APES UNIT 4: Earth Systems and Resources

El Niño and La Niña are influenced by

geological and geographic factors and can affect different locations in different ways.

The liquid becomes ____ dense as it is ______causing it to rise but as it rises, it becomes ____ dense and cooler causing it to sink.

less, heated, more, cooler

Weather

the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area. These include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, wind speed and atmospheric pressure.

The major biological source of dissolved oxygen in the ocean comes from

photosynthesis by phytoplankton

What process turns a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock?

melting and cooling

Approximately what percent of the water on Earth is freshwater (liquid and solid)?

2.5%

In what way does a transform boundary differ from the other boundary types?

At a transform boundary, the plates move in a direction that is parallel to the boundary line.

The highest mountains in the world are the Himalayas, at the border between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The Himalayas formed in a ________________.

Collision zone

Which boundary or zone adds new material to the lithosphere (the hard outer crust of the Earth)?

Divergent boundary

Which boundary type is most commonly found in the oceans?

Divergent boundary

How do farmers adjust the pH of soils?

Farmers adjust the pH of soils either through the process of liming (adding finely ground limestone to soil) or adding anhydrous ammonia to the soil. Liming is used to increase the pH when the soil is too acidic, and anhydrous ammonia is used to decrease the pH when the soil is too basic.

What is the effect of highly acidic soils on heavy metals?

Highly acidic soils can cause heavy metals to be more water soluble. This would result in them being able to dissolve in water and move into groundwater, lakes, streams, etc. High concentrations of heavy metals in these waterways could be harmful to organisms which live in them, drink from them, or otherwise depend on them.

Which of the following is the best explanation of the fact that agricultural production on floodplains is often relatively high?

On floodplains, soils tend to be nutrient-rich and fertile.

Which type of plate boundary or zone would be most likely to lead to above-ground volcanic activity?

Subduction zone

Which of the following best describes why understanding a watershed and its boundaries is important in designing housing developments along a river?

Surface water and stormwater runoff will drain downstream within the watershed boundaries, so it is important to understand the flow of water through the watershed.

What would be the ideal pH of soil for agriculture in terms of microorganisms?

The ideal pH of soil for agriculture in terms of microorganisms would be a pH of 6.6 to 7.3

What would be the ideal type of soil for agriculture in terms of nutrient availability?

The ideal type of soil for agriculture in terms of nutrient availability is loam and has a pH of 6 to 7

Which of the following should be included in a watershed map to best determine the non-point source of a pollutant, such as fertilizer, found in a river?

The land use upstream of the river and water quality indicators in streams that run downstream into the river

What are the three natural controls on soil pH?

The three natural controls on soil pH are mineralogy, climate, and weathering.

During subduction when the plate is forced under the other plate what forms in the ocean where the two plates meet?

a trench

During subduction when the plate is forced under the other plate what forms on the land where the two plates meet?

a trench

What process turns a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock?

heat and pressure

What process turns a sedimentary rock into an igneous rock?

melting and cooling

What process turns an igneous rock into an igneous rock?

melting and cooling

In subduction the ______ plate moves below the ___________ _____.

oceanic, continental plate

El Niño and La Niña

phenomena associated with changing ocean surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. These phenomena can cause global changes to rainfall, wind, and ocean circulation patterns.

The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called

transpiration

What is in the plate that causes the rock to melt so close to the surface of the earth?

water

Groundwater

water that is stored underground in the soil or rocks that are porous.

What process turns an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock?

weathering erosion and sedimentation