokine inflammation mediators -damaged mitochondria yield incomplete oxygen that increase free radical species, potentiated by damage cell antioxidant defense mechanisms
What adaptive response occurs when Heart cells are subjecte to imbalance between blood supply and energy demand (ischemia, blood clot)?
reversible or irreversible injury (necrosis (aka myocardial infarction)
When is cell injury reversible and when is it not?
reversible-if stressor is normalized, irreversible-with severe or persistant stess
R
right
RBBB
right bundle branch block
RLE
right lower extremity, right lower extremities
RLL
right lower lobe
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RML
right middle lobe
RUL
right upper lobe
aerial roots
roots formed in and exposed to air ex. by epiphytes and hemiepiphytes; in some species, aerial roots grow downward from tropical tree canopy towards the ground as extremely lon, unbranced roots
contractile roots
roots that become shortened in length (shrivel or shrink in length) and thereby draw the plant or plant part downward into the soil profile; many examples can be found among bulbous plants.
vegetative organs
roots, stems, and leaves
R/O
rule out
r/o
rule out
SI
sacroilic (joint)
What are the diff types of casting
sand casting die casting investment casting continuous casting
Keloid
scar formation cosisting of dense tissue
Adsorption of proteins is ___ and leads ot enrichment of surface in certain proteins.
selective
suffrutescent
semishrubby, the lowest parts of the stems becoming woody and remaining alive over the winter when the higher parts die back (such plants are also refferred to as semishrubs)
Arthralgia
severe pain in joint
STD
sexually transmitted disease
Neuralgia
sharp pain along the course of a nerve or several nerves
Name a popular semiconductor and give its properties?
silicon 14 atomic number covalently bonds to other silocon atoms 4 valence electrons
sericeus
silky
Which is more important in natural taxonomy, similarities or differences?
similarities
What does SC mean?
simple cubic
What is a free radical
single unpaired electron in an outer orbital (hydroxyl - OH , superoxide - O2- , nitric oxide - NO )
mitochondiron
site of cellular respiration; produces energy for the cell (from food molecules)
Gingiva
the tissue (covered by mucous membrane) of the jaws that surrounds the bases of the teeth
Helmholtz free energy
the total energy needed to create the system, minus the heat you can get for free from an environment at temperature T. This heat is given by TdeltaS=dS, where s is the system's final entropy; the more entropy a system has, the more its energy can enter as heat. Thus F is provided out of work if making the system out of nothing. Or, if you anhialte the system the work that comes out is F. since you have to dump some heat, equal to TS, into the environment in order to get rid of the system's entropy. The available, or "free," energy is F.
Why should you care about the number of up and down dipoles?
the total energy of the system (neglecting interactions between dipoles) is determined by the total numbers of up- and sown-dipoles, so specifying which macrostate thsi system is in is the same as specifying its total energy
What is work?
the transfer of energy to or from a system broguht about by a change in external parameter
conduction
the transmission of heat or electricity or sound
alternating copolymer
the two repeated units alternate chain positions
grain boundary
there exists some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet
How do you prevent two objects from coming into thermal equilibrium?
thermal insulation -such as spun fiberglassrmos bottle or the double wall of a the
thermoplastic vs thermoset
thermoplastic-reversible thermoset-heat to form, degrades with heating
How are diamond and graphite related?
they are both polymorphic forms of carbon
Why are Theophrastus and Dioscorides the only herbals mentioned from early western cultural times?
they were the surviving herbals after the fall of Rome
tubers
thickened and fleshy subterranean stems that serve as organs for food storage and reproduction, as in the Irish Potato
Rhinorrhea
thin, watery discharge from the nose
What are mediators?
things that influence the culture in good or bad ways -mediators change from culture ot culture and from year to year
linear polymer
those in which the repeat units are joined together end to end in single chains
How is it that two objects seperated by empty space be able to radiate energy to one another?
through electromagnetic waves
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adhesion belt
tight junctions of same cell connected through actin microfilaments; structural integrity and shear strength to cell sheets
enzymatic dissociation
tissue broken by enzyme, dissociate cells release
What is the goal and outcome of invivo testing?
to assess the systematic reactions to a biomaterial or biomaterial leachable, biocompatible material induce mild inflammatory response and non-biocompatible induce FBR
Lacrimal
to do with tears
Infarct
to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel
TIA
transient ishemic attack
Why are the forms of degree of fredom?
translational motion (x, y, z) rotational motion vibrational motion eleastic potential motion (as stored in a spring)
Cornea
transparent anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye
Tx
treatment
Derive F from the thermodynamic identity.
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Derive Gibb's free energy from the thermodynamic identity.
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Derive the formula fo H from the thermodynamic identity.
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Give the partial derivatives from the Gibbs equation.
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Give the partials for mixed particles.
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Give the square illustration to illustrate the three equations for the four thermodynamic potentials.
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Holding T and either N or V fixed, what is pressure and chemical energy?
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Holding V and N fixed, what is S?
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What are the advantages and disadv of advanced ceramics
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What equation do you use if gibbs free energy is not given for a reaction?
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What's the thermodynamic idnetity?
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Ethnobotony is the marriage between ___________ and _________.
Ethnobotany - marriage between anthropology (ethnology/ethnography) and botany (specifically economic botany, taxonomic, phytochemical and karyology)
How do ehtnology and economic botany united?
Ethnology is the study of cultures and the union of Economic Botany within Ethnology is how cultures have used plants locally and how it has spread globally. The use of medicinal plants that translate from the indigenous people to western medicine and pharmaceuticals, the cultivation and bioengineering of new crops, and the drug trafficking and trade between civilizations are all ways that create a union between Ethnology and Economic Botany.
reservoir
In general, a reservoir in thermodynamics is anything that's so large that its temperature doesn't change noticeably when heat enters or leaves
What happens to the change in F if new entropy is created during a process or if no new entropy is created?
NO new entropy: then Q=TdeltaS, so the change in F is precisely equalt ot he work done on the system. New entropy is CREATED: then Tdelta S will be greater than Q, so deltaF will be less than W (Work includes work done by the environment automatically, all work)
What is ethnobotony?
The interaction and perception of plants by local people. The field of study that analyzes the result of indigenous manipulations of plant materials together with the culture context in which plants are used. marriage of anthropology and botany
Why does only part of the energy absorbed as heat converted to work by a heat engine?
The reason is that the heat, as it flows in, brings along entropy, which must somehow be disposed of before the cycle can start over. To get rid o fthe entropy, every heat engine must dump.
name polymer additives
filler plasticizers stabilizers lubricants colorants flame retardant
What's an easy way to measure change in Gibbs free energy?
Tje easies conceptually is to first measure delta H for the reaction, bu measuring the heat absorbed when the reaction takes place at constant pressure and no "other" work is done. Then calculate deltaS fromt hte entropies of the intial and final states of the system, determiend separeately from heat capcaity data. The compute the above equation.
what is the polymer in hip repla
UHMWPE ultra high molec wei polyethelene
How do you make a gasoline engine more efficient?
Use a higher compression ratio (V1/V2) Unfortunately, if the fuel mixtre becomes too hot it will "preignite" spontaneously before the compression step is complete, causing hte pressur eo t jump upward before point 2 i the cycle is reached.
Who used interviewing to gain knowledge that would lead to the discovery of a cardiac drug derived from purple foxglove?
Used by William Withering on old woman to get Dropsy cure
What are the 4 steps of the Carnot cycle?
a.) isothermal expasion at Th while absorbing heat (going slowly enough so that temperature remains at Th while volume expands in the presence of heat reservoir which keeps it at Th because otherwise as pressure went down due to expansion the temperature would go do, so we keep the temperature at about Th thanks to the heat reservoir. Now enternal energy is not changing which means enternal energy (U=Q-W) (change in energy of the system equal to heat applied to system minus work done by the system) so Qc is zero becuase (Qh-W=Qc). Temperature didn't change so KE didn't change and so enternal energy didn't change. Of course no change in temperature means this is and isothermal process expanding quasistatically. Remeber we are putting in heat Qh so the the change in temp which would other wise drop is not changing and the process is isothermal.) Energy was given away in potnetial energy to the piston and so energy is then given by the heat reservoir with Qh inorder to maintina that U=0. Work done by th system. b.) adiabtic expansion to Tc Now we are removing a bunch of pressure on the piston and the piston goes up dramatically. Increasing volume and decreasing pressure (in an adiabatic process=no Q exchange..heat is not going into the system,), but temperature is now changing to Tc. Not ce how presure and volume are changin rapidlyt on the graph. Some work was done here and we are now at Tc. Work done by the system (positive direction). c.) isothermal compression at Tc while expelling heat Now we need the change internal energy to be 0 so we add pressure slowly so that the temperature stays the same at Tc of the cold reservoir. It stays at Tc while a process is going on (higher pressure, smaller volume, need for temp to go up) so that heat is being transfered to the cold reservoir as Qc. Work is being done to the system (negative direction). d.) adiabatic compression back to Th to get it back to state A we add a bunch of pressure to create adiabatice compression (no change in Q), and work is being done on the system by the piston to compress this. It compresses it a bunch thus doing what? increasing pressure decreasing volume and temp wants to go up much more dramatically than in cc so that we end up back at A where we let expand again with Qh coming in and working being don by the system The system must b put in thermal contact with the hot reservoir during step a and with the cold reservoir during step c.
How do you make the engine less efficient?
by producing more entropy. So heat leaves the hot reservoir, but instead of the heat of the hot reservoir remaining the same, the temperature is less than Th and so heat must then enter the engine so that the entropy is greater (recall the expression fo Q and T in the secon law)
Us the previous expression fo the first law to redefine effeciency. What is significant about this derivation?
efficency can never be greater than 1. I will only equal 1 if Qc is 0.
According to the second law the total entropy of the engine must increase and can never decrease. Since the state of the engine must not change, what happens to the entropy as energy flows?
entropy expeled myst be at least as much as the entropy it absorbs (imagin entropy as a fluid that can be created but never destroyed, thus entropy is always increasing as in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics)
steam engine
external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder , A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)
give the types of cast iron
gray iron -weak and brittle in tension -strong in compression -good vibrational dampening -wear resistant ductile iron -pearlite matrix which is stronger but less ductile, nodual grapite -add Mg and/or Ce white iron -<1 wt% Si -very hard and brittle -pearlite and cementite malleable iron -good strength and ductility -rostets -treated white iron at 800-900 deg C Compacted graphite iron -good thermal conductor -resistant to thermal shock -lower oxid at higher temps
firing
heat treat 900-1400 deg C
What is hte hot and cold reservoir in a steam engine?
hot reservoir-the place where the fuel is burned cold reservoir-the surrounding environment
Otto cycle
is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition reciprocating engines. It is named after Nikolaus A. Otto, who built a successful four-stroke engine in 1876 in Germany using the cycle proposed by Frenchman Beau de Rochas in 1862. The ideal Otto cycle, which closely resembles the actual operating conditions, utilizes the air-standard assumptions. It consists of four internally reversible processes:
vitrification
liquid gas forms from clay and lux flows between SiO2 part
What are the general features of cast iron?
low melting temp generally brittle Fe3C decomposes to 3Fe (ferrite)+C (graphite) (remember cast iron skillet)
How do you avoid making new entropy in a heat engine? (thus making it more efficient)
make the temperature of ht eworking substance equal the temperatue of the heat reservoir. This isn't possible though because heat won't flow between objects of the same temperature. So, lets make Tgas slightly less than Th. In order to do this, gas must expand isothermally at Th while absorbing heat Qh (the heat coming from the hot reservoir). At the same time we want the waste temperature to only be infintesimally greater than Tc, to avoid creating new entropy. So, as the heat leaves the gas we need to compress it isothermally at a temperature just greater than Tc. In order to get the gas from one temperature to the other and back. We don't want any het to flow in or out when the gas is at intermediate temperatures, so these intermediate stes must be adiabatic. Thus we have the Carot Cycle composte of four steps.
methods of making composites
pultrusion -cont resin through resin tank and so on filament winding
What is a heat engine?
some waste heat nto its environment.any device that absorbs heat and converts part of that energy into work (ex. steam engine, not the internal combution engine which doesn't actually absorb heat unless you pretend the thermal energy comes from outside rather than inside then it can be considered a heat engine.)
How do you form polymers
spinning extrusition compression molding blown film
What is enthalpy?
the energy of a system and the work needed t omake room for it, in a n environment with constant pressure. THis is the total energy you need to create the system out o nothing and put it in such an environment. Since the initial volume is 0, delta V is 0.
What is an engine's "working substnce?"
the material that actually absorbs heat, expels waste heat, and does work (the gas!)
How can you get electrical work from a fuel cell?
the reverse of the above.
economic botany
the study of the relationship between plants & people. This field of study explores the numerous ways humans employ plants for food, medicine, textiles, shelter, religion and more
drying
water rem decreases interpart spaces
why does water make clay softer
weakens van der waals bonding when getting b/n layers
mis forming o fmetals
welding powder metallaurgy
How participant observation/cultural immersion useful?
• ◦Collect information on plants used by the people through subsistence activities and ritual behaviors ◦Shows how people put knowledge into practice
