A.P. Psychology Unit 1

behaviorism; Carl Rodgers; Abraham Maslow; humanistic; growth; healthy

As a response to Freudian psychology and to ___, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers ___ and ___ forged ___ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the ___ potential of ___ people.

asking and answering questions

As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of ___.

cognitive; mind; cognitive neuroscience

During the 1960s, psychology underwent a ___ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our ___ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called ___.

system; social system; levels; analysis; psychological; social-cultural; biopsychosocial

Each person is a complex ___ that is part of a larger ___ an at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main ___ of ___- biological, ___, and ___- which together form an integrated ___ approach to the study of behavior and mental processes.

teaching; learning

Educational psychologists study influences on ___ and ___.

John Locke; Tabula Rasa; Francis Bacon; empiricism; observation; experimentation

English philosopher ___ argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate, or ___. His ideas, together with those of his countryman, ___, helped form ___, the view that science should rely on ___ and ___.

biology; philosophy

Historical roots the psychology include the fields of ___ and ___.

Charles Darwin; evolution; natural selection; reproduction; survival

In 1859, naturalist ___ explained species variation by proposing the process of ___, which works through the principle of ___. This is the principles that traits contributing to ___ and ___ will most likely be passes on to the succeeding generations.

mental; observable;

In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of ___ life .From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of ___ behavior.

observe; record; subjective experiences; infer

In this definition, "behavior" refers to any action that we can ___ and ___, and "mental processes" refers to the internal, ___ we ___ from behavior.

a. Distribute study time. b. Learn to think critically. c. Listen actively in class. d. Overlearn material. e. Be a smart test taker.

List five additional study tips identified in the text.

psychiatrists

Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called ___.

think; feel; act

Psychological science seeks to answer about how people ___, ___, and ___ as they do.

basic research; applied research

Psychologists may be involved in conduction ___, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or ___which seeks solutions to practical problems.

psychodynamic

Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the ___ perspective.

experimental psychologists

Psychologists who explore thinking and behavior by conducting experiments are called ___.

counseling; clinical

Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called ___ psychologists. Psychologists who study, asses, and treat troubled people are called ___ psychologists.

personality; social

Psychologists who investigate our persistent traits are ___ psychologists, where those who explore how we view and affect one another are ___ psychologists.

evolutionary

Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the ___ perspective.

biological

Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working from the ___ perspective.

social-cultural

Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations are working from the ___ perspective

developmental

Psychologists who study our changing abilities from womb to tomb are ___ psychologists.

behavioral

Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the ___ perspective.

humanistic

Psychologists working from the historically important ___ perspective explore how people attempt to fulfill their potential.

learning; Sigmund Freud; children

Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov who pioneered the study of the personality theorist ___; and Jean Piaget, who studied ___.

Rene Descartes; animal spirits; nerves

The French philosopher ___ believed that ___ flow from the brain through what we call ___ to the muscles, enabling body movements.

Socrates; Plato; mind; body; innate; Aristotle; experience

The Greek philosophers ___ and ___concluded that the ___ is separate from the ___ and that knowledge is ___. One of their students, ___, disagreed, arguing that knowledge grows from the ___ stored in our memories.

cognitive

The ___ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

SQ3R: survey; question; read; review; reflect

The ___ study method incorporates five steps: a.___, b.___, c.___, d.___, and e.___.

psychometrics

The branch of psychology devoted to measuring our abilities, attitudes, and traits is ___.

complement

The different perspectives on the big issues ___ one another.

Mary Calkins; Margret Washburn

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was ___. The first women to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was ___.

Wundt; Edward Titchener; structuralism; introspection; unreliable

The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm ___. His student, ___, introduced the school of ___, which explored the basic elements of mind using the method of ___. This method proved ___.

biology; experience

The nature- nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of ___ and ___.

behavior; mental

The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of ___ and ___ processes.

actively

To master any subject, you must ___ process it.

William James; adaptive; functionalism;

Under the influence of Charles Darwin, psychologist ___ assumed that thinking developed because it was ___. He founded the school of ___, which focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

increasing; globalizing

Worldwide, the number of psychologists is ___. Thanks to international publications and meetings, psychological science is also ___.

nurture; nature; psychological; biological

Although the debate continues, we will see that ___ works on what ___ endows and that every ___ event is simultaneously a ___ event.