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AP World Multiple Choice on Unit 2

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CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. 57. The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following? (A) Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China (B) The development of Mongolian as the primary written language of administration across most of Eurasia (C) The spread of Persian culture into Central Asia (D) Improved ship designs and navigation techniques for oceanic commerce

(A) Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China

43. The map above indicates that (A) Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade (B) slavery existed in the western Sudan (C) Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa (D) Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East (E) Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold

(A) Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

44. The map above indicates that (A) Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade (B) Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa (C) Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East (D) Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold

(A) Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century C.E., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 89. Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ? (A) Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves. (B) The introduction of new commercial technologies, such as the compass, made it easier for merchants to find their destinations in the desert. (C) The expansion of banking houses made it easier for merchants to fund their commercial activities. (D) Increasing literacy rates allowed merchants to develop more complex business partnerships.

(A) Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.

41. "In the year of our Lord 1315, hunger grew in the land. Entering the city we consider 'them that are consumed with famine' when we see the poor and needy, crushed with hunger, lying stiff and dead in the wards and streets." Johannes de Trokelowe, English monk, fourteenth century C.E. What mostly likely caused the famine described above? (A) The Little Ice Age (B) Desertification (C) The Crusades (D) Monsoon flooding

(A) The Little Ice Age

COULDN'T FIND IMAGE 8. The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions? (A) The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia. (B) The emergence of the Ottoman Empire significantly increased the percentage of major urban centers in Europe. (C) The adoption of Champa rice during the Song dynasty significantly increased the share of China's urban population. (D) The outbreaks of bubonic plague greatly reduced urban populations across Eurasia.

(A) The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.

77. A historian researching the timeline of the spread of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa would find which of the following sources most useful? (A) Bantu-language oral histories transmitted through generations (B) Archaeological evidence of early forges and smelting operations (E) European travelers' accounts from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries describing African industrial practices (D) North African Muslim merchants' account books detailing purchases of iron tools

(B) Archaeological evidence of early forges and smelting operations

IMAGE NOT FOUND Image 2: "MONEYLENDING AT INTEREST IN A BANKING HOUSE," THE TREATISE ON THE SEVEN SINS, MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED IN GENOA, NORTHERN ITALY, EARLY FOURTEENTH CENTURY The Latin text in the upper left-hand corner warns against greed. 64. The author's portrayal of the activities shown in Image 2 was most directly informed by (A) aristocratic resentment of peasants (B) Christian religious ideals (C) royal concern about the growing wealth of merchants (D) aristocratic ideals of chivalry and valor

(B) Christian religious ideals

65. All of the following statements about the use of the currency shown in Image 1 in China under the Yuan dynasty are factually accurate. Which best explains why the currency often led to hyperinflation? (A) The Yuan government forced private citizens to surrender their gold and silver and accept paper currency in its place. (B) Excessive amounts of currency were printed in order to fund military expeditions and reward local elites. (C) The Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia also briefly modeled its monetary policy on the paper currency printed in Yuan China. (D) Travelers to Yuan China noted that only paper currency was accepted for business transactions.

(B) Excessive amounts of currency were printed in order to fund military expeditions and reward local elites.

32. Which of the following factors represents the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1000-1450 ? (A) Climate change (B) Increased interregional trade (C) Decreased agricultural productivity (D) Increased invasions

(B) Increased interregional trade

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Mongol Empire? (A) It attempted to impose Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. (B) It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe. (C) It attempted to create a self-contained economic system by banning all merchants from non-Mongol territories. (D) It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols. (E) It established and maintained clear rules of succession that insured the unity of the empire.

(B) It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe.

60. Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade? (A) It imposed Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. (B) It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe. (C) It created a self-contained economic system by banning non-Mongol merchants from its territories. (D) It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols.

(B) It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.

Which of the following factors best explains the distribution of Muslim populations shown on the map above? (A) Religious pilgrimages (B) Merchant activity (C) Imperialism (D) Forced migration

(B) Merchant activity

51. The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments? (A) The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily. (B) Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. (C) Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty. (D) The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.

(B) Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

84. Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.? (A) The bulk of the trade consisted of low-priced commodities. (B) Muslim merchants dominated the trade. (C) European Christians became directly involved in the trade. (D) Most trade was carried by horse rather than by people.

(B) Muslim merchants dominated the trade

IMAGE NOT FOUND 69. The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes? (A) Imposition of religion through military conquest (B) Spread of religion along trade routes (C) Abandonment of indigenous cultural styles in the face of colonization (D) Conflict between local and universalizing religions

(B) Spread of religion along trade routes

49. The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to which of the following changes in Europe in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? (A) The end of feudalism (B) The decline of serfdom (C) The collapse of the Byzantine Empire (D) The Protestant Reformation

(B) The decline of serfdom

13. Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan? (A) The collapse of the Byzantine Empire (B) The development of khanates in Central Asia (C) The spread of Islam into East Asia (D) Increased trade between Africa and Asia

(B) The development of khanates in Central Asia

21. Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims? (A) The political unification of large territories under imperial rule in the Mediterranean and East Asia (B) The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests (C) The spread of global capitalism from Europe to Africa and Southeast Asia The creation of a new Atlantic trade system based on plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas

(B) The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests

38. The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants? (A) Their Islamic ritual observances, which made travel difficult during the fasting period of Ramadan (B) Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns (C) Their need to avoid the routes traveled by the faster and better-armed Portuguese trading ships (D) Their control of the sources of grain needed by Chinese and East African cities

(B) Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns

NOT THE RIGHT PICTURE, BUT CLOSE Map 1: Major trading routes 1250-1450 Map 2: Major Trading Routes 1450-1750 34. Which of the following best explains the continuity in the trade routes between East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India as shown on the maps? (A) Trade along the routes depended on the activities of Chinese merchants. (B) Trade along the routes relied on sailors' knowledge of the monsoon winds. (C) Trade along the routes depended on silver from the Americas. (D) Trade along the routes relied on sailors' knowledge of longitude from classical maps.

(B) Trade along the routes relied on sailors' knowledge of the monsoon winds.

58. The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers (A) favored some commercial trading organizations over others (B) portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce (C) shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes (D) restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies

(B) portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

IMAGE NOT FOUND 11. The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city (A) was located on an island (B) was highly fortified against outside attacks (C) tolerated many religions (D) looked down on trade and commerce (E) valued and rewarded people of all classes

(B) was highly fortified against outside attacks

1. Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century? (A) Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean (B) Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean (C) Chinese in the Indian Ocean (D) Russians in the Pacific Ocean

74. Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following? (A) The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean (B) North Africa and western Europe (C) East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea (D) The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

71. Which of the following lists three places Ibn Battuta, the fourteenth-century Muslim traveler, visited? (A) The Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and Japan (B) The Arabian Peninsula, France, and India (C) India, Mali, and Persia (D) India, Persia, and Poland (E) England, Iraq, and Mali

16. A historian researching the effects of the Crusades on the diffusion of technology would probably find which of the following sources most useful? (A) European crusaders' accounts of Islamic religious practices (B) Muslim accounts of European royal marriages (C) Monks' translations of Arabic mathematics texts brought from conquered territories (D) Birth records from villages along the routes used by the Crusaders Test Booklet

91. A significant example of the interaction among Indian, Arab, and European societies by 1200 C.E. was the transfer of knowledge of (A) iron and copper mining techniques (B) the flying shuttle and spinning jenny (C) the science of optics and lens design (D) numerals and the decimal system (E) gunpowder and cannons

(D) numerals and the decimal system

82. Which of the following languages came into existence after 1000 as the direct result of expanding global trade patterns? (A) Arabic (B) Chinese (C) Latin (D) Sanskrit (E) Swahili

(E) Swahili

48. Which of the following best explains why, in the mid fourteenth century, events of the type depicted in the image were more common in urban areas of Afro-Eurasia than in rural or mountainous regions? (A) The disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in urban areas. (B) People in rural and mountainous regions had greater access to natural medicines that could fight the disease. (C) People in rural and mountainous regions were better able to flee to the safety of their lords' castles. (D) The disease principally spread among religious missionaries, and most missionaries traveled to cities.

(A) The disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in urban areas.

42. Malian Emperor Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 can best be understood in the context of which of the following? (A) The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia (B) The development of new transportation technologies (C) The diffusion of African culture to the Middle East (D) The territorial expansion of West African empires

(A) The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia

NOT THE EXACT IMAGE, BUT SIMILAR 86. Which of the following contributed most directly to an increase in trade along the routes on the map? (A) The expansion of empires such as Mali in West Africa (B) The expansion of the Mongol Empire across Eurasia (C) The start of the Protestant Reformation in western Europe (D) The completion of the Christian Reconquista of Spain

(A) The expansion of empires such as Mali in West Africa

56. Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true? (A) The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful. (B) The number of Buddhists and Muslims in Asia dropped significantly as a result of Mongol persecution. (C) In China the Mongols eliminated the Chinese scholar-official class. (D) The Mongols conquered Constantinople. (E) Ibn Battuta's writings described in detail life in the court of Genghis Khan.

(A) The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.

"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. 5. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes? (A) To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past (B) To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties (C) To highlight the griot's unique abilities as compared to other griots (D) To portray Mali as a progressive society that is improving on the past

(A) To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054-1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images 30. The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following? (A) Transportation and maritime technologies (B) Large-scale trading organizations (C) Geographic patterns of currents and winds in the Indian Ocean (D) The expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate

(A) Transportation and maritime technologies

26. Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the (A) unifying influence of Islam (B) excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia (C) political unity of Africa and Asia (D) widespread use of paper money

(A) unifying influence of Islam

61. The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? (A)The Mongol Empire (B) The Russian Empire (C) The Byzantine Empire (D) The Ottoman Empire

(A)The Mongol Empire

92. Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s? (A) He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade. (B) He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa. (C) He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast. (D) He explored unknown regions and seas, though his ships were tiny and supplies inadequate. (E) He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.

(B) He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.

NOT THE EXACT IMAGE, BUT SIMILAR 85. Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map? (A) The growth of trading cities on the Swahili Coast (B) Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai (C) The overall decline in the trade of goods along the Silk Roads (D) The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in West Africa

(B) Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai

7. Which of the following most encouraged the development of new cities such as Cahokia along the Mississippi River, Swahili city-states on the East African Coast, Venice on the Mediterranean coast, and Hangzhou on China's coast during the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.? (A) Decreases in regional warfare (B) Intensification of regional trade (C) Migration of populations from pastoral societies (D) Development of mass production techniques

(B) Intensification of regional trade

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. 80. Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following? (A) A decrease in pirate activity following Zheng He's naval expeditions (B) Merchants' understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds (C) An increase in the use of new forms of credit, such as paper money (D) Technological transfers from Europe, such as the compass

(B) Merchants' understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E. 37. Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps? (A) The strong backing for the voyages by the Caliphate (B) Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail (C) The spread of Arabic as the language of commerce in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and western Indian Ocean basins (D) Innovations in agriculture, such as the qanat and the noria, which allowed the Omani population to increase rapidly

(B) Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail

19. The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. resulted in the spread of which of the following from South Asia? (A) Military weaponry, such as iron-tipped spears and chariots (B) Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero (C) Irrigation technologies, such as ceramic pipes (D) Textile manufacturing processes, such as the spinning jenny

(B) Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero

45. The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? (A) The empire of Alexander the Great (B) The Mongol Empire (C) The Russian Empire (D) The Byzantine Empire (E) The Ottoman Empire

(B) The Mongol Empire

67. Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s? (A) The Mongols suppressed Islamic and Buddhist religious practices. (B) The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions. (C) The Mongols led successful naval invasions of Japan. (D) The Mongols conquered Constantinople.

(B) The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.

52. Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? (A) The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. (B) The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. (C) The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent. (D) The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.

(B) The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

20. Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250-1500 C.E.? (A) The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam (B) The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries (C) The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists (D) Muslim rulers' policy of toleration of all religions practiced in their realms

(B) The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

73. Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ? (A) A unified Islamic Empire eliminated all internal tariffs and encouraged trade. (B) The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. (C) The Ottoman Empire drained the resources of the area in the Empire's war with India. (D) The Byzantine Empire and the Russian Empire controlled trade in the area. (E) The area ceased trading with Europe but continued trading with sub-Saharan Africa.

(B) The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa.

IMAGE NOT FOUND THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople. 76. Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following? (A) The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia (B) The decline of many urban areas (C) A decrease in technological and scientific innovation (D) A decrease in military conflicts

(B) The decline of many urban areas

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century C.E., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 88. Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ? (A) The networks became more dangerous because of religious conflict between Christian and Muslim states. (B) The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices. (C) The networks were increasingly disrupted because of the growing importance of maritime commerce. (D) The value of merchandise along the networks increased because of demand for silver and bronze from Muslim states in North Africa and the Middle East.

(B) The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic lawLisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 2. The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? (A) The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean (B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests (C) The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere (D) The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity

(B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

66. Which of the following was the major contributing factor to the spread of the plague to Cairo, Beijing, and Florence in the fourteenth century? (A) Indian Ocean trade routes connecting South Asia to China, Southeast Asia, and Europe (B) Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia (C) The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate (D) African trade routes connecting sub-Saharan Africa with Asia and Europe

(B) Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia

Source 1: "[In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries] Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver. . . . Only their American money, and not any 'exceptional' European 'qualities' permitted the Europeans [to access Asian markets]. . . . However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century]." Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, 1996 Source 2: "The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange. . . . [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world." David Christian, This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity, 2008 23. The trade networks described by the two sources were most strongly influenced by (A) increased Asian demand for food imports (B) increased European demand for luxury goods (C) increased Chinese maritime activity in the Indian Ocean (D) increased demand for precious metals within European colonies in the Americas

(B) increased European demand for luxury goods

54. In the fourteenth century, merchants from China, Arabia, Persia, and Egypt were drawn to Calicut, India, primarily to purchase (A) iron (B) pepper (C) sugar (D) ivory (E) tobacco

(B) pepper

"The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler and subject and the relations between father and son." Motoday Nagazane, adviser to the Meiji emperor, treatise written following a tour of Japanese schools with the emperor, 1879 70. The ideals of traditional Japanese education that the author praises in the passage are most closely aligned with the social ideals advocated by which of the following? (A) Buddhism (B) Christianity (C) Confucianism (D) Daoism

18. The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following? (A) Spread of Hinduism (B) Spread of Christianity (C) Extent of trade routes (D) Seasonal migrations of nomads

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic lawLisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 3. The system of thought demonstrated by al-Khatib suggests he was most influenced by which of the following? (A) New understandings of the natural world during the Enlightenment (B) Daoist understandings of the balance between humans and nature (C) Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation (D) Arab interactions with Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians in the pre-Islamic era

"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year. We then traveled to a kingdom on the Malay Peninsula aboard a Chinese ship. This kingdom is inhabited by non-Muslims and contains great quantities of aromatic spices and aloes. The merchants sell Indian aloe for a roll of cotton cloth, which is dearer to them than silk. The ruler is a non-Muslim. We then left the Malay Peninsula and sailed to another non-Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia. After seventeen days at sea, with a favorable wind and sailing with maximum speed and ease, we reached the land of China." *The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim state in northern India that was ruled by a Turkic elite. Ibn Battuta, Muslim traveler from North Africa, account of his journey to China, circa 1345 29. Ibn Battuta's claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200-1450 ? (A) Expanding trade facilitated increased tolerance of the traditions of other religious groups. (B) Cultural exchange emerged from competition among maritime empires. (C) Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions. (D) Cultural exchange emerged from new patterns of regional commerce.

NOT THE EXACT IMAGE, BUT SIMILAR The spread of which of the following religious traditions was most directly facilitated by trade along the routes shown on the map? (A) Christianity (B) Buddhism (C) Islam (D) Judaism

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century C.E., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 90. Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks? (A) It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam on its subjects. (B) It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with the Swahili states of East Africa. (C) It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks. (D) It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.

78. Which of the following was most responsible for the initial spread of Islam to West Africa? (A) Soldiers who fought on behalf of the Abbasid caliphate (B) Officials in Sudanese empires (C) Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes (D) Muslims fleeing persecution on the Iberian peninsula

TWO SCENES FROM SOWING AND REAPING, A YUAN-DYNASTY (CIRCA 1350) COPY OF A SONG- DYNASTY (CIRCA 1150) ILLUSTRATED SCROLL ABOUT THE PRACTICE OF RICE CULTIVATION IN CHINA. Image 1: Workers irrigating a rice field by powering a mechanical water wheel with their feet Image 2: (NOT SHOWN) Men, women, and children harvesting rice 9. Which of the following most likely explains why the scroll was copied for a new audience in the 1350s? (A) The Mongol conquests caused widespread destruction to China's irrigation system. (B) The artist wanted to demonstrate the superiority of the Song dynasty over the Yuan dynasty. (C) Mongols adopted and spread technological innovations from regions within their empire. (D) Chinese culture had a significant influence on neighboring countries, such as Korea and Vietnam.

15. Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy? (A) Phoenician merchants controlled most of the long-distance trade of sub-Saharan Africa. (B) The Mali—Great Zimbabwe trade route dominated the economy of sub-Saharan Africa. (C) Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe. (D) The Sahara Desert prevented sub-Saharan traders from participating in long-distance trade.

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 50. The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro- Eurasia? (A) The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies (B) The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate (C) The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China (D) The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. 79. The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450? (A) The establishment of diasporic merchant communities (B) The establishment of new trading cities (C) The introduction of new cultural traditions (D) The emergence of syncretic belief systems

22. Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro-Eurasia from 800 C.E. to 1350 C.E.? (A) The spread of mercantilism (B) The decline in epidemic diseases (C) The rise of interregional commerce (D) The decreasing need for agricultural workers

NOT THE RIGHT PICTURE, BUT CLOSE Map 1: Major trading routes 1250-1450 Map 2: Major Trading Routes 1450-1750 35. The maritime trade connections involving East Africa shown on Map 1 provided a setting for which of the following developments? (A) The emergence of commercial credit through banks (B) The development of the compass (C) The spread of Islam (D) The appearance of social structures privileging men over women

46. Marco Polo described which of the following at Kublai Khan's court that he had not encountered in Europe? (A) The use of spies in foreign nations (B) The interest of the Khan in the international sea trade and European shipbuilding techniques (C) The use of paper money and coal and the practice of frequent bathing (D) The attachment of the Khan to the use of horses for military purposesThe austerity of the design of the Khan's palace

39. Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map? (A) They were under the direct political control of Oman. (B) They had a majority Arab population. (C) They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities. (D) They were primarily sources of slave labor for the Omanis.

36. The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade? (A) Monsoons prevented trade from taking place along the East African coast. (B) Europeans were active in bringing goods from West Africa to the Indian Ocean. (C) Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China. (D) The most important item traded across the Indian Ocean was silk. (E) Arab and Indian traders were better traders than the Chinese.

55. During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, territories under Mongol control benefited from which of the following? (A) Widespread adoption of Confucian family hierarchies (B) Trade that facilitated the spread of Christianity throughout the Indian Ocean region (C) Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together (D) Widespread adoption of Buddhist religious practices

6. The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by (A) opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia (B) increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions (C) decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans (D) discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads

IMAGE NOT FOUND Image 1: WOOD PRINTING PLATE CONTAINING A PAPER MONEY NOTE WRITTEN IN MONGOL AND CHINESE, PRODUCED IN CHINA, CIRCA 1287 The smaller Chinese characters on the lower half of the note say, "This note can be circulated in various provinces without expiration dates. Counterfeiters will be put to death." Image 2: "MONEYLENDING AT INTEREST IN A BANKING HOUSE," THE TREATISE ON THE SEVEN SINS, MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED IN GENOA, NORTHERN ITALY, EARLY FOURTEENTH CENTURY The Latin text in the upper left-hand corner warns against greed. 62. The commercial practices shown in the images emerged in order to (A) facilitate the development of regional trade networks by creating uniform currencies and systems of credit. (B) finance imperial conquests by supplying credit and currency for purchasing weapons. (C) facilitate a growing trade in luxury goods by providing greater access to credit and currency. (D) finance transnational Chinese artisan businesses across Eurasia by diversifying sources of credit and currency.

Source 1 "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic." Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265 Source 2 "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us." Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492 40. The policy toward minority religious groups described in Source 1 is most consistent with the policy toward minority religious groups in Islamic states in the period before 1450 because it (A) required certain minority religious groups to pay a poll tax (B) was often not strictly enforced by local officials (C) granted limited personal freedom and protection (D) allowed minority religious groups to use their traditional legal systems

"To the most holy father, the Pope: Most of our kingdom of Hungary was reduced to a desert by the scourge of the Mongols' invasion. Now, we receive news every day that the Mongols have again unified their forces and will soon send their countless troops against all of Europe. We are afraid that we will be unable to withstand the Mongols' ferocity in battle unless the Pope is able to persuade other Christian rulers to send us aid to fortify our kingdom. When the Mongols invaded in 1241, we sent requests for military aid to the papacy, the Holy Roman Emperor, the king of France, and others. But from all of them we received only words of support. We, for shame, resorted to inviting pagan Cumans* into our kingdom. If, God forbid, our kingdom fell to the Mongols, the door would be open for them to invade the other regions of the Catholic faith from the Hungarian steppes. So, the people in our kingdom cannot cease to be amazed that you offer substantial help to the Christian territories overseas, which if they were lost would not harm the inhabitants of Europe more than if our kingdom fell." *a people who dwelled along the steppes of the Black Sea and in Central Asia King Béla IV of Hungary, letter to Pope Innocent IV, circa 1250 24. Béla IV's statement in the fourth paragraph that the Hungarian people "cannot cease to be amazed" by the actions of the papacy most directly refers to the papacy's failure to aid the Hungarians while (A) sending missionaries to China (B) supporting Christian conquests in the Iberian Peninsula (C) initiating European military campaigns in the Middle East (D) encouraging maritime exploration in the Indian Ocean

ILLUSTRATION IN A CHRONICLE DEPICTING A MASS BURIAL IN THE CITY OF TOURNAI, LOCATED IN MODERN BELGIUM, CIRCA 1349 47. The burial depicted in the image most likely resulted from the spread of which of the following? (A) Spanish influenza (B) Malaria (C) Smallpox (D) Bubonic plague

(D) Bubonic plague

"To the most holy father, the Pope: Most of our kingdom of Hungary was reduced to a desert by the scourge of the Mongols' invasion. Now, we receive news every day that the Mongols have again unified their forces and will soon send their countless troops against all of Europe. We are afraid that we will be unable to withstand the Mongols' ferocity in battle unless the Pope is able to persuade other Christian rulers to send us aid to fortify our kingdom. When the Mongols invaded in 1241, we sent requests for military aid to the papacy, the Holy Roman Emperor, the king of France, and others. But from all of them we received only words of support. We, for shame, resorted to inviting pagan Cumans* into our kingdom. If, God forbid, our kingdom fell to the Mongols, the door would be open for them to invade the other regions of the Catholic faith from the Hungarian steppes. So, the people in our kingdom cannot cease to be amazed that you offer substantial help to the Christian territories overseas, which if they were lost would not harm the inhabitants of Europe more than if our kingdom fell." *a people who dwelled along the steppes of the Black Sea and in Central Asia King Béla IV of Hungary, letter to Pope Innocent IV, circa 1250 25. All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best explain Béla IV's reasoning for inviting the Cumans into Hungary as mentioned in the third paragraph? (A) Cumans had settled in Hungary and had been granted local autonomy. (B) Cuman slave soldiers had become the rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. (C) Cumans were ethnic Turks who spoke a language intelligible to the Mongols. (D) Cumans were nomadic warriors and were familiar with the Mongols' military tactics.

(D) Cumans were nomadic warriors and were familiar with the Mongols' military tactics

17. Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century? (A) Armed resistance from Arab navies (B) Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade (C) The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons (D) Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security (E) Fear of the spread of the plague to China

(D) Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security

4. Angkor Wat in Southeast Asia built circa 1100 C.E., shown above, reflects which of the following world historical processes? (A) Increased domination of East Asia and Southeast Asia by Arab powers (B) The increase in the number of Chinese merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region (C) The introduction of Islam across most of Asia (D) Increased cross-cultural interactions in the Indian Ocean region

(D) Increased cross-cultural interactions in the Indian Ocean region

83. Trade spurred the introduction of both Islam and Hinduism to what is now called (A) Japan (B) Brazil (C) Pakistan (D) Indonesia (E) Saudi Arabia

(D) Indonesia

"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year. We then traveled to a kingdom on the Malay Peninsula aboard a Chinese ship. This kingdom is inhabited by non-Muslims and contains great quantities of aromatic spices and aloes. The merchants sell Indian aloe for a roll of cotton cloth, which is dearer to them than silk. The ruler is a non-Muslim. We then left the Malay Peninsula and sailed to another non-Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia. After seventeen days at sea, with a favorable wind and sailing with maximum speed and ease, we reached the land of China." *The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim state in northern India that was ruled by a Turkic elite. Ibn Battuta, Muslim traveler from North Africa, account of his journey to China, circa 1345 28. Based on Ibn Battuta's description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a (A) Sunni Muslim merchant who believes that commercial profits should be given greater consideration than religious purity (B) Sufi Muslim mystic who believes that Muslim rulers should encourage religious coexistence (C) Shi'a Muslim cleric who believes that false interpretations of Islam have corrupted the religion (D) Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

(D) Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

12. Commerce was a key mode of exchange between which of the following pairs of political entities? (A) The Mayan Empire and the Song dynasty (B) Ghana and the Mongol Empire (C) Japan and the Byzantine Empire (D) The Crusader states and the Fatimid caliphate (E) Venice and the Aztec Empire

(D) The Crusader states and the Fatimid caliphate

72. Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century? (A) The increase in all forms of coerced labor to build housing (B) The decline of the Mongol khanates across Asia (C) The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers (D) The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

(D) The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

10. The illustration above shows which of the following about the fifteenth century? (A) The relative number of ships produced by the Hangzhou shipyards and the Genoese shipyards (B) The beginning of a long period of Chinese domination of Indian Ocean trade (C) The meting of Vasco de Gama and Zheng He (D) The relative size of the European caravel and the Ming treasure ship (E) The use of the lateen sail

(D) The relative size of the European caravel and the Ming treasure ship

53. In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common? (A) They generally imposed their own languages on the local communities. (B) They generally became military outposts that facilitated the expansion of empires. (C) They generally lost touch with their homelands and merged with the local population. (D) They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

(D) They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT 31. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration? (A) To convert peoples of other faiths to Islam (B) To create diasporic merchant communities (C) To recruit soldiers for the Caliphate (D) To bind diverse communities to a common tradition

(D) To bind diverse communities to a common tradition

"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year. We then traveled to a kingdom on the Malay Peninsula aboard a Chinese ship. This kingdom is inhabited by non-Muslims and contains great quantities of aromatic spices and aloes. The merchants sell Indian aloe for a roll of cotton cloth, which is dearer to them than silk. The ruler is a non-Muslim. We then left the Malay Peninsula and sailed to another non-Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia. After seventeen days at sea, with a favorable wind and sailing with maximum speed and ease, we reached the land of China." *The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim state in northern India that was ruled by a Turkic elite. Ibn Battuta, Muslim traveler from North Africa, account of his journey to China, circa 1345 27. The purpose of Ibn Battuta's account was most likely to (A) glorify himself by exaggerating the influence he had obtained over local rulers in Southeast Asia (B) warn Muslim merchants that China was beginning to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean (C) encourage fellow Muslims in North Africa to participate more in maritime commerce (D) inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited

(D) inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited

"The Crusader states were able to cling to survival only through frequent delivery of supplies and manpower from Europe. [They] were defended primarily by three semi-monastic military orders: the Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Knights. Combining monasticism and militarism, these orders served to protect pilgrims and to wage perpetual war against the Muslims." Palmira Brummett, world historian, 2007 "Whenever I visited Jerusalem, I always entered the al-Aqsa Mosque, beside which stood a small mosque which the Franks had converted into a church ... [T]he Templars, ... who were my friends, would evacuate the little adjoining mosque so that I could pray in it." Usamah ibn Munqidh, Muslim historian, Jerusalem, circa 1138 14. The second passage does not support the first passage because the second passage (A) shows that an influx of manpower from Europe was not critical for the survival of the Crusader states (B) shows that Muslims vastly outnumbered Europeans in the Crusader states (C) minimizes the importance of Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights in the administration of the Crusader states (D) presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler

(D) presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. 81. The third paragraph most directly illustrates the ways in which rulers in the Indian Ocean in the period before 1450 (A) used their military power to monopolize the trade in luxury goods (B) attempted to incorporate new territories and peoples into their commercial empires (C)sought to spread religious traditions by patronizing merchant communities (D) used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development

(D) used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development

Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450? (A) Chinese merchants dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. (B) There was very little commercial activity in the Indian Ocean. (C) Merchants from Europe dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. (D) Following the rise of the Mongols during the thirteenth century, the volume of Indian Ocean commerce fell sharply. (E) Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.

(E) Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.

68. Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer, and why? (A) Kievan Russia, because the Mongols were unable to endure the harsh Russian winters (B)The 'Abbasid Caliphate, because the defenders flooded the Mesopotamian plains and made them impassable for the Mongol cavalry (C) Central Asia, because of the effective diplomacy of Timur and his successors (D)The Southern Song Empire, because of its superior resources from earlier industrial and commercial revolutions (E) Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces

AP World Multiple Choice on Unit 2

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