Misc. I

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grain boundary

The interface separating two adjoining grains having different crystallographic orientations.

Fundus

The large, upper end of te the uterus, also the bottom aperature for the internal surface of the hollow organ (e.g. eye, uterus, stomach)

What is the thermodynamic limit?

The limit where a sysem becomes infinitely large, so that measurable fluctuations away from the most likelymacrostate never occur.

Replication origin

The location at which duplication of the DNA begins

blood cultures

Sepsis

What are organs?

Several types of tissues arranged into a functional unit Epithelial cells - performs specialized work; connective tissue - support; blood vessels - nourishment Basic organ types: Hollow Compact

SOB

Shortness of Breath

shrub

Shrub - a loose descriptive term for a woody plant which produces multiple stems, shoots or branches from its base, but does not have a distinct single trunk.

How are lipids transported through the blood?

Since lipids are insoluble in aqueous solution, they are transported in the blood via lipoproteins

monocots

Single cotyledons (embryonic seed leaf). Flower parts in 3s or multiples of 3s, vascular tissue in scattered bundles, fibrous root system, leaves with parallel veins.

Sinus Rhythm

VSS

Sital Signs Stable

Situated in fron of or directed toward the front

Bradycardia

Slow heart rate

What are considered to be small numbers in statistical mechanics?

Smal numbers are small numbers, like 6, 23, and 42. You already know how to manipulate small numbers.

SBO

Small bowel obstruction

Anatomical Position

Standing erect, arms at thte sides, with palms facing forward

Cachectic

State of ill appearance and malnutrition

s/p

Status Post

SLR

Straight-left raise

strep

Streptococus

Injury of cells are dependent on cell type. Compare hwo different cell types tolerate ischemia,

Striated skeletal muscle can tolerate ischemia - 2-3 h Cardiac muscle - 20-30 min (non-contractile 1-2 min) CNS neurons - 2-3 min

What happens to the multiplicity as the system gets larger?

The multiplicity gets sharper, meaning there is more multiplicity for fewer macrostates because other macrostates are less probable. Imagin a gaussian curver getting thinner as the system gets larger.

Suprapubic

SVT

Supraventricular tachycardia

How strong are the surface membrane interactions and what are the interactions>

Surface membrane proteins - weaker lipid-protein or protein-protein interactions Surface proteins - cytoskeletal interactions, cell motility, transduction of transient signals

Cholecystectomy

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

Diaphoresis

Sweating

mycorhiza

Symbiotic relationship between fungus and a plant root (called a fungus root). The hyphae penetrate the root cells. The fungus provides minerates (nitrogen and phosphorous) and the plant provides sugar.

Symptoms

What are some synthetic and natural hydrogel types?

Synthetic (man-made) PEG PVA PLA PGA PA PMMA pHEMA Natural (natural sources, typically ECM proteins) Collagen (connective tissue protein) Fibrinogen (glycoprotein) Laminin (basement membrane protein) Hyaluronic acid (ECM glycosaminoglycan) Agarose (red algae) Alginate (brown seaweed)

Distinguish synthetic polymvers from natural polymers.

Synthetic (vs natural polymers): No immunotoxicity Reproducible Wide range of properties defined by user

What is the atomic packing factor?

Tells how efficently attoms are packed

TTP

Tender to palpation

trans (structure)

The CH3 and H reside on opposite sides of the carbon double bond

cis (structure)

The CH3 and H reside on the same side of the carbon double bond

What is the first Tea Classic and when was it written?

The Classic of Tea or Tea Classic is the very first monograph on tea in the world, written by Chinese writer Lu Yu between 760 CE and 780 CE during the Tang Dynasty.

Rankine cycle

The Rankine cycle is a cycle that converts heat into work. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water. this cycle generates about 80% of all electric power used throughout the world, inculding virtualy all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, A scottish polymath

Who is Carolus Linnaeus?

The Swedish botanist who is known as the father of modern taxonomy. He also observed the Lap in Lapland who were using utricularia to make cheese.

Hallucinations

The apparent, often strong subjective perception of an object or even whe no uch stimulus or situation is present; may be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile

allosteric

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.

Why does protein absorption matter to biomaterials?

The body recognizes and responds to biomaterials due to fast protein adsorption upon implantation. The proteins are then recognized by integrin receptors present on most cells.

What is Thermal Physics?

The branch of physics that deals with systems consiting of large numbers of particles.

What's happening when you charge a battery?

The chemical reaction is running in reverse.

face-centered cubic (FCC)

The crystal found for many metals has a unit cell of cubic geometry, with atoms located at each of the corners and the centers of all the cube faces.

Fick's First Law

The diffusion flux is proportional to the concentration gradient. The relationship is employed for steady-state diffusion situtations.

What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics?

The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has. Specifically, the netropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero.

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

The entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium almost always increases. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium-thestate of maximum entropy of the system-in a process known as "thermalization." Equivalently, perpetual motion machines fo the second kind are impossible.

Equipartition Theorem

The equipartition theorem states that energy is shared equally amongst all energetically accessible degrees of freedom of a system. The equipartition theorem - the energy is shared out evenly amongst the x, y, and z translational degrees of freedom.Specifically, it states that each quadratic degree of freedom will, on average, possess an energy ½kT. A 'quadratic degree of freedom' is one for which the energy depends on the square of some property. Consider the kinetic and potential energies associated with translational, rotational and vibrational energy. Translational degrees of freedom K = ½ mv2 Rotational degrees of freedom K = ½ Iω2 Vibrational degrees of freedom K = ½ mv2 V = ½kx2

How does the immune system function? What is autoimmunity/

The immune system exist to defend the host against infections organisms, i.e. determining self from not-self; in most cases no "innocent bystanders" Autoimmunity - inappropriate response to self, is a chronic, life-threatening disease Severe infections could be fatal as a direct consequence of the host immune response

lattice

The regular geometrical arrangement of points in crystal space.

What is a dichotomous question?

The simplest form of a fixed alternative question that allows only a "yes" or "no" response.

When does the flow of energy between two einstein solids (A and B) stop?

The spontaneous flow of energy stops when a system is at, or very near, its most likely macrostate, that is, the macrostate with the greatest multiplicity

How can the cell-substrate potentially alter the cells>>

The substrate could alter: Adhesion Morphology Migration Proliferation Cell-cell communication Gene expression Production of ECM Differentiation Cellular signaling

What is Kirchoff's current law?

The sum of the currents entering a node must equal the sum of the currents exiting a node.

Fick's Second Law

The time rate of change of concentration is proportional to the second derivative of concentration. This relationship is empolyed in nonsteady-state diffusion situations.

hexagonal close-packed (HCP)

The top and bottom faces of the unit cell consist of six atoms that form regular hexagons and surround a single atom in the center

How does water on the surface of protein adsorbed Tissue Culture Polysyrene (TCP) compare to uncoate TCP?

The uncoated has droplets while the coated is absorbed/spread and no droplets are visible?

What is voltage?

The voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to move a unit positive charge from the -terminal to the + terminal. The unit of voltage is the volt, V.

Enquiry into Plants. Who wrote it? Why is it significant?

Theophrastus (371-287 BCE)-He described 500 categories in the mediterranian Largest for Folk Herbals (2 multivolume books) was among the first that grouped plants into life form (such as woody, nonwoody, etc.)

What makes a gas an ideal gas

These gases don't interact. They are dilute enough sothat the intermolecular forces can be neglected within collisions The molecules behave as free particles which have KE, but no PE.

What do hepatocytes lose when they are co-cultured in vitro? How do you avoid this?

They lose their ability to produce albumin (the carrier of hydrophobic protiens). Co-culturing with fibroblast allow them to keep producing albumin. Hepatocytes adhered to collagen-coated regions; fibroblasts adhered to serum coated regions; non-fouling PEG separated the two cell types.

T-spine

Thoracic spine

TPA per protocol

Thrombolytic Agent

Tight junctions

Tight junctions seal cells together, making a sheet that prevents small molecule passage (but not water); basis for high electrical resistance of epithelia

Extension

To straighten

trach

Trachea, tracheotomy, tracheostomy

trach

Tracheotomy, tracheostomy

How was it discovered that DNA formed specific base pairs? What did this lead to?

X-ray diffraction photographs of fibers of DNA taken by Maurice WIlkins and ROalind Franklin indicated DNA formed regular helical strucutres. Watson and Crick then deduced a structural model for DNA.

YTD

Year to date

What is another form of DNA besides A-DNA and B-DNA and how is it unique?

Z-DNA it is a left handed double helix with a zig zag backbone. It is the narrowest of the 3 forms of DNA and it's unqiue shape show how DNA can be flexible and dynamic.

Lasix

_____-diuretic Cardiac Drugs

Plavix

______ (generic=clopidogrel) antiplatelet

Pepcid

______-H2 antagonist Antacid

Heparin drip

_______ ____ -antcoagulant Cardiac Drugs

anticoagulant

_______ ____ -antcoagulant Cardiac Drugs

Tagament

_______-H2 antagonist Antacid

Protonix

_______-Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Antacid

Atropine

_______-antiarrhythmic Cardiac Drugs

Dopamine drip

________ ____ -vasopressor Cardiac Drugs

Cardizem

________-antianginal, antiarrhythmic, htn Cardiac Drugs

Antenolol

________-antianginal, htn Cardiac Drugs

Vicodin

________/Lortab Pain Control-Opiate

Clonidine

_________-htn Cardiac Drugs

What's the difference between a battery and a fuel cell?

a battery has a fixed interal supply of fuel

bladless

a blade is reduced to only a midrib or is completely lacking

Vein

a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart

Cyanosis

a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes

Albuterol

a bronchodilator (trade names Ventolin or Proventil) used for asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions

polymerization

a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound

Cirrhosis

a chronic disease interfering with the normal functioning of the liver

polycrystalline

a crystalline solid composed of a collection of many grains

Carnot Cycle

a cycle (of expansion and compression) of an idealized reversible heat engine that does work without loss of heat First pointed out by Sadi Carnot in 1824.

What is the working substance in an internal combustion engine?

a fas, intitially a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline. This mixture is first injected into a culinder and compressed, adiabatically, by a piston.

What is ethnobotony?

a focus within ANTH that examines the relationship between humans and plants in different cultures

Avulsion

a forcible tearing or surgical separation of one body part from another

organ

a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function

proteoglycans

a glycoprotein consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells.

compound leaf

a leaf with more than one nlade is a compiound leaf, and its blaeds are called leaflets

solvent

a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

shrub

a low woody perennial plant usually having several major branches

paramagnet

a material in which the constituent particles act like tiny compass needles that end to align parallel to any externally applied magnetic field Paramagnetism is a magnetic alignment that lasts only as long as an external field is applied

claudistics

a method that classifies organisms according to the order in which they diverged from a common ancestor/ the greater the number of derived characters shared by the clades the more recently the groups will show a common ancestor

Dilaudid

a narcotic analgesic (trade name Dilaudid) used to treat moderate to severe pain

anion

a negatively charged ion

Hydrogel

a network of polymer chains (natural or synthetic) that are hydrophilic. Hydrogels can contain over 99.9% water and due to their significant water content, possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue.

Ibuprofen

a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (trade names Advil and Motrin and Nuprin) used to relieve the pain of arthritis and as an analgesic and antipyretic

What is phytography?

a part of taxonomy which deals with descriptions of plants and their various organs

Macule

a patch of skin that is discolored but not usually elevated

subshrub

a plant having the stature of a shrub but not completely woody; lower stems are woody, upper portions are herbaceous -subshrub habit changes based on distribution of the plant (Ex budlegi->buddlias) -some plants take subshrub habit under extreme conditions (ex. Grapes in one climate)

herb

a plant lacking a permanent woody stem

cation

a positively charged ion

Rale

a rapid series of short loud sounds (as might be heard with a stethoscope in some types of respiratory disorders)

Grand mal

a seizure (or a type of epilepsy characterized by such seizures) during which the patient becomes unconscious and has convulsions over the entire body

What is a diode?

a semiconductor that consists of a p-n junction

spathe

a single conspicuous bract the subtends a flower cluseter (usually a fleshy spike) spathes are often ornamental

Chromosome

a single large macromolecule of DNA plus the DNA-bound proteins which serve to package and manage the DNA.

grain

a small single crystal

lectotype

a specimen selected from the original material to serve as the type when no holotype was designated or if it becomes missing

Syncope

a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain

syndiotactic

a stereoisomer with R groups that alternate sided of the chain

isotactic configuration

a stereoisomer with all R groups situated on the same side of the chain

atactic configuration

a stereoisomer with random R group arrangement

How was early hierarchial systems of artifical taxonomy?

a superficial classification

tree

a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown

Cauex or lignotuber

a taproot that has fused with the stem may become woody. Lignotubers often occur in seasonally dry or fire-prone habitats, and the plants appear to use this strategy to recover from dormancy or fire.

lattice

a three-dimensional array of points coinciding with atom positions (or sphere centers)

WDWN

Well-developed, well-nourished

Which is a leading? -Does this plant have a name? -What is the name of this plant?

What is the name of this plant? is a leading question

Confluent

When cells cover 100% of the allotted surface Proliferation ceases at confluence due to contact inhibition (for normal cells; typically lost in cancer cells)

trifoliate leaf

When the leaflets are in threes, as in most Clover leaves, the leaf is usually termed trifoliate leaf

Why is DNA used to carry gentic information rather than RNA?

While both have increased stability from the negatively charged phosphodiester linkages that repels nucleophilic species that would otherwise hydrolize them, DNA is more stable because the lack of the 2'-hydroxly group increases its resistance to hydrolysis.

WBC

White Blood Count

Why is Langmuir isotherms used for monolayers?

Why a monolayer: Adsorption isotherms fall within the range expected for closely-packed protein monolayer, depending on diameter and orientation of protein Existence of limited sites (competition) with the monolayer being the limit

Now express the efficency in terms of temperature instead of heat. (this was the point of the previous question)

Why this matters..we can now use temperature to determine efficency. What we get from this is: In order to obtain maximum efficency the cold reservoir nedds to be very cold, or the hot reservoir needs to be very hot, or both. The smaller the ratio Tc/Th, the more efficient you engine can be.

TIA

Transient Ischemic Attack

Cornea

Transparent coat of the eyeball covering the iris and pupil, allowing light into the eye

Treatment

tree

Tree - a woody, perennial plant with a single main stem, generall branching at some distance from the ground and possessing a more or less distinct, elevated crown.

Tribal System

Tribal system of naming usually doesn't change form culture to culture, breaks down to salient taxon, this is used throughout the culture when there is no ambiguity

tubers

Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients. They are used by plants to survive the winter or dry months, to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season, and as a means of asexual reproduction.[1] There are both stem and root tubers stem tubers-ex. potatoes. root tubers-ex. sweet potatoes

TOA

Tuboovarian Abscess

Pronator

Turning of the palm of the hand downward by medial forearm rotation

Supinator

Turning of the palm of the hand upwards by lateral forearm rotation

Tympanic Membrane

What are the 5 types of collagen?

Type I - - ubiquitous in hard and soft tissues Type II - cartilage, intervertebral disk, vitreous of the eye Type II - soft tissues Type IV and V - non-fibrillar - soft tissue, blood vessels

What are the 4 basic types of basic tissues?

Types: Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle Nervous tissue Distinctive microscopic appearance and function

UTI, Hematuria

Ultrasound

umb

Umbilical

Margaret Mead

United States anthropologist noted for her claims about adolescence and sexual behavior in Polynesian cultures (1901-1978)

How much DNA do humans share?

Unrealate humans share at least 99% of their DNA

UTD

Up to date

URI

Upper Respiratory Infection

Superior

Upper, nearer to crown of head

Dyspepsia

Upset stomach or "Indigestion" characterized by epigastric pain, burning or nausea

Urinalysis

UTI

Urinary Trach Infection

UDS

Urine Drug Screen

Lortab

Vicodin/Lortab Pain Control-Opiate

Vital Signs

WNL

Within Normal Limits

Afebrile

Without fever

Rosalind Franklin

Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA

What cell systems are vulnerable to cell injury?

Vulnerable cell systems: Membrane integrity ATP generation Protein synthesis Genetic apparatus integrity

W/D

Warm and Dry

Cerumen

ear wax

What is the difference between elastic and perminate deformations?

elastic deformation: -bonds not broken -changing PE and it springs back to original shape perminate deformation -crystals slip past one another -may be breaking bonds, potentially

How is elastin different from collagen?

elastin is extensible

If collagen fibriils are nonextensible then why are structures made up of collagen flexible?

elastin is present

Olcranon

elbow

EKG

electrocardiography

What characterizes a good conductor?

electrons can detach and flow easily

Matirx turnover is low in healthy mature tissue, where might you expect it to be high?

embryonic development

What does the natural taxonomic system do that the others do not? What do you need to know for this system?

employs Darwins ideas of evolution now we look at life history and are thinking about species as not being unique, but rather originating from a coommon origin so similarities are more important than differences, was birth of phylogenetic tree need to know if the plant is primative (early) or advanced (evolved)

ESRD

end-stage renal disease

How does DNA polymerase mistakes get fixed?

endonucleases attach to bad polymerase and chew it away so it can start over again (like an eraser)

What is heat

energy transferred during heat (thermal energy is energy stored in a body, while heat is energy trnasfered between two bodies)

Cardiomegaly

enlarged heart, an abnormal enlargement of the heart

Hematosplenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen and liver

What is the role of the FDA and FTC?

ensure that beneficial, safe, high-quality products are acailable and associated with truthful and not misleading claims

ECM is synthesized and rmoldled in response to what?

environmental cues

epi

epinephrine

Define: Diffusion Equilibrium

equilibrium in which the molecules of each substance are free to move around but no longer have any tendency to move one way or another

scape

erect leafless flower stalk growing directly from the ground as in a tulip

ETOH

ethyl alcohol

What is the difference between dicots and eudicots

eudicots are the modern dicots others are condsidered paleodicots referring to primative oragins difference is in pollen structure

q.d.

every day

q.h.

every hour

Diaphoresis

excessive or profuse sweating or perspiration

Colectomy

excision of the colon

EOMI

extra ocular movement intact

FHT

fetal heart tone

ligament

fibrous tissue, binding bones together

corms

fleshy, upright, subterranean stems that bear papery modified leaves or scales, as in the the Crocus

f/u

follow up

saturated

for a hydrocarbon, all bonds are single bonds and no new atoms may be joined without removal of others that are already bonded

Why might all accessible microstates not be equally probable

for a large system the number of acessible microstates is usually so huge that only a miniscule fration of them could possibley occur within a lifetime while all microstates of two small einstein solids are equally probable, some macrostates are not (think back to making a the table of energy quanta in an oscillator, there is only one way to arrange 1 1 1)

foreign body

tetrahedral positoin

four atoms (three in one plane, and a sinle one in the adjacent plane) surround one type

fracture

enrichment

fration of protein higher on the surfane than in the bulk

Alexis Carrel

french surgeon and nobel prize recipient who claimed to have cultured immortal chicken heart cells

What 2 ways can transmembranes transport?

from channels or vesicle formation

Which way does the conventional current flow through a diode?

from p-type to n-type

FROM

full range of motion

gall bladder

Compare the efficiency of gasoline engines and diesel engines.

gasoline typically 20-30% efficiency diesel typically 40% efficiency

What happens if you plug in N/NA for n into the ideal gas law?

getting grouped with R, the new value becomes k and you get PV=NkT

What are ethnobotanical artifacts?

gifts of sorts given by people in the culture (like a warrior canoe)

GCS

glasgow coma scale

How do you fabricate ceramics

glass blowing fiber drawing pressing sheet forming hydroplastic forming (extrusion for ceram with dry and fire) slip casting (pour into mold, dry and fire) power pressing (uniaxial (on direct push), isostatic (envelope put in water(, hot pressing, press+heat) tape casting (sheets of cer cast as flexible tape cementation -harending of paste-when mix cement with water -hardeningprocess-hydration -goes one way -Portland cement

GAGs

glycoaminoglycans

GSW

gun shot wound

caapi

hallucinogenic plant from the family Malpighiaceae used by South American Amazonian tribes

How do you form metals

hamer/forgeing rolling drawing extrusion

Tissue culture?

harvest of cells and their growth in an artificial environment

orthotropic

have three mutually perpendicular planes of property symmetry and can have different material properties along each axis

comose

having a tuft of hair, as many seeds

punctate

having dots or pits, these often waxy or glandular

glochidiate

having hairs that are barbed at the tip

hirsute

having moderately stiff sperate hairs

Afebrile

having no fever

Mottled

having spots or patches of color

What can cause melting?

heating -adding acid or alkali to minimize bases

HCT

hematocrit

Hgb

hemoglobin

Epistaxis

hemorrhage from the nose; nose bleed

Qwual-size energy units occur for any quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillator. What is the size of the energy units?

hf where h is Plank's constant (6.63X10^-34 J*s) and f is the natural frequency fot the oscillator (1/(2pi)sqrt(Ks/m)

How does the tissue capillary network vary on tissue type?

high densisty network in areas of high oxygen need Cartilage - requires less nutrition Heart valves - very thin

Give the meaning of higher and lower temperature objects in terms of energy.

higher temperature-"gives up energy" lower temperature-"sucks in energy"

Hyperkalemia

higher than normal levels of potassium in the circulating blood

h/o

history of

Urticaria

hives; an eruption of wheals on the skin accompanied by itch

graft copolymer

homopolymer side branches of one type may be grafted to homopolymer chains that are composed of different repeat units

macrostate

how many of a kind (ex. flip a coin 8 times, how many heads or tails there are is the macrostate) (ex. flip a coin 3 times the microstate is HHT, so the macrostate is HH)

What is potential difference?

how much work being done to move a charge from point A to point B

hCG

human chorionic gonadotropin

isomerism

hydrocarbon compounds with the same composition that have different atomic arrangements

hydrolisis

hydrolisis (Greek: lysis: separation), Breakage of one single molecule into two with the entrance of a water molecule

hydrophilic

hydrophilic (Greek: philos: love) moecules dissolve easily in water because their negatively charged ends attract the positively charged hydrogens of water, and their positively charged end attract the negatively charged oxygen of water. Thus, water molecules surround (solvate) a hydrophilic molecule separating it from the group

name 3 free radicals.

hydroxyl superoxide nitric oxide

HTN

hypertension

What is the adaptive response results from subjecting the heart to increased load (high blood pressure)?

hypertorpy (enlargement of cells and eventually the heart

phyllodia

if the blade is present but much reduced, the leaves may be called phyllodia

ternate leaf

if the leaf blade is divide more than once into threes, as in some memeber of the Parsnip family, it is called ternate leaf

alternate leaf arrangement

if the leaves are arranged singly on the stem, one leaf at a node, they are alternate in arrangement, but the angle between the leaf and the one directly above it may vary considerabley and may be expressed by a numerical fraction indicating the degree fo rotation o fht einternode befor the next leaf is reached

opposite leaf arrangement

if the leaves are paired on the stem, two at each node, they are opposite.

ferromagnet

if the particles interact strongly enough with each other, the material can magnetize even without any externally applied field such as iron

whorled arrangement

if three or more leaves occure at asingle node, they are whoreled.

Aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area (impairing understanding)

stipulare spines

in some plants the sipule may be modified into thron=like structues, whicha re then called stipular spines

What 2 assays asses biocompatibility?

in vitro & in vivo

random copolymer

in when two different polymer chains randomly dispersed along the chain

hypertrophy

increase in size of cells ex. High BP causes this in heart leading to cardioamegaly

hyperplasia

increase inn cell number

What does raising the temperature do to raising the temperature of semiconductors?

increase it

What does raising the temperature do to an insulator's conductivity?

increases it

CBC

infection, anemia

the number of allowed wavefunctions is ___, but the number of independent wavefunctions is ____

infinite finite if the total available position space and momentum space are limited

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the gall bladder

Bronchitis

inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes

Paronychia

inflammation of the nail fold

Pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura of the lungs (especially the parietal layer)

reproductive organs

inflorescences, flowers, fruits, and seeds

Inf

infusion, inferior, infection

polyHema

inhibits macrophage adherence while TCP allows it

What is the intial inflammatory respone activated by?

injury to vascularized connective tissue

IDDM

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Which of the following are not components of the ECM? Laminin proteoglycans integrins elastin hyaluronan glycoproteins fibroblasts collagen

integrin and fibroblasts

What are the receptor that cells use to attach to certain proteins?

integrins

Subclasses of MMP

interstitial collagenase stromelysins gelatinases

ICU

intesive care unit

What are the 3 layers of the blood vessel?

intima (primarily endothelium) media (primarily smooth muscle and elstin) adventia (primarily collage)

intramuscular

intravenous

IVP

intravenous pyelogram

isotropic

invariant with respect to direction

Nystagmus

involuntary, rapid movement of eyeball

Two elements on opposite sides of the periodic table are likely covalent or ionic?

ionic

What interaction are important to stabilizing nucleosome care particles

ionic interations and H bonds

necrosis

irreversible tissue injury -when due to ischemia it is also called infaction, ex. myocardial infarction (MI)

How does ischemia affect the heart and other dependent organs? Break it down in min. This is why CPR is so important.

ischemia to heart -1-2 min->myocardial cells become noncontractile -3-5 min neurons die (1-2 min til loss of blood flow 2-3 min til neuronal death) -20-30 min cardiac muscle dies

Which is worse, ischemia or hypoxia?

ischemia, because in addition to reduced oxygen due to reduced blood flow, waste builds up in the tissue and could be potentially toxic

When is a polycrystal isotropic and anisotropic?

isotropic-if grains are randomly oriented anisotropic-if grains are textured

Heisenberg uncertainty priciple

it is impossible to know both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time., the principle that states that

Why is an ethnobotonist encouraged to explore the folklore?

it often offers a perspective on plant importance to the people

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ?

JVD

jugular venous distention

What is k a converting factor for?

k is essentially a conversion factor between temperature and molecular energy, at least for this simple piston system

lac

laceration

LDH

lactate dehydrogenase

Prunus avium

large Eurasian tree producing small dark bitter fruit in the wild but edible sweet fruit under cultivation sweet cherries

When do small and large footprints develop

large footprinst happen at lower concentration (time to spread) smaller footpints occure at higher cncentratons (competition

What does endocytosis allow the ?passage of

large molecules or particles (vs exocytosis) Transporters exhibit strong specificity

Lat

lateral

LAD

left anterior descending

LBBB

left bundle branch block

LLL

left lower lobe

LUL

left upper lobe

LUQ

left upper quadrant

LVH

left ventricular hypertrophy

The ___ spread out the wavefunction is in position space, the ___ spread out it must be in momentum space, and vice versa.

less, more

stellate

like a star (hairs having radiating branches)

LOC

loss of consciousness

What does raising temperature do to the conductivity of a wire?

lowers it

hyaluronan

lubricating/cushioning properties: useful for protecting corneal endothelium during ocular surgery. Intra-arcticular injection is + for pts with osteoarthritis. has anti-adhesive properties and may be useful in post surg wound healing

lumbar puncture

What is responsible for catabolism in the cell?

lysosomes and proteasomes

What is a ceramic?

made from 2 different types of atomic electronegativity (ionic bonding)

Surface erosion

mainly is hydrophobic polymers, such as polyanhydrides and poly(ortho esters) in which the rate of bond cleavage is faster than water diffusion into the gel; bulk device structure remains unchanged until complete degradation; release properties correlate with mass loss

How might the collection and use of ethnobiological artifcats be used to test hypotheses?

many cultures expereince ecological disparity and may not have access or the knowledge used to create artifact such as metal tools

Why would a plant from the solanun/solanaceae family offend a mexican healer?

many of those plants are poisonous and showing the healer that plan would insinuate the healer is a witch

What are microst from quenched to nonq end in jominy quen test

mart mart+pearl fine pearl pearl

*Burgers vector

mathematical representation of the magnitude and direction of distortions in a lattice caused by dislocations

tendrils

may be slender, twining brances used for supprot by climbing plants such as Grapes, or , in other plants, may be a leaf origin.

amorphous

meaning literally without form, noncrystalline

meds

medications

What principle do thermometers work on?

mercury thermometer->thermal expansion digital thermometer->electrical property (resistance of standard object)

MCP

metacarpophalangeal (joint)

What invention propelled the introduction of the artificial taxonomic system?

microscope

histology

microscopic study of tissue structure

MCA

middle cerebral artery, motorcycle accident

imitrex

migraine

Pulmonaria

mint family, leaves look like lungs

What is and Eistein solid?

model of a solid as a collection of identical oscillators with quantized energy units are first proposed by albert einstein in 1907

bracts

modified leaves or scales from the axils of which flowers or flowering branches are produced

bracts

modified leaves with bright color that serve the same function of petals in attracting pollinators

rhisomes

modular growth of modified stem

macromolecule

molecules in polymers that are gigantic in comparison to the hydrocarbon molecules

unsaturated

molecules that have double and triple bonds

bifunctional

monomers discussed that have an active bond that may react to form two covalent bonds with other monomers forming a two-dimensional chain-like molecular structure

trifunctional

monomers that have three active bonds from which a three-dimensional molecular network structure results

phyllotaxy

most plants maintain a single kind of arrangement, or phylotaxy, of their leaves throughout; but occasionally a plant may be variable in this characteristic, having perhaps alternate leaves below andopposite leaves higher ont he stem.

osmosis

movement of water across the membrane due to concentration gradient

network polymer

multifunctional monomers forming three or more active covalent bonds making three-dimensional networks

composite

multiphase material that is artificially made

Myalgia

muscular pain

myocardial infarction

How are the constants R and K related (give a formula)?

nR=Nk

N/V/D

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

anions

negatively charged ions

thermosetting polymer

network polymers that become permanently hard during their formation and do not soften upon heating they have covalent crosslinks between adjacent molecular chains

NVID

neurovascularly intact distally

angiogenisis

new blood vessel growth

neotype

new type, chosen to serve in place of the holotype if all of the original specimens have been lost or destroyed

NTG

nitroglycerin

NAD

no acute distress

ebracteate

no bracts

What kind of ordering would a dense and non dense packing make? Which typically has lower energy

non dense have random packing and the typical neighbor bond is higher in energy that the typical dense, ordered packing which have lower energies

Ecchymosis

non-elevated bruise

NIDDM

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

What does amophous mean?

noncrystalline

normal

NSR

normal sinus rhythm

NCAT

normocephalic, atraumatic

Nares

nostrils

Why might participant observation be impossible?

not possible because of cultural filters and because you could be introducing somethin not a part of the culutre (like giving weapons as gift, promoting warlike behavior)

What is a nucleotide? What are the nucleotides for DNA and RNA?

nucleoside joined to 1 or more phyosphoryl groups by ester linkage DNA: deoxyadenylate, deoxyguanlyate, deoxycytidylate, thymidylate (b/c not found in RNA) RNA: adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, uridylate

What is coordination number?

number of nearest neighboring atoms

nursing home

Raceme

o A Raceme is an elongated inflorescence with a central axis along which are simple pedicles of more or less equal lengths. There is usually an order of blooming from the base upward, but some racemes have flowers opening almost simultaneously or irregularly. Figure 20 on page 22 of Chapter 8

spike

o A spike is an elongated inflorescence with a central axis along which are sessile or subsessile flowers. The usual order of blooming is from the base upward. Very small spikes, particularly in grasses and sedges, are known as spikelets, These may be grouped into various arrangements such as panicles, racemes, or spikes. Figure 21

What role did Candolle play in artificial taxonomy?

o A.P. De Candolle: 1778-1841. Plant sex isn't enough need other reproductive characteristics to split species properly. Added other organs too like petals. (non- o Blue print form.

adnation

o Adnation - members of 2 or more different whorls fuse together

inflourescence

o An inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on a plant, or the mode of flowering. An old concept of inflorescences was based on the sequence of blooming and the position occupied by the oldest flower. Inflorescence were classified by this method into determinate types, in which the oldest flower terminated the main axis and the general progression of blooming was downward or outward, and indeterminate types, in which the youngest flower was terminal or central and the progression of blooming was upward or inward.

axillary placentation

o Axillary Placentation. Here the ovules are attached near the center of the ovary at the junction or axis of the partitions that divide the ovary into compartments. This can occur only in compound pistils and is regarded as an intermediate stage in evolution.

What is phylogenetic taxonomy?

o Began in order to refine the system at the time Old idea was Darwin's - ancestral -> advanced Evolutionary trees are meant to be constructed as family tree Problem with them presumes that they occur with evolution and with no intermingling 2 methods - 2 Dogmas of analyses were produced • Phenetics • Cladistics

What is the difference between caulescent and acaulescent herb stems?

o Causlescent hellbores are identified by the above-ground stems. Causlescent plants do not divide well during propagation. Short lifespans of three to four seasons are typical for Causlescent plants. Blooming begins within the first year or two. o Acaulescent's stems are hidden underground.

How are folk taxonomy and folk categories based on habit and uses?

What is folk taxonomy?

o First taxonomy used by Ethnobotanists, approach to diversity is prescientific o Local people treat the plants as Folk Category which rely on 3 basic features; Habit - growth form at maturity , Uses Morphology - individual features o Most traditional culture utilize folk taxonomies usually found in oral tradition o Local people treat living things around them o the herbals demonstrate folk taxonomy

free-central and basal placentation

o Free-Central and Basal Placentation. Here the ovules are produced on a projection from the base of the ovary of a compound pistil, this placenta being free from the ovary wall laterally and ovary one celled. Basal placentation is restricted to the reduced condition in which a single ovule is produced. By dissolution of the partitions in the axillary type we can derive this type of placentation.

*homogenous

all of the same or similar kind or nature, same throughout

Prednisone

allergic reaction

decadron

allergic reaction

Benadryl

allergic reactions

Epinephrine

allergic reation

What are micotubles dimers of?

alpha and beta tubulin

Fragaria vesca

alpine strawberries

Carminative

also known as an aromatic or stomachic (internal). Counter irritant consumed to couteract excessive gas and flatulence

AMS

altered mental status

Amb

ambulatory

What are the physical structure classification for hydrogels?

amorphous semicrystaline

Amt

amount

Diarrhea

an abnormal, frequent discharge of fluid fecal matter form the bowel

What is one's life history?

an account of the series of events making up a person's life

adventitia

an enveloping or covering membrane or layer of body tissue

Cellulitis

an inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin) characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain

umbel

an umbrellalike flower cluster with all flower stalks radiating from the same point

dicots

angiosperms that have two seed leaves, Two cotyledons. Flower parts in fours or fives, vascular tissue in distinct bundles arranged in a circle, taproot system, leaves with netted veins.

Are single crystals isotropic or anisotropic?

anisotropic (properties vary with direction)

protonix

antacid

ant

abx

antibiotc

Abx

antibiotic

Amoxil

antibiotic

Ancef

antibiotic

Bactrim

antibiotic

Bicillin

antibiotic

Bicillin LA/CR

antibiotic

Cipro

antibiotic

Cipro/ciprofloxacin

antibiotic

Clindamycin

antibiotic

Flagyl

antibiotic

Levaquin

antibiotic

Mefoxin

antibiotic

Rocephin

antibiotic

Unasyn

antibiotic

Zithromax (Z-pak)

antibiotic

ancef

antibiotic

levaquin

antibiotic

rocephin

antibiotic

Compazine

antiemetic

Reglan

antiemetic

phenergan

antiemetic

zofran

antiemetic

bentyl

antispasmotic

Atarax

anxiolytic

Xanax

anxiolytic

valium

anxiolytic

Fontanel

any membranous gap between the bones of the cranium in an infant or fetus

protozoans

any of diverse minute acellular or unicellular organisms usually nonphotosynthetic

Prunus domestica

any of various widely distributed plums grown in the cooler temperate areas Plums

paratype (co-type)

any specimen other than the holotype in the same species (including isotype to show variability)

What is an external parameter?

anything that affects energy levels of the system

appy

appendectomy

MalusXdomestica

apple trees

appt

appointment

approx

approximately

How many genes are there in the human genome?

approximately 25,000

primative characters

are characters shared by all members of the clades

steroids

are four ringed structures They include some hormones, vitamin D, and cholesterol, an important membrane compones

spines, or thorns

are often sharp and stunted braches, but may be modified leaves or parts of leaves

In a PV diagrham, how do you find the work done?

area under the curve (integral)

Axilla

armpit

pinnately compound

arranged on either side of and elongated axis, or rachis, when the leaf is pinnately compound

phyllotaxy

arrangement of leaves on a stem

EKG

arrythmia, MI

ABG

arterial blood gas

scope

arthroscopy, endoscopy

Joint

articulation or junction between two or more bones or cartilage

prn

as needed

What happens as the coordinaiton number increases?

as the coordination number increases, the packing efficiency of a crystal structure increases increases which increases the stability of the structure

What's a big problem with herbals and their reliability?

as the herbals get passed down the accuracy of transcripition mutilates the original illustration in addition to the limited organization (recall how Theophrastus and Dioscorides arranged theirs?)

ASA

aspirin

ion

atom that has a positive or negative charge, a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)

self-diffusion

atomic migration in pure metals

AFib

atrial fibrillation

What adaptive response occurs when Heart cells are subjected to prolonged starvation (illness, tumor)?

atrophy

Auto/Ped

automobile vs. pedestrian

Occiput

back part of the head or skull

Barbellate

barbed down the sides (applied ot hairs)

Why can't you use celsius instead of kelvin in the ideal gas law?

because if you were to plug a celsius temperature into the equation you would get nonsense--it would say that the volume or pressure of gas goes to zero at the freezing temperature of water and becomes negative at still lower teperatures

Why did artifical systems stop after 1859?

because of new natural dystems introduced because of Darwin

Why is a structure with a larger ion in the center of its cube of atoms more stable than one with a smaller ion in the center?

because the large atom increases the inertaction between the atoms it is seperating.

glabrescent or glabrate

becoming glabrous (hairless) in age

arboresccent

becoming tree-like in size and woody, usually wiht a single main trunk

Paroxysmal

beginning suddenly or abruptly

What is ecological disparity?

being exposed to a the environment aroung them and being limited to using only what is in that environment

Doctrine of Signatures

belief that God made all the plants and their form to allow us to determine what it's used for; ex. Strawberries = heart medicine, Pulmonaria (mint family, leaves look like lungs) = lung medicine)

Diuretic

believed to expel poisons by increasing urine flow

BKA

below knee amputation

Hemangioma

benign angioma consisting of a mass of blood vessels, a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

BHCG

beta hCG- serum pregnancy test

bilat

bilateral

BBS

bilateral breath sounds

BLE

bilateral lower extremities

BTL

bilateral tubal ligation

BUE

bilateral upper extremities

What are the 4 humors?

black blood, yellow blood, flem, bile

blood

blood cells suspended in ciscous fluid plasma

Hematochezia

blood in stool

Hematuria

blood in the urine

blood pressure

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

What does BCC mean?

body centered cubic

immune system

body's reaction to any substance regardless of the pathologic consequences

What is a decoction used for?

boiling water is used to extract active substances from a crude or dried plant material

bulk degredation

bond cleavage throughout the polymer; decrease in MW of polymer, more water infiltration, dramatic change in mechanical properties; release properties depend on mass loss and diffusion

bowel movement

dendrograms

branching tree diagrams. depicts relationships between organisms -species are nodes of the dendrogram o use apomerphic characters not primative characters (ancestral or pleisionerphic) o trace to a common ancestor (extinct)

dendrograms

branching tree diagrams. depicts relationships between organisms -uses apomorphic not primative characters (ancestral or pleisionerphic)

spherulite

bulk polymers that are crystallized from a melt are semicrystalline and form a spherulite structure as implied by the name, each spherulite may grwo to be roughly spherical in shape (one that naturally occurs in nature is rubber)

What were early sexual classification (for artificial) systems based on?

bumber of male organs vs. number of female organs

How do cells sense their environment?

by extending processes call f ilopodia

What is articial taxonomy?

o Invented by western Europeans to make identification easier and more efficient o All species are natural units that are made by God and are unchanging A rose, is a rose, is a rose - all roses have certain things that they all have that don't change o Works on hierarchy - shared anatomical features o Buried in 19th century o emerged from the invention of the microscope

What is natural taxonomy?

o Natural Systems (after 1859) Artificial hierarchy officially stopped in 1859 after Darwin's, Origin of Species is published o Employed the Natural Biological Species Concept - species are not real - only taxonomic divisions are real o Ultimately characteristics are not used for classification o Primitive or advanced - based on fossil record o Usually have to use logic

What role did Linnaeus play in artificial taxonomy?

o P. Magnol: Linnaeus gave him genus magnolius so he wouldn't be forgotten. 1707-1708 made system ppl could build on- binomial nomenclature like genus then species. First to publish his constructed hierarchy based on 1 system o

parietal and marginal plaentation

o Parietal and marginal placentation. Here the ovules are attached to the inner wall of the ovary on one or more placentae This type occurs in simple pistils, where it is often referred to as marginal, and in may compound pistils, where is i is called parietal. with rare exceptions as in the Mustard Family, the ovary is not compartmented. This type of placentation is generally regarded as primitive.

ischemia

reduced blood flow

developmental involution

reduction in size of an organ or part (as in the return of the uterus to normal size after childbirth)

degree of polymerization

refers to the number of small molecules (monomers) connected to form a polymer

RRR

regular rate and rhythm

homeostasis

regulation of the intracellular environment within narrow physiological parameters

sono

sonogram

biological species concept

species are not real-only taxonomic divisions are real, Definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members can breed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring (so no infertile hybrids)

In artifical taxonomy, the divide an counquer allowed for what?

species to be separated by differences • Allowed people to separate based on male and female organs • Husbands/Wifes • CAlyx = bed • Petals - curtains

Hemoptysis

spitting of blood, bloodstained sputum

isotype

came for same place and at the same time with same collector number as the holotype

cancer, carcinoma

Palpable

capable of being touched or felt

morphine

cardiac drug, pain control-opiate

CVD

cardiovascular disease

What function do lysosomes and proteasomes perform?

catabolism

cath

catheterization

Infiltrate

cause (a liquid) to enter by penetrating the interstices

Durotaxis (mechanotaxis)

cells can sense the rigidity of their substrate, migrate from soft ot stiff

explant culture

cells grow out of a tissue

week, months, years, and a century Which are not relevant rates of degradation for a material to be considered biodegradable?

century

CVA

cerebral vascular accident

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

CMT

cervical motion tenderness

cervix

copolymers

chains composed of two or more different repeat units

metaplasia

change from one mature type to another

The usage of what was expanded by the natural system?

character Though not always useful, characteristics were usually used to determine if the characteristic was primative or advanced. This determination if it was primative/advanced had to be based on fossil records which usually weren't present in which case logic had to be used.

The usage of what was expanded by the Natural system?

character • Characteristics are not always used for classification o Primitive or advanced = based on fossil records o Usually have to use logic

primitive characters

characters shared by all memebrs of the clades

What is ionic bonding?

chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions

chest pain

CXR

chest x-ray

chole

cholecystectomy

Lymphadenopathy

chronic abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually associated with disease)

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Psoriasis

chronic, non-contagious disease characterized by inflamed lesions ocvered with silvery-white scabs of dead skin

What are the major classes of lipoproteins in humans?

chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL)

What is the FTC responsible for?

claims in advertising and all direct marketing materials

What is the FDA's primary responsibility for?

clais on product labeling, including packaging and promotional materials distributed at the point of sale

Terpenes

class of lipid include vitamin A, a vitamin important for vision

phenetics

classification based on degree of overall similarity between individuals

cluadistics

classification of clades by similar traits

involucre

clusters or whorls of bracts make up an involucre

What is the most common protein in the animal world?

collagen

Name the most common fibrillar protein? What is its function?

collagen most common protein tensile streangth

Atelectasis

collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants)

topotype

collected at the same place as the holotype and is likely part of same species but is not collected at the same time

Vitis vinifera

common European grape cultivated in many varieties

anoxia

complete absence of oxygen

CBC

complete blood count

istropic

componet properties of the crystal are not directional, in a polycrystal this happens due to multiple crystals pointing in all directions

computed tomography, computerized tomography

Vertigo

condition ot dizziness, often described as room spinning sensation

What might cause loss of cell communication?

congenital defect, cancer

CHF

conjestive heart failure

anastomeses

connection between two or more arteries that supply the same region

Gap Junctions

connexins connect two adjacent cells' cytoplasm; only small molecule transport possible

lipoprotein

contains a lipid core surrounded by phospholipids and apoproteins. THus the lipoprotein is able to disolve lipids in its hydrophobi core, and then move freely through the awueous solution due to is hydrophilic shell. Lipoproteins are classified by their density. The greater the ratio of lipid to protein, the lower the density. The major classes of lipoprotiens in human are chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low ensity lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL)

unsaturated fatty acids

contian one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Chaning the stiffness of a hydrogel can control what when cell culturing?

control cell differentiation, yielding completely different cells such as neural and muscle cells based on the stiffness of the hydrogel these cells are cultured in

How is coordination number effected by the cation and anion radi

coordination number increases with the (radius of the cation)/(radius of the anion)?

CAD

coronary artery disease

Two elements right next to one another are likely ionic or more likely covalent?

covalent

canescent

covered or becoming covered with grayish hairs

glaucous

covered with a bloom, a whitish substance that rubs off

scurfy

covered with minute scales

pubescent

covered with short, soft hairs (the term pubescnece regers to any kind of hairiness)

pilose

covered with soft, rather long, shaggy hiars

lanate

covered with wooly, tangled hairs

CCU

critical care unit

What is current?

current (I) is the time rate of flow of charge, electrons carry the charge i=(dq)/(dt)

What bases derive from pyrimideine?

cytosine (C), uracil (U), and thymine (T)

not complet

DOA

dead on arrival

Hypoxia

decrease in O2 supply relative to tissue need

atrophy

decrease in cell size without change in number ex. illness or cancer

DTR

deep tendon reflex

DVT

deep vein thrombosis

Hypoatremia

deficient sodium in the blood

DJD

degenerative joint disease

catabolism

degradation of internalized molecules into their constituent amino acids, sugars and lipids

Conjunctiva

delicate memberane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball

DTs

delirium tremens

In a piston wat is delta t?

delta t (as in time)=2L/vx vx-(velocity in the x direction) L-length from piston to wall

How is it that the velocity from the pressure equation comes from delta vx and delta t? As in how is that speed affects pressure?

delta vx: if the molecule is moving faster, each molecule is moving gaster, each collision is more violent and exerts more pressure delta t: if the molecule is moving faster, collsions occur more frequently

stereoisomerism

denotes the situation in which atoms are linked together in the same order (head-to-tail) but differ in their spatial arrangement

tomentose

densely wooly, with matted hairs

degree of polymerization

dependence on number-average and repeat unit molecular weight (represents the average number of repeat units in a chain)

ampomorphic

derived ir advabed characteristics that aros relatively late in members of a group and therfore differ among them; advanced

apomorphic

derived or advanced characteristics that arose relatively late in members of a group and therefore differ among them; advanced

anisotropic

describing a substance that has physical properties that differ according to direction

What is design?

design is th process of creating a circuit to satisy a set of goals.

Anomalous

deviating from the general or common order or type

What does anomalous mean?

deviating from the general or common order or type

DKA

diabetic ketoacidosis

diagnosis

What is a transect?

diagrahm depicting alinar representationof plants viewed every so many meters through an area

What are some materials that might need single crystals for engineering applications?

diamond single cyrstals-for abrasives and turbine blades

Which is more important in the artificial taxonomic system, similarities or differences?

differences

Wheezing

difficulty breathing, whistiling sound resulting from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageways

interdiffusion

diffusion of atoms of one metal into another metal

d/c

discontinue

Vroman effect

displacement of initially absorbed firrinogen by later arriving mor serfac active pasma prteins trasitions in the abs

melting (DNA)

dissocations of the double helix

DIP

distal interphalangeal (joint)

hydrophobic

due the cohesive forces of water, water will "squeeze" hydrophobic (Greek: hydros: water, phobos:fear) moleules away from water, and cause them toaggregate

herbaceous

dying down to the ground every year, the stems containing very little woody tissue, and the duration annual if for one year only; biennial if the plant blooms the second year, after preliminary vegetative growth the first year, and is short-lived; perennial if the plant continues to live for an indefinite preiod of years and blooms ordinarily every year after the first

DUB

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

two-state paramegnet

each elementary compass needle (dipoles) can have only two possible orientations, either parallel or antiparallel to th applied field

Howm many degrees of freedom does a small oscillation contribute?

each mode contributes 2 d.o.f. (1 for KE and 1 for PE)

microstate

each of the distinctly different outcomes to specify the microstate of a system we must specify the state of each individual particle (ex. flip a coin 8 times, there 8 microstates) (ex. flip 3 times, HHT would be a microstate

pneumatophores

spongy, aerial roots of marsh or swamps, such as in mangal (mangroves), where roots are present in waterlogged soils and cannot obtain enough oxygen for maintaining healthy tissues. Here, pneumatophores are "breathing roots" that are emergent, and they have special air channels (lenticels) for gas exchange in the atmosphere (air enters at zones called "pneumathodes") and there is an internal pathway for getting O2 into the root and to supply submerged roots. The aerial loop of a mangrove root is sometimes called a "knee" or "peg root," but it is not clear that knees are necessarily breathing roots.

What is Heating?

spontaneous flow of energy from a body of high temperature to a body at lower temperature

hyperchromism

stacked bases absorb more UV light than unstacked.

s/p

status post

stolons, or runners

stems trailing above ground, which often root at their nodes and thus tend to produce new plants when the connection with the parent plnt is broken, as in the Strawberry

viscid

sticky (usually from glandualr hairs exuding a stick liquid)

SLR

straight leg raise

FragariaXananassa

strawberry

annealling

stree relief -plastic deform -unevencooling -phase transformationduring cooling process anealling -negate cold work spherodize -make very soft steels -heat just below eutectic and hold for 15-25 hours full anneal -makes soft steels for forming -heat to y and cool to course pearlite normalizing -deform steel with large graings. then heat trea tot allow recry to ge smaller grains

cells and ECM

structural elements of tissues: structure is adapted to perform a function => change in function may alter structure

karyology

study of cell nuclei

pathology

study of molecular, biochemical, and structural alterations and their consequences in deseased tissues and organs and their underlying mechanisms that cause these changs

SubQ

subcutaneous

SubL

sublingual

subshrubs

subshrub: secondary branches do not grow woody but the central one does. The secondary branches will die off but the central branch remains and the cycle starts over again. Based on climate changes. Habits can change over various climates. Grapes are subshrubs.

isotropic

substances in which measured properties and independent of the direction of measurements

repeat unit

successively repeated along the chain

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

sugar -phosphate -1 of 4 base pairs

engler

suggested major division of dicots between archichamydeae (absent or free petals) and metachlamydeae (united petals)

What are the 2 forms of circular DNA that may arise in non-human lifeforms?

superhelical releaxed molecule

Supp

suppository

SVT

supraventricular tachycardia

Mastectomy

surgical removal of a breast to remove a malignant tumor

Debridement

surgical removal of foreign material and dead tissue from a wound in order to prevent infection and promote healing

Cholecystectomy

surgical removal of the gall bladder (usually for relief of gallstone pain)

slip

suspended ceramic particles and organic liquid contains binder, plasticizers

What is dropsy?

swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue

hematoma

swelling of blood which occurs in an organ or tissue resulting from ruptured blood vessels

Edema

swelling of the body tissues due to an excessive accumulation of fluid in connective tissue from a serous cavity

root tubers

swollen portions of a root that can have buds to produce new shoots; when broken off, these can grow into a new plant, so this is a form of cloning. In the older literature, these were sometimes referred to as fascicled roots.

symptoms

SEM

systolic ejection murmur

tachy

tachycardia

Define: Operational Definition

tells you how to measure the quantity in question (such as temperature)

melting temperature

temperature at which double helix is lost -doesn't happen inside cell, the proteins helicases break down the DNA using ATP

TTP

tender to palpation

What is the goal and outcome of invitro testing?

test the consquences of leachable or secreted substances from a biomaterial to a cell cultrur, either cell proliferation is unaccected or cell death results

What act set standards and regulatory measures for preventative healthcare programs/supplements?

the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act (DSHEA)of 1994

What two organizations, by authority of the DSHEA, can tak action against produt that present safety problems or are improperly labeled?

the FDA and FTC

Dorsiflexion

the act of bending backward (of the body or a body part)

Contusion

the action of bruising

inflourescence

the arrangement of flowers on a plant, or the mode of flowering

Aneurysm

the balooning out of an artery wall at a point where it has grown weak

unit cells

the basic structural unit or building block of a crystal structure by virtue of its geometry and the atom positions within

What is cosmology?

the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe

Malleoulus

the bulge on either side of the ankle joint

Etiology

the cause of a disease

crystal system

the combination of the lattice parameter that yields a cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthohombic, rhombohedral, monoclinic, or triclinic structure

vroman effect

the competitive displacement of earlier adsorbed proteins by other proteins with stronger binding affinities

genome

the complete set of information in an organism's DNA.

Chromatin

the complex of DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes.

What is Boltzmann's constant?

the constant k

What is conventional current?

the current opposite to the flow of electrons, this is the current being referred to by most circuits or physics books

Dermis

the deep vascular inner layer of the skin

What is the work produced by a heat engine?

the difference between the heat absorbed and the waste heat expelled.

anisotropy

the directionality of properties

karyotype

the display of the 46 human chromosomes in mitosis

leaf margins

the edge of the leaf blade is its margin

life history

the ethnographic method of gathering data based on extensive interviews with individuals about their memories of their culture from childhood through adulthood

What does it mean for a system to be weakly coupled?

the exchage of energy between them is much slower than the exchange of energy among atoms within each solid

Give an example of a plant mediator mediator.

the fruit coming from the tree of knowlege is often thought to be an apple despite the bible never explicitly say what fruit it was

What happened in1492?

the great colombian exchange-the beginning of economic botony

Dentition

the kind and number and arrangement of teeth (collectively) in a person or animal

What is the electron-volt (eV)?

the kinetic energy of an elctron that has been accelerated through a voltage difference of one volt: 1 eV=1.6X10^-6 J

palmately/digetally compound leaflet arrangement

the leaflets of a compound leaf may be arranged like spokes of a wheel or the fingers of a hand when the leaf is palmately or digitalely compound

Shaft

the main (mid) section of a long bone

peduncle

the main supporting stalk of the whole inflorescence

crystal structure

the manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially arrange for crystalline solids

What is a plant's habit

the mature form of the plant -xylem (water conducting organ in seed palnts) in rings with outermost group of cells that makes the ring pushing the ring behind them (vascular cambium) -protoxylem and secondary xylem

cosmology

the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe

chain-folded model

the molecular chains within each platelet fold back and forth on themselves, with folds occurring at the faces

functionality

the number of bonds that a given monomer can form

multiplicity

the number of microstates corresponding to a given marostate (ex. flip a coin 3 times. looking at the microstate HHT the macrostate is HH and the multiplicity is 3)

coordination number

the number of nearest-neighbor or t touching atoms

holotype

the original specimen from which the description of a new species is made

polymer crystallinity

the packing of molecular chains to produce an ordered atomic array

Cholelithiasis

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder

sessile

the pteiole may be lacking and the blade attached directly to the branch, such leaves being called sessile

inflammatio

the reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury

chromatin

the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins

haustorial roots

the root of particular parasitic plants that become cemented to the host axis via a sticky attachment disc before the root or sinker intrudes into the tissues of the host.

monomer

the small molecule form which a polymer is synthesized

anthropology

the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings

Wha is purple foxglove purple foxglove?

the source for digitalis, a cardiac glycoside used in the treatmentof congestive heart failure

strangling roots

the special name for roots of strangling figs (Ficus), which are primary hemiepiphytes that begin life as tropical epiphytes in trees and send down adventitious roots that become rooted in the soil. The roots surround the host trunk, eventually strangling the bark and killing the host tree.

pedicels

the stalks supporting single flowers are called pedicels

What is thermal equilibrium?

the state in which the macroscopic properties of a system do not change during an observation time large coumpared to the time scales characterizing the microscopic molecular motion (but not too large).

pathology (microscopic)

the study of the molecular, biochemical, and structural alteration and their consequences in diseased tissue and organs, and the underlying mechanisms

etymology

the study of the sources and development of words

What is Kirchoff's voltage law?

the sum of rises and drops of voltages around a complete path is equal to zero

atomic packing factor (APF)

the sum of the sphere volumes of all atoms within a unit cell (assuming the atomic hard-sphere model) divided by the unit cell volume

venation

the system of pricipal veins in the leaf blade constitutes its venation

Triacylglycerols

triacylglycerols (lating:tri:three), commonly called triglcerided or simly fats and oils, are construced from three carbon backbone called glycerol which is attached to three fatty acids. Their function in a cell is to store energ. THey may also function to provide thermal insulation and padding to and organism. -adipocytes contain almost nothing but triglycerides

What is collagen made of?

triple helix of polypeptide alpha chain

What are the 2 structues fo organs?

tubular (ex. blood vessels, digestive, respiratory) compact (ex. liver)

tympanic membrane

ultrasound

lattice parameters

unit cell geometry that is completely defined in terms of six parameters: the three edge length a, b, and c, and the three interaxial angles α, β, γ

metachlamydeae

united petals

URI

upper respiratory infection

bulbs

upright, subterrnaean stems, the stem part of which much smaller than in th ecrom and is surrounded by thickened, fleshy leaves or scales, as in the onion

urinalysis

UTI

urinary tract infection

UDS

urine drug screen

Gene

usually means a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein.

What kind of resistor is a potentiameter (pots)?

variable resistor

V Fib

ventricular fibrillation

buttress or tabular roots

vertically flattened roots that project out of the ground and lower trunk at the base fo large trees. models have suggested how these buttresses proved additional tensile forces to resist uprooting of large tropical trees

VSS

vital signs stable

Hematemesis

vomiting blood

W/D

warm and dry

What is released during DNA synthesis?

water (acid base reaction) and heat (to keep entropy going up and because bonds formed are exothermic)

solvate

water molecules surround a hydrophilic molecule, separating it from the group

weight-average molecular weight

weight of molecules in the total sample weight Mw = sum of wi * mean Mi

diffraction

when a wave encounter as series of regularly spaced obstacles that (1) are capable of scattering the wave, and (2) have spacings that are compable in magnitude to the wavelength

homopolymer

when all repeating units along a chain are of the same type

What is a series curcuit?

when connected only at 1 end and no other supplying or draining is connected ath that end

Define: Mechanical Equilibrium

when large-scale motions (such as the expansion of an air balloon) can take place but no longer do

single crystal

when the periodic and repeated arrangement of atoms is perfect or extends throughout the entirety of the specimen without interruption

acaulescent

when there is no evident aerial stem, the leaves being all basal (actually on a shortened stem at the base), and the flower stalk, or scape, is leafless, the plants are termed acaulescent (stemless) or scapose (with a scape), as Dandelions and some kinds of Violets.

Sclera

whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering of the eyeball

scabrous

wiht short, stiff hairs or projections that one can feel by lightly passing the finger over the surface

fimbriate

with a fringe

uncinate

with a hook at the tip, as some hair or spines

glandular

with glads (usually hairs having enelarged cells at the tip)

villous

with long, soft, shaggy hairs that are not matted

strigose

with sharp-pointed, staight, appressed hairs

Cilate

with soft hairs on the margin formina fringe

hispid

with stiff or bristly hairs

floccose

with tufts of wooly hairs that rubb off easily

puberulent

with very soft, minute, downy hair

WNL

within normal limits

glabrous

without hair

shrubby, or fruticose

woodey more or less thorughout , and large, commonly with several main stems but no main trunk

What is and isn't a state variable and why?

work and heat are not state variables because they depend on path energy is a state variable because it is independent form the path taken

Sputum

wpittle, any mixture with saliva that is expacerbated through the mouth

rugose

wrinkled

Darwin is know for animal evolution. What does he know about plants?

wrote 7 books on plants

If I want to know the average speed of a molecule of gas I could take the square root of the equation for the average velocity squared, but why isn't this completly accurate?

you are finding the root mean square (rms) Vrms is slightly larger than the average speed, but is still a good estimate if you are not too concerned with accuracy

Why is stirling's approximation useful when calculating multiplicity?

you can estimate the multiplicity of an Einstein soid containing a large number of oscillators and energy units

Endocytosis

~2500 vesicles/min for a fibroblast Clathrin-coated pit can contain many different receptors Vesicles fuse with endosome - acidic pH Transcytosis - from apical to basal cell surface Exocytosis - recycling of vesicles back to plasma membrane Cells can internalize 1-2% of its plasma membrane/min!

Why aren't old herbals reliable?

• Accuracy of their herbals deteriorated over time as they were copied repeatedly after the Fall of Rome

Adnation

• Adnation - members of 2 or more different whorls fuse together o Degree of adnation determines architecture (flower ovary position)

Arecaceae/Palmae

• Arecaceae/Palmae (palm family) - K 3 C 3 A 0-6s, 6 (∞) G 0-p, 3, (3)

What are the 3 types of leaf arrangement

• Arrangement (Phyllotaxy) o Alternate - one leaf per node o Opposite - leaves paired on the stem - 2 leaves per node o Whorled - 3 or more leaves at a single node

Asteraceae/Compositae

• Asteraceae/Compositae (food plants) - K 2-i C 5 A ⁻5⁻ G 1, (2)

Taxonomy

• Attempt to define and isolate overwhelming diversity by classification • Four possible modes - each mode used = different

How did herbals impact the western civilization?

• Attempt to organize the different medicinal plant species • Strayed from the Doctrine of Signatures (belief that God made all the plants and their form to allow us to determine what it's used for; ex. Strawberries = heart medicine, Pulmonaria (mint family, leaves look like lungs) = lung medicine) • Herbals needed to teach "what's what" yet organization was limited and it's difficult to identify something based on what's written and the pictures drawn

Bau Plan

• Bau Plan - shows major structures and how they are attached to each other - similar to the blueprints of a building tells the amount and type of organ, but doesn't show fusion

How did the phylogenetic system begin?

• Began in order to refine the system at the time o Old system = Darwin's - ancestral → advanced • Evolutionary trees are meant to be constructed like a family tree • Problem: presume that they occur with evolution and with no intermingling

How has evolution been reinterpreted as genealogy in the phylogentics system?

Brassicaseae/cruciferae

• Brassicaceae/Cruciferae (mustard family) - K 4 C 4 A 2+4 G (2)

Coalescence/Connate

• Coalescence/Connate - one of the whorls fuses together generally forming continuous sleeve or bell shaped structure

What is a compound leaf?

• Compound - leaf with more than one blade, blades are called leaflets o Pinnate, Bipinnate, Palmate, Trifoliate Found in packet (Ch 8. Page 93) figures 13a-f

Cucurbitaceae

• Cucurbitaceae (gourd/pumpkin family) - K 5 C 5 A 0, 1- {5} G 0, (3) o {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate

What are the 3 dependable characters

• Dependable characters o Number of whorls o Organ number o Degree of floral fusion

Dioscorides

• Dioscorides (1st century CE) o Military man who worked for Nero o Wrote "Materia Medica" - most influential herbal (even far after he died) o Writes on the medicinal effect of plants Wrote over 600 categories based on medicinal properties o Books survived the Fall of Rome

Engler and Prantl (contributions to the natural system)

• Engler (1840 - 1930) and Prantl o 19th century o Earliest flowering plants are woody plants in which flowers lack petals At the bottom of the family tree, Plants that shed pollen in the air (birches, oaks, hickory, etc) • Plants had sexual organs before they had anything to attract pollinators

epigynous

• Epigynous - "on top of ovary" o Inferior ovary o Everything has fused to everything, even layer of tissue that has buried the ovary o When you look in the flower you see the ovary (just stile and stigma)

Half Flower

• Half Flower - cut flower in half and show organs

hypanthium

• Hypanthium - calyx fuses to corolla fuses to androecium, forming tube around the gynoecium

hypogynous

• Hypogynous - "under the gynoecium" o All organs in the flower are under the gynoecium o Ovary is superior and free of other tissue

What are the symbols and abbrevations for hte floral formula?

• K - Calyx • C - Corolla • A - Androecium • G - Gynecium • + - more than one whorl of the same organ • O (circle around) - specific whorl fused together • __ (lines below/above) - how the whorls are fused together • (# before) , (#after) - most common condition , other conditions in other species • i - indeterminate - unsure of how many there are • As - sterile androecium - not functional organs - stamenodes (look like mini stamen) • Gp - pistilodes - look like mini pistols but not functional • +C - corona formed

Leguminosae

• Leguminosae (pea family) o Mimosoideae - K 5 C 5 A {10-∞} G 1 {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate o Caesalpinioideae - K 5 C 5 A {10, <10} G 1 {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate o Papilionoideae - K 5 C (3+2) A 9 +1 G 1

How is a folk varietal distinguished by its name?

• Ma'a (bread food) - Attachment given to the name (ex. Ma'afala) gives Folk Varietal • Salient Taxon - word everyone in the culture knows - used only when there is no ambiguity (Ma'a vs. Ma'afala) generally the Monomial, taken by Ethnobotanists to mean the genus

leaf margin

• Margins o Edge of leaf blade = margin o Found in packet (Ch 8. Page 93) figure 13g

What are the 3 essential pieces of the floral formula?

• Number of whorls • Number of organs in each whorl • Degree of fusion in between those whorls

perigynous

• Perigynous - "around gynoecium" o Superior ovary

Poaceae/Gramineae

• Poaceae/Gramineae (grass family) - P 2-3 A 3,6 G 1 o P = perianth, whorls of sterile organs in which you can't discriminate btwn true sepals and true petals

What were early sexual classification systems (for artificial system) based on?

• Published system based on number of male organs vs. number of female organs

Rosaceae

• Rosaceae (major bush/tree fruits) - K 5 C 5 A ∞ G 1, (5), ∞

) Floral formulae of subfamilies within the Rosaceae and Leguminoseae (Fabaceae)

• Rosaceae (major bush/tree fruits) - K 5 C 5 A ∞ G 1, (5), ∞ o Know where variations on sub-families occur - Gynoecium • Leguminosae (pea family) o Mimosoideae - K 5 C 5 A {10-∞} G 1 {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate o Caesalpinioideae - K 5 C 5 A {10, <10} G 1 {_ _ _} - brackets = dashed underline = weakly connate o Papilionoideae - K 5 C (3+2) A 9 +1 G 1

Rutaceae

• Rutaceae (citrus fruit family) - K 5 C 5 A 5,10-∞ G (4), (5)

salient taxon

• Salient Taxon - word everyone in the culture knows - used only when there is no ambiguity (Ma'a vs. Ma'afala) generally the Monomial, taken by Ethnobotanists to mean the genus

What is a simple leaf?

• Simple - leaf with single blade

Solanaceae

• Solanaceae (food plants/nicotine) - K 5 C 5 A 5 G (2)

What is the biological species concept?

• Species are NOT real - only taxonomic divisions are real

What is the "flexibility of species" introdyced by Darwin?

• Species are not set and constantly changing • establish genealogy and lineage • Brought about an interest in life history o New interest in germination, growing, etc. in plants

H0w are hierarchies characterised under the natural system?

• Species are not unique - share common origin • Characters shared in common are of the same/greater importance than what make them different • Birth of phylogenetic trees

Theophrastus

• Theophrastus (371 - 287 BCE) o Pupil of Plato and Aristotle, from Athens, Greece o Wrote "Inquiry into Plants" - described about 500 categories (NOT species) of plants. Some represent folk varietal - others do not o Oldest pure plant folk treatment for western herbals o First of the western herbalists that differentiates between different types of plants - woody vs. non-woody, trees vs. shrubs, etc. o Books survived the Fall of Rome

What are the priciples of cladistics and is bias?

• Trying to make a logical point • Can't say evolution occurs until a new character appears • Only (advanced or) derived or apomorphic characters that should be used to make a genealogy, the primitive of ancestral or plesiomorphic characters are thrown out o Genealogy should record the appearance of new characters o Assumes that an old species splits into 2 daughter species - plants don't really work that way because of integration/gene flow and spontaneous chromosome change • Convergent evolution = issue. 2 traits show up from two entirely different species, evolved similar derived forms that are in two different environments with no real relation at all

What are the priciples of phenetics and its biases?

• Used wide number of characters all equal in character • Used as many characters as possible and let the computer sort this out - who has it and who doesn't • Doesn't appreciate how variable a character may be in a natural population • Does not make presumptions about evolutionary history

How are the anthropologist's techniques limited?

•Anthropologists becomes the recording person of events specifically associated to Richard Burton (1821 - 1890) •People of different cultures may not take the anthropologists seriously - many people in Samoa said Margaret Mead was lying •Most useful informant may not want to give you the information you want - N. Chagnon (1938) who brought gifts to the tribes he wanted information from •How long will it take before you're accepted? •Sampling - how do you know whom you're speak to is whom you're looking for? Lot of changes in community status and life history •It is important to respect their customs, •Must gain acceptance and trust from the culture being studied •Anthropologists have to be very careful when taking down peoples info - age, where they fall in society and their family, are they literate? (exposure to other cultures) ◦How the people of the tribes are treated is important as well (Solanum and Solanaceae - genus/family of plants that if given to women in Mexico is accusing them of witchcraft.

What are cultural filters?

•Cultural Filters - conditions from environment and culture shape our actions/opinions and true cultural immersion doesn't exist

What are some cultural filters of hinderances to collecting accurate field data and what might be done about it?

•Cultural Filters - conditions from environment and culture shape our actions/opinions and true cultural immersion doesn't exist •When posing as a member of another culture you may introduce things into the culture that wasn't there before and may alter the culture ◦ex. Metal tools Chagnon gifted and traded for info •How are you asking questions? Do the informants feel threatened? ◦Leading Questions vs. Non-leading questions ■"Does this plant have a name?" ■"What's the name of this plant?" ◦Encourage explanation ◦Cross verification - repeat what you asked/did in order to verify •Keep field diary and data separate •Ethnobiological artifacts: get things made for you (gain trust) •Ecological disparity: natural objects used by a culture depend on the habit around them

Which came first, economic botany or ethnobotany?

•Economic Botany - began in 1492 after the great Columbian Exchange - 1st recorded time plants were brought over •Ethnobotany - Began in 18th century with Carolus Linnaeus (1733) and William Withering (1795) ◦Aboriginal Botany (1875) -> Ethno-botany (1895) -> Ethnobotany (1990)

How might questioning informants be damaging to field data?

•How are you asking questions? Do the informants feel threatened? ◦Leading Questions vs. Non-leading questions ■"Does this plant have a name?" ■"What's the name of this plant?" ◦Encourage explanation ◦Cross verification - repeat what you asked/did in order to verify

What example fo ethnobotanical studies enfranchise and protect traditional culuture in INDIA?

•India ◦Indian Ayurvehdics (1000 BCE - 500CE) ■7500 - 8500 plant species uses described ■Encyclopedia of medicinal plant ■Healer goes out - pays no attention to bark - only cares about leaves - ~52% of species use only leaves •Interesting because at certain times of the year no leaves are present due to monsoon season causing herbaceous plants to go dormant and tree drop their leaves •Tropical trees - new evidence found that the leaves contain medicinal qualities because microorganisms enter through the stomata ◦Maybe healers of India knew only the leaves contained these medicinal qualities •Thailand

What can be done to improve the accuracy of field data?

•Keep field diary and data separate •Ethnobiological artifacts: get things made for you (gain trust)

How is it that folklore is a source of ethnobotanical data?

•Need to understand myths and legends that are still believed by the people because it gives them their cosmology - gives them their place in the universe •Claude Levi Strauss - best way to get the most of the folklore is to read as many versions of the story as possible to really understand what its getting at and its importance to the society •Anomalous - people view the plant as unusual in its shape, morphology and/or origin. Usually associated with domestic plants or anthropogenic organisms (things that want to live among a human society) ◦Important in the stories of the people because they serve as mediators, which are things that influence the culture in good or bad ways ■Mediator changes from culture to culture and from year to year

What example fo ethnobotanical studies enfranchise and protect traditional culuture in Thailand

•Thailand ◦Respiratory ■Albizzia and Glycyrrhiza - compounded together to make a demulcent which is the equivalent of a modern day cough drop ◦Gastrointestinal ■Cinnamomum - bark of the cinnamon tree which is made into a decoction (boiled over and over again - turns gelatinous) and carminative (taken as an anti-irritant - taken to inflate the problem then get rid of it) ◦Muscular/Skeletal Pain ■3 species - no poppies used ◦Postpartum ■Lactation tonic ◦57 total medicinal species, only 44 are in cultivation - the rest = wild ■Royal Thailand hospital did survey of local plant species •116 medicinal species (both wild and domestic) •43 preparations (only) ◦Of the 43 preparations done only 4 cured or absolved symptoms

How might an ethnobotanist's presence be damaging to her/his field data?

•When posing as a member of another culture you may introduce things into the culture that wasn't there before and may alter the culture ◦ex. Metal tools Chagnon gifted and traded for info

How is systematic/strucuted questioning different from interviewing subjects?

◦Group of selected informants are asked to respond to a prescribed set of the same questions ◦Gives formal and quantitative data response - gives statistical base

Who used systematic/structured questioning extensively?

◦Margaret Mead (1901 - 1978) - people felt she could give a very good view of women - shocked people with her first book on the love affairs of women in a tribe in Samoa

What key information is gathered by interviewing?

◦Records accounts of community and cultural structure - Life History ◦How people view their lives and their natural surroundings

How is interviewing conducted in ethnobotanical context?

◦Use open ended or semi structured view to questions ◦Only interested in interviewing members of the population that you have either selected specifically or at random ◦Tend to be "off the cuff" ◦Isolate and use the local expert/informant

Why would "soft" or "hard' proteins confromations change?

"Soft" proteins - less thermodynamically stable - adsorb faster and more tenaciously; e.g. - lysozyme "Hard" proteins - more thermodynamically stable - don't adsorb as readily or as tenaciously; e.g. lactalbumin

What is temperature?

"Temperature" is a way of quantifying the tendency of energy to enter or leave an object during the course of rthese random rearreancgements.

Richard Burton

(1821-1890) Knew 8-12 languages. English explorer who with John Speke was the first European to explore Lake Tanganyika, searched for the source of the Nile River, had to stop because of illness, and his partner went on to claim to have found the source of the Nile River

William Withering

(1741-1799) first individual in medicine to scientifically investigate a folk remedy of foxglove to treat dropsy through interviews with the women in shropshire

glucolipids

(Greek:glucus:sweet) are similar to phospholidis, except that glycolipids have one or more carbohydrates attached to the three-carbon glycerol backbone instead of the phosphate group. Are also amphipathic. The are found in abundace in the membranes of myelineated cells composing the human nervous system.

Malocclusion

(dentistry) a condition in which the opposing teeth do not mesh normally

Show how it is you end up with the equation from the square illustration and how PdeltaV cnacles

(does not include work done by the environment) (constant T and P)

eicosanoids

(eikosi: Greek:twenty) another class of lipids listed as a fatty acids, it is the 20 carbons Eicosanoids inlcude prostagladins, thomnoxanes, and leukotriens.EWicosanoids are released from cell membranes as local hormones that regulate, among other things, blood pressure, body tmeperature, and smooth muscle contraction. Asprin is a commonly used inhibitor of the sythesis of prostaglandins.

Purgative

(external). A violent, uncontrollable laxative given to victims of poisoning, sever abdominal pains and constipation. Purgatives beleived to expel worms and other internal parasites are known as vermifuges or anthelmintic.

Vulnerary

(external). Believed to cure wounds.

Emollient

(external). Believed to protect or soothe the skin.

Astringent

(internal and external). Believed to tighten loose tissue so they were used externally to stop bleeding and inflammation and internally to reduce diarrhea, "excessive" secretions, loose gums etc. (often acidic-sour to taste causing puckering).

Tonic

(internal or external). Believed to tone and invigorate by "nourishing" a specific body part. There are hair tonics, uterotonics for the uterus, nerve tonics for nerves and "bitter" tonics to stimulate digestion. Yest, the quinine in cocktails was once considered good for you.

Calmatives and Nervines

(internal). Believed to act as a sedative calming nervous conditions and even hysteria (in women).

Demulcent

(internal). Believed to coat irritated internal tissues (e.g. sore throat). Often based on natural plant slimes and gelatins.

Anticatarrhal and Expectorant (internal).

(internal). Believed to control or rid the upper half of the body of excess mucus (mostly commonly given to cold and flu sufferers).

Refrigerants

(internal). Believed to cool overheated bodies often based on juicy parts of plant.

Diaphoretic or Sudorific

(internal). Believed to increase perspiration to expel internal "poisons." Don't confuse this one with Diuretic

Antilithic

(internal). Believed to prevent or expel stones and gravel accumulating in the bladder and kidneys.

Cathartic

(internal). Laxative

acaulescent

(leaves produced by shoot that have leaves lying flat on ground (ex. Dandilion)

Para

(obstetrics) the number of live-born children a woman has delivered

caulescent

(stem with leaves that runs up the stem, may end in terminal flower) herbs

What do I mean when I say Phylogeneticist treat species as abstracts? What is the Phylogeneticist primary interest

(treat species as node on a family tree) -their primary interest is constructing a path of genetic trait passing through the phyologenetic tree

What is the formula for the multiplicity of N indistinguishable monatomic molecules in a hpersphere of radius sqrt(2mU)?

*1/N! compesates fo rthe overcounting

How does multiplicity relate to volume?

*the 1 subscript indicates that this is for a gas of just one molecule

When is heat positive and when is it negative?

+ for energy transferred to the system - for eneryg transferred out of the system

When is work positive and negative?

+ if work done on the system - if work is done by the system

What are the bonding classifcations for hydrogels?

- Chemical (covalent) - Physical (hydrogen, ionic bonds) Hydrogels are crosslinked by: Primary covalent crosslinks Ionic forces Hydrogen bonds Hydrophobic interactions Polymer crystallites Physical entanglements Affinity or bio-recognition Combination of two or more strategies

What are the 3 divisions in porosity?

- Non-porous: 0.1-10 nm - Microporous: 10-100 nm - Macroporous: 0.1-10 μm

How does oxygena dn oxygen derived free radicals affect the cell?

- OH, O2, and NO are free radicalts that can intiate autocatylitic reactions. Those that react with free radicals also turn into free radicals. Free radicals cause single strand to break in DNA. Thye fragment lipid peroxidation. They fragment or cross-link protients leading to degredationor loss of enzymatic activity

CTA chest

- heart-imaging test diagnose a pulmonary embolism (PE) or if fatty deposits or calcium deposits have built up in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle -radiology at participating hospital

What do carrier and channel proteins allow through the membrane?

- larger molecules <1000 Da (ions, glucose, nucleotides, amino acids) Carrier proteins undergo series of conformational changes to carry cargo through membrane - active transport (requires ATP) Channel proteins create hydrophilic pores (open vs close) - passive transport (requires a gradient)

biodegradable

- when degradation involves biological processes, such as body fluids, cellular activities and enzymatic reactions

What aret eh 4 groups GAGs?

--Hyaluronic acid: a component of loose connenctive tissue and of joindt fluid, where it act as a lubricant -Chrondoitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate -Heparan sulfata and heparin -Keratin sulfate

What is the charge of an electron?

-1.602X10^-19 coulomb's

Why was the artificial taxonomy system invented and what is it>

-Artificial Taxonomy-invented to make identification more easier and efficient -species identified and classified based on how the plants look in comparison to other -microscopes become available an aide in this classification -work on a hierarchy as different -species are classified based first on shared antatomical species -Orders, Genus, Species -let unique characters divide up the taxonomy

What is a face centered cubic structure?

-Atoms touch each other along face diagnols -like a simple cubic that has half an atom slapped onto each of its cubic sides

What are 4 ways to transport across the membrane

-Direct passage -Carrier and channel proteins -Endocytosis -Osmosis

Doctrine of Signatures

-Doctrine of Signatures: belief by medieval philosophers, that as god made all the plants used in medice and thus god pts a signature on a plant that tells you what it's good for (ex. Strawberries are red so they must be good for your heart) -ended up with many plants classified as Pulmonaria (Lungs)

How are primative and advanced characteristics characterised by Engler and Prantle, and Rvon Wettstein?

-Engler and Prantl: (1840-1930) the earliest (primative) plants are those that are woody in which produce tiny flowers that lack petals (ex. Briches, oaks, etc.) -Rvon Wettstein: (1802-1931) primative organs by number and lack of fusion of reproductive organ, advandced have fewer parts and fused reproductive organ

What cells and proteins might you find in the ECM?

-Fibroblasts -basement membrane protiens -interstitial matrix proteins

What are the adhesive molecules in the ECM?

-Fibronectin: a glycoprotein important for linking cells in the ECM via cell suface integrins -Laminin-found in the bastemnet membrane

folk taxonomies

-Folk taxonomies were the earliest to make it into print, but not in all cultures

Explain how steel is refined.

-Iron or and coke are layer in a refractory vessel. -Coke (C) and O2 create heat and CO2. (C+O2->C2) -The CO2 breaks down to CO with the addition of coke. (CO2+C->2CO) -The CO reacts with the iron ore (Fe2O3) (3CO+Fe2O3->2Fe+3CO2) -slag is the made to purify the metal..limestone is added (CaCO3->CaO+CO2) Then (CaO+SiO2+Al2O3->slag)

What is the difference between northern climates and tropical climates in where they go for medial plants?

-North of the equator bulbs and roots mostly used for medicinal purposes, in the Tropics they go to the trees and shrubs

What are the 8 essential function a cell?

-Protection from the environment -Acquisition of nutrients -Movement -Communication -Catabolism of extrinsic molecules -Degradation and renewal of senescent -Intrinsic molecules -Energy generation -Self-replication

How does RNA differ from DNA? How is it similar?

-RNA has 2'-hyroxl in ribose instead of having deoxyribose -RNA has Uracil instead of thymine -both have 3'-5' linkages

What are the 4 factors that impact biocompatibility?

-Toxicology-measurement of effects of leachables -Reactions to products of microorganism colonization -mechanical effect -variety of reaction to interactions with surrounding protiens

Why were herbals used in the first plance?

-Used herbals because folk taxonomies were limited and orals were difficult to learn

How is systematic or structural information obtained and how is it distinct from the other anthropologist tools?

-a group of selected informants are asked to respond to prescribed questions -distinct becuse it gives formal and quantitative data -this was used a lot by Margaret Mead

What are the 2 proteins that inhibit cell adhesion

-albumin -immunoglobin G (IgG)

What proteins are most abundant in plasma?

-albumin (~60%) -immunoglobins, -fibringogen

What are the three types of leaf arrangement?

-alternate -opposite -whorled

lipid

-any biological molecule that has a low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents -hydrophobic, making them excellent barriers separating aqueous environments

What are the characteristics of noncrystalline materials?

-atoms have no periodic packing -occurs for: complex structures, rapid cooling

What are the characteristics of crystalline materials?

-atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays -typical of: metals, many ceramics, and some polymers

What is a body centered cubic structure?

-atoms touch each other along cube diagnols -like a SC with a whole atom in the center

Why do base pairs stack?

-because the bases are hydrophobic and the backbone is polar, hydrophilic. So, to minimize base contact with water, bases stack in way that creates he least surface contact with waer. -stacking force, van der Waals forces, also help pull the base pairs closer to one another, further stabilizing the structure -conformation is favored by 5 member ring of backbone

What are the three main leaf parts?

-blade-the expanded portion -petiole-leaf stalk -stipule-a pair of appendages at the base of the petiole

name 5 leaf modifications

-bladless -phyllodia -sessile -exstipulate -stipular spines

name some forms of modified leaes

-bud scales -bulb scales -some tendrils -bracts

How can chemical injury occur?

-by combing with a molecular component or organelle (ex. chemotherapy drugs) -by being converted to toxic metabolites

What varibles affect the consequences of injury?

-cell type -current status (nutritional, hormonal, etc.) -cell adaptability (differnet tissues withstand differnet durations of ischemia)

What is climax and succestional vegetation?

-climax: ex. fire, erruption, etc. -succestional: ex. glacial, errosion, etc.

Cells respond to their topography by altering what?

-cytoskeleton -gene expression -nuclear shape -ion channels

What are the 3 limitations of ferrous alloys?

-dense -poor elect conductors -poor corrosion resisistant

What varibles affect the cellular response to injury?

-duration -severity -dosage (toxins) -type of injury

What are the 5 proteins that promote cell adhesion?

-fibronectin -laminin -collagen -vitronectin -von Willenbrand's factor

What are the four taxonomies?

-folk -artificial -natural -phylogenetic

how are free radicals controlled in the body?

-free radicals spontaneously decay, the rate of decay is increased by speroxide dismutates, increased by enxymes such as glutathione (GHS) peroxidase -endogenous/exogenous antioxidants block or scavange free radicals (ex. vitiamin E)

Napolean Chagnon

-gave metal gifts in return for answering questions, thereby introducing something new to the culture, ..., -Writes among the Yanomamo emphasized of their violent aggression and claimed its centrality to their culture. He argued that this violence is natural in human behavior and social organization.

What are the major differences between necrosis and apoptosis

-generally necrosis is a response to cell injury and apoptosis is a regulatory response -inflammation due to necrosis, apoptosis causes no inflamation

What are the 3 basic feature a folk category rely on?

-habi -uses -morphology

herbals

-herbals among the earliest -herbals became more specialized -780 A.D First Tea Classic -earliest books in sanscript -our taxonomy in Greek and latin -Theophrastus (371-287 BCE)->wrote 2 multivolume books on plants -Enquiry Into Plants->He described 500 categories in the mediterranian -largest for folk herbals -first of the western herbalist that grouped plant into life form (such as woody, nonwoody, etc.) -Dioscorides 1 A.D. wrote -Materiamedica->most influencial herbal -describes 600 categories which are arranged by medical uses -Theophrastus and Diocorides the surviving plant book copies after the fall of Romes -Problem: as the herbals get passed down the accuracy of transcripition mutilates the original illustration -Herbals came before Doctrine of Signatures -Used herbals because folk taxonomies were limited and orals were difficult to learn -yet organization in the herbals was limited

What are the 4 significant adaptive responses?

-hypertrophy -hyperplasia -atrophy -metplasia

Why might ther be differences between the theoretical density and the actual density of a material?

-imputities -isotopes -more or less electrons than what is theoretical

What kind of information does interviewing key informants give and how is it distinct form hte other anthropologist tools?

-indivuals selected specifically or at random, starting intviews with social questions and then asking about plant, help provide information leading to a key informant who has the plant knowledge -it shows how people view their lives and surroundings

What sequence host reactions may occur following implantation of medical devices?

-injury -blood material interations -provisional matrix formation -acute inflammation -chronic inflammation -granulation tissue -foreign body reaction -fiberous capsule development

What are the 2 characterisitcs of necrosisi?

-irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction -profound disturbances in membrane function

What does participant observation/cultural emmersion show and what information does it give?

-it shows how people put knowledge into practice -it collects information about what kind of roles the plants are taking in the sociest --subsistant (farming, etc.) --ritualized occaisions (psychogenic drugs)

fatty acids

-lipids -builing blocks for most, but not all, complex lipids -They are long chains of carbons truncated at one end by a carboxylic acid -There is usually an even number of carbons, with the maximum number of carbons in humans being 24. -either saturated or unsaturated -oxidation of fatty acids liberates large amounts of chemical energy for a cell -most fats reach the cell in the form of fatty acids, and not as triacylglycerols

What are some physical factors of a wire that can affect resistivity?

-longer wire=more resistivity -longer cross-section=less resistivity

What might cause physical cell injury?

-mechanical -temperature -electrical -radiation -genetic defects

What are some issues that arise when applying the tools of ananthropologist?

-no coopoeration from informants (joking, lying) -trust (how long will it takge to gain it?) -sampling (do the people being interviewed represent the entire community) -changing life history -inability to culturally imerse or cultural contamination with presence -leading questions

List 5 causes of cell injury

-oxygen deficiency -chemical injury -biological agets -physical injury -genetic defects

What are the three basic anthropolgist techniques employed fromt he 1800's throught th 20th century?

-participant observation/cultural immersion -interviewing -systematic/strucured questioning

What are the six major groups of lipids

-phospholipids -steroids -triglycerols -fatty acids -terpenes -glycolipids

water

-sovent in which the chemical reactins of living cells take place -70-80% of cell's mass is due to water -small molecule that can hydrogen bond, important so that water can maintain its liquid state in the cellular environment -strong cohesive forces between water molecules

What is characteristic of metallic crystal strutures?

-tend to be densely packed -have the simplest crystal structures

What do the phylogeneticist rely on for classification and what is the problem with this?

-they used to use a wide variety of characteristics, but depend more and more on DNA and RNA analysis which may presents its own complecation -problem with this is that characters are treated of equal value and let the computer sort out the similarities, this ignores obvious causes for certain traits attain by environmentsl factors (ex. Tropical flowers with tubular structures in an area with a lot of hummingbirds -plant phylogenetic classification based on chlorablast analysis, though plants without chloryphill gets left out

What are the 3 main categories of habit for sexually mature plants?

-tree -shrub -herb

What biological agent can cause cell injury?

-viruses-cause immune system to destroy cells, cause malignant neoplasms, or cause poor cell function -bacteria-toxic endotoxins -protozonas -helminthes (worms_

What are the two ways of measuring temperature?

-volume of a column of mercury -conductivity of a semiconductor

When does the equation for the K translational with T break down and be incorrect?

-when colecules exert forces on each other, -of if collisions with the walls are ineastic, -or if the ideal gas law itself fails

...

Anti-diarrheal

...

Antibiotics

...

Antiemitic

...

Antispasmotic

...

Anxiolytic

...

Edema

...

Edentulous

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Effusion

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Embolism

...

Emesis

...

Epitaxis

...

Erythema

...

Etiology

...

Exacerbation

...

Exudate

...

Febrile

...

Gastroenteritis

...

Hematemesis

...

Hematochezia

...

Hematoma

...

Hematuria

...

Hemohorax

...

Hemoptysis

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Hemorrhage

...

Hepatosplenomegaly

...

How much momentum gets transfered to the wall in an elastic collision?

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Hyperkalemia

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Hypertension

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Hypoatremia

...

Ileus

...

Infarct

...

Infiltrate

...

Inguinal

...

Ischemia

...

LDH

...

Lacrimal

...

Langmuir isotherm

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Lingual

...

Loculations

...

Lymphadenopathy

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Malaise

...

Melena

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Meningitis

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Mitochondiron

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Mottled

...

Neuralgia

...

Norocephalic

...

Nystagmus

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Occiput

...

Olecranon

...

Paresthesia

...

Pharyngitis

...

Photophobia

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Pleurisy

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Pneumothorax

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Post-ictal

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Pretechia

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Psoriasis

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Purulent

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Rale

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Rhinorrhea

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Rhonchi

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Sciatic

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Seizure

...

Sepsis

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Sputum

...

Stenosis

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Stridor

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Syncope

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TILT

...

Tachycardia

...

Thoracostomy

...

Tinea

...

Tinnitus

...

Torsion

...

Turgor

...

Utricaria

...

What

...

What are the 7 types of typifiation

...

What do MSC

...

What is hepatocyte co-culture?

...

What is the equation derived from the first law of thermodynaics?

...

What is the formula for KE?

...

What is the formula for momentum?

...

What is the imperical gas law?

...

What is the kinetic energy of rotation?

...

What is the kinetic energy of translation?

...

What is the number density?

...

What is the potential enenery of the harmonic oscillator?

...

What is thermal energy?

...

What prat of the cell is basal and which is apical?

...

Wheeze

...

When is it safest to apply the equipartition therem?

...

cell injury

...

incomplete...not on test 1

...

ubiquitous

...

Cell Signaling

...Through ECM mechanical forces - mechanotransduction - integrins link ECM proteins to actin cytoskeleton; focal adhesion complexes (protein complexes) transduce ECM signals

Contusion

.A mechanical injury causing hemorrhages beneath unbroken skin; bruise.

Angina

.A severe, often constricting pain, usually referring to the chest that occurs when your heart does not get enough blood

External

.Outside

Adnexa

.Refers to the appendages of an organ. Ex. Ovaries and Fallopian tubes

hilus

(anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ

What is covalent bonding?

A chemical bond resulting from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Body Centered Cube

A common crystal structure found in some elemental metals. Within the cubic unit cell atoms are located at corner and cell center position.

body-centered cubic

A common metallic crystal structure with a cubic unit cell with atoms located at all eight corners and a single atom at the cube center

alternating copolymer

A copolymer in which two different repeat units alternate positions along the molecular chain

graft copolymer

A copolymer where in homopolymer side branches of one monomer type are grafted to homopolymer main chains of a different monomer type.

corms

A corm (or bulbo-tuber, bulbotuber) is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat

Crepitance

A crackling or grating sound, usually of bones

Crepitus

A crackling or grating sound, usually of bones

Hexagonal Close Packed

A crystal structure found for some metals. THe HCP unit cell is of hexagonal geometry and is generated by staking of close-packed planes of atoms.

Face Centered Cube

A crystal structure found in some of the commmon elemental metals. Within the cubic unit cell, atoms are located at all corner and face-centered positions.

crystalline

A crystalline material is one in which the atoms are situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances; this is, long-range order exists, such tat upon solidification, the atoms position themselves in a repetitive three-dimensional pattern, in which each atom is bonded to is nearest-neighbor atoms.

What is close-packed directions?

A crystallographic direction in a crystal along which atoms touch.

What is direct current?

A direct current is a current of constant magnitude.

mixed dislocation

A dislocation that has both edge and screw components.

Clathrin

A fibrous protein found on the intracellular side of the plasma membrane (also associated with the Golgi complex) that helps invaginate the membrane. Typically cel surface receptors are associated with clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane binding of the ligan to the receptor trigger invagination (example: cholesterol uptake via lipoprotein endocytosis).

proteasomes

A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin, Function: Breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

collagen

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.

solid solution

A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species. Both substititutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible.

macromolecule

A huge molecule mad up of thousands of atoms

simple leaf

A leaf with a single blade (which may be variously indented or deeply cut) si a simple leaf

block copolymer

A linear copolymer in which identical repeat units are clustered in blocks along the molecular chain

edge dislocation

A linear crystalline defect associated with lattice distortion produced in the vicinity of the end of an extra half-plane of atoms within a crystal. The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line.

screw dislocation

A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion created when normally parallel planes are joined together to form a helical ramp. The Burgers vector is parallel to the dislocation line.

alloy

A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements

amphipathic

A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

nucleotide

A monomer made of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Makes up RNA and DNA.

Bruit

A murmur or sound heard in auscultation of an artery

What is the atoms/unit cell number for a SC structure?

How much is 1 atm in Pa and bars?

1 atm=1.013X10^5 Pa=1.013 bar

How many joules are in a calorie?

1 calorie=4.186 J

syntype

1 of 2 or more speciemnet used to descripe a new species (ex. bud, bloom, fruit)

Linnaeus developed this tool of the anthropologist when he went to Lapland.

1) The Direct of Observation Technique employed by Linnaeus (1700's) Linnaeus directly observed the Lap people (of Lapland) and how they would utilize Utricularia which was a proteolytic enzyme that separated curds and whey to make cheese

What are the 4 mechanisms that control homeostasis?

1) genetic 2)neighboring cells 3) environmental conditions 4) availability of O2 and metabolic substances

What are the 3 main mechanisms of cell injury?

1) loss of adequate ATP 2) oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals 3) failure of intracellular calcium homeostatic mechanisms

What are the 7 principle functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

1) mechanical support for cell anchorage 2) determination of cell rientation 3)control of cell growth 4) maintenance of cell differentiation 5) scaffolding for orderly tissue renewal 6) establishment of tissue microenvironments 7) sequestration, storage, and presentation of soluble regulatory molecules

What are the 4 feathures of Watson and Cricks model?

1)2 helical plynucleotide chanins, right handed screw sense, anti-parallel chains (meaning they have opposite polarity 3' across from 5'_ 2) sugar phosphate backbones on outside and base pairs on inside 3) bases are nearly perpinicular. For every helical turn (360 deg) there are 10 base pairs, from 1 base to the next is a 36 deg turn. The structure repeats every 34 A 4) helix diameter is 20A

How is collagen made?

1)synthesiszed in cells as solulbel procollagen precursors 2) secreted inot extracellular environments nad self assembled 3) mature insoluble collage during syntehses enzymatic modifications occurs such as hydroxylationfo of proline and lysine residues, Vitamin C is needed ro hyrdoxlyation fo the collagen propeptide, explaining why lack of vitamin c leads to scurvy.

What are some new elements of ehtnobotanical inventories?

1.) Floristics-like plant needing partial shade, etc. 2.) Vegetation Ecology-type of vegitation it's found in (climax or succestional?) 3.)Reginal variation 4.)combinations

What are the 7 typifications?

1.) Holotype 2.) Lectotype 3.) Neotype 4.) Isotype 5.) Paratype 5.) Syntype 7.) Toptype

What are 2 factors that determine crystal structure?

1.) Relative size of ions 2.) Maitenance of Charge Neutrality

What are the 7 elemetns of the ethnobotanical inventories?

1.) Voucher-taxonomic evidence 2.) Habit-morphology, moduar growth, the plant patterns of growth, wood tissue and rings or other 3.) Indiginous Name-helpful in determining plants with similar uses (ex. bane implies enemy often used as poisons 4.) Status-domestic or cultivated or wild or abandoned cultigan? 5.) Uses 6.) Part(s) used 7.) how prepared and applied

What are the 6 power of the FTC?

1.) enforce laws against unfair or deceptive acts or practies to ensure that consumers have accurate data so they can make informed decisions on dietary supplements 2.) stop adcertising that is not adequately substantiated 3.) investigate complaints of questionable trade practices 4.) following investigation, negotiate a consent order, or proceed to cease and desist order that can be broad in scope 5.) seek injunctions to stop false adcertisements or other violations 6.) seek civil penalties for violations

What are the 5 characteristics of the phylogenetic system?

1.) evolution reinterpreted as a geneology 2.) use of dendrograms 3.) speces as abstracts 4.) Priciples of phenetics and its bias 5.) Principle of claudistics and its bias

What are the 3 tools of the antropologist?

1.) participant observation/Cultural immerson 2.) Interviewing key-informant 3.)Systematic or Structured Interactions

What is the FDA empowered to do? (Hint: there are 6)

1.) stop any company from selling a dietary supplement that is toxic or unsanitary 2.) stop the sale of a dietary supplement that has false or unsubstantiated claims 3.) take action agaist dietary supplements that pose a significant unreasonable risk of illness or injury 4.) stop any company making a claim that a product cures or treats a disease 5.) stop a new dieatary ingredient from being marketed if the FDA does not receive sufficient safety data in advance, except for those sold prior to the passage of the DSHEA 6.) require dietary supplements to meet strict manufacturing requirements (i.e., Good Manufacturing Practices, including potency, cleanliness, and stability).

What is the value of K?

1.381X10^023 J/L

What is the coordination number for a FCC structure?

What is the coordination number for a hexagonal close-packed structure (HCP)?

What is 1 L in SI units?

1L=(0.1m)^3

What is the atoms/unit cell number for a BCC structure?

bid

2 times a day

Deoxyribose is much like ribose except it lack an O where?

2' carbon

What is a chromosome made up of?

24 distinct molecules -22 autosomal -2 sex (X and/or Y)

Mean size of the gene?

27,00 nucleate pairs

How many valence electrons are in p-type semiconductors?

How many alpha Helices compose the histone fold?

3 histone fold->B Histone dimer->c

About how many nucleotides are in human DNA?

3 billion

How many degrees of freedom does a monatomic gas have?

3 d.o.f. f=3

How many degrees of freedom does a diatomic gas have?

3 translational d.o.f. and 2 rotational d.o.f. f=5

How many degrees of freedom does a polyatomic gas have?

3 translational d.o.f. and 3 rotational d.o.f. f=6

How long is DNA?

3.2X10^9 nucleotide pairs

What is room temperature in kelvin?

300K

cytoskeleton

3D architecture and scaffolding, guiding wires for molecular motors (dyneins and kinesins)

How many moelcules of DNA are there in sister chromatin?

What is the atoms/unit cell number for a FCC structure?

How many valence electrons are in n-type semiconductors?

What is the atoms/unit cell number for a HCP structure?

What is Avogadro's number?

6.02X10^23

What is the value of R?

8.31 J/(K(mol))

What is Boltzmann's in eV?

8.62X10^-5 eV/K

What's the efficiency of an ideal hydrogen fuel cell?

83%

How are free radicals useful?

: normal part of respiration, microbial killing by phagocytic cells, tumor killing by macrophages

What are the carbon concentrations for low, medium, and high carbon steel? What is stainless steel? What happens as you increase carbon concentration?

<.25 low .25-.6 medium .6-1.4 high stainless steel is a high alloy (usually 11% Cr) increasing concentration of carbon increases strength and decreases ductility

Claude Levi Strauss

A French cultural anthropologist most noted for his contribution to structural anthropology, or the study of underlying patterns in culture especially through the analysis of themes that recur in myths and rituals. He would have multiple people tell the same story inorder to get the true core elements of it.

bulbs

A bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases.[1] The leaves often function as food storage organs during dormancy. A bulb's leaf bases, also known as scales, generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse conditions. At the center of the bulb is a vegetative growing point or an unexpanded flowering shoot. The base is formed by a stem, and plant growth occurs from this basal plate. Roots emerge from the underside of the base, and new stems and leaves from the upper side

Cachetic

Being in a stte of malnutrition and wasting.

Flexion

Bending or angulations

bilat

Bilateral

BBS

Bilateral Breath Sounds

BLE

Bilateral lower extremities

BTL

Bilateral tubal ligation (OB-GYN)

BUE

Bilateral upper extremities

What do you need for cell culture>

Blood - culture media (+/- serum) with glucose, nutrients, and buffer to maintain pH Media regularly replaced since not circulated Antibiotics accounts for lack of immunity Laminar flow hood and aseptic technique - contamination control Humidified incubator at 37oC Vented flasks to allow gas exchange 5% CO2 maintains neutral pH Phenol red as pH indicator - turns yellow at low pH 95% humidity at control evaporation Cells are passaged (sub-cultured) by adding Trypsin/EDTA, which degrades cell adhesion proteins (CAPs) Cell are typically re-plated at a lower density to allow room to ploliferate

Blood Pressure

BSG

Blood Sugar Glucose

What is k?

Bolzmann's constat (k=R/NA) k=1.1381X10^-23 J/K

When is bond hybridization possible?

Bond hybrindizaiton is possible when there is significant covalent bonding.

Bowel movement

Bowel sounds, breath sounds

If interactions between molecules can break down the equation for K translational why doesn't it break down the ideal gas law? When might a problem arise?

Brief interactions between molecules are generally no big deal, since such colisions won't change the average velocities of the molecules. The only serious problem is when the gas becomes so dense that the space occupied bu the molecules themsleves becomes a substantial fraction fo the total volume of the container. Then the basic pitcure of molecules flying in straigt lines through empty space no longer applies. In this case, however, the ideal gas law also breaks down, in such a way as to precisely preserve the equation for K translationsl. COnsequently this equation is stillture not only for dense gases but also for liquids and sometimes even solids!

1597 A.D. The Herball, or Genrall Historie of Plantes.

British, by John Gerarde. Prototype of artificial taxonomy system as it attempts to organize and identify plants using botanical characters (seeds, floral organs, leaves etc.). Descriptions include critical analyses of medical plants that discounts many old superstitions.

1629 A.D. Paradisi in Sole Paradisus.

British, by John Parkinson. Incorporates some plants of North America.

Give an example of a plant with a combination of the types of venation

Buckthorn (Rhamnus)

Dehiscence

Bursting open of a wound, especially a surgical abdominal wound

What role did Linnaeus play in artificial taxonomy?

C. Linnaeus: sex classification. Only wanted to know how many female vs. male organs were in each. Binomial nomenclature system based on ppl inheriting a 2 name (first and last name) system of that time species planetarium 1733

substrate

A part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes

Linneaus

C. Linneaus (1707-1778)-produced a the modern system of naming (genus species binomial), first to publish a hierarchy by using only the sexual system of classification -How many stamens(male) in regard to carpals+Pistil(female)? -got the idea for the binomial system from people having first and last name -Species Pantarum 1733

BNP

CHF

What gets added to a ceramic sensor to cause the potential diff tha tha ti proportional to the external partial pressure

Ca, removes Zr and increases O2 vac

durotaxis

A subset of mechanotaxis - termed durotaxis - refers specifically to cell migration guided by gradients in substrate rigidity (i.e. stiffness).

Aneurysm

A widening of a blood vessel due to pressure on weakened tissues causing formation of a sac of blood that may become clotted

AP De Candolle

A.P De Candolle-(1778-1841) Swiss, added onto sexual classification, including more floral characters such as petals Candolle originated the idea of "Nature's war", which influenced Charles Darwin and the principle of natural selection.[1] Candolle recognized that multiple species may develop similar characteristics that did not appear in a common evolutionary ancestor; this was later termed analogy.

What stacking sequence does a heagonal close-packed structure have?

ABAB

What is the densisty of capillaries?

Capillary density - each 100-200 um due to oxygen diffusion limitation (Q: what does that mean?)

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

ASA 325 mg PO

Cardiac Drugs

NTG 0.4 (1/150) SL q5 minutes x3

Cardiac Drugs

NTG Paste

Cardiac Drugs

NTG drip

Cardiac Drugs

Morphine

Cardiac Drugs Pain Control-Opiate

CPR

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Cardiovascular

Antianginal

Cardizem-___________, antiarrhythmic, htn Cardiac Drugs

antiarrhythmic

Cardizem-antianginal, ______________, htn Cardiac Drugs

What are the carbon concentration of ferrous alloys for cast iron and steels?

Cast Iron >2.1%, but generally 3-4.5% Steel <1.4%

catabolism

Catabolism - degradation of internalized molecules into their constituent amino acids, sugars and lipids

cath

Catheter, catheterization

What are doe the following stand for and what is the organization name? 10XX 11XX 15XX 40XX 43XX 44XX

AISI/SAE 10XX-plain carbon steels 11XX-plain carbon stell resulfurized fo rmachinability 15XX-Mn 1-1.65% 40XX Mo .2-.3% 43XX-Ni 1.65-2%, Cr .4-.9%, Mo.2-.2% 44XX-Mo .5%

Lomotil

ANti-diarrheal

How does failure of Ca homeostasis affect the cell?

ATP dependent Calcium transporters stop due to loss of ATP, increasing Ca flow which stimulates phospholiases (membrane damage), protases (catabolizes proteins) ATPases (increase ATP depletion, endonucleases (fragment genetic material)

Why function do ATP-dependent calcium transports serve?

ATP-dependent calcium transporters maintain cytosolic calcium at very low levels (< 0.1 μM) Extracellular calcium - 10,000-fold higher

AAA

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

Ascites

Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity

AMI

Acute Myocardial Infarction

What is the adhesion belt mad up of

Adhesion belt - tight junctions of same cell connected through actin microfilaments; structural integrity and shear strength to cell sheets

What are the advantages and disadvantages of primary cell culture>

Advantages: More representative of cells in the body Disadvantages: Time consuming Expensive Large variability Mixture of cells Genetic varions

What are the advatages of hydrogels?

Advantages: They emulate soft tissues such as skin, brain, and muscle. They are hydrophilic and enable protein diffusion as well as protein structure preservation. They are extremely versatile.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of cell lines?

Advantages: Uniform and same for each lab (genetic clones of a parent cell) Reproducibility of experiments Ease and cost of maintenance Disadvantages: Transformed => might demonstrate responses not typical of normal cells Cell lines are usually obtained from ATCC - American Type Culture Collection

What happens in an internal combustion engine?

After the working substance is injected into a cylinder. A park plug then ignites the mixture, raising its temperature and pressure while the volume doesn't change. Next the high-pressure gas pushes the piston outward, expanding adiabatically and producing mechanical qork. Finally the hot exhaust gases are expelled and replaced by a new mixture at lower temperature and pressure.

AMA

Against Medical Advice

A&O x3

Alert & Oriented x3 (person, place, time)

Do all organic compounds have carbon and hydron?

All organic compounds come from living things. All have carbon and hydrogen. Some can be without hydrogen though.

Benadryl

Allergic Reactions

Decadron

Allergic Reactions

Epinephrine

Allergic Reactions

Prednisone

Allergic Reactions

What's the throttle process?

Also called the Joul-Thomson process. No heat flow during this process. Entalpy constant during process. The trottling valve cools the fluid to below the temperature of the cold reservoir, so it can absorb heat as required. How it cools The force between any two molecules i sweakly attractive at long distances and strongly repulsie at short distances. Under most (though not all ) conditions the attraction dominates; then .PE is negative, but becomes less negative as the pressure drops and the distances between the molecules increases. To compensate for hte increase in potential energy, the KE generall drops ant hte fluid cools as desired

AMS

Altered Mental Status

Why is the Carnot Cycle impracticle?

Although it is efficeint, it's terriblely impractical because the flows so slowly during the isothermal steps that it takes forever to get a significant amount of work out of the engine.

What is the unit of current?

Ampere, which is 1 colulomb per second

Bruit

An abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or an organ.

Annual plants

Annual plants start their life cycle from seeds to flowers to seeds again within a single growing season. After one year, the roots, leaves and stems of an annual plant dies. What bridges the gap from one generation to the next are the dormant seeds.

GI cocktail

Antacid

Amoxicillin (amoxil)

Antibiotic

Bactrim DS

Antibiotic

Flagyl

Antibiotic

Compazine

Antiemitic

Phenergan

Antiemitic

Reglan

Antiemitic

Zofran

Antiemitic

Bentyl

Antispasmotic

Ativan

Anxiolytic

Valium

Anxiolytic

Vistaril

Anxiolytic

Xanax

Anxiolytic

How does sufaces coated in fibrinogen plasma compare to those coated in fibrinogen deficient plasma?

Cell adherence can be restored with exogenous fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is the most important protein for platelet adhesion in static conditions as it preferentially adsorbs to the surface.

cell line

Cell line - cells that have been passaged many times without loss of phenotype; physiologically, cells that can divide repeatedly without shortening of their telomere Cell lines are immortalized, i.e. have escaped the Hayflick limit Maintained as a stock in the lab

Which side is the apical side of the cell membrane?

Cell polarity - basal (bottom) vs apical (exposed to exterior enviorment)

integrins

Cell-surface receptor proteins that span the membrane and bind on their cytoplasmic side to associated proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton, Cell surface receptor that binds to Fibronectin.

Filopdia

Cells sense their environment by extending processes called filopodia Cells respond to topography by altering their: Cytoskeleton Gene expression Nuclear shape Ion channels

When are cells typically passaged(moved to new culture flask(?

Cells typically passaged at ~80% confluence

CNS

Central Nervous System

CSF

Cerebrospinal Fluid

CVA

Cerebrovascular Accident

CMT

Cervical Motion Tenderness

C-Collar

Cervical collar

C-Spine

Cervical spine

C-Section

Cesearean section

What is charge?

Charge is the quantity of electricity responsible for electric phenomena.

free radicals

Chemicals that harm the bodies tissues by starting destructive chain reactions in the molecules of the bodies cells, such reactions are believed to trigger or worsen some diseases

Chest Pain

CXR

Chest X-Ray

2000 B.C. Pen Tsao.

Chine, attributed to the Emperor Shen Nung (probably a mythical figure). May be the oldest surviving compilation of medicinal plants native to Asia including Cannabis.

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

CTA

Clear to Auscultation, CT Angiogram

CHI

Closed Head Injury

What do coatings do for cell adhesion and in what ways can coatings be achieved?

Coatings - enhance cell adhesion, preferentially select for certain cell types. Coatings are achieved by: Spin coating substrate on a surface Immersing substrate in a protein of interest Chemical (covalent) attachment of proteins or ligands (e.g. using crosslinkers)

State the second law of thermodynamics.

Any large system in equilibrium will be found in the macrostate with the greatest entroy (aside from fluctuations that are normally too small to measure) or more briefly: Entropy tends to increase

ABG

Arterial Blood Gas

Explain the first law and second law in context of the heat engine.

As derived by the previous equation of efficiency, the efficiency can never be greater than 1. We can't get more work out than the amount of heat we put in the. We can't win! We will always be putting in more heat than work output. Unless, according to the the second law e can be 1, if Tc is 0 or Th is infinite. Bothe of which are IMPOSSIBLE...what a scam! You can't even break even!

PRN

As needed

q.h.s

At bedtime, every night

When is fibrinogen an not as effective at suface adhesion?

At high shear rates - von Willebrand's factor is more important as platelet adhesion to it allows them to "roll" along the surface until activated.

Why is von Willebrand's factor important to blood?

At high shear rates - von Willebrand's factor is more important as platelet adhesion to it allows them to "roll" along the surface until activated.

STAT, stat

At once, immediately

Equipartition Theorem

At temperature T, the average energy of any quadratic degree of freedom is 1/2kT

AFib

Atrial Fibrillation

What form of DNA was the Watson and Crick model based on?

B-DNA

1770 B.C. Code of Hammurabi.

Babylon. Medicinal uses of henbane, licorice root and mints.

Selective depetion studies have been done in vivo where protein compete for adsorption to surfaces. What were the results after removing one protein at a time?

Only one protein is removed from mixture at a time. Results: vitronectin more important than fibronectin for cell spreading; fibronectin important for adhesion of platelets, neutrophils, macrophages. Effect of protein removal depends on surface chemistry

Define: Temperature

Operational-what you measure with a thermometer Theoretical -the thing that's the same for two objects, after they've been in contact long enough -a measure of the tendency of an object to spontaneously give up energy to its surroundings. When two objects are in thermal contact, the onset that tends to spontaneously lose energy is at the higher temperature

Ortho

Orthopedic, orthopedics

Overdose

What is the formula for pressure?

P= F/A

How is F, A, and P related?

P=F/A

What is the potential energy for a harmonic oscillator?

PE=1/2*(Ks)(x^2) PE=potential energy Ks=spring constant

PID

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

What is the ideal gas law in terms of k?

PV=NkT N= k= T=temperature

What is the ideal gas law?

PV=nRT P=pressure V=volume n=number of moles of gas R=universal constant T=temperature in kelvins

PPD

Packs per day (cigarettes)

Ibuprofen

Pain Conrtol-NSAID

Totadol

Pain Control-NSAID

Dilaudid

Pain Control-Opiate

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation

palp

Palpation

What are 3 forms of extracellular signaling?

Paracrine - only between cells in the immidiate vicinity; minimal diffusion, signal rapidly degraded Synaptic - activated neurons secrete neurotransmitters at a synapse onto a target cell Endocrine - regulatory substance (hormone) secreted into the blood stream; targets distant cells

Atelectasis

Partial or total collapse of lung tissue

clopidogrel

Pavix (generic=clopidogrel) antiplatelet

FROM

Full Range of Motion

Genesis of a herbarium specimen once it arrives at a herbarium (from the entry door to the cabinet shelf).

Fumigation Documentation: herbarium number Mounting and Labeling: specimen and label attached to sheet Sorting: Family division Filing and maintenance: each family has number, genus is alphabetized, color coding

What Is the purpose of inflammation

Function - contain, neutralize, or wall off the injurious agent or process. It also sets in motion a series of events that may heal and reconstitute the implant site through tissue regeneration, scar tissue or both. Immediately following injury: Changes in vascular flow, caliber and permeability Exudation - escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the injured tissue Cellular events Early responses involve mainly blood and vasculature; blot clots and thrombosis Intensity and duration of inflammation characterize material biocompatibility

What is the function and composition of the plasma membrane?

Function - protection, nutrient acquisition, communication Composed of amphipathic phospholipids which spontaneously assemble in a 2D sheet

plasma memebrane function? Composition?

Function - protection, nutrient acquisition, communication Composed of amphipathic phospholipids which spontaneously assemble in a 2D sheet Transmembrane proteins and channels facilitate transport, surface proteins link to ECM Asymmetric lipid component

What is the function and the 3 major classes of protiens for the cytoskeleton?

Function: Cellular integrity (shape, polarity) and movement Three major classes of cytoskeletal proteins (eukaryotic cells): Actin microfilaments - 6-8 nm diam Intermediate filaments - 10 nm diam Microtubules - 25 nm diam

parenchyma

Functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration

Give 7 functions of ECM:

Functions: Mechanical support for cell attachment Determination for cell orientation Control of cell growth Maintenance of cell differentiation Scaffolding for orderly tissue renewal Establishment of tissue microenvironments Sequestration, storage, and presentation of soluble resulatory molecules

What are the different types o actin microfilaments and what are their functions?

G-actin - major subunit of microfilaments; globular; most abundant cytosolic protein F-actin - double-stranded helical filaments; polar (stable vs active end) F-actin + F-actin binding proteins forms bundles and networks to control cell shape and motility In muscle cells - F-actin + myosin control cell shape contractility

glycosaminoglycans

GAGs Are composed of repeating units of a disaccharide, one of which is a derivative of an amino sugar and one of which carries a negative charge, either as a carboxylate or a sulfate., A water-binding substance between the fibers of the dermis., GAG (chondroitin)+core protein=proteoglycan; on hyaluronan molecule=proteoglycan aggregate;

Stool guaiac

Gallbladder

Cholelithiasis

Gallstones

Gap junctions

Gap junctions function as cell-cell communication and do not contribute to cell-cell adhesiveness

GERD

Gastro esophageal reflux disease

370-278? B.C. History of Plants.

Greece, by Theophrastus. Organizes 500 folk varieties of plants into four categories and also adresses comparative morphology of leaf shape, root shape, woodiness etc.

Theophrastus

Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC) Theophrastus (371-287 BCE)->wrote 2 multivolume books on plants -Enquiry Into Plants->He described 500 categories in the mediterranian -largest for folk herbals -first of the western herbalist that grouped plant into life form (such as woody, nonwoody, etc.)

GSW

Gunshot wound

What bonds hold together base pairs?

H bonds

isotropic

Having identical values of a property in all crystallographic directions

Headache

Heart rate

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Heat and work are forms of energy transfer. Energy is invariably conserved but the internal energy of a closed system changes as heat and work are transferred in or out of it. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.

HCT

Hematocrit

Hgb

Hemoglobin

herb

Herb-(1) strictly, a plant without persistent stems above ground, often confined to perennials with annual stems or leaves arising from a persistent subterranean stem or rootstock. More generally, any non-woody plant; (2) a plant with culinary or officinal properties.

Whic came first, the Doctrine of Signatures or Herbals?

Herbals

What are printed folk taxonomies?

Herbals first herbals were in Sanskrit and were not exclusively about plants but also has religious rituals

) Preserving diversity and novelty (how herbarium collections are made).

Herbarium: plant museum, arranged according to natural system, based on field collections press the plant-fight the problem of moisture (blotting paper) record data in field notebook

Give a full description o fthe Rankine cycle.

Here the working substance is NOT and IDEAL GAS.

What does HCP stand for?

Hexgonal Close-Packed

History

h/o

History of

HSM

Holo-Systolic Murmur; also Hepato-Splenomegaly

Hot vs cold working

Hot -large deformations -ductile -need high temp -oxidation on surface -less energy needed cold -better strength -no surf ox -increase brittlenesss

What kind of information can be gathered by systematic/structured interviewing?

How people view their lives and their natural surroundings

What are the 4 major groups of GAGs?

Hyaluronic acid (not sulfated) - loose connective tissue, lubricant in joint fluid Chrondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate Heparan sulfate and heparin Keratin sulfate

What 2 ionic interactions help stabilize DNA?

Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals

HTN

Hypertension

Hypertonic vs Hypotonic

Hypertonicity - more salt extracellularly (cell shrinks) Hypotonicity - more salt intracellularly Loss in energy results in osmotically swollen cells (cells accumulate ions)

Name 5 methods of adaption

Hypertrophy - increase in cell size Hyperplasia - increase in cell number Atrophy - decrease in cell size, but not number Metaplasia - transformation from one cell type to another Subtle changes in gene expression

Hyst

Hysterectomy

CT Head

ICH, Mass

Why is the multiplitcity of and indistinguishable two molecule ideal gas half that of a distinguishable one?

IF they're indistinguishable, then we've overcounted the microstates by a factor of 2, since interchanging the molecule with each other doe snot give us a distince state

I&D

INCISION AND DRAINAGE

ICE

Ice, compression, elevation

Are adaptive responses permanent?

If the stressor receeds, cells will revert.

Gibb's free energy

If the system is in an environment with constant pressure and constant temperature, then the work you need to do to creat it, or the work you can recover when you destroy it, is given by the Gibbs free energy.

What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. (this law helps define the notion of temperature)

ICD

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

rhizome

In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (from Ancient Greek: rhízōma "mass of roots",[1] from rhizóō "cause to strike root")[2] is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes may also be referred to as creeping rootstalks or rootstocks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and are diageotropic or grow perpendicular to the force of gravity. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards.[3] If a rhizome is separated into pieces, each piece may be able to give rise to a new plant.

stolons

In botany, stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds.[1][2] Stolons are often called runners. Thus, not all horizontal stems are called stolons. Plants with stolons are called stoloniferous. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil surface or in other orientations underground.[1]

What is Equipatition Theorem?

In thermodynamics equilibrium, the thermal enrgy is equally distributed among the degrees of freedom so that each quadradic degree of freedom carries mean energy=(1/2)KT

Dyshasia

Inability to understand language as a result of injury or disease to the brain

I&D

Incision and Drainage

What doe cytosolic calcuium activate

Increased cytosolic calcium activates: Phospholipasis - promoting membrane damage Proteases - catabolizing structural and membrane proteins ATPases - accelerating ATP depletion Endonucleases - fragmenting genetic material

Bronchitis

Inflammaiton of the bronchi

Costochondritis

Inflammation of the costal cartilages

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of the diverticulum, especialy the small pockets in the wall of the colon

Cellulitis

Inflammation of the skin

Eczema

Inflammatory condition of the skin, characterized by itching or burning, tiny pauples and vesciles, oozing, crusting, and scaling

Addaption is the extensive change in the intracellular environment to acoomodate stressors. When is a cell's adaptive capacity exceeded?

Injury

Internal

Inside

ICH

Intracranial hemorrhage

ICP

Intracranial pressure

Intramuscular

IUP

Intrauterine Pregnancy

IUP

Intrauterine pregnancy

Intravenous

IVPB

Intravenous piggyback

IBS

Irritable bowel syndrome

lac

Laceration

differentiate the function of blood vessels bases on size

Large - deliver blood Smaller - regulate blood flow Smallest - diffusional transport => most exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste Ex. Capillaries blood flow - 0.1 cm/sec vs aorta blood flow - 50 cm/sec

What are considered to be large numbers in statistical mechanics?

Large numbers are much larger than small numbers, and are frequenlty made by exponentiating small numbers, which is of order 10^23. The most important property of large numbers is that you can add a small number to a large number without changing it. For ex. 10^23 +23=10^23

diuretic

Lasix-________ Cardiac Drugs

LMP/LNMP

Last Menstrual Period/Last Normal Menstrual Period

LMP

Last Menstrul Period

LNMP

Last Normal Menstrual Period

Left

LLE

Left Lower Extremity

LLQ

Left Lower Quadrant

LUQ

Left Upper Quadrant

LVH

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

LBBB

Left bundle branch block

c/o

Complains of

CBC

Complete Blood Count

What are the properties of GAGs?

Components - carbohydrate (long chain GAGs) bound to protein Proteoglycans - GAGs covalently bound to protein GAGs - highly charged (sulfated) polysaccharide chains up to 200 sugars long, composed of repeating un-branched disaccharide units

decompounded leaf

Compound elaves are sometimes twice divided or eve thrice divided, in which case they are twice-compound or decompounded

LOC

Loss of Consciousness

What are the three basic mechanisms of cell injury?

Loss of adequate ATP production Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals Failure of intracellular calcium homeostatic mechanisms

Rhonchi

Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum

What would cause conformational changed in absorbed proteins

Low structural protein stability Unfolding to allow further bond formation with surface Adsorbed proteins can loose much of their structure Degree of denaturation upon adsorption is dependent on the protein, the length of time it spends on the matrix, the solvent, surface chemistry, etc., and is usually not complete Some proteins become more stable upon adsorption

Inferior

Lower, farther from crown of head

Lumbar Puncture

L-spine

Lumbar spine

Troponin

What is Thermodynamics?

Macroscopic approach dealing with heat and temperature without delving into what they are. Can be developed axiomatically based on four laws of thermodynamics. foundation of thermodynamics

Pierre Magnol

Magnol is of lasting importance because he was one of the innovators of the current botanical scheme of classification. He was the first to publish the concept of plant families as we know them, a natural classification, in which groups of plants with associated common features were described.

What is the main application of synthetic polymers?

Main applications: Sutures Tissue engineering Drug delivery

PID

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

PCN

Penicilin

PUD

Peptic Vascular Disease

CHF

Congestive Heart Failure

Telomere

Contain repeated nucleotide sequences that enable the ends of chromosomes to be replicated. Also protect the end of the chromosomes from being mistaken by the cell as a broken DNA molecule in need of repair.

CPAP

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

CABG

Coronary Arterial Bypass Graft

CABG

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

CAD

Coronary Artery Disease

CVAT

Costovertebral angle tenderness

eudicots

Member of a clade consisting of the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.

How does the cell membrane transport and what is impermeable?

Membrane - impermeable to charged, large molecules. Permeable to ions, sugars, amino acids by pore (protein channels) or transport (carrier) proteins. Material could also be internalized by phagocytosis (cell eating) or pinocytosis (cell drinking)

What are membranes impermeable to?

Membranes are impermeable to: Ions (due to high degree of hydration); larger molecules

MIP

Metacapointerphalangeal

Perennial plants

Perennial plants, also known as herbaceous plants, are very diverse. Some perennial plants are called monocarpic when they bloom and bear fruits only once. Polycarpic perennials bloom and bear fruit every year. Compared to annual plants, perennials are hardier. They are characterized by evolved structures that allow their survival for many years. This is typical of rhizomes and bulbs. There are times when perennial plants become deciduous. This means they have alternating periods of growth and dormancy as a response to the change in climate. Evergreen perennial plants grow all year round.

Cervical

Pertaining to the neck or to the cervix of the uterus

Phospholipids

Phospholipids are built from a glycerol backbone as well, but a polar phosphate group replaces one of the fatty acids. The phosphate group lies on the opposite side of the glycerol form the fatty acids making the phospholipid polar at the phosphate end and nonpolar at the fatty acid end. This condition is called amphipathic

PTX

Pneumothorax

Polmonary embolism

*homopolymer

Polymer that is made up of a single repeat unit.

post-op

Post operative

PA & Lat

Posteroanterior and lateral (x-rays)

What is power?

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy.

Pre-adsorption of proteins in Tissue Culture Polysyrene (TCP) can enhance cell adhesion. Compare albumin and fibrogen absorbed.

Pre-adsorption on adhesive proteins in tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) enhances cell adhesion. Cell adhesiveness depends on the type of protein and itc concentration on the surface: 5% cell spreading on albumin coated TCP Up to 100% spreading on fibrinogen coated TCP 0.03 - 3 μg/ml To pre-adsorb: First step - coat with specific adhesion protein; Second step - block with albumin to avoid non-specific binding

How can preignition be avoided?

Preignition can be avoided in the Diesel engine by compressing only air, then spaying fuel into the cylinder after the air is hot enough to ignite the fuel.

PVC

Premature ventricular contractions

PCP

Primary Car Physician

primary culture

Primary culture refers to the stage of the culture after the cells are isolated from the tissue and proliferated under the appropriate conditions until they occupy all of the available substrate (i.e., reach confluence). At this stage, the cells have to be subcultured (i.e., passaged) by transferring them to a new vessel with fresh growth medium to provide more room for continued growth. For primary culture, cells are either used without passaging or passaged very few times because they can change their phenotype (cell characteristics that result from the environment - as opposed to genotype)

PTA

Prior to Arrival

What are the properties fo a free radical? Hwo do they do harm?

Properties: unstable, reactive, autocatalytic (turn interacting molecules into free radicals) Harm: single stain breaks in DNA, fragmentation of membrane lipids, fragmentation or crosslinking of proteins leading to loss of enzymatic function

tetramer

Protein with four polypeptide chains

PIP

Proximal interphalangeal (joint)

ayahuasca

Psych Viridis which contains DMT mixed with Banisteriospis caapi for prep of Ayahuasca in the Amazon rainforest BC contains harmine and harm aline which are MAO inhibitors that potentiate the CNS hallucinogenic action of DMT, the psychoactive hallucinogenic compound in the Psych viridian plant

PERRLA

Pupils equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation

What is the value for the ideal gas law constant R?

R=8.31 J/(mol*K)

ROM

Range of Motion

What cycle would an air conditioner or ordinary refrigerator be the reverse of?

Rankine cycle

What are the 3 characteristics of protein adsorption?

Rapid kinetics Monolayer adsorption Competitive adsorption

C&S

Culture & Sensitivity

How can compression and tensile loads affect cell differnetion?

Cyclic tensile load - cells align in the direction of the applied load and assume an elongated morphology Important for evaluation of cells from the musculoskeletal system Cyclic tensile of compressive load - increases osteoblast mineralization Important - bone mineralization and mineral density

What is cytosol made of?

Cytoplasm (cytosol) - a microcosm of water, ions, sugars and small MW molecules. Contains the energy source - ATP.

Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton - 3D architecture and scaffolding, guiding wires for molecular motors (dyneins and kinesins)

Serum Ketones

DKA

D-dimer

DVT

Cyanosis

Dark blue or purple disoloration of the skin

Who promted the introduction o fhte natural system?

Darwin

Salve

Decoctions or infusions are heavilythickened with fatty material until they reach the consistency of butter at room temerature (for external applictation).

Ointment

Decoctions orinfusijons are combined with fatty material until they reach a semi-liquid stat at room temperature (for external application).

DTR

Deep tendon reflex

DVT

Deep vein thrombosis

DJD

Degenerative Joint Disease

What influences degredation rate?

Degradation rate is influenced by the local biological environment - pH, cellular activity, enzymes - e.g., a highly inflammatory environment might speed up degradation Degradation rate is also influenced by the chemical, physical, and morphological properties of degradable polymers: Hydrophilic polymers exhibit faster hydrolytic degradation than hydrophobic polymers (Q: Why?) Amorphous polymers degrade faster than semi-crystalline polymers Polymers with high Tg degrade slower than polymers with low Tg Degradation is a dynamic process and can change over time l-PLA crystallinity increases with degradation which slows degradation over time Acidic degradation products change pH which could accelerate degradation

Conjunctiva

Delicate membrane lining the eyelins and covering the eyeball

Prone

Denoting the position of the body when lying flat, with face downward

Supine

Denoting the position of the body when lying flat, with face up

When would a small or large footprint occure?

Developed for reversible adsorption (e.g. gas), yet applicable. Explanation - the protein footprint varies depending on the adsorption conditions: Larger footprint at lower concentration (time to spread) Smaller footprint at higher concentrations (competition)

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus

DKA

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Dx, dx

Diagnosis

Sanger Sequencing

Dideoxynucleotides halt DNA polymerization at each base, generating sequences of various lengths that encompass the entire original sequence. Terminated fragments are electrophoresed and the original sequence can be deduced.

DED

Died in E.D.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing

Materiamedica Who wrote it? How many categories does it describe?

Dioscorides 1 AD 600 categoris

DIP

Distal Interphalangeal (joint)

Transverse

Divides body into upper and lower parts

Midline

Divides the body into left and right sides

DNR

Do not resucitate

What is the species system?

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Did Katie Pick Cucumbers Often For Grandma Sally?)

Vasopressor

Dopamine drip - ___________ Cardiac Drugs

What would cause bioactivity changes of adsorbed proteins?

Due to: Structural and conformational changes Proteins (e.g. enzymes) retain at least some of their activity when adsorbed, especially when surfaces are fully loaded

Atrovent

DuoNeb Updraft (Albuterol with ________): Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment

Albuterol

DuoNeb Updraft (_________ with Atrovent): Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment

Chem7/BMP

E+/- (electrolyte imbalence)

What does ECM regulate?

ECM regulates - cell proliferation, growth, migration, shape, differentiation

Each, every

Cerumen

Ear wax

ecological disparity

Ecological disparity: natural objects used by a culture depend on the habit around them

If there is no hot reservoir connected to the engine, how is thermal engery produced?

It is produced internally by nurning the fuel

How is A-DNA different than B-DNA?

It is the less hydrated form (though it's more significant than this) Still like B-DNA it is right handed and antiparallel strands Unlike B-DNA, A-DNA is -wider -shorter -has tilted bases instead of perpendicular ones -C-3', instead of C-2', lies out of the plane, so endo puckering of sugars tha tleads to 11 degree tilting of base pairs -is favored by RNA because steric strain arises in B-DNA where the 2' hydroxyl group's oxygen is too close to the phosphoryl groups. Phosphoryl groups in A-DNA bind fewer H2O than B-DNA so that dehydration favors form A.

What are the two chief objectives of phytography?

Its two chief objectives are acuracy and completeness of description without undue wordiness

What are the units of k?

J/K

JVD

Jugular venous distension

KUB

Kidneys, ureters, bladder (X-ray)

semiconservative replication

Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand

What is Statistical Mechanics?

Microsopic approach to thermal phenomena. COmbines mechanics with statistical ideas in a theroy that predicts averaged macroscopic properties of many particle systems. Microscopic foundation of thermodynamics.

Imitrex

Migraine Relief

Petechia

Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

1550 B.C. Ebers Papyrus.

Egypt. Contains over 700 medicinal "formulas" including uses or opium poppy, castor oil seed and mandrake.

chromatid

Either of the two strands of a replicated chromosome joined at the centromere

Turgor

Elasticity of the skin, the normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel or capillary resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane

EKG (ECG)

Electrocardiogram

ETT

Endotracheal Tube

ETT

Endotracheal tube

number-average molecular weight

Mn; the total weight of all the polymer molecules in a sample divided by the total number of polymers in the sample, Mn = (sigma)XiMi -- where Xi = fraction of total number of chains

EtOH

Ethyl Alochol (consumption, dependency)

Castanea sativa

Europena , wild or cultivated throughout southern Europe, northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia European chestnuts

Dorsal

Rear or Back

Posterior

Rear or Back

What are the reasons for metallic crystal structures to be so densely packed?

Reasons for dense packing: -typically, only one element is present, so all atomic radii are the same -metallic bonding is not directional -nearest neighbor distances tend to be samll in order to lower bond energy -electron cloud shields cores from each other

RBC

Red blood cells

Flourescein

Red, crystalline substance used in diagnostic examination of the eye to detect corneal lesions, abrasions, or foreign bodies

anisotropic

Exhibiting different values of a property in different crystallographic directions

What doe experiemtnes on protein adsorption on cell-material interaction give us insight into?

Experiment types: With purified protein(s) With complex media (more in vivo representative) Insight into: Adsorption rates Protein conformational changes Protein activity retention Cell adhesion to proteins Cell response to proteins (signaling)

EOMI

Extra ocular movements intact

Where are external and internal proteins synthesized?

Extracellular proteins - synthesized in RER or Golgi Intercellular proteins - synthesized on ribosomes

What does FCC stand for?

Face Centered Cubic

matrix metalloproteinases

Family of enzymes that degrade collagen and other ECM components; involved in tissue remodeling; dependent on zinc ions for their activity; types: interstitial collagenases, stomolysins, mambrane-bound matrix metalloproteinases; produced by fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, synovial cells and some epithelial cells

Distal

Farther from limb root

Lateral

Farther from the midline

What does the FTC stand for?

Federal Trade Commission

FHT

Fetal heart tone

What are the types of polymers

Fibers Coatings Adhesives Elastomers Film Foam

What types of collagen are fribrillar and which are nonfibrillar.? Where are these types found?

Fibrillar (most abundant) -Type I: in hard and soft tissues -Type II: rich in cartilage, invertebtal disks, and vitreous of the eye -Type III: soft tissues Nonfibrillar -Type IV: basement mebranes -Type V: soft tissues and blood vessels

FTN

Finger-to-nose (coordination test)

What are Newton's three laws of motion?

First law: If an object experiences no net force, then its velocity is constant. (the object is either at restor moves in a straight line with constant speed) Second Law: The acceleration fo a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force and is inversely proportional to the mass m on the body. (F=ma) Third Law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force a force F2=-F1 on the first body. (for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction)

How dou you indicate

Floral formulae for imperfect flowers on monoecious and dioecious plants

F/U

Follow Up

What does FDA stand for?

Food and Drug Administration

Fracture

MVC

Motor Vehicle Collision

MAE

Moves all Extremities

MAEW

Moves all extremities well

Myocardial Infarction

Granulation tissue is mad up by myofibroblasts. What are they?

Myofibroblasts - have actin microfillaments (similar to smooth muscle cells) Present in developing granulation tissue Responsible for wound contraction

How are nucleosides linked to their bases?

N-9 of purine (A and G bases) and N-1 of pyrimidine (T, C, and U bases) attached to C-1 of sugar by N-glycosidic linkage

In a solid atoms can oscillat 3 ways. So hwo many atoms are ther with N oscillators?

N/3

Nasogastric

N/V

Nausea and vomiting

N/V/D

Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea

Proximal

Nearer to the limb root

Medial

Nearer to the midline

Superficial

Nearer to the surface

Why is it important ot understand myths and legends as an ethnobotanyist?

Need to understand myths and legends that are still believed by the people because it gives them their cosmology - gives them their place in the universe

NTG

Nitroglycerin

NAD

No Acute Distress

NKDA

No Known Drug Allergy

NKA

No known allergies

NKDA

No known drug allergies

Is the ideal gas low true for a real gas in the real world

No, the ideal gas law is an approximation, never exactly true for a real gas in the real world. It is valid in the limit of low density, when the average space between gas molecules is much larger than the size of a molecule. For air (ant other common gases) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the average distance between the molecules is roughly ten times the size of a molecule, so the ideal gas law is accurate enough for most purposes.

NRB

Nonrebreather (oxygen mask)

Normal

Normal Saline

NSR

Normal Sinus Rhythm

NCAT

Normocephalic, atraumatic

NPO

Nothing By Mouth

NPO

Nothing per os (by mouth)

What is a nucleoside and what are they in RNA and DNA?

Nucleoside: a unit consisting of a base bonded to a sugar RNA: adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine DNA: deoxyadensoine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymide

Nursing Home

obs

Observe

RRR

Regular rate and rhythm

Debridement

Removal of foreign matter or dead tissue form a wound

resp

Respiration, repiratory

Respiratory

Resp

Respiratory

DuoNeb Updraft

Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment

Ventolin Updraft

Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment

Xopenex Updraft

Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment

Solumedrol

Respiratory Updrafts & Treatment Allergic Reactions

RICE

Rest, ice, compression

RTER

Return to Emergency Room

Rheumatoid Arthritis

RBBB

Right Bundle Brance Block

RLQ

Right Lower Quadrant

RUQ

Right Upper Auadrant (of Abdomen)

RUE

Right Upper Extremity

RUQ

Right Upper Quadrant

1 A.D. Materia Medica.

Roman, by Dioscorides (military physician). Five volumes became the prototype of all herbals that followed for the next 1300-1400 years. Most plants discussed are still native to Mediterranean basin through Asia Minor.

Room Air

Why is simple cubic structure (SC) rare?

SC structures are rare due to low packing density (only Po has this structure)

SUPRACLAVICULAR

Sacroiliac (joint)

salient taxon

Salient taxon used only whne there is no ambiguity (ex. Mallard duck->salient taxon?->duck)

What language was the earliest herbals written in?

Sanscript

stem-loop

Seen in RNA and one-stranded DNA. complimentary bases of a single strand pair in order to form this structure. Short double-stranded section. Stabilize by 3 or more base pairs, not all pairs have to bind. Metal ions like Mg can help stabilize the unpaired.

perscription

Hypertension

persistantly high arterial blood pressure

Euthymic

pertaining to a normal mood in which the range of emotions is neither depressed nor highly elevated

Cervical

pertaining to the nex or to the cervix

What is the principle source of hydrocarbons?

petroleum

How to deoxyribose and ribose link to themselves (not to eachother)?

phosphodiesterase bridges form on 3'-hydroxyl group of sugar moiety of nucleotide that is esterfied to phosphate group and joined to 5'-hydroxyl group

Malaise

physical discomfort (as mild sickness or depression), vague feeling of bodily discomfort or illness

What function does the ECM (extracellular matrix) sere?

physical support: cells adhere, signal, interact

reticulate (or net-veined) types

pinnate and palmate venation

epiphyte

plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain

serum

plasma without coagulation proteins

thermoplastic polymer

plastics that sofen when heated (and eventually liquefy) and harden when cooled-processes that are totally reversible and may be repeated

CXR

pneumonia, fx, pneumothorax

PTX

pneumothorax

DNA has directionality called its what?

polarity written 5' to 3' Ex. ACG -3' linked to deoxyguanylate -5' linked to deoxyadenylate

branched polymer

polymers that are synthesized so that side-branch chains are connected to the main ones

cations

positively charged ions

saturated fatty acids

posses only single carbon-carbon bonds

post-op

post operative

tropism

preferred tissue of invation

preg

pregnancy, pregnant

GRAV

pregnant first time

PVC

premature ventricular contraction

Dioscorides

prepared a materia medica w/c scientifically classified 600 different plants according to substance; was the first to write extensively on the careful preparation of drugs as a watchdog to protect us from ineffective medicinals -Dioscorides 1 A.D. wrote -Materiamedica->most influencial herbal -describes 600 categories which are arranged by medical uses

prescription

script

prescription

When molecules collide with the calls of their contianer they exert a force on each wall. What will this produce in a closed container?

pressure

PCP

primary care physician

PTA

prior to arrival

convergent evolution

process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments a problem for the cladistic principles

angiogensis

process of formationof new blood vessels

organogenesis

process of organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development

Purulent

producing or containing pus

Trismus

prolonged spasm of the jaw muscles

What's the difference between serum and plasma?

pserum is plasma without coagulation proteins

pulmonary embolism

PERRLA

pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

What does adenine derive from?

purine

What does thymine derive from?

pyrimidine

What do the 5 major nucleic acids derive from?

pyrimidine-UCT purine->AG

What is the width of the peak?

q/swrt(N)

ROM

range of motion

hybridized (DNA)

reanneale DNA from 2 different organisms

What are the major componets of the DNA replication machine?

red-require ATP

What is "contact" between two objects relative to thermodynamics?

some means for the two objects to exchange energy spontaneously, in the form of "heat"

monomer

A stable molecule from which a polymer is synthesized. (a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers)

octahedral position

six ion spheres, three in each of the two planes (two triangles, one on top of the other, outline makes a david's star)

What are the two general types of roots?

(1) those derived from the primary, or semianl (seed) root (2) adventitious roots, whcih are derived in some other way

What are the three broad categories for root systems?

(1) those in which the primary or semianl, root is maintained (2) those in which the adventitious root system originates from the lower portions of a vertial unmodified stem, this root system early replacing the primary root (3) thos e in which advntitious roots involve various kinds of modified stems, such as shizomes, stolons, tubers, corms, and bulbs

What is the total thermal energy in terms of N f k and t? This is the average thermal energy, when is flucations away from the average negligible? Is this thermal energy the total energy of the system?

(1.23) -when N is large -almost never because there is also "statiac" energy that doesn't chage as you change the temperature such as energy stored in chemical bonds or the rest energies (mc^2) of all the particle sin the system

How long can skeletal, cardiac, and nervous tissue withstand ischemia?

skeletal-2 to 3 hours cardiac-20 to 30 min nervous-2 to 3 min

amphipathic

(Latin: ambo:both) A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

crystallite

small crystalline regions that make up a semicrystalline polymer

How does loss of adequate ATP production affect the cell?

(by ischemia, ypoxia, or mitochondrial dysfunction) -sodium pump can't keep up witht eh flux of couterions and water, leading to acute celluar swelling -increase in anerobic glycolissi, meaning adenosine monompophate(AMP) that stimulates enxym phophofructokinase that uses glycogen stores for ATP, increasing glycolysis leads to accumulation of lactic acid and inorganic phosphate hydroliss of Phosphate ester that causes intracellular PH (recall inorganic phosphate is an intracellular buffer) also more osmotic pressure -decrease in pH and ATP-causes Ribosomesl to detach from RER and ploysomes to disconnect inot monomes->cytoskeleton disperses leasing to loss of microvilli and surface blubs -acute cellular swelling -increase anerobic glycolysis->lactic acid build up,decrease in pH, increase in osmotic pressure -loss of cytoskeleton

Seizures

1. The sudden attach or recurrence of a disease 2. A single episode of epilepsy, often named for the tiype it represents

branched polymers

A polymer having a molecular structure of secondary chains that extend from the primary main chains

cross-linked polymers

A polymer in which adjacent linear molecular chains are joined at various positions by covalent bonds.

random copolymer

A polymer in which two different repeat units are randomly distributed along the molecular chain.

linear polymers

A polymer produced from bifunctional monomers in which each polymer molecule consists of repeat units joined end to end in a single chain

network polymer

A polymer produced from multifunctional monomers having three or more active covalent bonds, resulting in the formation of three-dimensional molecules

Angina

A severe, often constricting pain, usually referring to the chest that occurs when your heart does not get enough blood

chromosome

A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.

lysosomes

A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.

What is a circuit?

An electric circuit or electric network is an interconnection of electrical elements linked together in a closed path so that an electric current may flow continuously.

Langmuir isotherm

An equation relating the fraction of the surface sites that are occupied by adsorbed molecules to the concentration of those molecules in the fluid phase that is in equilibrium with the surface.

What is the old concept of inflorescence which no longer applies universally to observed complex inflourescences?

An old concept of inflorescence was based o the sequence of blooming and the position occupied by the oldest flower. Classified into determinate and indeterminate types. determinate type-the oldest flower terminated the main axis and the general progression of blooming was downward or outward indeterminate type-the youngest flower was terminal or central and the progression of blooming was upward or inward

What is the type of equilibrium for each of the following quantities? Energy Volume Particles

Energy-thermal equilibrium Volume-mechanical equilibrium Particles-diffusive equilibrium

Cardiomegaly

Enlarged heart

enrichment

Enrichment - fraction of protein higher on the surface than in the bulk Adsorption of a protein on a surface, depends on its affinity for that surface Ex - inhibition of fibrinogen to PEG 10-fold excess of lower affinity albumin, but only 1/10 of high affinity hemoglobin

Comparte enthalpy,, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy.

Enthalpy----ENERGY you COULD RECOVER if you destroy the system----ENERGY to CREATE the system OUT OF NOTHING and ENERGY to PUT it into the ENVIRONMENT (constant pressure) Helmholtz----WORK that COMES OUT when the system is destroyed----TOTAL ENERGY needed for WORK to CREATE the system, MINUS the HEAT you can get for FREE from the ENVIRONMENT (constant temperature) Gibb's----WORK you RECOVERED when you destroy the system----WORK needed to CREATE the system (constant temeperature and pressure)

Foreign body

What are non-fouling surfaces?

Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces to the detriment of function.

Diarrhea

Frequent discharge of fluid fecal matter

Anasarca

Generalized edema

What is tissue homeostasis regulated by?

Genetic programs of metabolism, differentiation and specialization (remember that genome of each cell is same initially) Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions Environmental conditions (mechanical forces, temperature) Oxygen and food (metabolic substrates) Pathological changes result when normal limits are exceeded, especially for a prolonged time.

Difference between genotype and phenotype

Genotype - every cell in the body has the same genes Phenotype - with selective differentiation, only subset of gene are expressed, yielding a distinct biological profile; genes could be turned off irreversibly as the cell specializes

1554 A.D. Stirpium Historiae Pemptades Sex (Kryteboeck).

German, by Rembert Dodoens. Uses color plates of flowers, includes some plants of Far East ands timulates British interest.

GCS

Glasgow coma scale

list the 7 ceramics

Glass Clay Refractory Abrasives Cements Advanced abrasives

Are nucleosome rigid or dynamic? Why is this feature important? What are the two mechanicsm that ensure the nature of this structure?

Importance of being dynamic: allow on-demand access of specific underlying DNA by proteins involved in gene expression, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Mechanism 1: chromatin-remodeling complex --- protein machine that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the structure of nucleosomes; Mechanism 2: reversible modification of histones.

Why is the SI unit for temperature called kevin?

In 1848 William Thomson proposed the absolute temperature scale with the zero point as -273 degrees C. He was later named Baron Kelvin of Largs.

What is Maxwell's Demon?

In 1867 James CLerk Maxwell posed this question, wondering whether a "very observant and neat figered being" couldn't deflect fast-moving molecule in ode direction and slow-moving molecules in another, therby causing heat to flow from a acold object to a hot one. -though, even a ypothetical "intelligent" demon, it turns out, must create entropy as it processes the information needed to sort moleules -though not eve a demon can violtate the second law of thermodynamics

What is the fundamental assumption of statistical mechanics?

In an isolated system in thermal equilibrium, all accessible microstates are equally probable?

What does direct passage allow through the membrane?

small non-polar molecules (O2, CO2); small polar molecules <~100 Da (water, ethanol, urea); large hydrophobic proteins (hormones)

SSE

soap suds enema

What are the cation/anion radius ranges for linear, triangular, tetrahedral, octahedral, and cubic structures?

Linear: <.155 Triangular: 0.155-0.225 Tetrahedral: 0.225-0.414 Octahedral: 0.414-0.732 Cubic:0.732-1.0

LFT

Liver function test

diffusion

Mass transport by atomic motion

Tincture

Material is bruised or macerated and soaked in a solvent (vinegar, glycerol, oil or alcohol) without heating. The strained "essence" is usually stored in alcohol to increase shelf life.

med, meds

Medication; Medications

polycrystal

solid is comprised of an aggregate of smaller single crystals, like a mosaic

What is h?

Planck's constant

Decoction

Plant material is boiled repeatedly until the liquid content is much reduced and the extract is concentrated. Often thickening to become viscous-gelatinous and very bitter (herbalist in Missouri call this and ooze).

Poultice

Plant material is mashed in a liquid or fat without cookin or staining. It is applied directly to an external part of the baody and is "kept in placed" with a bandage of cloth or leaves (but believed to relieve "internal" problems).

Centromere

Specialized DNA sequence that allows one copy of each duplicated chromosome to be apportioned to each daughter cell

Name some specialized functions fo the ECM

Specialized due to function: Strength - tendon Filtration - kidney glomerulus Adhesion - basement membrane for epithelia Bones and teeth - calcification (strength)

SEM

Systolic Ejection Murmur

What is the relaxation time?

T time required for a system to come to thermal equilibrium

Thrombolytic Agent

TPA per protocol

Infusion

Tea. Fresh or dries plant parts are combined with boiling water for seveal minutes.

What is relased during acute inflammation that sppeds things up?

The process of recognition and attachment is expedited by serum factors "opsonins" - IgG and complement-activated fragment (C3b) Opsonins adsorb to biomaterials and neutrophils and macrophages have corresponding cell-membrane receptors Other blood proteins - fibrinogen, vitronectin, may also facilitate cell adhesion Inflammatory response in tissues depends upon the size of the implant (i.e. is it phagocytosable - < 5 um, or not - > 5 um)

What is temperature?

The quantity that characterizes bodies in thermal equilibrium. The fact that we can define temperature is the 0th Law of Thermodynamics.

noncrystalline

solids that lack a systematic and regular arrangement of atoms over relatively large atomic distances

Why aren't free radicals toxic?

There is a coping mechanism in place. Coping cellular mechanisms: superoxide dismutases (SOD) - facilitate the breakdown of superoxide; gluthatione peroxidase (GHS) - catalyze free radical breakdown, antioxidents - block or scavenge free radicals

V-Fib

Ventricular fibrillation

V-Tach

Ventricular tachycardia

What are considered to be very large numbers in statisical mechanics?

Very large number are even larger than large numbers, and can be made by exponetiating larger numbers. An example would be 10^10^23. Ver large numbers have the amazing property that you can multiply them by arge numbers without chaing them for instance, 10^10^23x10^23-10^(10^23+23)=10^10^23 *when you eventually divide by the same very large number you need to keep track of any leftover factors *one common trick for manipulating very large numbers is to take the logarithm. This operation turns a very large number number. I'll use this trick later in this section.

endosome

Vesicle formed when a cell takes up material from the surrounding environment using the process of endocytosis.

oxygen

What is the stacking sequence of a face centered cubic structure?

abc

Abd

abdomen

abd

abdomen

AAA

abdominal

Tachycardia

abnormal rapid heart beat

Paresthesia

abnormal skin sensations (as tingling or tickling or itching or burning) usually associated with peripheral nerve damage

Melena

abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood (usually from gastrointestinal bleeding)

Menorrhagia

abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation

Bradycardia

abnormally slow heartbeat

abortion

archamydeae

absent or free petals

Ascites

accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity

What is Stirling's approximation?

accurate in the limit where N>>1 this is an approximation, useful because N! can get to be too large for a calculator to calculate

Induration

act of hardening; a specific area of hardened tissue

ASA

acteylsailicylic acid

AMI

acute myocardial infarction

What adaptive response occure due to evniromental insults?

adapative respons is genetic changes (cancer due to abnormal growth

What is doping?

adding impurities to a semiconductor inorder to get a certain number of valence electrons

what are the types of polymerization formation

addition-> intitiation propagation termination and condensation (two diff molecules for and creat new like nylon+water)

What are bases derive from purine?

adenine (A) and guanine (G)

Adipocytes

adipocytes (Latin: adips:fat, Greek:kytos:cell), also called fat cells, are specialized cells whose cytoplasm continas almost nothing but thriglycerides

crosslinked polymer

adjacent linear chains that are joined one to another at various positions by covalent bonds

competitive adsoption

adsorptionof proteins is selective and lead to enrichment of surfaces in certain proteins

What are nodal roots?

adventitious roots that form characteristically in rings from stem tissues around a node

prop or stilt roots

adventitous roots that develop on a trunk or lower branch that begin as aerial root (another ex.: reaching for water) but eventually grow into a substrate fo some type; these roots in some cases seem to proved mechanical support, having either good compression or tensile properties to help support trees at their bases

Signaling has high _______, and ______ interactions.

affinity specific

When did artifical taxonomy end?

after Darwin's orgin of species which was published in nov 1859, spawing the new natural taxonomic system

When is thermal equilibrium reached?

after two objects have been in contact long enough

AMA

against medical advice

toradol

pain control (NSAID)

vicodin

pain control-opiate

Photophobia

pain in the eye resulting from exposure to bright light (often associated with albinism)

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)

pain relief

Demerol

pain-narcotic

Pallor

paleness

patient

What does aboriginal mean?

people native to a place prior to colonization (a pegorative term)

fruit and seed characters

o The fruit of a flowering plant may be defined as a matured ovary and its contents, together with other flower parts that may sometimes adhere to it. The fruit is often an important diagnostic feature of a family or genus: the legume of the Pea Family, for example, or the aggregate of droplets of the blackberry and Raspberry. o A fruit is really a matured ovary containing one or more seeds. o The ovary wall, known as the pericarp, consists of three layers in fruits: the exocarp, or outer layer, which is often the skin; the mesocarp, or middle layer, which may become fleshy; and the endocarp, or inner layer, which is sometimes modified in various ways. o Fruits are formed when an ovary undergoes changes, becoming either dry and hardened or enlarged and fleshy. This maturation process is generally triggered by signals accompanying seed formation. The nature of the fruit in a particular plant will depend, to a large extent, on the nature of the ovary from which it develops. For example, the placentation of the ovules carried in a particular ovary will determine the eventual placement of seeds within the fruit. Also, the number of locules in the ovary will be apparent in the fruit. o A seed is a mature ovule. The typical seed consists of an embryo surrounded and protected by a seed coat, with or without a quality of stored food, known as the endosperm, in which the embryo is embedded.

What are dendrograms and the nodes on them

o like a family tree o species are nodes on a fam tree o use apomerphic characters not primative characters (ancestral or pleisionerphic) o trace to a common ancestor (extinct)

sintering

occurs during firing of a piece that has been powder pressed

Inguinal

of or relating to or near the groin

Sciatic

of or relating to the ischium (or the part of the hipbone containing it)

exstipulate

often stipule ar not produces, and such leaves are exstipulate

block copolymer

one in which identical repeat units are clustered in blocks along the chain

Adding a nucleotide to a 5' while adding to a 3' is an incorrect model. Explain DNA synthesis. What is the leading and lagging strand? What do you call the fragments?

one strand synthesizes continuously while the other synthesizes discontinously

Hydrocarbons

organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

polymorphic

relating to the crystallization of a compound in two or more different forms

Bragg's law

relationship among x-ray wavelength, interatomic spacing and angle of diffraction for constructive interference

annealing (DNA)

renaturation process

solumedrol

repiratory and allergic

ventolin

respiratory

xopenex

respiratory

ischemia reperfusion

restored blood flow to a previously ischemic (diminished blood flow) tissue

How can ischemia reperfusion cause damage?

return of blood flow-> -increases Calcium and causes loss of cell integrity -activation of immunity responses and local inflammation of cell recruitment that releases potentially deleterious oxygen derived reactive species and cytokine inflammation mediators -damaged mitochondria yield incomplete oxygen that increase free radical species, potentiated by damage cell antioxidant defense mechanisms

What adaptive response occurs when Heart cells are subjecte to imbalance between blood supply and energy demand (ischemia, blood clot)?

reversible or irreversible injury (necrosis (aka myocardial infarction)

When is cell injury reversible and when is it not?

reversible-if stressor is normalized, irreversible-with severe or persistant stess

right

RBBB

right bundle branch block

RLE

right lower extremity, right lower extremities

RLL

right lower lobe

RLQ

right lower quadrant

RML

right middle lobe

RUL

right upper lobe

aerial roots

roots formed in and exposed to air ex. by epiphytes and hemiepiphytes; in some species, aerial roots grow downward from tropical tree canopy towards the ground as extremely lon, unbranced roots

contractile roots

roots that become shortened in length (shrivel or shrink in length) and thereby draw the plant or plant part downward into the soil profile; many examples can be found among bulbous plants.

vegetative organs

roots, stems, and leaves

R/O

rule out

r/o

rule out

sacroilic (joint)

What are the diff types of casting

sand casting die casting investment casting continuous casting

Keloid

scar formation cosisting of dense tissue

Adsorption of proteins is ___ and leads ot enrichment of surface in certain proteins.

selective

suffrutescent

semishrubby, the lowest parts of the stems becoming woody and remaining alive over the winter when the higher parts die back (such plants are also refferred to as semishrubs)

Arthralgia

severe pain in joint

STD

sexually transmitted disease

Neuralgia

sharp pain along the course of a nerve or several nerves

Name a popular semiconductor and give its properties?

silicon 14 atomic number covalently bonds to other silocon atoms 4 valence electrons

sericeus

silky

Which is more important in natural taxonomy, similarities or differences?

similarities

What does SC mean?

simple cubic

What is a free radical

single unpaired electron in an outer orbital (hydroxyl - OH , superoxide - O2- , nitric oxide - NO )

mitochondiron

site of cellular respiration; produces energy for the cell (from food molecules)

Gingiva

the tissue (covered by mucous membrane) of the jaws that surrounds the bases of the teeth

Helmholtz free energy

the total energy needed to create the system, minus the heat you can get for free from an environment at temperature T. This heat is given by TdeltaS=dS, where s is the system's final entropy; the more entropy a system has, the more its energy can enter as heat. Thus F is provided out of work if making the system out of nothing. Or, if you anhialte the system the work that comes out is F. since you have to dump some heat, equal to TS, into the environment in order to get rid of the system's entropy. The available, or "free," energy is F.

Why should you care about the number of up and down dipoles?

the total energy of the system (neglecting interactions between dipoles) is determined by the total numbers of up- and sown-dipoles, so specifying which macrostate thsi system is in is the same as specifying its total energy

What is work?

the transfer of energy to or from a system broguht about by a change in external parameter

conduction

the transmission of heat or electricity or sound

alternating copolymer

the two repeated units alternate chain positions

grain boundary

there exists some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet

How do you prevent two objects from coming into thermal equilibrium?

thermal insulation -such as spun fiberglassrmos bottle or the double wall of a the

thermoplastic vs thermoset

thermoplastic-reversible thermoset-heat to form, degrades with heating

How are diamond and graphite related?

they are both polymorphic forms of carbon

Why are Theophrastus and Dioscorides the only herbals mentioned from early western cultural times?

they were the surviving herbals after the fall of Rome

tubers

thickened and fleshy subterranean stems that serve as organs for food storage and reproduction, as in the Irish Potato

Rhinorrhea

thin, watery discharge from the nose

What are mediators?

things that influence the culture in good or bad ways -mediators change from culture ot culture and from year to year

linear polymer

those in which the repeat units are joined together end to end in single chains

How is it that two objects seperated by empty space be able to radiate energy to one another?

through electromagnetic waves

TSH

thyroid-stimulating hormone

adhesion belt

tight junctions of same cell connected through actin microfilaments; structural integrity and shear strength to cell sheets

enzymatic dissociation

tissue broken by enzyme, dissociate cells release

What is the goal and outcome of invivo testing?

to assess the systematic reactions to a biomaterial or biomaterial leachable, biocompatible material induce mild inflammatory response and non-biocompatible induce FBR

Lacrimal

to do with tears

Infarct

to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel

TIA

transient ishemic attack

Why are the forms of degree of fredom?

translational motion (x, y, z) rotational motion vibrational motion eleastic potential motion (as stored in a spring)

Cornea

transparent anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye

treatment

Derive F from the thermodynamic identity.

...

Derive Gibb's free energy from the thermodynamic identity.

...

Derive the formula fo H from the thermodynamic identity.

...

Give the partial derivatives from the Gibbs equation.

...

Give the partials for mixed particles.

...

Give the square illustration to illustrate the three equations for the four thermodynamic potentials.

...

Holding T and either N or V fixed, what is pressure and chemical energy?

...

Holding V and N fixed, what is S?

...

What are the advantages and disadv of advanced ceramics

...

What equation do you use if gibbs free energy is not given for a reaction?

...

What's the thermodynamic idnetity?

...

Ethnobotony is the marriage between ___________ and _________.

Ethnobotany - marriage between anthropology (ethnology/ethnography) and botany (specifically economic botany, taxonomic, phytochemical and karyology)

How do ehtnology and economic botany united?

Ethnology is the study of cultures and the union of Economic Botany within Ethnology is how cultures have used plants locally and how it has spread globally. The use of medicinal plants that translate from the indigenous people to western medicine and pharmaceuticals, the cultivation and bioengineering of new crops, and the drug trafficking and trade between civilizations are all ways that create a union between Ethnology and Economic Botany.

reservoir

In general, a reservoir in thermodynamics is anything that's so large that its temperature doesn't change noticeably when heat enters or leaves

What happens to the change in F if new entropy is created during a process or if no new entropy is created?

NO new entropy: then Q=TdeltaS, so the change in F is precisely equalt ot he work done on the system. New entropy is CREATED: then Tdelta S will be greater than Q, so deltaF will be less than W (Work includes work done by the environment automatically, all work)

What is ethnobotony?

The interaction and perception of plants by local people. The field of study that analyzes the result of indigenous manipulations of plant materials together with the culture context in which plants are used. marriage of anthropology and botany

Why does only part of the energy absorbed as heat converted to work by a heat engine?

The reason is that the heat, as it flows in, brings along entropy, which must somehow be disposed of before the cycle can start over. To get rid o fthe entropy, every heat engine must dump.

name polymer additives

filler plasticizers stabilizers lubricants colorants flame retardant

What's an easy way to measure change in Gibbs free energy?

Tje easies conceptually is to first measure delta H for the reaction, bu measuring the heat absorbed when the reaction takes place at constant pressure and no "other" work is done. Then calculate deltaS fromt hte entropies of the intial and final states of the system, determiend separeately from heat capcaity data. The compute the above equation.

what is the polymer in hip repla

UHMWPE ultra high molec wei polyethelene

How do you make a gasoline engine more efficient?

Use a higher compression ratio (V1/V2) Unfortunately, if the fuel mixtre becomes too hot it will "preignite" spontaneously before the compression step is complete, causing hte pressur eo t jump upward before point 2 i the cycle is reached.

Who used interviewing to gain knowledge that would lead to the discovery of a cardiac drug derived from purple foxglove?

Used by William Withering on old woman to get Dropsy cure

What are the 4 steps of the Carnot cycle?

a.) isothermal expasion at Th while absorbing heat (going slowly enough so that temperature remains at Th while volume expands in the presence of heat reservoir which keeps it at Th because otherwise as pressure went down due to expansion the temperature would go do, so we keep the temperature at about Th thanks to the heat reservoir. Now enternal energy is not changing which means enternal energy (U=Q-W) (change in energy of the system equal to heat applied to system minus work done by the system) so Qc is zero becuase (Qh-W=Qc). Temperature didn't change so KE didn't change and so enternal energy didn't change. Of course no change in temperature means this is and isothermal process expanding quasistatically. Remeber we are putting in heat Qh so the the change in temp which would other wise drop is not changing and the process is isothermal.) Energy was given away in potnetial energy to the piston and so energy is then given by the heat reservoir with Qh inorder to maintina that U=0. Work done by th system. b.) adiabtic expansion to Tc Now we are removing a bunch of pressure on the piston and the piston goes up dramatically. Increasing volume and decreasing pressure (in an adiabatic process=no Q exchange..heat is not going into the system,), but temperature is now changing to Tc. Not ce how presure and volume are changin rapidlyt on the graph. Some work was done here and we are now at Tc. Work done by the system (positive direction). c.) isothermal compression at Tc while expelling heat Now we need the change internal energy to be 0 so we add pressure slowly so that the temperature stays the same at Tc of the cold reservoir. It stays at Tc while a process is going on (higher pressure, smaller volume, need for temp to go up) so that heat is being transfered to the cold reservoir as Qc. Work is being done to the system (negative direction). d.) adiabatic compression back to Th to get it back to state A we add a bunch of pressure to create adiabatice compression (no change in Q), and work is being done on the system by the piston to compress this. It compresses it a bunch thus doing what? increasing pressure decreasing volume and temp wants to go up much more dramatically than in cc so that we end up back at A where we let expand again with Qh coming in and working being don by the system The system must b put in thermal contact with the hot reservoir during step a and with the cold reservoir during step c.

How do you make the engine less efficient?

by producing more entropy. So heat leaves the hot reservoir, but instead of the heat of the hot reservoir remaining the same, the temperature is less than Th and so heat must then enter the engine so that the entropy is greater (recall the expression fo Q and T in the secon law)

Us the previous expression fo the first law to redefine effeciency. What is significant about this derivation?

efficency can never be greater than 1. I will only equal 1 if Qc is 0.

According to the second law the total entropy of the engine must increase and can never decrease. Since the state of the engine must not change, what happens to the entropy as energy flows?

entropy expeled myst be at least as much as the entropy it absorbs (imagin entropy as a fluid that can be created but never destroyed, thus entropy is always increasing as in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics)

steam engine

external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder , A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)

give the types of cast iron

gray iron -weak and brittle in tension -strong in compression -good vibrational dampening -wear resistant ductile iron -pearlite matrix which is stronger but less ductile, nodual grapite -add Mg and/or Ce white iron -<1 wt% Si -very hard and brittle -pearlite and cementite malleable iron -good strength and ductility -rostets -treated white iron at 800-900 deg C Compacted graphite iron -good thermal conductor -resistant to thermal shock -lower oxid at higher temps

firing

heat treat 900-1400 deg C

What is hte hot and cold reservoir in a steam engine?

hot reservoir-the place where the fuel is burned cold reservoir-the surrounding environment

Otto cycle

is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition reciprocating engines. It is named after Nikolaus A. Otto, who built a successful four-stroke engine in 1876 in Germany using the cycle proposed by Frenchman Beau de Rochas in 1862. The ideal Otto cycle, which closely resembles the actual operating conditions, utilizes the air-standard assumptions. It consists of four internally reversible processes:

vitrification

liquid gas forms from clay and lux flows between SiO2 part

What are the general features of cast iron?

low melting temp generally brittle Fe3C decomposes to 3Fe (ferrite)+C (graphite) (remember cast iron skillet)

How do you avoid making new entropy in a heat engine? (thus making it more efficient)

make the temperature of ht eworking substance equal the temperatue of the heat reservoir. This isn't possible though because heat won't flow between objects of the same temperature. So, lets make Tgas slightly less than Th. In order to do this, gas must expand isothermally at Th while absorbing heat Qh (the heat coming from the hot reservoir). At the same time we want the waste temperature to only be infintesimally greater than Tc, to avoid creating new entropy. So, as the heat leaves the gas we need to compress it isothermally at a temperature just greater than Tc. In order to get the gas from one temperature to the other and back. We don't want any het to flow in or out when the gas is at intermediate temperatures, so these intermediate stes must be adiabatic. Thus we have the Carot Cycle composte of four steps.

methods of making composites

pultrusion -cont resin through resin tank and so on filament winding

What is a heat engine?

some waste heat nto its environment.any device that absorbs heat and converts part of that energy into work (ex. steam engine, not the internal combution engine which doesn't actually absorb heat unless you pretend the thermal energy comes from outside rather than inside then it can be considered a heat engine.)

How do you form polymers

spinning extrusition compression molding blown film

What is enthalpy?

the energy of a system and the work needed t omake room for it, in a n environment with constant pressure. THis is the total energy you need to create the system out o nothing and put it in such an environment. Since the initial volume is 0, delta V is 0.

What is an engine's "working substnce?"

the material that actually absorbs heat, expels waste heat, and does work (the gas!)

How can you get electrical work from a fuel cell?

the reverse of the above.

economic botany

the study of the relationship between plants & people. This field of study explores the numerous ways humans employ plants for food, medicine, textiles, shelter, religion and more

drying

water rem decreases interpart spaces

why does water make clay softer

weakens van der waals bonding when getting b/n layers

mis forming o fmetals

welding powder metallaurgy

How participant observation/cultural immersion useful?

• ◦Collect information on plants used by the people through subsistence activities and ritual behaviors ◦Shows how people put knowledge into practice

Misc. I

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