apes segment 2 exam
Which of the following reactions show the formation of a secondary pollutant?
2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2
This graph shows the dose-response curve for a lethal dose of a particular toxin: According to the graph, approximately how much larger is the LD50 dose for this toxin than the threshold level?
4,500 mg/kg
In which of the following would you most likely find formaldehyde?
A pressed wood table
In which situation has the precautionary principle been most strictly applied?
A school board, responding to fears that antibiotics and artificial growth hormones given to dairy cows can harm children, mandates that schools serve only organic milk.
Which of the following would not be responsible for monitoring air quality under the Clean Air Act?
An individual homeowner
Which statement best describes the relationship between wind speed and air pollution dispersal?
As wind speed increases, vertical air pollution dispersal decreases.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of biomass energy?
Ash is formed by combustion.
Which of the following describes the secondary treatment of wastewater?
Bacteria break down organic matter into carbon dioxide and sludge.
Which biological process involves the accumulation of toxins and pollutants in the upper levels of a food chain?
Biomagnification
A company uses lake water as a coolant for its power plant. Which is most likely to occur in the lake?
Changes in reproductive behavior in fish species
Which of the following would most likely be considered point source pollution?
Chemical dumping into a river by a factory
The pie chart below shows municipal solid waste in the United States in 2017. Based on the chart, which of the following actions would result in the greatest reduction of landfill volume?
Composting yard trimmings, food waste, and paper
Which of the following is a human activity that negatively impacts mangroves?
Condominium construction
How does ocean warming most directly impact marine life?
Decreased habitat for polar marine animals
The graph below illustrates the historical and projected world marketed energy consumption from 1980-2030: How did the world marketed energy consumption in 2005 change over the course of 25 years?
Energy consumption increased by 189 quadrillion Btu.
The graph below shows nuclear energy use by country for electricity production in 2015: Based on the graph above, which region has the largest nuclear energy contribution to electricity production?
Europe
A group of researchers evaluate the health of a coastal wetland after a massive hurricane. They observe that many of the homes surrounding the wetland are not damaged during the storm. In this instance, which ecological service did the wetland provide?
Flood protection
Which of the following would not be a natural source of particulate matter?
Fossil fuel combustion
Which of the following best describes a method for reducing photochemical smog?
Getting routine tune-ups on your car
Utah has the largest concentration of oil shale and tar sands in the United States. Which statement identifies an advantage to this location?
High concentration of tar sands could lead to an alternative to crude oil.
An ecologist suspects that an otherwise healthy forest ecosystem experienced an unusually high level of acid deposition during a snowy winter. Which of the following should the ecologist measure to help confirm her hypothesis? The numbers of malnourished and/or poisoned trees The aluminum concentration in the soil The pH of the snowmelt
I, II, and III
The Clean Air Act limits consumption and production of which of the following? Carbon monoxide Nitrogen dioxide Chlorofluorocarbons
I, II, and III
Which of the following environmental factors cause(s) damage to coral reefs? Decreasing ocean temperatures Increased sediment runoff Destructive fishing practices
II and III only
The Montreal Protocol limits production and consumption of which of the following? Ozone Sulfur dioxide Chlorofluorocarbons
III only
Which factor will mostly likely decrease biodiversity?
Introduced species
Which of the following is a characteristic of hydrologic fracturing?
Large amounts of water force open cracks in rocks
Which of the following is the best way to address asbestos that is functional, intact, and unexposed in a home?
Leave the asbestos alone
Which of the following is not a likely source of asbestos in a home built in 1955?
Living room carpet
Which statement best describes a source of heavy metal pollution in groundwater?
Mining of cadmium
Which legislation resulted in a decrease in ozone depletion?
Montreal Protocol
Heating homes, cooking, and making fertilizers are primary uses of which type of fuel?
Natural gas
Which of the following indoor pollutants cannot be detected by smell and requires technical assistance to detect?
Radon
Why are the costs of recycling sometimes greater than the cost of using raw materials?
Recycling is a process that is energy intensive.
Which legislation is the primary law in the United States governing the disposal of solid waste?
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Which of the following systems of the body is most widely affected by ozone pollution?
Respiratory
Which of the following is not an impact from changes in climate?
Sea levels decrease from the melting snow and ice
In which of the following layers of the atmosphere does ozone serve as a protective layer against ultraviolet light?
Stratosphere
An ecologist suspects that an otherwise healthy forest ecosystem experienced an unusually high level of acid deposition during a rainy spring, due to the emissions of nearby power plant. Which of the following should the ecologist measure to help confirm her hypothesis?
The amount of sulfur trioxide in the air surrounding the forest
Two cities have smokestacks on their plants. Which of the following weather conditions would you expect to create an increase in air pollution dispersal for one of the cities?
The city with a lower temperature
Hurricanes form over oceans but can move onto land areas. When this happens, the storm can cause major damage to wildlife. In 1999, Hurricane Floyd hit some beaches and washed away thousands of sea turtle nests. What is the most likely consequence of this event?
The loss of baby turtles changed the reproductive cycle of the adult turtles.
The loss of Arctic sea ice has increased over the last several decades. Which of the following is an impact of decreasing sea ice that would reduce biodiversity the most?
The melting ice means less habitat for some marine species.
Which of the following would be the cause for dead fish in a lake?
The use of the lake water by a factory to cool its power plant
The graph shows the change in surface water temperatures from 1880 to the present: How could the change in surface temperatures shown in the graph most likely impact tropical areas?
There is less average global ice, and coral bleaching will occur.
Which of the following statements is not true regarding photovoltaic solar cells?
They store energy for use at night.
A political action group that wants to overturn the Montreal Protocol notes that ozone levels in the troposphere have more than doubled over the past century. Because of this, they claim that ozone layer depletion is a myth. What is the major flaw in their reasoning?
Tropospheric ozone is considered a pollutant; ozone layer depletion occurs in the stratosphere.
Some people think that boaters should be required to thoroughly clean their boat hulls before bringing the boats into waterways on public lands. What is the most likely reason for this?
Uncleaned boat hulls may carry organisms that are not native to the area and could cause environmental problems.
Which of the following is not represented in the map?
Venezuela contains few oil reserves.
Which of the following explains why water vapor is not a significant contributor to global climate change?
Water vapor has a short residence time in the atmosphere.
Which statement best describes an active solar energy system?
Water-filled tubes carry heat for heating the home.
Which of the following could be included in a compost pile?
Yard clippings
Endocrine disruptors affect all of the following except
circulatory system function
A hydrogen-generating power plant would be most limited by
cost of plant manufacture
Hydrogen fuel cell use as a form of energy
has low environmental impact if produced from water
Volcanic eruptions are considered
natural sources of CO2
A neighbor mowing the lawn is an example of
noise pollution
In the northeastern United States, estuaries are most likely to experience environmental threats from
overfishing and industrial waste
Primary treatment of wastewater includes
using large- and small-holed screens to remove coarse solids
Scientists want to investigate the effects of chronic acidification on a desert ecosystem. Which independent variable are the scientists most likely monitoring in their investigation?
NOT The heaviest traffic periods of the year
A solar energy generating plant would most likely be found in
Nevada
Accessing geothermal sources can be difficult due to
inaccessible hot spots on protected land
Which of the following values of ozone concentration in parts per million would indicate good air quality?
0.060
A person drives roundtrip 48 miles once a month to the farmer's market to buy vegetables in his car that gets 24 miles per gallon. How much fuel could be saved if he grew his own vegetables instead of going to the farmer's market?
2 gallons of gasoline
What was the world marketed energy consumption in 2000?
398 quadrillion Btu
This graph compares the dose-response curves for a lethal dose of a particular toxin and a dose that results in brain damage: According to the graph, approximately how much larger is the LD50 dose for this toxin than the ED50 dose resulting in brain damage?
4,000 mg/kg
In this diagram of a typical municipal solid waste landfill, which labeled section is part of the methane collection and removal system?
A and B only
Lisa is feeling a little ill from some indoor air pollutants. Her symptoms include dizziness, nausea, weakness, and headaches. Which of the following could be the reason for this?
A heating system is releasing carbon monoxide in the home.
Which of the following is an environmental concern specific to using coal as a form of energy?
Acid mine drainage
How has new technology related to hydroelectricity become more environmentally friendly in recent years?
Adverse impacts on fish and their habitats have been reduced with the introduction of fish ladders.
Acid deposition has caused nitrogen levels in a lake to increase by nearly 50 percent due to the increase in pollution output from local industries. How will the lake be affected by the increase of nitrogen?
Algal populations will increase dramatically, crowding out and reducing resources for other organisms.
Which statement best defines a biodiversity hotspot?
An area with a high level of diversity that is threatened by human activities
Which of the following is not a structure used at a landfill for hazardous substances?
Anaerobic bacteria
Nitric acid formation from the emissions of a coal-burning power plant lead to an decrease in pH from 5.5 to 5.0 in a nearby estuary. How will this affect the community of aquatic life that depends on the estuary for survival?
Bass, crayfish, and mayflies will not survive.
Match the energy source with the statement that describes an advantage of the energy source.
Biomass B) Produces heat for energy at a relatively low cost Hydrogen fuel D) When produced from water, there is a low environmental impact Geothermal A) Plants reuse steam and do not burn fossil fuels which limits emissions Solar C) A range of technologies that has low environmental impact and produces clean energy
Which of the following is a natural resource that is replaceable through biogeochemical cycles or sustainable practice?
Biomass energy
Which of the following does not accurately describe a consequence of windmills?
Birds can use windmills as a safe nesting area.
How are septic systems and wastewater treatment facilities similar?
Both provide primary physical treatment.
Paper contributes to 90 million tons of waste annually. Which of the following methods shows a 20% reduction due to a change to current practices?
Bring reusable bags when shopping; this would result in 18,000,000 fewer tons of waste
The stratospheric layer is destroyed by
CFCs
Which of the following is a characteristic of renewable energy but not nonrenewable energy sources?
Can be replenished near the rate of consumption
Which of the following greenhouse gases has the least impact on global climate change?
Carbon dioxide
Which statement describes the neutralizing effect of limestone bedrock when exposed to acid rain?
Carbonic acid dissolves calcium carbonate within limestone, forming salts.
This diagram shows the treatment process used at a certain water treatment plant. Shortly after the plant is constructed, the operators discover that water treated at the plant still contains spores and other pathogens. Which process is missing from the water treatment plant?
Chlorine is added to kill any bacteria or microorganism that may be in the water.
Which of the following is a disadvantage to using chlorine for disinfection of water?
Chlorine reacts with organic compounds.
How different are the global warming potentials of nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons?
Chlorofluorocarbon has a higher global warming potential than nitrous oxide, due to anthropogenic compounds from air conditioning, aerosol, and refrigerants.
Which of the following greenhouse gases has the highest global warming potential (GWP)?
Chlorofluorocarbons
Examine the diagram below: Identify a zone on the diagram where most organisms can maintain homeostasis.
Clean zone
Increased carbonic acid in the oceans has caused the pH levels of the water to decrease. What is the largest impact of this ocean acidification on marine life?
Decreased shell formation
Which of the following describes an advantage of using hydroelectric dams?
NOT Hydroelectric dams emit only a small amount of greenhouse gases.
Why is it recommended that humans eat smaller fish such as anchovies or sardines instead of large predatory fish?
Some substances, such as mercury, tend to be found in increasing concentrations as one moves up the food chain.
Which of the following is not a negative outcome of acid deposition on human-built structures?
Value of ancient monuments can decrease by as much as 10 percent.
One of the advantages of coal is that it is considered
abundant
To reduce reliance on fossil fuels in the next 30 years, the United States must
create infrastructure for renewable energy
An advantage of disposing of municipal solid waste in a landfill rather than in an incinerator is that, unlike incinerators, landfills
do not contribute greatly to smog or acid rain
The infrastructure for distributing biodiesel fuel
is currently limited
Geothermal electricity-generating plants are located in regions that often have
volcanoes
Hydrofluorocarbons are used as a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons to meet the provisions of the Montreal Protocol. Which of the following best describes the results of replacing chlorofluorocarbons with hydrofluorocarbons?
Decrease in ozone loss
What is the least likely result of increased sediment in waterways?
Extinction of bottom-dwellers
Which of the following pollutants could improve human health if a vapor recovery nozzle was used?
Gasoline
Which of the following pollutants are most likely the result of a living organism? Mold Pollen Radon
I and II only
Which of the following problems are environmental indicators of acid deposition? Decreased pH levels in lakes and rivers Decreased concentration of aluminum in the soil Changes in development of indicator organisms of an ecosystem
I and III
A scrubber on a coal-fired power plant is useful to remove which of the following? Sulfur dioxide Carbon dioxide Particulate matter
I and III only
Which of the following statements best describe(s) the effects of eutrophication in an estuary? Low dissolved oxygen Low in nutrients Hypoxic water
I and III only
Which of the following does not contribute to the creation of the Antarctic ozone hole? Methyl benzoate Methyl bromide Chlorofluorocarbons
I only
Which of the following is a possible effect of global warming due to excess greenhouse gases? Disease vectors spreading from the tropics to the poles Ocean waters expanding due to melting ice sheets Decrease in agricultural yield reliability
I, II, and III
Which of the following is a result of illegal disposal of waste? Spread of diseases Habitat loss Floating islands of plastics in oceans
I, II, and III only
Although solar energy is considered "clean" energy, there are environmental impacts from its use. Which statement(s) identify the primary environmental drawback(s) of solar energy? Solar energy cannot be used in isolated places. Aquifers may be strained due to cleaning solar panels in water-scare regions. Ecosystems are disrupted by installation of large-scale power plants.
II and III only
Considering that the precession of Earth's rotation changes over a 26,000-year period, which of the following describes the climate shift that would occur in 13,000 years, if all other factors remained the same? Colder summers Colder winters Warmer summers
II and III only
Which of the following is an advantage of fossil fuels? Their price contains negative externalities. They are relatively inexpensive compared to other fuel sources. The infrastructure for their extraction, purification, and distribution already exists.
II and III only
An endangered species of lake trout is discovered living in a national wildlife refuge. Which of the following statements explain how being listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act could help save the fish from extinction? The Endangered Species Act calls for creation of new national wildlife refuges for the fish to live in. The Endangered Species Act prohibits fishers from catching the trout or interfering with its habitat. The Endangered Species Act allocates federal funds to help introduce the fish to lakes in other wildlife refuges.
II only
The graph shows the change in surface water temperatures from 1880 to the present: What anthropogenic activities cause ocean acidity and the surface temperatures shown in the graph?
Increase fossil fuel emissions
Which of the following can cause increases in rates of skin cancer and cataracts in the human population?
Increase of UV rays on Earth's surface
Increased carbon in the oceans has caused the pH levels of the water to decrease. What is the largest impact of this ocean acidification on marine life?
Increased acidification of marine habitats
Scientific research shows that our global climate is changing as a result of an increase in greenhouse gases. Ocean temperatures and acidity are increasing, and the global sea level is rising. Which of the following best predicts an outcome of this global climate change in a marine ecosystem?
Many marine species will not be able to adjust quickly enough to survive.
Marco works at a downtown restaurant and commutes on the subway six days a week. He recently started having to ask waitresses to repeat the orders loudly when they bring back the orders. Which of the following explanations could explain this effect?
Marco's hearing is reduced due to riding on the subway.
An excess of greenhouse gases are warming the oceans. Which of the following describes an effect of excess greenhouse gases?
Melting of glaciers and ice sheets will cause coastlines to shrink and increase flooding.
Mike's dog became ill after playing in the yard for some time. After being examined and tested by the vet, his dog was found to have an accumulation of toxic chemicals in its fatty tissue. Which statement identifies what could lead to this accumulation of toxic chemicals in the fatty tissue?
Mike's yard had pesticide on it from his farm nearby.
What type of hazardous waste is a combination of radioactive and other hazardous substances?
Mixed waste
A city council approves a new program to help reduce air pollution. The program involves banning motor vehicles on Tuesdays and Thursdays. This policy will help directly reduce only which of the following categories of air pollutants?
Mobile sources of pollutants
According to the graph of World Marketed Energy Use by Fuel Type, 1980-2030, which type of energy will increase at the least rate in the future?
Nuclear
Which of the following could result if the BOD of wastewater is not reduced before that water is released into surface water?
Occurrence of fish kills
The biodiversity and distribution of penguin species in the Antarctic Peninsula is changing. This is most likely caused by what factor?
Ocean warming that reduces habitat
According to the map, which of the following regions produced the least oil?
South Africa
Based on the diagram, how is the greenhouse effect maintained?
Sunlight is reflected by the surface of Earth, and heat is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases.
Which of the following trends related to fossil fuel use will most likely happen in the future?
The developed world will increase its use of fossil fuels.
Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows: Which of the following statements accurately explains how the vector of malaria is transmitted?
The mosquito bites the human and transmits a sporozite that moves through the blood vessels.
Which of the following is a natural source of sulfur dioxide?
Volcanic eruptions
To evaluate an area for mining tar sands, which of the following is necessary for extraction?
Water
Which of the following best characterizes the filtration process in drinking water treatment?
Water passes through beds of sand and charcoal.
What was once a pond filled with bass fish on Tom's parent's farm is now significantly decreased in population. Which of the following could explain the reason for the decrease in the bass population?
Fertilizer runoff contains endocrine disruptors that affect reproduction in fish.
Photovoltaic cells and hydrogen fuel cells share which of the following advantages? No emission of air pollutants Abundance of resource Inexpensive compared to other resources
I and II only
Which of the following is a landfill mitigation strategy? Burning waste for energy Restoring habitat for use as parks Open loop recycling
I and II only
Which of the following is the best way to prevent radon from entering a home?
Pressurize the house
The table shows the amount of radioactive element remaining in a sample over a period of time: What is the half-life of the element in minutes?
1,600 minutes
The table below shows the primary energy consumption by energy sources in the United States: If collectively the energy sources equal 110.7 quadrillion Btu, what is the total energy consumption for coal?
14.4 quadrillion Btu
Steve's family moved from a rural town to the city with their dog and two parakeets. The parakeets are no longer responding to vocal commands from the family. Which of the following can explain the reason for the parakeets no longer responding to vocal commands? Noise of trains on the nearby railroad tracks are affecting the parakeets' hearing. Steve went away to college, and the parakeets no longer know his voice. The parakeets listen to Steve's little sister talk with her friends instead.
I only
Which of the following describes how automobiles contribute to photochemical smog? Fueling an automobile during hotter times in the day Exhaust emissions combine with sunlight Improper tire inflation
I, II, and III
Which of the following problems are a result of acid deposition? Release of aluminum in ecosystems Eutrophication of lakes and rivers Ocean acidity
I, II, and III
Below are various methods, small- and large-scale, that people are applying to their lives: Trish is doing crop rotation on her farm as an agricultural practice throughout the year. Brent replaced his old truck with a BEV for his daily commute to work and errands around town. Sasha decides that he will open the windows during the fall to maintain his home's cool temperature. Which of the methods described above will lead to energy being conserved over time?
II and III only
Ecologists investigating long-term changes in a forest near a city discover that plants have become brittle and diseased. Their leaves are damaged, and they show signs of limited growth. Which air pollutant would the ecologists most likely suspect is responsible?
NOT Nitrogen oxides
The Smiths have become increasingly alarmed by the changes occurring in their koi pond. The most recent concern is the reduction in the number of eggs. Which of the following statements is a plausible reason that would lead to a decrease in the number of eggs the koi are producing? The farmer's market down the street has changed suppliers, and the produce is contaminated. The farm next door practices flood irrigation, and runoff contaminated the koi pond. The koi are unable to spawn because their reproductive system is impaired from pesticides the Smiths use to prevent termites.
II and III only
Martha has planted citronella plants in her flowerbed to help control mosquitos. How does this action benefit wildlife and humans? Frequently watering the plants will flush out pesticides previously used to control mosquitos and reduce endocrine disruptor infiltration. She is utilizing natural alternatives to pesticides, decreasing the number of endocrine disruptors that enter waterways. The flowerbed will absorb toxic chemicals and prevent them from entering nearby bodies of water through runoff.
II only
Why is it advised that tuna be eaten in moderation? Tuna contains persistent organic pollutants that are soluble in water. Tuna prey on organisms that contain mercury, which biomagnifies. Tuna has a high caloric count and contributes to obesity.
II only
A rural village has been inundated with mosquitos, so the area has been treated heavily with pesticides. After a period of time, the villagers noticed that eggs are being laid by more frogs than usual along the riverbank. Which statement best explains the observation in the village? The frogs have migrated from another body of water to reproduce. The large number of mosquitos in the area are attracting only female frogs, and they release their eggs in the river. Increased spraying for malaria has increased water pollutants, which affected the gender balance for the frog population.
III only
Which statement(s) identifies a disadvantage of using natural gas as a fuel? Natural gas can be burned directly. Burning natural gas lowers dependence on foreign oil sources. Extraction by hydrologic fracturing contaminates groundwater.
III only
How does lapse rate affect the vertical dispersal of air pollution?
If the lapse rate increases, the vertical dispersal of air pollution will increase.
Which of the following, if it occurs in the vicinity of water bodies, is a likely cause of cultural eutrophication? Runoff from crop fields that have been manured Runoff from icy roads that have been salted Runoff from gold mines that have been abandoned
NOT I and III only
Which of the following would be considered a non-anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide and particulate matter? Volcanic eruption Dust blown by the wind Sea spray from the ocean
NOT I, II, and III
An amusement park has recently been constructed along the coast, increasing automobile traffic in the area. What is the impact of the increased traffic in the area on oceans?
Increases in fossil fuel emissions, causing acidification
Recently, when you shower, you begin coughing and sneezing and your skin breaks out. Which of the following situations could lead to these effects?
Mold is present in the shower.
Which North American city located on the map above would be most directly affected by melting polar ice caps caused by climate change?
NOT A (Fairbanks, Alaska)
Which of the following would most likely be a result of converting from hydrogen fuel cells as the primary energy source for powering vehicles to biomass energy?
NOT A decrease in costs would occur.
Which of the following fossil fuels is widely considered the "cleanest"?
Natural gas
Which of the following sources does not contribute to ozone depletion?
Nitrates used in crop fertilizers
Which of the following is not a principal greenhouse gas?
Nitrogen
Which of the following is a secondary pollutant?
Nitrogen dioxide
Which of the following substances combine with water in the atmosphere to make nitric acid?
Nitrogen dioxide
Which of the following is the missing reactant in the reaction below? VOC + heat + sunlight + ______ → O3
Nitrogen oxide
Which of the following is a principal greenhouse gas?
Nitrous oxide
How are oceans directly affected by the breakdown of carbonic acid (H2CO3) into carbonate ions (CO32−) and hydrogen (H+) ions?
Oceans are becoming more acidic.
Which of the following is an impact on either individuals or populations from pollution of oil?
Oil floating on the surface of water can coat the feathers of birds and marine animals.
Match the fuel type to its description.
Peat C) Decomposed organic material, turns into coal over time Crude Oil E) Refined from tar sands, can be used for jet fuel and diesel, naturally occurring Coal A) Used for fuel and in power plants Natural Gas D) Used for heating and cooking, as well as making fertilizer, mostly comprised of methane Wood B) Used in developing countries, used for heating and cooking
Which of the following accurately describes how environmental pollution can cause a non-transmissible disease?
People who are exposed to radon gas are at risk of developing lung cancer.
An increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has caused ocean temperatures to increase. Which evidence supports this claim?
Sea level has risen more than 300 centimeters since 1880 measurements.
In the diagram below, step 3 shows a bio reactor. This is where aeration occurs during the water treatment process. If aeration did not occur, how would the treatment process be impacted?
The rate of bacteria breaking down organic matter would slow down considerably.
Ocean warming has resulted in all of the following except
increased algae in corals
A pond is located beside an open mine. Mercury from the mine contaminates the river water. This is an example of
point source pollution
The level of wastewater treatment needed to remove the majority of the organic waste is best described as
secondary