APES CH 15 Review

How many ozone atoms can a single chlorine atom break down?

100,000

If carbon monoxide emissions decreased from 145 million tons annually to 80 millions tons annually, by what percentage have emissions been reduced?

45%

under natural conditions the pH of rainfall is closest to

7.1

What percentage of worldwide deaths due to indoor air pollution occurs in developing nations?

90%

a dangerous indoor air pollutant

CO

Which is NOT a criteria air pollutant?

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

The effects of acid deposition include

Decreased aquatic biodiversity

High levels of photochemical smog are due to I. nitrogen dioxide II. sulfur dioxide III. VOCs

I and III only (NO2 and VOCs)

which of the following are true of CFCs? I)the EPA created a worldwide ban of the use of CFCs in aerosol cans in the late 1970s II) CFCs can be sued as coolants and propellants in aerosols, refrigerators and air conditioners III)CFCs can occur naturally in the troposphere but do not occur naturally in the stratosphere IV) CFCs are nonflammable nontoxic molecules that contains chlorine and fluorine atoms

II, IV

Recent increases in acid deposition in the western United States are due to

Increased emissions in China (reach western US by prevailing westerlies across the Pacific Ocean)

Carbon monoxide

Is produced by incomplete combustion

A secondary pollutant

Is transformed by sunlight or water

which location is best associated with an epidemic of mercury poisoning?

Minimata, Japan

which of the following was developed in order to protect the ozone layer from further depletion?

Montreal Protocol

a pungent reddish-brown gas often associated with photochemical smog

NO2

Acid deposition forms as a result of

Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide

emitted from both diesel and burning wood

PM10

Which size of particulate matter causes the greatest health concern?

PM2.5 (the smaller the size, the worse it is)

a corrosive gas from burning coal often associated with industrial smog

SO2

Thermal inversions

Trap high concentrations of pollution at ground level (inversion layer traps and accumulates emissions increasing temps)

which is most strongly absorbed by ozone in the stratosphere?

UV-B and UV-C

The formation of ozone begins when an O2 molecule is split by

UV-C radiation

which type of radiation is partially and/or fully absorbed by stratospheric ozone (greater than 70% absorbed)?

UVB and UVC

which of the following was the precursor to the Montreal Protocol?

Vienna Convention

Which is a source of sulfur dioxide found in nature?

Volcanoes

Which of the following BEST describes radon?

a colorless, odorless gas that can attach to dust particles and can cause certain cancers

Which pollution control method was proposed by an amendment to the Clean Air Act?

a market for sulfur emissions

Which outdoor air pollutant is also a significant indoor air pollutant?

carbon monoxide (CO)

Which is NOT used to prevent the emissions of particulate matter?

catalytic converters

the World Health Organization estimates that over half of the deaths worldwide due to indoor air pollution occur among

children less than 5 years old

acid rain can cause all of the following EXCEPT

decreased air quality

When is the Antarctic ozone hole largest?

early spring

the greatest emission of sulfur dioxide comes from

electricity generation

gases and particles emitted into the air by various sources are known as

emissions

the least amount of nitrogen oxide emissions comes from

fires

Through international cooperation, the concentration of chlorine in the atmosphere

has stabilized at 5ppb

what term best describes material that can be considered harmful to human health or the environment, if not properly disposed?

hazardous waste

the EPA identifies all of the following as reasons for sick building syndrome EXCEPT

high levels of radon in the basement

which source is the largest contributor to carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the US?

highway vehicles

all of the following are known to destroy the ozone layer EXCEPT

hydrocarbons

which of the following is the best way to improve the air quality in a city?

improve public transportation

the hole in the ozone layer can be attributed to which of the following?

increased concentrations of stable CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)

poor air quality can threaten the livelihood of region by all of the following EXCEPT

increased crop production

the effects of acid deposition include all of the following except

increased numbers of salamanders in ponds and streams

Which is NOT a result of the reduction in stratospheric ozone?

increased skin cancer

the Clean Air Act regulates all of the following EXCEPT

indoor air quality

Which method is used to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions?

installation of catalytic converters

Asbestos

is used for insulation

which is true of stratospheric ozone?

it absorbs ultraviolet radiation

the frequency and severity of smog depends on all of the following EXCEPT

latitude

damage to the respiratory system can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT

lead

which of the following is the LEAST feasible solution to controlling emissions?

limit international trade of goods

the accumulation of tropospheric ozone at night depends mainly upon the atmospheric concentration of

nitrogen dioxide

which of the following mix with sunlight to produce photochemical smog?

nitrogen oxides and VOCs

which source produces most lead as an air pollutant?

non-road mobile

Sick building syndrome

occurs most often in wet tropical areas

a thermal inversion

occurs when a warm layer overlies a cooler layer

the ozone layer is formed from compounds of which element?

oxygen

the pollutant least likely to be emitted from a smokestack would be

ozone

which of the following is a colorless gas that is helpful when in the stratosphere but harmful when produced in the troposhere?

ozone

which statement is true about the ozone layer and UV radiation

ozone is least efficient at absorbing UVA radiation

which of the following is the major cause for concern over ozone layer depletion?

radiation impacting the biosphere

The primary source of radon is

rocks and soils

which of the following is not associated with tropospheric ozone exposure?

skin lesions

in which layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer located?

stratosphere

two major factors involved in the conversion of primary pollutants into secondary pollutants are

sunlight and water

Predict what the future ozone minimums will be over the next 50 years

the minimums will continue to rise slowly and steadily over time

all of the following is true about VOCs EXCEPT

there are no known natural sources of VOCs

what occurs when a warm layer of air traps a layer of cool polluted air?

thermal inversion

all of the following are examples of primary air pollutant except

tropospheric ozone

which of the following is considered a natural source of air pollution?

volcanic eruption

all of the following are sources of CFCs EXCEPT

volcanic eruptions

natural sources of air pollution include all of the following except

waterfalls