AP United States History Unit 2

Dunmore's War

1774 conflict between Virginia and Shawnee/Mingo tribes, conclusiled to Virginian victory and natives' forced recognition of Ohio River as western boundary of colonies.

Suffolk Resolves

1774 declaration by leaders of Massachusetts,, rejecting Massachusetts Government Act and resolved to boycott imported goods from Britain unless Intolerable Acts were repealed.

Board of Commissioners of the Customs

1767 board that raised number of customs officials, created colonial coast guard, provided money to informers.

Quebec Act of 1774

1774 law passed by Parliament that provided appointed government for Canada, increased size of Quebec, and confirmed privileges of Catholic Church.

Administration of Justice Act

1774 law protecting British officials from colonial courts by sending them home for trial if arrested.

Massachusetts Government Act

1774 law that annulled Massachusetts colonial charter.

Boston Port Act

1774 law that closed Boston Harbor.

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts of 1774

1774 laws created to punish Massachusetts and strengthen British authority, including Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, and Quartering Act.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

1768 letter by Samuel Adams and James Otis, passed by Massachusetts representatives in response to Townshend Acts., resulting in military occupation of Boston by British Army.

Treaty of Hard Labor

1768 treaty in which Cherokees ceded upper Tennessee River and West Virginia to British.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

1768 treaty in which Iroquois gave up claim to Ohio Valley, ceded Kentucky and West Virginia to British.

Boston Massacre

1770 conflict in which British troops fired on American civilians in Boston.

Treaty of Lochaber

1770 treaty in which Cherokee agreed to western boundary limits of Virginia and North Carolina.

Boston Tea Party

1773 incident in which Bostonians disguised as natives destroyed tea belonging to British East India Company to prevent payment of tax on it.

Tea Act of 1773

1773 law permitting British East India Company to sell through agents in America without paying tax collected in Britain, reducing retail prices.

Juan Bautista de Anza

Spanish officer who founded San Francisco in a colonizing expedition in 1776.

Benjamin Franklin

colonial writer, scientist, printer who published the "Pennsylvania Gazette" and wrote "Poor Richard's Almanack" annually.

Eunice Williams

colonist taken captive by Mohawk tribes in 1704 from Deerfield, Massachusetts, was assimilated into Mohawk society at Kahnawake.

Almanac

combination calendar, astrological guide, and sourcebook of medical advice and farming tips.

Committee of Safety

committee that directed revolutionary movement and carried functions of government at local level between fall of royal authority and creation of regular governments.

Committees of Correspondence

committees formed in Massachusetts and other colonies in pre-revolutionary period to keep colonists informed about British measures affecting colonies.

Republicanism

complex and changing body of ideas, values, assumptions closely related to country ideology that influenced American political behavior during 18th and 19th centuries.

French and Indian War

war from 1756 to 1763 between British and French/Natives in which British took control of Quebec, Great Lakes, Port Royal, and Acadia from French.

Treaty of Paris

end to British hostilities against France/Spain in February 1763, in which Britain took over Florida (Spanish), Great Lakes Region (French), and New France/Quebec (French).

Jonathan Swift

essayist who warned of threat to liberty posed by unchecked exercise of power with Alexander Pope.

Alexander Pope

essayist who warned of threat to liberty posed by unchecked exercise of power with Jonathan Swift.

George Whitefield

evangelical preacher from England who toured colonies in 1730s - 1740s and helped promote Great Awakening.

Jonathan Edwards

evangelical preacher who gave sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" in Great Awakening.

Liberty Tree

famous elm tree in Boston that was site of first staged act of defiance against British in 1765.

Seigneurs

feudal lords.

Elizabeth Timothy

printer and newspaper publisher in South Carolina colony, worked for Benjamin Franklin.

Richard Pierce

printer and publisher of Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic.

Grand Council

Benjamin Franklin's proposed legislative body that would make general laws, raise money for defense, have seats allocated to delegates of different colonies by population.

Andrew Oliver

Boston's stamp distributor, whose home was vandalized by Bostonian colonists.

A Society of Patriotic Ladies

British cartoon ridiculing efforts of American women boycotting tea.

Fort Ticonderoga

British fort in Vermont on Lake Champlain attacked by New Englanders commanded by Ethan Allen.

Natchez Rebellion

Natchez tribe attacked French in the Louisiana colony, French retaliated by killing Native Americans in the area, and eventually brought many Natchez people into slavery.

Cotton Mather

Puritan minister in New England who went to Harvard College, was involved in Salem Witch Trials, wrote book supporting existence of witches, defended Copernican model of universe.

Reverend John Williams

Puritan minister who wrote "The Redeemed Captive Returning from Zion" after release from Mohawks, daughter was Eunice Williams.

William Penn

Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania based on land grant/charter from king.

Townshend Revenue Acts of 1767

1767 acts imposing taxes on tea, lead, paint, paper, glass.

Stamp Act Resolutions of 1765

1765 series of seven resolutions against Stamp Act proposed by lawyer Patrick Henry in Virginia's House of Burgesses, who rejected it.

Declaratory Act of 1766

1766 law to accompany repeal of Stamp Act stating that Parliament had authority to legislate for colonies in all cases whatsoever.

Toleration Act of 1689

1661 law by King Charles II ordering stop to religious persecution in Massachusetts.

Halfway Covenant

1662 plan by New England clergy to counter declining church membership by allowing children of baptized parents to be baptized, despite whether parents had converted.

Glorious Revolution

1688 revolution in which King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary of Orange.

Letter Concerning Toleration

1688 work published by Enlightenment philosopher John Locke suggesting that English government employ religious toleration.

New England Primer

1689 book published by Benjamin Harris in Boston, became foundation for Protestant schooling.

Saybrook Platform

1708 constitution for churches in Connecticut that organized churches into centralized associations.

Plantation Act of 1740

1740 law that allowed any foreigner residing in the colonies for seven years without being absent for more than two months to become a citizen, required declaring allegiance, profession of Christianity, and monetary payment.

Albany Plan of Union

1754 plan calling for intercolonial union to manage defense and indigenous affairs, rejected by Albany Congress.

Pontiac's Rebellion of 1763

1763 conflict in which confederation of Great Lakes tribes were dissatisfied with British policies after French and Indian War, led to Royal Proclamation of 1763.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

1763 law forbidding settlement west of Appalachian Mountains to keep peace with tribes following French and Indian War, created Proclamation Line.

Sugar Act of 1764

1764 law to raise revenue in American colonies, reducing costs in Molasses Act by half.

Quartering Act of 1765

1765 law requiring colonial legislatures to provide supplies and quarters for troops stationed in America.

Stamp Act of 1765

1765 law to raise revenue by requiring taxed, stamped paper for legal documents, publications, playing cards.

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

1765 meeting in New York City of of elected colonial representatives to devise unified protest against the Stamp Act.

The Book of Trades

18th century British survey of crafts practiced in colonial America.

Crispus Attucks

African American who was killed in Boston massacre.

Society of Friends

Also known as Quakers, religious group led by William Penn, who founded Pennsylvania.

Lobsters

American nickname for British.

Thomas Gage

British military governor of Montreal in 1760 and Massachusetts Bay in 1774, enforced Intolerable Acts, sparked Battles of Lexington and Concord.

Jeffrey Amherst

British military governor who banned gifts to native tribes, demanded that they learn to live without "charity", left many starving, angry, without ammunition for hunting.

Yankees

British nickname for American colonists.

Edward Braddock

British officer and commander-in-chief of thirteen colonies during French and Indian War, died in 1755.

William Howe

British officer who succeeded General Thomas Gage and captured both New York City and Philadelphia in 1776 and 1777.

Robert Walpole

British prime minister, decided decentralization would accomplish economic goals, royally administered all colonies except Connecticut and Rhode Island, promoted salutary neglect.

Gaspee

British ship that was enforcing Navigation Acts around Rhode Island in 1772 and was torched by American colonists when it reached shallow water.

John Malcolm

British tax collector in Boston ridiculed by American colonists and forced to drink tea while wearing tar and feathers.

Junipero Serra

Catholic Spanish priest who founded missions in San Francisco, San Diego, Baja California.

Engages

Catholic immigrants to New France.

John Trumbull

Connecticut artist who painted Battle of Bunker Hill in 1785, became known as the "Painter of the Revolution".

Tishcohan

Delaware Native American chief who was forced by Pennsylvanian authorities into signing fraudulent land deal, later moved west to Ohio River Valley.

New Netherland

Dutch colony later occupied by British and renamed New York.

Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch governor and founder of New Netherland, later New York colony.

Richard Hakluyt

English imperialist who promoted English colonization of North America.

John Wesley

English theologian who founded Methodism with brother Charles Wesley and George Whitefield.

Charles Wesley

English theologian who founded Methodism with brother John Wesley and George Whitefield.

Marquis de Montcalm

French commander who died at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Quebec) in 1759.

Fort Pitt

French fort captured by British in 1758 originally known as Fort Duquesne.

Fort Duquesne

French fort captured by British in 1758 that was renamed Fort Pitt.

Metis

French word for mestizos.

Cardinal Richelieu

encouraged Louis XIII to colonize Americas and create the Company of One Hundred Associates.

William Tennent

Irish born Presbyterian who was an evangelical preacher who created school in Pennsylvania that later became College of New Jersey (Princeton University) in 1746, father of Gilbert Tennent.

Casta

people of mixed background in Spanish colonies.

Eusebio Kino

Jesuit father who founded mission among Pima tribes in 1700 in Tucson.

Father Paul Le Jeune

Jesuit priest who worked among Native Americans of Canada, held prejudices against them and also admired them.

Gente de Razon

people of reason.

Daniel Dulany

Maryland lawyer who rejected virtual representation, said that because Americans were members of separate political community, Parliament could not impose taxes on them.

James Otis

Massachusetts lawyer stating that man has "right to his life, his liberty, his property", "no act against Constitution is void", and "no taxation without representation".

New Lights

people who experienced conversion during Great Awakening.

Kahnawake

Mohawk settlement granted in 1680 to Jesuits to "educate" Native Americans in religion.

Neolin

Native American visionary known to English as Delaware Prophet, taught that they had been corrupted by European ways and had to prepare to fight holy war.

Hannah Dustin

New England women who escaped Native American captors during King William's War.

John Peter Zenger

New York City newspaper editor charged for seditious libel against Governor William Cosby, acquitted in court, trial showed freedom of the press.

Great Awakening

North American religious revival in mid-1700s.

Speech to the Second Virginia Convention

Patrick Henry's famous speech in which he stated, "give me liberty or give me death!"

Paxton Boys

Pennsylvania frontiersmen along Susquehanna River who killed 20 natives in retaliation for French and Indian War and Pontiac's War.

John Dickinson

Philadelphia lawyer who wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania", conceding that Parliament had right to regulate trade through taxes but had no constitutional authority to tax goods to raise revenues in America.

Peyton Randolph

president of the First Continental Congress.

Roger Williams

Puritan banished from Massachusetts colony, founded Rhode Island colony, wrote "The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience".

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher who wrote about political economy and capitalism in "Wealth of Nations".

Gaspar de Portola

Spanish administrator in New Spain, led colonizing expedition that created San Diego and Monterey, was first European to see San Francisco Bay.

New Sweden

Swedish colony located near New Netherland, incorporated into New York.

Arthur Lee

Virginia diplomat and member of First Continental Congress and opposed slavery in colonies.

Daughters of Liberty

association of women formed in 1765 to protest Stamp Act and Townshend Acts.

The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion

account of captivity of New England Puritan minister John Williams by the Mohawk after the Deerfield Massacre during Queen Anne's War in Massachusetts.

The Sovereignty and Goodness of God

account of captivity of colonist Mary Rowlandson during King Philip's War by Native Americans.

Mexico City

administrative capital of New Spain.

William Pitt

advocate of British expansion who became prime minister in 1757 and took control of Canada from French.

Iroquois Confederacy

alliance of Iroquois tribes in Great Lakes Region that sided with French during French and Indian War and engaged in fur trade.

Poor Richard's Almanack

almanac published in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin from 1732 to 1758.

Predestination

belief that God has predestined certain individuals for salvation.

The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience

book written by Roger Williams in 1644 advocating for separation of church and state.

Thomas Hutchinson

brother-in-law of Andrew Oliver who was forced to resign after mobs destroyed his home.

Ethan Allen

captured Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain with Benedict Arnold.

Benedict Arnold

captured Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain with Ethan Allen.

George Grenville

chancellor of the exchequer in Britain, who pushed Sugar Act of 1764 through Parliament.

Charles Townshend

chancellor of the exchequer, assumed Pitt's place as head of the cabinet in Britain.

Church of San Xavier del Blac

church known as White Dove of the Desert constructed in late 1700s.

College of William and Mary

college founded in 1693 in Virginia.

Yale College

college founded in 1701 in Connecticut by Puritans who believed that Harvard was too liberal.

House of the Seven Gables

colonial mansion built in 1688 in Salem, Massachusetts

Mary Rowlandson

colonial woman captured by Native Americans during King Philip's War, later wrote "The Sovereignty and Goodness of God".

King William's War

conflict between England and France in New England from 1689 to 1697.

Queen Anne's War

conflict between England and France/Spain in New France from 1702 to 1713.

Raid on Deerfield

conflict during Queen Anne's War in 1704 when French and Native Americans attacked English frontier settlement in Deerfield, Massachusetts.

Council of the Indies

council that governed New Spain from Spain and allowed viceroy of Mexico City authority over political affairs.

Samuel Adams

cousin of John Adams, leader of Boston radicals, organizer of Sons of Liberty, friend of James Otis, put together anti-British alliance with Loyall Nine (a social club) that protested against Stamp Act.

John Adams

cousin of Samuel Adams, husband of Abigail Adams, defended soldiers after Boston Massacre,, present at First Continental Congress, persuaded delegates to declare independence from Britain.

Christopher Gadsden

delegate from South Carolina at First Continental Congress who proposed attacking British forces in Boston.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

document by 1765 Stamp Act Congress in New York, stated that freeborn Englishmen could not be taxed without consent or "representation".

Declaration of Independence

document by which Second Continental Congress announced and justified decision to renounce allegiance to British government.

Habitants

early French settlers in Canada.

Benjamin Harris

editor of Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic and publisher of New England Primer.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

first battles of Revolutionary War, fought in Massachusetts, resulted in American victory.

Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic

first multi-page newspaper in colonies, published in 1690 by Richard Pierce and edited by Benjamin Harris.

Presidio

fortified Spanish military settlement.

Harvard College

founded in 1636 in Massachusetts, first college in the Americas.

Boston News-Letter

founded in 1704, first continuously published newspaper in North America.

Thomas Dudley

founder and governor of Massachusetts colony with John Winthrop.

John Winthrop

founder and governor of Massachusetts colony with Thomas Dudley.

John Smith

founder and governor of Virginia colony.

Thomas Hobbes

founder of Connecticut colony with John Haynes.

Thomas Hooker

founder of Connecticut colony with John Haynes.

John Haynes

founder of Connecticut colony with Thomas Hooker.

Peter Minuit

founder of Delaware colony and New Netherland, later New York colony.

James Edward Oglethorpe

founder of Georgia colony.

George Calvert

founder of Maryland colony and first Lord Baltimore.

John Mason

founder of New Hampshire colony.

John Berkeley

founder of New Jersey colony with George Carteret.

George Carteret

founder of New Jersey colony with John Berkeley.

Seven Years War

global theater of French and Indian War between Britain, Prussia and France, Austria, Spain.

Encomienda

grant to Spanish settler of certain number of indigenous subjects, who would pay him tribute in goods and labor in Spanish colonies.

Arminianism

idea that God gave people right to choose salvation by following religion, conflicted with Calvinist idea of predestination, associated with Enlightenment view.

Considerations on the Proprietary of Imposing Taxes

influential pamphlet published in 1765 by Daniel Dulany, protesting the Stamp Act.

Enlightenment

intellectual movement stressing importance of reason and existence of discoverable natural laws.

Louisburg

known as "Gibraltar of the New World", fortress in Nova Scotia to defend New France.

John Murray, Earl of Dunmore

last royal governor of Virginia, directed Dunmore's War against natives.

Andrew Hamilton

lawyer of John Peter Zenger in 1735.

Soldado de Cuera

leather jacket soldiers who served in frontier garrisons of northern New Spain.

First Continental Congress

meeting of delegates from most colonies held in 1774 in response to Intolerable Acts, led to endorsement of Suffolk Resolves, adoption of Declaration of Rights and Grievances, establishment of Continental Association.

Congregationalists

members of Puritan churches governed by congregations.

Quakers

members of Society of Friends, who founded Pennsylvania with William Penn.

Tucson

mission founded by Eusebio Kino in 1700.

Thomas Jefferson

plantation owner and lawyer from Virginia at Second Continental Congress, nominated Washington to be commander-in-chief of all American forces.

Whigs

name used by advocates of colonial resistance to British measures during 1760s and 1770s.

Cornelia Smith Bradford

newspaper printer in Philadelphia, daughter-in-law of colonial printer William Bradford.

Ann Smith Franklin

newspaper printer in Rhode Island who inherited business from husband James Franklin, brother of Benjamin Franklin.

New England Courant

newspaper published from 1721 to 1726 by James Franklin, jailed after criticizing the government.

Pennsylvania Gazette

newspaper published in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin.

Rhode Island Gazette

newspaper published in Rhode Island by James Franklin.

Loyall Nine

nine colonists who created group as precursor to Sons of Liberty, associated with Samuel Adams, planned protests in secret against 1765 Stamp Act.

George Washington

nominated by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson as commander-in-chief of American forces in June 1775 to lead army against British

Virtual Representation

notion that parliamentary members represented interests of nation as a whole, not those of particular district that elected them.

Actual Representation

notion whereby elected representatives normally resided in their districts and were directly responsive to local interests.

William Cosby

oppressive royal governor of New York who charged John Peter Zenger with seditious libel.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

pamphlet by Philadelphia lawyer John Dickinson, who argued that Parliament could not tax goods to raise revenues in North America.

Common Sense

pamphlet by radical Englishman Thomas Paine of Philadelphia in 1776, selling more than 100,000 copies and calling King George III a "royal brute".

Thomas Paine

radical Englishman in Philadelphia who wrote pamphlet called "Common Sense" in 1776 and labeled King George III a "royal brute".

Old Lights

religious faction condemning emotional enthusiasm as part of heresy of believing in personal and direct relationship with God outside church order.

Paul Revere

rode during midnight throughout Massachusetts in April 1775 to warn the colonial militia about the approach of British forces before the Battles of Lexington and Concord.

William Dawes

rode during midnight throughout Massachusetts in April 1775 to warn the colonial militia about the approach of British forces before the Battles of Lexington and Concord.

Moll Flanders

satirical novel by Daniel Defoe.

Tom Jones

satirical novel by Henry Fielding.

Sons of Liberty

secret organization in colonies formed to oppose Stamp Act.

The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry

sermon by William and Gilbert Tennent that divided colonial Presbyterian church for seventeen years during Great Awakening.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

sermon preached by Great Awakening theologian Jonathan Edwards in Northampton, Massachusetts and Enfield, Connecticut in 1741

George Hewes

shoemaker who observed the destruction of tea in Boston harbor during the Boston Tea Party.

Gilbert Tennent

son of William Tennent who led Great Awakening who delivered sermon "On the Danger of an Unconverted Ministry".

Minutemen

special companies of militia formed in Massachusetts and elsewhere in 1744.

Detroit

stockaded town with military garrison owned by French on the Great Lakes.

Cardinal Mazarin

succeeded Cardinal Richelieu.

Nonimportation Movement

tactical means of putting economic pressure on Britain by refusing to buy its colonial exports.

College of New Jersey (Princeton University)

was founded in 1746 in New Jersey by New Light Presbyterians.

River Gods

wealthy landowners in Connecticut.

John Hancock

wealthy merchant whose ship, called the "Liberty", was seized in 1768, and who became principal target of customs officers due to public opposition toward British measures.

Abigail Adams

wife of John Adams and advocate for women's rights, wrote letters to husband during Revolutionary War.

Thomas Gordon

wrote "Cato's Letters" with John Trenchard.

John Trenchard

wrote "Cato's Letters" with Thomas Gordon.