APES Unit 5

Select the letter of the site that, based on data shown, will be BEST able to recover from additional exposure to mine drainage.

A

An underground zone or body of earth material from which groundwater can be extracted is known as

an aquifer.

Many modern farmers use regiments of pesticides throughout the season. Which graph represents a significant disadvantage of long-term pesticide use?

pesticide use increase, pesticide resistance increase

Lands that are primarily used for the production of adapted, domesticated forage plants for livestock are known as

pastures

Which of the following is NOT a tree pest?

Aedes aegypti.

Refer to the map and select the one lettered choice that best answers each question or best fits each statement. A choice may be used once, more than once,​ or not at all in the question set.

A

The Green Revolution refers to which of the following?

A time when the farming practices switched in order to produce more food.

What does the tragedy of the commons refer to?

A. Individual exploitation of shared resource leads to long term depletion for all

Which of the following is the MOST likely cause of the depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer, as shown in the map?

Agricultural use.

Which of the following describes the LARGEST human use of freshwater?

Agricultural.

Which of the following accounts for the highest freshwater use in the United States, after electricity production?

Agriculture

Which of the following would NOT be considered a factor in the size of a person's ecological footprint?

Amount of CO2 emitted in the atmosphere

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the Dust Bowl in the 1930's?

An increase in polyculture

Of the following organisms, which species would NOT be considered "bycatch" when utilizing drift net fishing?

Bluefin Tuna.

Which of the following is the MOST common method for harvesting bottom-dwelling species, such as flounder and cod?

Bottom trawling.

Which type of commercial fishing practice can destroy benthic habitats?

Bottom trawling.

Which of the following is a likely consequence of the irrigation of agricultural land over time?

Depletion of aquifers in the area

Worldwide, the depletion of aquifers is becoming a critical issue. Our agricultural practices require a dependable supply of water in order to get the high yields we have come to expect. Which type of irrigation conserves the MOST water?

Drip irrigation

Which of the following irrigation methods MOST efficiently uses water with the smallest percentage lost to evaporation?

Drip.

Which of the following is a correct statement?

Excessive irrigation leads to waterlogging, where as evaporation leads to salinization.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of tree plantations over natural forests?

Greater carbon sequestration.

The logging industry is a big advocate of clearcutting as their form of harvesting trees. Which of the following is an economic advantage of this form of tree removal?

It decreases the price of lumber for the consumers

Which of the following could be done to mitigate the destructive impacts of tree plantations?

Leave corridors of native forests uncut.

As human populations traverse through the demographic transition, what starts out as a rural society transitions to one of a more urban setting. Which of the following scenarios​ is NOT a product of urbanization?

Leaving a smaller ecological footprint

Which of the following foods is the MOST sustainable?

Locally-raised, grass-fed beef.

What is the name of the largest aquifer on Earth located in the western part of the United States?

Ogallala Aquifer.

Which of the following is NOT true of old-growth forests?

Old-growth forests are also called secondary growth forests.

A crop of potatoes is damaged by a species called aphids. Which of the following would be a rapid approach to decreasing the crop damage while increasing crop yields?

Pesticides

Which of the following would be the BEST solution to decrease the use of freshwater globally?

Provide regulations in developed countries that increase water efficiency for toilets, showers, and other water-consuming appliances.

Based on the data, which of the countries is living the LEAST sustainable lifestyle?

South Korea

Which of the following is known as the high-density growth of areas on the fringes of cities?

Suburbanization

Which of the following BEST illustrates a tragedy of the commons?

The Gulf of Mexico has an area at the mouth of the Mississippi River known as the dead zone due to hypoxic conditions. The lack of oxygen in this area is a result of fertilizer runoff from farmlands all along the Mississippi River.

Which of the following represents the dependent variable of the student's experimental design?

The amount of clay collected in the collection bin.

A farm's soil is its lifeblood. If the topsoil is eroded, it can reduce the farm's productivity. Which agricultural technique is the LEAST effective for reducing the erosion of a farmer's field?

The farmer can practice no-till agriculture

The image above compares the effects of pesticide usage after one generation to the effects after several generations. Which of the following is the BEST conclusion for the effect of pesticide usage according to the image above?

The first usage of pesticide shows a large decrease in pest population, then the population increases over time due to an increase in resistant pests.

Which of the following concerns is MOST logical given this data?

The growth of cereals is surpassing the need from the population and could be an unsustainable yield that would impact the future.

Which of the following agricultural practices will accelerate cultural eutrophication?

The use of fertilizers.

What is the primary reason why the Colorado River no longer drains to the Gulf of California?

There is major diversion of water flow due to dams and human consumption

When a field becomes waterlogged, which of the following consequences could it have on the plants?

They will die as they are unable to absorb oxygen through their roots.

Which of the following techniques are important to forest management?

Timber sales and prescribed burns

Which of the following refers to the removal of all trees in an area at one time?

clear cutting

The MOST common cause of salinization of agricultural soils over time is

overirrigation.

Setting up a good urban site includes finding all of the following EXCEPT

Heavily forested areas, with many plants to convert carbon dioxide to oxygen and to provide shade for workers

Agriculture and logging are the driving force behind clearing millions of acres of tropical rainforest each year. Which of the following is NOT a likely result of rainforest deforestation?

Lack of vegetation leads to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels which increase the rate of ozone destruction​

There are two main types of coal extraction: surface mining and sub-surface mining. Sub-surface is the one most folks think of and was depicted in movies like October Sky. In this type of mining, machinery is used to dig a small hole underground and the coal is removed via a shaft or tunnel. Which of the following lists includes types of surface mining?

Open-pit mining, mountaintop removal, and strip mining.

What can be inferred from the graph above of wild capture fisheries harvest over the last 60 years?

The majority of capture comes from organisms found in the middle of the water column.

The increasing human population demands that our food production increase. One method for increasing our yields per hectare is the practice of monocropping. Which of the following is NOT associated with monocropping?

The need for tilling is greatly reduced.

The pesticide treadmill occurs when

pests evolve to develop resistance to pesticides over time, requiring farmers to use higher doses or develop new pesticides.

The image below shows a porpoise trapped in fishing net. This situation can occur with the use of drift nets to catch tuna. Which of the following fishing terms best identifies this problem?

Bycatch.

If this resource is being harvested sustainably, at which of the following points on the diagram will the resource be collected to ensure a maximum sustainable yield?

C

According to the data provided, which of the following countries would have the largest ecological footprint?

Canada

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of integrated pest management?

Decreasing irrigation requirements for crops.

If conditions remain constant, what is the largest annual catch of a particular species that can be harvested without long-term depletion of fisheries?

Maximum sustainable yield.

In order to improve crop yields, the Green Revolution employs improved irrigation techniques, the addition of synthetic fertilizers, new crop varieties, and mechanization. All of the following accurately describe mechanization EXCEPT

Mechanization is profitable for farmers who own smaller amounts of land.

All of the following are examples of Tragedy of the Commons EXCEPT

Redefining a country's borders to include more mountainous​ terrain.

Which of the following will LEAST likely contribute to the heat island effect?

Requiring new buildings to use light-grey asphalt atop their roofs.

Which of the following is NOT a component​ of integrated pest management?

Rotating the type of synthetic pesticide sprayed based on the temperature and humidity.

Which of the following is TRUE about the improved use of rangelands in the western United States since the 1990s?

Rotational grazing is used so cattle do not damage sensitive vegetation near riparian areas, thus protecting watersheds.

Which of the following farming techniques will BEST help in preventing desertification?

Rotational grazing.

Which of the following would represent the control group in the student's experimental design?

Segment C with no vegetation

Which of the following is NOT a method that was popularized during the Green Revolution to increase food production?

Slash and burn techniques.

Which of the following is NOT considered a sustainable agricultural practice?

Slash and burn.

Which of the following is NOT a cause of urban sprawl?

Smart growth.

The most common type of mining today is surface mining. One type of surface mining, strip mining, involves removing overburden in order to get to the mineral being mined (coal, in this case). What is overburden?

Soil and rock that are on top of the coal.

Urban environments put pressure on groundwater supply due to increased population size but also due to

dark surfaces (e.g., asphalt and tar roofs) lead to increased evaporation.

All of the following answer choices are ecological consequences of CAFOs EXCEPT

groundwater contamination from deep well injection of waste products.

The amount of food grown in the United States has increased over the last 50 years. This can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT

increase in arable land.

If a majority of farmers used an integrated pest management system, which of the following describes how this data would change in the future?

increase in pesticide resistant species

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an environmental consequence of replacing a natural forest with a tree plantation?

increased flooding

All of the following contributes to the importance of harvesting fish stock at their maximum sustainable yield EXCEPT that

it will lower the population growth rate.

Benefits associated with aquaculture include all of the ​following EXCEPT

low impacts on local ecosystems.

The extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth is known as

mining.

Which of the following types of farming methods is represented by the information above?

nomadic farming

The process of restoring land that has been mined to a natural or economically usable purpose is known as

reclamation

Excessive extraction of groundwater within proximity to saline ecosystems can lead to

saltwater intrusion.

As the world's population grows, individuals often do not get proper nutrition due to unhealthy eating habits or the lack of food caused by poverty, war, and natural disasters. Golden Rice is a yellow, GMO crop designed to provide Vitamin A to populations with Vitamin A deficiencies. Which of the following diseases is Golden Rice trying to prevent?

scurvy

Instead of cutting down entire forests or swaths of trees to harvest lumber, timber companies may institute a type of logging in which they move into an area and only cut certain trees. This method of commercial logging is called

selective cutting.

All of the following are true of mining activities EXCEPT

subsurface mining has more direct environmental impacts than open-pit mines.

All of the following reduce the carrying capacity of cattle in rangelands EXCEPT

supplemental forage for cattle.

Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, provide all of the following advantages EXCEPT

the use of genetically modified organisms can prevent pests from developing resistance

Greywater BEST describes

used water from household or business activities.

Each of the following describes a way to reduce an ecological footprint EXCEPT

using energy sources that rely on fossil fuels.

All of the following are considered sustainable approaches to living EXCEPT

using non-biodegradable products.

All of the following activities lower the environmental impact of the resort EXCEPT

water the resort landscape twice a day during daylight hours.

All of the following are non-anthropogenic contributors to changes in global temperatures EXCEPT

world population of cows.

Based on the data shown, which site is MOST likely to be located closest to a coal mine?

E

Forests that experience fairly frequent but moderate (low-lying) forest fires have a greater species diversity than forests that experience no forest fires or forests that often experience severe, crown-burning forest fires. This idea is referred to as the

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis.

As the integrated pest management system is employed, many farmers decrease or eliminate their use of pesticides. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn using the graph?

The increase in pesticide use over time causes an increase in pesticide-resistant species.

The build up of salt in soil leading to a loss in crop productivity is called

salinization.

Which of the following case studies serves as a direct example of renewable resource depletion as a consequence of exponential human population growth?

Easter Islands

Which of the following developing countries is of LEAST concern regarding depleting natural resources through meat consumption?

india

The graph above shows a significant decline in the Atlantic Cod stock. The cod were not owned by one processing company and the government did not impose strict and enforceable quotas on the harvest. As a result, fisherman raced against each other to harvest as much as they could. This is an example of

​the tragedy of the commons

Unsustainable agricultural practices such as tilling, slash-and-burn farming, and overgrazing can cause a decrease in which of the following?

Desertification.

The students collected and analyzed the data from their experimental design. Which of the following will be their next step?

Develop a hypothesis for the experimental design plan.

Which of the following describes how energy consumption in developed and developing countries compare?

Developed countries consume more energy per capita.

A farmer is concerned about the growth of the crops because their water supplies are running low. The farmer is worried about the evaporation of excess water and wants to ensure their crops are getting enough water to grow. The farmer is prepared to meet any cost if it means long-term success. Which of the following irrigation types will be BEST for the farmer?

Drip irrigation

During the Green Revolution, many new technologies were adopted which helped to increase food production. These generally fall into two categories: increasing crop yield or decreasing labor input required. Which of the following methods is one that falls into the first category, increasing crop yield?

Fertilization.

The decline of a fish population by 90% or more is known as which of the following?

Fishery collapse.

A farmer wants to increase his crop yields of corn with little to no use of pesticides. Which of the following would be the BEST solution?

Genetically modify the corn with the Bacillus thuringiensis gene.

Which of the following is the BEST explanation for the saltwater intrusion?

Global warming has melted the polar ice caps, and the rising sea level has forced saltwater into the freshwater aquifers.

Which of the following type of pesticides would help combat weeds overtaking a crop of soybeans?

Herbicides.

Which of the following is a benefit of the Green Revolution?

Increased crop yields.

Which of the following are indicators of achieving sustainable growth?

Increased standard of living for all people

Which of the following is NOT a result of the mechanization of farming practices during the Green Revolution?

Increased subsidies provided to farmers.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of overgrazing?

Increases soil compaction.

Which of the following agricultural practices would NOT result in environmental damage?

Integrated pest management.

Which of the following types of agriculture is the MOST sustainable?

Intercropping.

Which of the following describes how the use of integrated pest management will affect the amount of pollution entering the oceans?

The percentage of pollution entering the oceans from agricultural sources will decrease.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a typical tree plantation?

The presence of old-growth trees.

All of the following are economic consequences of overfishing EXCEPT

an increase in livelihood.

All of the following statements could explain the pattern in this graph EXCEPT

aquaculture often releases high levels of waste materials into the surrounding environment, which can pollute the area for wild fish populations and reduce their numbers.