APUSH Chapter 10 Review

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Roger Taney

He was Chief Justice for the Dred Scott case. A decision was made on March 6, 1857. Roger Taney ruled against Dred Scott. Scott was suing for freedom because of his long residence in free territory. He was denied freedom because he was property and his owner could take him into any territory and legally hold him as a slave. This court ruling was major cause in starting the Civil War.

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Corrupt Bargain/Election of 1824

In this election all 5 running candidates were Democratic Republicans; Jackson won both the popular and electoral voters-Henry Clay dropped out and supported Adams and with his support John Quincy Adams becomes president.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Indian Removal Act 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

John Quincy Adams 6th President

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Reading Comprehension Qustion 2: Discuss how the nullification crisis of 1832 was a continuation of the ideas advanced by Jefferson and Madison in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. How was this challenge to federal supremacy resolved?

The nullification crisis of 1832 was a continuation of Jeforsonian ideas advanced by the resolutions because the south and specifically south carolina deemed the tariff unconstitutional and a violation of states rights. As a result they declared that they could declare a federal law null and void if it was a conflict of interest of a state. With little budding from Jackson, South Carolina threatened to secede from the union, and as a result Jackson threatened the use of Military force against SC to keep it in the union and to obey the tariff. There was no conflict and SC backed down from its claims

Nullification Crisis of 1832

Under Jackson. Caused by the Tariff of 1828 (taxing rate was 48%). South Carolina is not going to pay that tax. Jackson supported states rights but sends troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff of 1828. Nullified the Force act - congress allows Jackson to send troops to South Carolina.

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states. Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

American System

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Panic of 1837

caused by a sudden stop in money flow from Britain, which caused planters, merchants, and canal corporations to withdraw gold from banks to pay foreign debts, as well as British textile mills reducing their purchase of cotton, causing its price to plummet

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster. Had Nativist Beliefs and that society and government should favor the wealthy and the ruling class

John Tyler 10th president

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Rotation in Office/ Spoils System

practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

William Henry Harrison 9th president

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Reading Comprehension Qustion 1: If Andrew Jackson ran for the Presidency in 1800, he could never have been elected. Describe the political developments in the early 19th century that helped Andrew Jackson be elected President of the United States in 1828

The early political developments that allowed Jackson to become president are the battle of New Orleans and the outcome of the Hartford convention and the fate of the Federalists party. After his victory in New Orleans Jackson became a war hero and gained the notoriety to be able to run for president. By the time the federalists proposed the demands to Washington there was already a parade and celebrations being held in honor of Jackson and the end of the War of 1812. In effect this embarrassed the federalists party and eradicate them as a political party

Andrew Jackson 7th President

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Martin Van Buren 8th President

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Political Machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity