APES Unit 3 Test Mult Choice
A state highway was constructed over wetlands. The state obtained a permit to fill the existing wetlands in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Water Act in 1972, and agreed to create another wetland. This trade-off approach to addressing an environmental issue is known as A mitigation B restoration C preservation D remediation E sustainability
A
Alligators in a Florida lake polluted by high levels of dioxins (chlorinated hydrocarbons) had low testosterone levels and failed to reproduce. Scientists came to the conclusion that the dioxins were acting as which of the following? A Endocrine disrupters B Growth hormones C Carcinogens D Immune-system suppressors E Mutagens
A
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the figure below. A, B, C, and D represent population growth curves, E represents the carrying capacity. (graph) Represents the biotic potential of the species A A B B C C D D E E
A
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following. (A) Safe Drinking Water Act (B) Clean Water Act (C) Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) (D) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (E) Toxic Substances Control Act Requires minimum safety standards for community water supplies
A
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the histograms below, which show age structure expressed as percentage of population for Countries I, II, and II in 1990. (graphs) Countries undergoing rapid populations growth include which of the following? A I only B II only C III only D II and III only E I, II, and III
A
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the qualities of water samples. A. Acidity B. Turbidity C. Hardness D. Dissolved oxygen E. Salinity Measured on the pH scale
A
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following questions(s) refer to the lettered points of the curves plotted on the graph below. The curves show two possible patterns of change in population size over time for a certain species of small mammal in an ecosystem. (graph) Population growing exponentially A A B B C C D D E E
A
If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate? A 0.4% B 0.8% C 1.0% D 4.0% E 8.0%
A
Which of the following best exemplifies population momentum? A Continued growth of a population after fertility drops to replacement level B Continued growth of a population due to emigration C Decreased population due to increase in the death rate D Decreased population due to a reduced death rate and an increased fertility rate E Growth of a population after the fertility rate doubles
A
Which of the following best explains why DDT has been found in penguin eggs in the Antarctic? A Chemicals used in one region of Earth can circulate in the biosphere and affect organisms in a distant region. B The large number of penguins in Antarctica has resulted in a depletion of their preferred foods. C Although DDT is toxic to adult birds, it has no effect on developing embryos. D Chemicals like DDT are volatile and eventually make their way to the ozone layer. E Because penguins incubate their eggs on land, the eggs are exposed to DDT.
A
Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society? A Reduced birth rates B Reduced need for sewage-treatment facilities C Increased rates of population growth D Increased air quality in urban areas E Increased stabilization of microclimate in urban areas
A
Which of the following is the best explanation of the fact that agricultural production on floodplains is often relatively high? A On floodplains, soils tend to be nutrient-rich and fertile. B On floodplains, high water tables make irrigation unnecessary. C Periodic flooding leaches toxic pollutants out of floodplain soils. D Periodic flooding prevents the pH of floodplain soils from becoming too high. E Floodplains are usually sparsely settled and thus more acreage is available for agriculture.
A
(graph) A country with an age distribution like that shown in the figure above, is most likely a country that A is experiencing rapid growth B is experiencing slow or no population growth C is experiencing a high death rate D has 40% of the population under age 15 E is a less-developed country
B
(graph) During which stage of the demographic transition shown above does a population begin to experience an explosive increase in growth? A Stage 1 B Stage 2 C Stage 3 D Stage 4 E After stage 4
B
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the qualities of water samples. A Acidity B Turbidity C Hardness D Dissolved oxygen E Salinity Caused by suspended particulates
B
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following questions(s) refer to the lettered points of the curves plotted on the graph below. The curves show two possible patterns of change in population size over time for a certain species of small mammal in an ecosystem. (graph) Population growing at a decreasing rate A A B B C C D D E E
B
Five islands, A, B, C, D, and E, differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity? A Island A Distance from Mainland (kilometers) 50 Area (hectares) 1 x 10^2 B Island B Distance from Mainland (kilometers) 50 Area (hectares) 1 x 10^6 C Island C Distance from Mainland (kilometers) 500 Area (hectares) 1 x 10^2 D Island D Distance from Mainland (kilometers) 1000 Area (hectares) 1 x 10^2 E Island E Distance from Mainland (kilometers) 1000 Area (hectares) 1 x 10^6
B
If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is A 0.6% B 1.6% C 3% D 16% E 32%
B
In a human population undergoing the demographic transition, which of the following generally decreases first? A Birth rate B Death rate C Average family size D Life expectancy E Level of education
B
Rachel Carson's contributions to the environmental movement include which of the following? A Alerting the public to the hazardous waste problem at Love Canal B Increasing public awareness of the risks of using pesticides C Starting the first Earth Day in 1970 D Discovering the thinning of the ozone layer in polar regions E Being the first female administrator of the EPA
B
The increase in the size of Earth's human population in the last century has been dramatic. Which of the following identifies two major contributors to this increase? A New methods of agriculture and the identification of new food crops B The Industrial Revolution and modern medicine C Increased emigration/immigration and decreased warfare D New methods of birth control and decrease warfare E Increased education for women and the development of new pesticides
B
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the figure below. A, B, C, and D represent population growth curves, E represents the carrying capacity. (graph) Represents the growth of a population predicted by the logistic model A A B B C C D D E E
C
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the graph below, which shows different phases related to the birth and death rates for a typical human population over time. (graph) The rate of population growth starts to slow down at which point? A The end of phase I B The middle of phase II C The beginning of phase III D The end of phase III E The middle of phase IV
C
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the qualities of water samples. A. Acidity B. Turbidity C. Hardness D. Dissolved oxygen E. Salinity Measured by the amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+
C
If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double is closest to A 5 years B 10 years C 15 years D 25 years E 35 years
C
If wastewater treatment plant effluent that contains nitrates and phosphates is allowed to flow into a body of water, which of the following may result? A Chlorination B Decomposition C Eutrophication D Oxygenation E Methylation
C
The current global human population is about 6.1 billion and is growing at an annual rate of 1.35 percent. If world population were to grow at this rate for the next year, approximately how many people would be added? A 8 x 10^5 B 8 x 10^6 C 8 x 10^7 D 8 x 10^8 E 8 x 10^9
C
The most populous countries in the world are China, India, and A Indonesia B Russia C the United States D Japan E Mexico
C
What is the population doubling time in years for a country with an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent? A 0.5 B 3.5 C 20 D 24.5 E 70
C
(graph) The diagrams above show the range of tolerance for soil moisture content for two different species of terrestrial invertebrate: Species 1 and Species 2. The ranges represented are for each species where it occurs alone. Soil moisture content is a limiting factor for both species. If populations of both species are placed together in a new location, which of the following diagrams represents the most likely actual (realized) ranges of the species' distribution of individuals with respect to soil moisture content after five generations? (each choice is a graph) A B C D E
D
A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years? A 150 million B 200 million C 300 million D 400 million E 800 million
D
By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth? A North and Central America B Central and South America C Eastern and Western Europe D Africa and Asia E Australia and New Zealand
D
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the graph below, which shows different phases related to the birth and death rates for a typical human population over time. (graph) Which of the following is most likely the primary cause of high death rates in phase I? A Loss of breeding-age males due to warfare B Loss of breeding-age females due to disease C Large percentage of elderly individuals in the population D Infant and childhood mortality E General starvation due to famine
D
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the histograms below, which show age structure expressed as percentage of population for Countries I, II, and II in 1990. (graphs) Approximately what percent of the population in Country II is under age 15? A 1% B 5% C 10% D 25% E 50%
D
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters in the world map below. The location where the size of the human population is the most stable A A B B C C D D E E
D
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the qualities of water samples. A. Acidity B. Turbidity C. Hardness D. Dissolved oxygen E. Salinity Decreased by the breakdown of organic waste
D
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following questions(s) refer to the lettered points of the curves plotted on the graph below. The curves show two possible patterns of change in population size over time for a certain species of small mammal in an ecosystem. (graph) Population decreasing at greatest rate A A B B C C D D E E
D
Lakes that are characterized by high water clarity and low concentrations of dissolved nutrients are classified as A buffered B climax C eutrophic D oligotrophic E stratified
D
The current world population is closest to which of the following? A 1 million B 500 million C 1 billion D 5 billion E 20 billion
D
The major biological source of dissolved oxygen in the ocean comes from A decomposition of organic sediments on the ocean floor B metabolic processes of coral in reefs C oxidation of sulfur by bacteria in ocean vent communities D photosynthesis by phytoplankton E respiration by zooplankton
D
The use of which of the following to control agricultural insect pests is most likely to have a negative and persistent impact on an ecosystem? A Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil organism that kills insect larvae B Braconid sp., a parasitic wasp C Insecticidal soap, a surfactant that kills through suffocation D Lindane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon E Rotenone, a toxic plant derivative
D
Which of the following is the usual cause of cultural eutrophication in surface waters of both developed and developing countries? A Lack of proper filtration devices for power plant effluents B Introduction of cyanobacteria to streams and rivers C Runoff of metal ions in bodies of water D Runoff of nitrate compounds into bodies of water E Runoff of herbicides into bodies of water
D
Which of the following will result in accelerated eutrophication when introduced into streams, lakes, and bays? A Bacteria and viruses B Pesticides C Herbicides D Phosphates E Acid wastes and salts
D
(graph) The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem? A A B B C C D D E E
E
Although the fertility rate for women in the United States has declined in recent years to a value below replacement level, the United States population is still increasing because of A lower average age at first marriage B lower infant death rates C increased longevity D improved health care E immigration
E
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the figure below. A, B, C, and D represent population growth curves, E represents the carrying capacity. (graph) Represents the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long-term basis A A B B C C D D E E
E
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the graph below, which shows different phases related to the birth and death rates for a typical human population over time. (graph) Zero population growth is associated with A phase I only B phase II only C phase III only D phase IV only E phases I and IV
E
Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following? Cultural traditions Government policies and economic incentives Education level and economic opportunities for females A I only B II only C I and II only D II and III only E I, II, and III
E
What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population? A The total fertility rate and the death rate B The crude birth rate and crude death rate C The birth rate and the infant mortality rate D The replacement-level fertility rate and the total fertility rate E The life expectancy and the infant mortality rate
E
Which of the following is a common characteristic of lakes undergoing cultural eutrophication? A Decreased rates of sediment accumulation B Decreased amounts of green and blue-green algae C Increased levels of oxygen throughout the water column D Increased water clarity in the epilimnion E Increased levels of plant nutrients
E
Which of the following is a true statement about replacement-level fertility? A It equals the average number of children a woman will give birth to during her child-bearing years. B It equals the annual number of live births per 1,000 people in a population. C It equals the natural increase of a population in one year. D It is found by subtracting the number of emigrants from the number of immigrants in one year. E It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates.
E
Which of the following is most likely to result from destruction of wetlands surrounding a river? A A decreased sediment load in the river B A decreased level of pollutants such as nitrates in the river C An increased diversity of aquatic species in the river D An increased level of oxygen in the river E An increased frequency of flooding of the river valley
E
Which of the following is the best example of environmental remediation? A A species of trout becomes extinct in a eutrophic lake. B The annual volume of sewage flowing into a stream is decreased by one half. C The height of a factory smokestack is increased. D A parcel of forest land is declared a state park. E PCB-consuming bacteria are sprayed on an area that has soil contaminated with PCBs.
E
