apush chapter 16 vocab, apush ch 17 vocab, apush ch 18 vocab, chapter 19 apush vocab (period 6)
Clarence darrow
-a famous lawyer -argued that criminal behavior could be caused by a person's environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse
march on washington
-coxey's army marches to washington -demanded that the federal government spend 500 million dollars on public works programs to create jobs
Eugene debs
-leader of american railroad union -directed railroad workers not to handle any trains with pullman cars
thomas watson
-he was from georgia -appealed to poor farmers of both races to united on their common economic grievances by joined the people's party
JP morgan bail out
--when the repeal of the silver purchase act did not stop the gold drain, cleveland turned to JP morgan to borrow $65 million in gold to support the dollar and the gold standard -this convinced many americans that the government was only a tool of rich eastern bankers
panic of 1893
-1/4 of railroads bankrupt -jp morgan and other bankers take advantage
protestant work ethic
-hard work and material success are signs of god's favor -people applied this to business and personal life -rockefeller concluded that god gave him his riches
anti saloon league
- a powerful political force and persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons and bars
james b weaver
-he was a member of the greenback party that made it to congress -future leader of the populist party
concentration of wealth
-By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the US population controlled nine-tenths of the nation's wealth. -created a new class of millionaires (some flaunted their wealth w mansions, yachts and parties)
us steel
-Carnegie sold his company for a new steel combination headed by JP Morgan -corporation -first million dollar company and largest enterprise in the world -controlled more than 3/5 of the nation's steel business
run on gold reserves
-a decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars -the gold reserve (bars of gold bullion stored by US treasury) fell to a dangerously low level
William Randolph hearst
-NY publisher -pushed scandal and sensationalism to new heights
Ocala Platform of 1890
-National Alliance, a national organization of farmers, meet in ocala florida to address problems of rural america -attacked both parties as being subservient to big business -supported direct election of US senators, lower tariff rates, graduated income tax (higher income, higher tax to pay), banking system regulated by fed gov -wanted silver in circulation to create inflation and raise crop prices -proposed federal loans for farmer's crops
Tammany hall
-a political machine in NYC -started as a social club and later developed into power centers to coordinate the needs of businesses, immigrants, and underprivileged and in turn asked for votes on election day -boss tweed stole a lot of money (65%) from public buildings funds
city beautiful movement
-advanced grand plans to remake American cities with tree lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions -debate between private good and public good
George westinghouse
-air brake for railroads -transformer for producing high voltage alternating current -made possible the lighting of citites, electric streetcars +subways, electrically powered machinery
bland allison act of 1878
-allowed only a limited coinage of silver between $2 million and $4 million in silver each month at the standard silver to gold ratio of 16 to 1 -passed over hayes' veto -farmers, debtors and miners continued to press for unlimited coinage of silver
horatio alger stories
-always portrays a young man of modest means who becomes wealthy through honesty, hard work, and a little luck
George Washington Carver
-american scientist at tuskegee institute in alabama -promoted the growing of crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes and soybeans to diversify and escape the trap of relying entirely on cotton
ellis island 1892
-an immigration center -after it opened, new arrivals had to pass more rigorous medical exams and pay a tax before entering the US
Romanesque style
-architectural design style -massive stone walls, rounded arches (medieval look)
impressionism
-art technique -use of pastel colors -characterised by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.
jp morgan
-banker -during the panic of 1893, moved in quickly to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. no competition so they could stabilize rates and reduce debts -dominated boards of competing railroad corporations through interlocking directorates (same directors ran competing companies) -created regional railroad monopoly
chester arthur
-became president after garfield's assassination -when president, he distanced himself from the stalwarts and supported a bill reforming the civil service -expanded the number of government employees hired based on their qualifications rather than political connections -approved the development of a modern navy and began to question the high protective tariff
mark twain
-became the first great realist author -his classic work, the adventures of huckleberry finn, revealed the greed, violence, and racism in american society
laissez faire economics and politics
-believed that government should not have too much intervention -narrow interpretation of government's power (especially w business regulation)
coin's financial school
-book by william H harvey -presented lessons in economics seemed to offer easy answers for ending the depression -illustrated in cartoons -taught millions of discontented americans that their troubles were caused by a conspiracy of rich bankers, and that prosperity would return if the gov coined silver in unlimited quantities
Andrew carnegie
-business genius, leader of fast growing steel industry -immigrant, worked his way up from poverty, superintendent of PA railroad -manufactured steel in Pittsburgh and outdistanced his competitors through a combo of salesmanship and latest tech -vertical integration -Carnegie steel -retired and devoted himself to philanthropy
old immigrants
-came from northern and western Europe -british isles, Germany, Scandinavia -many protestants but many were irish or german catholics -English speaking -high level literacy and occupational skills, easy blend into mostly rural American society
boomtowns
-caused by rich gold strikes -towns that became infamous for saloons, dance-hall girls, and vigilante justice -many of these became ghost towns when gold ran out -some towns did grow, adding theaters, churches, newspapers, schools, libraries, railroads, police -some became prosperous cities (San Fran, Sacramento, Denver)
haymarket bombing
-chicago was the site of the may day movement calling for a general strike for an 8 hr work day -violence breaks out at the McCormick Harvester plant -workers held a public meeting in haymarket square. when police tried to break up this meeting, someone threw a bomb. killed 7 police officers and thrower never found -people then concluded that the union movement was radical and violent, kings of labor lose membership
packaged foods
-common items in american homes -kellogg and post -refrigerated railroad cars made this possible
settlement houses
-concerned about the lives of the poor, a number of young, well educated women and men of the middle class settled into immigrant neighborhoods to learn about the problems of immigrant families firsthand -they lived and worked in settlement houses, and hoped to relieve the effects of poverty by providing social services for people in the neighborhood -taught English to immigrants, pioneered early childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood theaters and music schools -settlement workers were civic minded volunteers, and also political activists who crusaded for child labor laws, housing reform and women's rights
crime of 1873
-congress stopped the coining of silver, and critics called this the crime of 1873
standard oil trust
-controlled 90% of oil refinery business -run by rockefeller -the trust that was put together consisted of companies that rockefeller acquired, and it was managed by a board of trustees -horizontal integration -controlled supply and prices, profits soar -eliminated waste in production in kerosene -prices low for customers
survival of the fittest
-darwin's idea that the most fit survive bc due to natural selection, they have traits that help them survive and reproduce, spreading this trait -this was applied to the marketplace saying that they should put the wealth in hands of the fit bc they will survive and pass the wealth on
dry farming
-deep plowing techniques to use the moisture available
grover cleveland
-democrat -honest, frugal, conscientious, uncompromising -honest mayor of buffalo and incorruptible governor of NY -won the election of 1884 over Blaine -believed in limited government, implemented the new civil service system (pendleton act), vetoed pension bills for those claiming to have served in the civil war, interstate commerce act (regulate business), dawes act (helped american indians) -came back to presidency later during the panic of 1893, repealed sherman silver purchase act, jp morgan bail out
election of 1888
-democrats campaigned for cleveland and a lower tariff -republicans campaigned for benjamin harrison and a high tariff (they argued lower tariffs wreck business prosperity, played upon this fear to raise campaign funds from big business) election was close but harrison sweeped the north so he won
Dawes Act of 1887
-designed to break up tribal organizations which many felt kept american indians from becoming civilized and law abiding citizens -divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres, US citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the lnd for 25 yrs and adopted habits of civilized life
landscape architecture
-designing parks, parkway, campuses, and suburbs
frank Lloyd wright
-developed an organic style of architecture that was in harmony with its natural surroundings -long horizontal lines of prairie style houses -most famous architect of the 20th century
ethnic neighborhoods
-different immigrant groups created their own ethnic neighborhoods where they could maintain its own language, culture, church or temple, and social club -crowded, unhealthy and crime ridden -sometimes called ghettos -often served as springboards for ambitious and hardworking immigrants and their children to achieve their version of the American dream
mining frontier
-discovery of gold in california caused a flood of newcomers into the territory (california gold rush, but also this was a beginning of a quest for gold and silver) -gold and silver strikes -prospectors would look for traces of gold in the mountain streams, using tools such as shovels and washing pans -then deep shaft mining that required expensive equipment and resources of investors -created boomtowns
Cornelius vanderbilt
-earned millions in his steamboat business -merged local railroads into the NY Central Railroad which ran from NY to chicago
Ida B Wells
-editor of memphis free speech, a black newspaper -campaigned against lynching and the jim crow laws -death threats forced her to carry on her work from the north
Homestead Act
-encouraged farming on the great plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of 5 yrs
jay gould
-entered the railroad business for quick profit and made millions by selling off assets and watering stock
stalwarts
-example of party patronage -these were the people in support of Senator Roscoe Conkling (who was a leader of the Republican party in NY and dictated who in the republican ranks would be appointed to lucrative jobs in the NY Customs House)
gustavus swift
-food packer -canning and refrigerated railroad cars allowed him to change eating patterns of americans with mass produced meat and vegetables
horizontal integration
-former competitors were brought under a single corporate umbrella
Booker T Washington
-former slave -established tuskegee institute -african americans learned skilled trades while washington preached the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self help -thought economic self help would empower african americans into political ballot -organized the national negro business league to support business owned by african americans
john d rockefeller
-founded a company that would control most of the nation's oil refineries by eliminating competition -latest technologies and efficient practices -obtained rebates from railroad companies which temporarily cut prices for standard oil kerosene to force rival companies to sell out -controlled 90% of oil refinery business -standard oil trust
Sierra Club
-founded by john muir -preservationist group that aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference
cross of gold speech
-given by bryan -"we will answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them: 'you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold'" -this won bryan the nomination for the democratic (and later the populist) platform which favored the unlimited coinage of silver at 16:1
federal land grants and loans
-government provided railroad companies with subsidies in the form of loans and land grants -government recognized that western railroads would lead the way to settlement and increase the value of gov lands and provide preferred rates for carrying mail/transporting troops -gov expected the railroad would sell the land to new settlers to finance construction -but sometimes this lead to corruption and poor construction! (credit mobilier_)
farmer's alliance in south and west
-growing agrarian discontent in the south and west -elected US senators and representatives, the governors of several states, and majorities in four state legislatures in the west -provided the foundation for the populist party
"New South"
-growth of cities, textual industry and improved railroads symbolized efforts to create a new south -some southerners promoted a new vision for a self sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth and improved transportation
william jennings bryan
-he was the democratic candidate in the election of 1896 -gave the cross of gold speech which won him the election -he was also nominated by the populist party because he advocated for the unlimited coinage of silver at the traditional, but inflationary ratio of 16 oz of silver to one oz of gold -the "gold bug" democrats were unhappy with his free silver idea, which gave the republicans an advantage. he countered by turning the democratic-populist campaign into a nationwide crusade and traveled from one end of the country to another, giving 600 speeches -his energy convinced millions of farmers and debtors that unlimited coinage of silver was their salvation -in the last weeks of his campaign he was hurt by a rise in wheat prices which made farmers seem less desparate and also employers told their workers that factories would shut down if he was elected -so he loses to mckinley because mckinley carried all of the NE and upper MW
mark hanna
-he was the financial power behind mckinley's presidential campaign -he did most of the campaigning for mckinley: he raised millions of dollars for the republican ticket from business leaders who feared the silver lunacy would lead to runaway inflation. he used the money to sell mckinley through the mass media while mckinley stayed home and conducted a safe front porch campaign greeting delegations of supporters
barbed wire
-homesteaders used barbed wire fencing to cut off access to the formerly open range -helped farmers to fence their lands on the lumber scarce plains
laissez faire capitalism
-idea that gov regulation is alien to economic progress -instead, promotes that business should be regulated by the "invisible hand" of the law of supply and demand (business motivated by their own self interest to provide improved goods at low prices) -industrialists used this to justify their methods of doing business -adam smith
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
-in mining towns, most of the population was foreign born and 1/3 of the miners were chinese immigrants. natives didn't like the competition -prohibited further immigration to the US by chinese laborers -first major act of congress to restrict immigration on basis of race and nationality
sherman silver purchase act of 1890
-increased the coinage of silver but too little to satisfy farmers and miners
Tuskegee Institute
-industrial and agricultural school for african americans -created by booker t washington -african americans learned skilled trades while washington preached the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self help
interstate commerce act of 1886
-ineffective -first federal effort to regulate railroads -required railroad rates to be "reasonable and just" -set up first federal regulatory agency, Interstate Commerce Commission, which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates -lost most of cases in federal courts but helped railroads by stabilizing rates and curtailing destructive competition
credit mobilier
-insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and pocket huge profits
transatlantic cable
-invented by cyrus w. field -made it possible to send messages across seas in minutes -linked all continents in an electronic network of nearly instantaneous global communication -internationalized markets and prices
Thomas edison
-inventor -machine for recording votes -established a research lab (introducing the concept of working on a project as a team rather than lone inventors) -phonograph -lightbulb -dynamo for electric power -mimeograph machine -motion picture camera
coxey's army
-jacob coxey of ohio led a march of thousands of unemployed to washington, called coxey's army -demanded that the federal government spend 500 million dollars on public works programs to create jobs
assassination of james garfield
-james garfield was a republican halfbreed, VP was stalwart chester arthur -he gave a lot of the government jobs to the half breeds, which provoked a contest with conkling and the stalwarts -when he was preparing to board a train for vacation, a stalwart seeking office shot him in the back and 11 weeks later he died so Arthur became president
election of 1892
-james weaver was the populist candidate, won more than a million votes and 22 electoral votes (one of few 3rd party candidates to win electoral votes in US history) -populist ticket lost badly in the south and failed to attract workers in the north -fear of populists uniting drove the democrats to try and disenfranchise african americans -rematch between harrison and cleveland, cleveland wins (1st president to return to white house after leaving it) bc people unhappy w harrison's mckinley tariff
tenements
-landlords tried to increase profits by dividing inner city housing into small windowless rooms -these tenements would cram more than 4,000 people into one city block -NY passed a law requiring windows so landlords created veniliation shafts to provide a window in each room -overcrowding and filth in tenements continued to promote the spread of deadly diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis
Ghost Dance Movement
-last effort of american indians to resist US government controls -religious movement, believed it could return prosperity to american indians and make the colonists leave -gov tried to suppress the movement and sitting bull was killed, US army gunned down american indians at the battle of wounded knee. ended indian wars
2nd industrial rev
-late 19th century, after civil war -resulted in the growth of large scale industry and the production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery to produce other goods
walter rauschenbusch
-lead the social gospel movement -Baptist minister in NY -worked in the poverty stricken neighborhood of NYC called hell's kitchen, wrote several books urging organized religions to take up the cause of social justice -linked Christianity with progressive reform movement and encouraged many middle class protestants to attack urban problems
American federation of labor
-led by samuel gompers -focused on higher wages and improved working conditions -nation's largest union by 1901, 1 million members but not major success until 20th century -walk out until employer agreed to negotiate a new contract through collective bargaining
electric power
-made possible the lighting of citites, electric streetcars +subways, electrically powered machinery
panic of 1873
-many americans blamed the gold standard for restricting the money supply and causing the depression
patronage politics
-neither party had a legislative agenda, so politics in this era was really just a game of winning elections, holding office, and providing government jobs to the party faithful -who got lucrative patronage jobs within the party was a more important issue than any policy -historians consider this a low point in american politics
abstract art
-nonrepresentational paintings -upset realists and romanticists -rejected by most americans until the 1950s when it achieved respect among collectors of fine art
Frederick law olmsted
-one of the most influential urbanists -specialized in the planning of city parks and scenic boulevards, including central park of NYC and the grounds of the US capitol -originator of landscape architecture -established the basis for later urban landscaping
corner saloon
-one of the most popular forms of recreation in the late 19th century was drinking and talking at the corner saloon
Little Big Horn
-part of the indian wars -the sioux ambushed and destroyed colonel george custer's command at little big horn
undesirables
-paupers, criminals, convicts, diagnosed as mentally incompetent -their immigration was restriction in 1882
residential suburbs
-people could move their because of the abundant land at low cost, inexpensive rail transportation, low cost onstruction methods for house, ethnic/racial prejudice, American fondness for grass, privacy and individual houses -had curved roads and open spaces (village in a park) -around major US cities -single family dwelling w lawn -ideal of comfortable living
100th meridian
-plains west of the 100th meridian had few trees, less than 15 inches of rainfall per year -winter blizzards and hot dry summers discouraged settlement beyond the 100th meridian, but the open grasslands supported buffalo which provided food, clothing and shelter for natives
John Muir
-preservationist who aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference -founder of sierra club
Sherman antitrust act of 1890
-prohibited any contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce -passed by congress
Pullman strike
-pullman manufactured sleeping cars and announced a general cut in wages and fired leaders of workers' delegations who came to bargain with him -pullman workers laid down their tools and appealed for help from american railroad union (led by debs) -their boycott tied up rail transportation across the country -federal courts issued an injunction forbidding interference with the operation of the mail and ordering railroad workers to abandon the boycott and the strike -debs and union leaders were arrested and jailed
self made man
-rags to riches, worked up to the top and became wealthy -carnegie and edison
granger laws
-regulated rates charged by railroads and elevators -made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and give rebates to privileged customers (granges was a social and educational organization of farmers)
Louis sullivan
-rejected historical styles in his quest for a suitable style for the tall, steel framed office buildings of the 1880s and 1890s -aesthetic unity, in which the form of the building flowed from its function -from chicago
gospel of wealth
-religion justified the wealth of successful industrialists -god given responsibility of philanthropy (carnegie gave money to libraries, universities) -protestant work ethic -god gave them their riches
bloody shirt
-republican method of campaigning -kept memories of civil war alive by waving the bloody shirt and reminding the millions of veterans of the union army that their wounds had been caused by southern democrats and lincoln was murdered by a democrat
benjamin harrison
-republican nominee in the 1888 election, (they argued lower tariffs wreck business prosperity, played upon this fear to raise campaign funds from big business) won by sweeping the north -republicans then controlled both the presidency and the congress which was unusual for this time bc of the close elections
billion dollar congress
-republicans then controlled both the presidency and the congress which was unusual for this time bc of the close elections -congress was the most active in years, passed first billion budget -enacted the mckinley tariff (raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of 48%), increases in pensions to civil war veterans, sherman antitrust act, sherman silver purchase at, bill to protect voting rights of african americans
mugwumps
-republicans who did not play the patronage game and were ridiculed for sitting on the fence - their mugs on one side of the fence and wumps on the other
henry george
-san Francisco journalist -published a book that became a best seller and jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez faire economics -wrote progress and poverty -> proposed his solution to poverty: replacing all taxes with a single tax on land
knights of labor
-second national labor union -led by Terence V Powderly -opened membership to all workers, including african americans and women -wanted worker cooperatives, abolition of child labor, and abolition of trusts and monopolies -wanted to settle through means of arbitration -haymarket riot caused them to decline
Jim Crow Laws
-segregation laws -required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and other facilities in virtually all public places (with the exception of streets and stores)
pendleton act of 1881
-set up the civil service commission -created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scores on competitive exams -prohibited civil servants from making political contributions -at first just applied to 10% of federal employees, then expanded until most federal jobs were classified
Interstate commerce commission
-set up under the interstate commerce act -federal regulatory agency -had power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices -lost most of its cases in the federal courts but helped the railroads bc it stabilized rates and curtailed destructive competition
tenant farmers
-sharecroppers -1/2 of white farmers and 3/4 of black farmers were tenant farmers and were straining to make a living from small plots of land
WEB Du Bois
-social scientist who used new statistical methods to study crime in urban neighborhoods -first african american to receive a doctorate from harvard -leading black intellectual -advocated for equality of blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to high education for the talented tenth of african americans
solid south
-solidly democratic until the mid 20th century -democrats could count upon winning every election in the former states of the confederacy
new immigrants
-southern and eastern Europe -Italians, greeks, croats, Slovaks, poles, Russians -poor, illiterate peasants who had left autocratic countries, unaccustomed to democratic tradition -roman catholic, greek orthodox, Russian orthodox, and jewish -most crowded into poor ethnic neighborhoods in NY, Chicago and major US cities -25% were birds of passage (young men contracted for unskilled factory, mining, and construction jobs who would return to native lands once they saved a fair amount of money to bring to family)
jane addams
-started the Hull House -settlement house
panic of 1893
-stock market crashed as a result of overspeculation, and dozens of railroads went into bankruptcy as a result of overbuilding -depression continued for four years -farm foreclosures, 20% unemployed -many relied on soup kitchens -cleveland responds with a hands off policy and championing the gold standard
form follows function
-sullivan's style -these buildings were shaped and designed in a way that would fit its function
greenback party
-supporters of paper money formed a new political party -in the congressional election of 1878 they received nearly 1 million votes and 14 members were elected to congress -when the hard money times of the 1870s ended, the greenback party died out, but the goal of increasing the amount of money in circulation did not
Wabash vs. Illinois
-supreme court ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce (nullified many of the granger's regulations)
Plessy vs. Ferguson
-supreme court upheld a louisiana law requiring separate but equal accommodations for white and black passengers on railroads and didnt violate the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection of the laws
Munn vs. Illinois
-supreme court upheld the right of a state to regulate business of a public nature, such as railroads
advertising
-technique that promoted a consumer economy but also created a consumer culture in which shopping became a favorite pasttime
rise of the populist party
-the Alliance movement provided its foundation -met in omaha to draft a political platform and nominate candidates for president and vice president of the party -were determined to do something about the concentration of economic power in the hands of trusts and bankers -their omaha platform called for: direct popular election of US senators, use of referendums, unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads by US gov, telegraph owned by gov, loans and warehouses for farmers, eight hour workday
railroads and time zones
-the American railroad association divided the country into 4 time zones, which became the standard time zones for america
social darwinism
-the belief that darwin's idea of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the market place -concentrated wealth in the hands of the fit benefited everyone and helping the poor was misguided because it interfered w laws of nature and would weaken evolution of species by preserving the unfit -led to scientific sanction for racial intolerance
social gospel
-the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems
gold standard and higher tariff
-this was the republican platform (mckinley was nominated, mark hanna was financial power behind his nomination) -republicans blamed democrats for the panic of 1893 and they promised americans a strong and prosperous industrial nation so they proposed a high tariff to protect industry and uphel the gold standard against unlimited coinage of silver
political machines
-tightly organized groups of politicians who gained control of political parties in major cities -each machine had its own boss, its top politician who gave orders to rank and file and doled out government jobs to loyal supporters -knew how to manage the economic, social and ethnic groups of the city. often brought modern services -found jobs for immigrants and brought food for the poor =-could be greedy as well as generous (stole money from taxpayers in form of fraud -ex: tammany hall
great plains
-west of mississippi river, east of rocky mountains -buffalo wiped out by 1900, conditions changed -western lands were fenced in by homesteads and ranches, crisscrossed by steel rails, modernized by new towns -10 new western states -progress came at a cost because the rush for west's resources exterminated the buffalo and damaged the environment -also american indians paid a price bc their land was settled
cattle drives
-when railroads were constructed, it opened up eastern markets for texas cattle -cow towns sprang up around railroads to handle millions of cattle driven up trails out of texas -these began to end bc overgrazing destroyed the grass and a blizzard then drought killed off a lot of cattle
repeal of sherman silver purchase act
-when the gold reserve fell to a low level, cleveland repealed the sherman silver purchase act -this action failed to stop the gold drain though
cleveland returns
-wins the election of 1892 -first president to return to the white house after having left it
"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"
-written by frederick jackson turner -argued that frontier had shaped american culture by promoting independence and individualism, breaking down class distinctions, fostering social and political democracy, causing americans to be inventive
Frederick Jackson Turner
-wrote "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" -argued that frontier had shaped american culture by promoting independence and individualism, breaking down class distinctions, fostering social and political democracy, causing americans to be inventive -closing of frontier troubled him bc free land was a safety valve for discontent and promise of fresh start
Helen Hunt Jackson
-wrote A Century of Dishonor, told the story about injustices done to american indians -created sympathy for american indians but also supported assimiliation
Edward bellamy
-wrote Looking Backward -> envisioned a future era in which a cooperative society had eliminated poverty, greed and crime
Theodore dreiser
-wrote Sister Carrie -naturalist book that caused a sensation and shocked the moral sensibilities of the time -was about a poor working girl in Chicago
Stephen crane
-wrote a naturalistic novel (maggie: a girl of the streets) -told how a brutal urban environment could destroy the lives of young people -also wrote Red Badge of Courage, which was about fear and human nature on the civil war battlefield
joseph pulitzer
-wrote the New York World newspaper, the first newspaper to reach a million in circulation -filled his daily paper with both sensational stories of crimes and disasters and crusading feature stories about political and economic corruption
census of 1890
declared that the entire frontier, except for a few pockets, had been settled
vertical integration
a company would control every stage of the industrial process, from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product
sharecropping
a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on land
American protective association
a nativist society that was openly prejudiced against the roman catholics
grandfather clauses
allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before reconstruction. (unfair to blacks)
literacy tests
attempted to prevent southern blacks from voting. had to pass a literacy test to vote, which was hard bc blacks were not as educated at the time
poll taxes
attempted to prevent southern blacks from voting. had to pay a tax to vote, but not all blacks could pay it
Chinese exclusion act of 1882
ban on all new immigrants from china
banks, creditors, v debtors
bankers and creditors wanted hard money policy whereas debtors wanted a soft money policy
Bessemer process
blasting air through molten iron producing high quality steel
cooperatives
businesses owned and run by the farmers to save the costs charged by middle man (wholesalers and retailers)
telephone
developed by alexander graham bell
union and central pacific railroads
gov building transcontinental railroads to tie CA to union Union pacific: -a railroad company that built from Omaha, NE westward across the great plains -employed lots of war veterans and irish immigrants Central Pacific: -a railroad company that started in Sacramento and built eastward -Chinese immigrants -lots of risk laying track through the sierra Nevada mountains these two railroads came together
watering stock
inflating the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public
alexander graham bell
invented the telephone
Samuel gompers
leader of american federation of labor -directed workers to walk out until employer agreed to negotiate a new contract through collective bargaining
sears, roebuck
mail order companies that used the improved rail system to ship rural customers everything from hats and houses ordered from thick catalogs (wish book)
organic architecture
organic style of architecture that was in harmony with its natural surroundings
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture (apart of FDR's new deal)
rebates and pools
rebates: discounts pools: competing companies agreed secretly and informally to fix rates and share traffic railroads offered rebates to favored shippers while charging high rates to smaller customers. they had pools to increase profits
carry nation
she created a sensation by raiding saloons and smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet
hard money vs soft money
soft money: -favored by debtors, farmers, and start up businesses because it would enable them to borrow money at lower interest rates and pay off loans more easily with inflated dollars -easy money advocates wanted paper money (greenbacks), unlimited mining of silver coins (especially after the panic of 1873 which many blamed the gold standard for causing it) hard money: -currency backed by gold stored in government vaults -argued that dollars backed by gold would hold their value against inflation -favored by bamlers, creditors, investors, and established businesses
halfbreeds
these were the stalwarts' rivals for patronage jobs, led by James G Blaine -republican
specie resumption act 1875
withdrew all greenbacks from circulation