APUSH Chapters 1-35 Review

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President of the United States who ended reconstruction by removing federal troops, disputed Tilden/Hayes election resulted in the Compromise of 1877.

Liberty Party

1st Abolitionist party, eventually merged with Free Soil party.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

John C. Frémont

1st candidate of the Republican Party, helped overthrow Mexican rule in CA. Military leader and first candidate to openly run an anti-slavery platform.

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed.

Bull Run

1st real battle of Civil War, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side (July 1861)

Shays's Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

Great Compromise

A compromise that proposed two houses of Congress; one where a state's population would determine representation and another where all states were represented equally

Iroquois Confederation

A confederation of 6 Indian tribes who had joined together to fight Heron tribes, which they had defeated

Lexington and Concord

"The Shot Heard Round the World"- The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States. President during the civil war, fought for slaves right. He preserved the Union during the U.S. Civil War and brought about the emancipation of slaves.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president, from IL. Republican, antislaveries expansion, and became president right as secession began.

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 Conflict between the Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great lakes area

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Boston Massacre

1770, street clash between townspeople and Irish soldiers ordered to guard British custom houses.

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

1848, US paid mexico 15 mill and gained texas, california, utah, and new mexico. officially ended the war with mexico, initiated political warfare in USA

Free-Soil Party

1848-A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery, alliance between abolitionists as well as racists who just didn't want black people near them in the territories. Nom'd Martin van Buren for presidency.

California Gold Rush

1849, when a bunch of people rushed to california after the discovery of gold. Suddenly, it was hugely populated, and wanted to be admitted as a state pretty much ASAP but it wanted to be free. Slave states got mad.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850-Treaty between US and Britain where both agreed to not claim exclusive rights to any potential canal in Panama.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1852 book by Harriet Beecher Stowe showing the horrors of slavery. Got huge fame, even Queen Victoria read it, and spread the abolitionist cause, which of course pissed off the southerners.

commissions

1869, first one established to regulate RR. Early one were advisory, only making stats and publishing reports. Later cracked down on fair rates and rebates, ie Illinois.

Townshend Acts

A series of new duties enacted by Parliament on widely used colonial products, this legislation established the vice-admiralty courts to enforce British trade laws.

Tariff of 1857

A tariff passed just before the panic of 1857 which lowered rates to 20% under southern pressure. Of course, this made it even worth for the North, who was the worse-hurt side during the panic.

The Liberator

A vehemently anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison which brought attention to the cause of abolition.

Gospel of Wealth

Advocated for by Andrew Carnegie (rich due to steel), it was the belief that the rich had an obligation to serve society (donating to just causes, creating public institutions, etc.).

Through novels such as "the last mohicans, James fenimore cooper examed the significance of

America's westward expansion

Caleb Cushing

American Diplomat, negotiated the 1844 treaty of Wanghia.

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.

writ of assistance

A general search warrant used by the British customs officials to hunt for smuggled goods.

Hessians

A german solider who faught for the british in the revolutionary war

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Constitutional Union Party

A party who basically just wanted to keep the union together in the election of 1860, nominated John Bell as their candidate.

Geneva Convention (1954)

French Indochina divided into Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Also divided Vietnam into North Vietnam (Communist) and South Vietnam.

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

X, Y, Z Affair

French minister Talleyrand solicited loan and bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures, Adams charged that agents had insulted America's honor. Federalist-controlled Congress cut off trade with France and authorized American privateers to seize French ships after this event

1893 Turner's thesis

Frontier will keep moving W until no more.

Sherman's March to the Sea

General Sherman led some 60000 troops on a march south across Georgia; burned cities and destroyed everything in his path; killed civilians, destroyed crops. Sherman believed in total war.

Stephen W. Kearney

General in the Mexican-American conflict who captured Santa Fe in 1846 with seventeen hundred troops. They faced no opposition, and joined the Bear Flag Republic.

John Wilkes Booth

An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after John Marshall, handed down the Dred Scott decision, southerner, pro-slavery.

Berlin Wall

Constructed by the Soviet Union under Khrushchev to stop East Berliners escaping communist regime. JFK did not stop the construction but proclaimed US support ofr its citizens in 1963.

1877 poll tax

Imposed in GA. Annual. Aimed to lessen votes from impoverished blacks.

Fisk and Gould

In 1869 plotted to "corner the gold market", but needed the Treasury to stop selling gold in order for their plan to work. Worked on Grant and directly with Grant's brother in law. "Black Friday" (September 24) they bid the price of gold up.

Albany Plan of Union

In an attempt to bring the Iroquois into the Seven Years' War and deal with other military affairs, this proposal, drafted by Benjamin Franklin, presented the idea that colonial defense problems should be handled by a royally-appointed president-general and a federal council of delegates chosen by the colonies. It was rejected by the colonies and the Iroquois remained neutral during the war.

Economic structure

Increasingly monopolistic the big got bigger and the small got smaller, farmers sold their holdings to their more prosperous neighbors. many mistakes caused overspeculation hated immigrants

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Matthew C. Perry

Military leader, who in 1853 persuaded Japan to sign the treaty of Kanagawa and reopen communications to the West.

Hull House

Most significant settlement house. In Chicago. by Jane Addams.

Huey Long (The Kingfish)

Nickname "Kingfish"; Senator of Louisiana. He pushed his "Share Our Wealth" program, which would make "Every Man a King". Long planned to run against FDR in the 1936 elections, but he was assassinated.

Politics after the mexican war

No one wanted to address the issue of slavery,because they both had support in the north and south

Immigrant association

Offered fellowship to immigrants. Help them make a living and provided important services like insurance. Largest one was deutsch-Amerikanischer nationalBund

In 1844, President James K. Polk supported the acquisition of

Oregon and Texas

1894 Pullman Strike

Outside Chicago. Pullman Palace Car Company. Protest wage cuts, high rent, and layoffs that happened due to the depression. ARU led by Debs joined by refusing to handle trains with Pullman sleeping cars. Strike extended to W and paralyzed it. Cleveland used injunction. Sent troops. Hella violence. Debs jailed; 1895 In re Debs upheld bc Congress upholds injunction.

breakers

People to whom slaves were sent to be beaten into submission.

Dry farming

Plow foot-deep furrows and fill with dust mulch to loosen soil and retard evaporation. Allows farming in arid W.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Pointed at the Middle East. Allowed Middle East nations to ask for aid from the US against aggressors.

Covenant

Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God's covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical white abolitionist. Published the liberator and founded American Antislavery Society with the goal of ending slavery NOW.

Overland Trail

Route taken by thousands of travelers from Mississippi Valley to Pacific Coast in last half of 19th. Six months.

1883 Pendleton Act

Signed by president Arthur. Reform civil service. Made a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to administer competitive examinations and appoint office holders for merit.

1877 Munn v. IL

Supreme Court support Illinois's constitution- RR are public highways, and gov can pass laws to maximize rates and prevent rate discrimination. Supreme Court says that private property with public interest must be public for common good.

Brinksmanship

The US would push the aggressor nation against a democratic country to the brink of nuclear war, forcing it back down in the face of American superiority.

Massive retaliation

The US would unleash its nuclear arsenal on any nation that threatened it.

King Phillip's War

The War Between the Puritans and the Pequot, Narragansett,Wampanog, and Nipmunk indians

The slave codes of the American South

anyone with a trace of african ancestry as black

The transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau

argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States.

NEUTRALITY

attitude the US took in response to the war between GB and FR

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE

author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

South in 1840

cotton exports are a big deal, thinking that britain really needs them. a lot rested on the southerners. cotton was half the value of exported goods.

southern farmers

cotton farming and slaves were a distant dream. many never owned slaves. among the stoutest defenders of the slave system

Eli whitney

cotton gin and mass production of us army rifles. got the idea that a machine would simply make one part and it would fit together later. Tried to get rid of slavery, made it worse

New foreign trade

cotton was huge, wheat eventually came back after the british repealed the corn laws in 1846. generally exported agricultural good and imported more then we gave.

democratic nomination convention of 1852

deadlocked, the second dark horse democrat candidate franklin pierce known as the fainting general. the whig candidate was winfield scott old fuss and feathers

The nineteenth century reformer Horace Mann believed that education should promote

democracy

The nineteenth-century reformer Horace Mann believed that education should promote

democracy.

The slave codes of the American South

denied anyone with a trace of african ancestry as black

Personal Liberty Laws

denied local jails to federal officials

William and Mary

ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies

Free soil party

supported the wilmot proviso and were against slavery, advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads. appealed to everyone foreshadowed republican party

Irish

thousands fled from the english and the irish potato famine to america, swarmed to larger cities and lived in awful conditions, americans were harsh,NINA resented the blacks because they were cheaper work

GETTYSBURG

three-day battle in PA; turning point

Clipper ships

tiny fast ships made a killing by hauling high valued cargo. eventually were useless, in battle.

HENRY DAVID THOREAU

transcendentalist author who promoted "civil disobedience

Sufferers for insanity

treated cruelly as if they were cursed with unclean spirits. dorothea dix went around preaching of reform

free blacks in the north

treated unkindly not very welcomed. several places forbade their entrance didnt mind the race, hated individuals

Jackson on work

wanted higher wages, 10 hour work days, and tolerable work conditions. demanded public education for kids. and the end to jail for debts

christian reformers

wanted traditional values back, even though it was transformed by the market economy.

Francisco Pizarro

was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

was a U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives. These include activities that contributed to the reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations

Richard Wright

was an American author of powerful, sometimes controversial novels, short stories and non-fiction. Much of his literature concerns racial themes. His work helped redefine discussions of race relations in America in the mid-20th century.

interchangeable parts

widely adopted by 1850 and became the basis of modern mass production and assembly methods

Family life

women were the center, gave moral strength. families grew smaller some form of secret family limitation was used even though birth control and contraception were taboo and primitive.

Woman workers

worked 12-13 hours a day. usually farm girls carefully supervised escorted from from church to their company. usually single, when they were married they left their jobs to raise children

DOROTHEA DIX

worked to reform the treatment of the mentally ill

Sir William Berkeley

governor in VA, kin with Bacon, wanted Indian/European hostilities to cease—angered frontiersmen by taking strict measures in granting land and trading in order to minimize Indian and European quarrelling

John Winthrop

governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill"

president tyler

gracious and kind lone wolf, ended the independent treasury system denied clay his fiscal bank also denied the Whig tariff twice

1873 Timber Culture Act

grants homesteaders 160 more acres if they promise to plant trees on 40 of those acres within 4 years.

JAMES MADISON

he was sued by one of the "midnight judges

Proclamation of 1763

This was a move by Britain to forbid American settlers from moving westward into Native American territories in the Ohio Valley

Declaration of Rights & Grievances

This was adopted by the First Continental Congress and it promised obedience to the king, but denied Parliament the right to tax the colonies.

Social Darwinism

made by HERBERT SPENCER. survival of the fittest. Darwin's evolution applied to human life. gov intervention is futile. elite used this to oppose reform.

Industrial revoultion

made impersonal ownership and attracted people to slum like hovels hours were long pay was small meals were tiny. everything was gross

Between 1861 and 1864 the cost of goods in the south experienced

major shortages b/c of union blockade

free blacks

many free blacks in the south were mulattoes and usually the emancipated child of a white man and his black mistress. some were blacks who purchased freedom liked blacks as individuals, hated the race

the election of 1852

marked the end of the whig party,

Mountain whites

marooned in valleys of the appalachian mountains. civilation hardly passed them. older speech independent small farmers hated rich farmers and their gangs of blacks

Tax supported primary schools

not funded well, since they were just to educate poor children. said the brats might grow up to be ignorant and had tax supported, became traditional red school house.

Child shapping

not just broken but shaped as decent people and independent individuals

CLARA BARTON

nurse in the Civil War; known as the "angel of the battlefield

Womens jobs

nursing, domestic service, and sometimes teaching

Prior to 1860, free blacks in the South

occasionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves.

Among the features of their religion, american slaves

often incorporated african features into their christianity

JOHN D ROCKEFELLER

oil tycoon who used horizontal integration to increase profits

general Winfield scott

old fuss and feathers strict general

Burned over district

old puritan land that was blistered by sermonizers preaching hell fire and damnation

ULYSSES S GRANT

president whose administration was tarnished by dishonest and corrupt office holders

Commonwealth vs Hunt

ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided their methods were honroable

Clayton-Bulwer treaty

said neither britain or america could fortify

JOHN C. CALHOUN

VP from SC; said: "The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear"

Opium War

When china tried to prohibit Opium trade, Brits declared war and won, in turn gaining a ton of rights to chinese trade/etc.

Shaker societies

saw women exercise more power than men

Hate with endgland

strong hate for england still british wrote rude things about the americans and their travel books. british american war faught over words

Laborers power

strongest if they lay down their tools.want higher wages and general rights. lost more strikes than they won

separatists

a person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender.

Henry david thoreau

a poet, mystic, and transcendentalist. wrote walden

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

1900 Gold Standard Act

Passed under McKinley admin. Solves currency dispute.

JOHN BROWN

he led a raid on the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA

DAVID WILMOT

he proposed a Proviso; called for no slavery in land gained in Mex-Am War

STEPHEN DOUGLAS

he proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

AARON BURR

he shot and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

some believed this was the "democratic" way to deal with slavery

WILLIAM TRAVIS

the most successful of the Texas empresarios

KU KLUX KLAN

white supremacist group which kept blacks from voting

Sojournor Truth

"Ain't I a Woman", black abolitionist who escaped slavery and was also a powerful supporter of women's rights.

William T. Johnson

"Barber of Natchez", mixed-race, former slave but now free, owned 15 slaves himself. An example of one of the VERY few black people to hold slaves.

Stamp Act Congress

"Declaration of Rights and Grievances", petition for relief, appeal to repeal Stamp Act

1851 concentration policy

"One Big Reservation" policy turned into this, which, for the first time, assigned definite borders for each tribe. Native Americans refused this bc they hunt buffalo, which migrate depending on the season.

Dust Bowl and Okies

"______" were poor farmers who moved west to California and Arizona during the 1930s or moved to the crowded cities. This occurred because after two generations of a melange of drought and poor farming techniques these areas, also known as "_______," once fertile land, became waste areas and unusable.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Battle of Quebec

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partially to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Townshend Duties

(1767) External/ indirect levies on glass, white lead, paper, and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another wave of protests.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

(1794 - 1877) An American businessman who became very rich in the shipping and railroad industries. He gave money to churches in the New York City area, as well as $1 million to a university that was later named after him in honor of the gift.

Alien and Sedition Acts

(1798) laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people

Treaty of Guadalupe HIdalgo

(1848) Treaty ending the Mexican American War. Mexico gave up claims to Tx, CA, and New Mexico/Utah, and Us gives Mexico 15 million dollars and protections for current Mexicans in the territories.

Treaty of Kanagawa

(1854) Trade treaty between Japan and the United States opening up two Japanese ports to U.S. trade; signed in response to a show of force by Matthew Perry. First time Japan had opened up to the outside world in centuries, even shipwrecked sailors forced to stay in Japan before that.

Confederate States of America

(1860) A group of eight Southern states that seceded from the Union, beginning with South Carolina, The Confederacy was led by Jefferson Davis; He eventually attacked the federally controlled Fort Sumter on April 12th 1861, marking the first battle of the Civil War. The Confederacy struggled economically during the war, lagging behind the Union's industrialization. This desperately contribute to their defeat.

Tweed Ring

(USG) , the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly "Boss" Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper's Weekly

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.

3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

1873 Comstock Law

. No transporting porn. Not successful.

1890 Dependent Pensions Act

. granted pensions to Union army veterans and their widows and children.

Valley Forge

..., Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts.

New France

1. French made colonies in Canada

2nd continental congress

1. Sent the Olive Branch Petition 2, Created a Continental Army with George Washington as the leader. 3. Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from England.

Gadsden Purchase

10 mil for a part of mexico, troubled a few people, congress approved

John Tyler

10th President, 1841-1845, who took over after William Henry Harrison died. Unfortunately, he wasn't really on board with the Whig's party platform. State's rights, strict interpretation of the constitution, and was anti-protective tariffs,anti-national bank and anti-internal improvements at national expense. Much more Democrat than Whig, never really expected to gain power.

Zachary Taylor

12th president, 1849-1850. Ex military hero, which is why he won, and a Whig. However, he had legit zero political experience and also had never voted before.

Amerigo Vespucci

1454-1512 AD Italian explorer and navigator who, upon exploring the American mainland and the South American coast, concluded that Columbus' discovery was actually a new world. It was named "America" in his honor.

Franklin Pierce

14th president, 1853-1857. Democratic, sort of a puppet president, signed the treaties of Wanghia and Kanagawa.

James Buchanan

15th president, 1857-1861. , (1857-1861) Tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South. Couldn't do anything about secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860, and the next 6 states too.

Charleston

1690 - The first permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named in honor of King Charles II. Much of the population were Huguenot (French Protestant) refugees.

General Cornwallis

1783 - 1805, British military and political leader. Was a member of Parliament and even opposed the tax measures that led to the American Revolution. Led British forces during the American Revolution. The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown. in 1781.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers.

Jay's Treaty

1794- British and us agreed- British trade w/ Americans and the british leave northwest territory

Pickney's Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States., (1865-1869) The 13th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1865 and the 14th Amendment is passed by Congress and added to the Constitution in 1868. House of Representatives impeaches the President in 1868 and the Senate acquits the president of the 11 articles of impeachment. In 1868 the President issued a unconditional pardon to those who participated in the southern rebellion. The 15th Amendment is passed in 1869.

Battle of Long Island

A 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured.

Andrew Carnegie

1835-1919. rags to riches story, son of Scottish immigrants, came to earn one of the biggest fortunes of his time, which he mostly donated to the foundation of thousands of libraries and social institutions; accused of being janus-faced due to his non-intervention in the homestead strike although homestead was one of his factory villages and he generally favored the formation of worker representation (unions).

Gag resolution

1836-44, Resolution in the house that any discussion involving slavery would automatically be tabled, was eventually shut down with the help of ex-president John Quincy Adams.

Aroostook War

1838-1839. Fighting between U.S. and Britain over the Maine-Canada border, mostly lumberjacks fighting each other.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

1845-The autobiography of Frederick Douglas, an escaped slave who became a very prominent black abolitionist.

Wilmot Proviso

1846, David Wilmot proposed no new slavery in the territories. South shut it DOWN, but it basically became the unoffical law governing territorial settlement.

California Bear Flag Republic

1846, Republic of American rebels against West Coast rule. After a month US troops arrived and the point was moot.

spot resolutions

1846-After Polk said that US servicemen had been wounded/killed at Mex border, Lincoln proposed the Spot Resolutions to find out exactly where the men had been killed (on or off US soil).

Walker Tariff

1846-Democratic bill under Polk passed by Sec. Treasury Walker which brought down the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed Tariff of 1842 under president John Tyler.

Lewis Cass

1848 Democratic presidential nominee, outspokenly in favor of popular sovereignty.

Ostend Manifesto

1854 Declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. for the price they asked.

Japanese treaty

1854 beginning of a relationship between the land of the rising sun and the western world

Bleeding Kansas

1856-1861: A period of on-again-off-again mini civil war in Kansas because of the conflict between pro-anti slavery people.

Antietam

1862, the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation.

Emancipation Proclamation

1863, Lincoln's proclamation made after a crucial victory at Antietam, allowed lincoln to push for something radical; frees all slaves in areas under rebellion; this excludes the border states, keeping them on the side of the union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

13th Amendment

1865. Amendement abolishing and continually prohibiting slavery. With limited exception, such as those guilty of comitting a crime, it also prevents indentured servitude.

Radical Reconstruction

1867, removed governments in states not ratifying 14th Amendment, made 5 military districts, state must write a new constitution, ratify 14th Amendment, and allow African Americans to vote.

The Gilded Age

1877-1900; rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration; rise of big business and the labor movement; the Populist movement, Mark Twain 1873 novel, the title of which became the popular name for the period from the end of the Civil war to the turn of the century. It was widespread political corruption and personal greed. The idea was that the top layer was gilded with gold but underneath everything was bad and corrupted.

vertical integration

1880s and 1890s. Single company owns and controls entire process from manufacturing to selling. ie Carnegie.

Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883

1883 - The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Interstate Commerce Act

1887, a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1890. Louisiana passed a law that forced african americas to sit in a separate train cart. Plessy, a 1/8 african american man, got him self purposefully arrested by buying a first clase ticket, and planning it with the train company. They argued that it violated the 13th and 14th amendment. After loosing in lower courts, the supreme court upheld the lower courts decisions.

Ulysses S. Grant

18th President of the United States. (1869-1873) and (1873-1877) The 15th Amendment is added to the Constitution Administrative inaction and political scandal involving members of his cabinet, including the Crédit Mobilier scandal and the Whiskey Ring conspiracy. He was more successful in foreign affairs, where he was aided by his secretary of state, Hamilton Fish. He supported amnesty for Confederate leaders and protection for the civil rights of former slaves.

Treaty of Wanghia

1st treaty between the United States and China; US got most favored nation status and extraterritoriality (Americans accused of crimes in China would be tried in America before Americans); allowed American trade with China to flourish and opened opportunity for American missionaries, because our goal was trade we got lots of good trading opportunities.

James Garfield

20th President of the United States. (1831-1881) He was remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Less than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes.

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.

1879 Exodusters

6000 blacks seek freer lived as farmers and laborers in Kansas.

John C. Calhoun

68 and dying of tuberculosis, he was slavery left alone and runaway slaves returned to the south. died in 1850 before the debate was ovr

Daniel Webster

68 liver complications, encouraged new slave law with teeth. didnt like slavery but hated the idea of the the us breaking up.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Henry Clay

73 came to give his 3rd great compromise, said the north should enact a better slave law

Travel in the new states

8000 miles from the capitol, the sea route was too long and the wagons were slow and dangerous. the south was eager to produce the railroad to the west. north wanted nebraska to start the railroad, south wanted texas or new mexico

The Alabama

A Confederate ship built in Britain and armed after it left port so it was not considered a warship when it left port. Displayed the main foreign intervention in the war, and because it never landed in a Confederate port it yielded Britain the naval base of the Confederacy.

Robert E. Lee

A General for the confederates, fought many battles. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (with Jackson), and Gettysburg.

John Adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

William T. Sherman

A Union general and friend of Grant that was given command of the push to the sea. One of the more competent Union generals, he secured the deep south by a total war policy.

Paxton Boys

A band of Pennsylvania frontiersmen that descended from Philadelphia in 1763, to demand tax relief and financial support for the defense against the Indians.

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Scalawags

A derogatory term used to describe white southerners that supported Reconstruction following the American Civil War. Scalawags worked together with the Freedmen and carpetbaggers to take control of the government.

Trust

A device to centralize and make more efficient the management of far business operations. Stockholders can exchange stock certificates for trust certificates which pay dividends. Rockefeller made the first major trust, standard Oil trust in 1882.

Proclamation of 1763

A document that forbade settlers to advance beyond the mountains that divided the Atlantic coast from the interior. This was made because the British government knew that English colonist were advancing into tribal lands and that the Indian tribes were fighting back, so in fear that the fighting would escalate, they made this. However, in the end, this failed. White settlers continued to swarm across the boundary and claim more and more land in the Ohio Valley.

Stalwarts & Conklingites

A faction of the United States Republican Party toward the end of the 19th century. Led by U.S. Senator Roscoe Conkling—also known as "Lord Roscoe"—Stalwarts were sometimes called Conklingites. Other notable Stalwarts include Chester A. Arthur and Thomas C. Platt, who were in favor of Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877), running for a third term. They were the "traditional" Republicans who opposed Rutherford B. Hayes' civil service reform. They were pitted against the "Half-Breeds" (moderates) for control of the Republican Party. The only real issue between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds was patronage. The Half-Breeds worked to get civil service reform, and finally created the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. Stalwarts favored traditional machine politics.

Tenant Farming

A farmer who rented parcel of land, had his own tools and work animals, and owned the crop itself; would turn over pat of crop to landowner -> could eventually purchase land and rise to status of independent farmer.

Fort Sumter

A federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina where the Confederacy army first opened fire on the Union troops (April 12, 1861).

Olive Branch Petition

A final attempt by moderates in the Continental Congress to prevent an all-out war with Britain.

Fort necessity

A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote.

The Association

A military organization formed by Benjamin Franklin which formed fighting units in Pennsylvania and erected two batteries on the Delaware River.

Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate democrat, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. He didn't actually believe slavery would spread in the territories, but he unpopularized himself with both sides of the debate and eventually lost the 1860 presidential election.

mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Willim Bradford

A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation."

Roscoe Conkling

A politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Was highly against civil service reforms, it was thought that the killing of Garfield was done in Conkling's behest.

responsorial

A preaching style when the congregation calls out amens and other affirmations as the preacher preaches, adapted from some African ringshout dances.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States after Lincoln's election.

merchant capitalists

A rising class that prospered from the expansion of foreign trade in England amid the growing distress caused by enclosures. They helped create the domestic cloth industry that allowed them to begin marketing finished goods at home and abroad. Important because their fantastic profits gave them a powerful urge to continue expansion, leading them to go to the New World or to fund colonies there.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A series of debates between Lincoln and Douglas for the IL senate. Douglas=pro sovereignty, Lincoln=anti-spread of slavery, very republican. Both through black people were inferior.

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

Underground Railroad

A series of safe houses by which abolitionists could take runaway slaves to freedom, headed by Harriet Tubman. Really pissed of slave-owners, for obvious reasons.

George Fitzhugh

A social theorist who wrote in the 1850s: "Women, like children, have but one right, and that is the right to protection. The right to protection involves the obligation to obey."

Horizontal Integration

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. It is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth

Literacy test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Transcontinental Railroad

A train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah. The Central Pacific laborers were predominantly Chinese, and the Union Pacific laborers predominantly Irish. Both groups often worked under harsh conditions.

Copperheads

A vocal group of Northern Democrats who opposed the American Civil War and sympathized with the South.They undermined the war effort and posed a threat to Lincoln's reelection. "Peace Democrats" who supported the war to save the Union.

Yellow Dog Contracts

A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

politically, the confederate constitution: A) was almost identical in many respects to the consitution of the united states B) gave states the right to secede C) allowed states the right to abolish slavery D) gave the president and vice-president four-year terms E) did not allow anti-secessionists to serve in the confederate government

A) was almost identical in many respects to the constitution of the united states

The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act A. intensified the debate over slavery B. upset Southerners as much as Northerners C. was readily accepted by Northerners in the spirit of compromise D. All of the Above E. None of the above

A. intensified the debate over slavery

Theodore Dwight Weld

Abolitionist author, wrote "Slavery as it is" which in turn inspired Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Charles Sumner

Abolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the South Carolina senator provoked a physical assault by Brooks that severely injured him neurologically.

American Colonization Society

Abolitionist society in which the main goal was to free slaves and send them to Liberia.

John Brown

Abolitionist, first in bleeding Kansas, but more prominently at Harper's Ferry where he became a martyr for the cause.

In the election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln was elected with much less than half of the popular vote

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

Accused of delivering atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets. Executed in 1951.

Force Acts (1770-1771)

Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.

Hiram Revels

African American minister who was elected to serve in the Senate; one of the first blacks to serve in the Senate.

Millard Fillmore

After Taylor died in 1850, Fillmore became the 13th president and passes the Compromise of 1850. Other than that, generally deemed unremarkable.

Warsaw Pact (1955)

After Truman allied himself with European countries, Stalin formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Caused the US and the Soviets to compete in an arms race. In 1952, the US developed its first hydrogen bomb.

Reconstruction

After the Civil War. President Andrew Johnson continued Lincoln's plan after his death. Union troops sent to the South to keep the people under control. Former slaves could vote, blacks elected to public office. When the Northern Troops left, the southerners ignored the rights of blacks.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

After the Kansas-Nebraska act, this group financed Northern non-slavery people to move to Kansas to keep it a free state.

Compromise of 1877

After the disputed Presidential Election of 1876, Congress declared Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the winner, but Republicans promised to withdraw remaining troops from Southern states & no longer attempt to reshape Southern states; marked the end of Reconstruction as Democrats regained control of the South.

Nonimportation agreements

Agreements not to import goods from Great Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts.

1902 National Reclamation Act

Aka Newlands Act. Majority of profits from public land sales in arid Western states fund irrigation projects.

Half breeds

Aka mugwumps. Reformers for lower tariffs, limited fed gov, and civil service reform to end political corruption. Helped elect Cleveland in 1884.

1877 Desert Land Act

Allowed individual to obtain 640 acres at $1.25 per acre if they irrigate it within three years. Invited fraudulent irrigation ie just buckets of water.

Vertical Integration

Allows other companies in the same industry to survive and compete in the marketplace. One company buys out all the factors of production, from raw materials to finished product.

Carpetbaggers

Also known as Yankees, the carpetbaggers were people who moved to the south from the north during the reconstruction era. Most carpetbaggers had economic and political interests, causing distrust among the southern community.

"Roosevelt recession"

Although the economy improved in 1936 and early 1937, it once again fell back in mid 1937, when industrial production and steel output declined, and unemployment statistics increased. Some of the major factors of this recession were federal policies that greatly reduced consumer income.

15th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution stating: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Caroline

American ship carrying supplies to insurgents attacked by the British on the Canadian frontier, set on fire, sank, provoking a bunch of mini-fights between us + Brits.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

William Walker

American who installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. Legalized slavery, but was eventually overthrown by surrounding Central American countries. He was killed in 1860.

Nativists/ know nothing party

Americans who wanted restricted immigration

John D. Rockefeller

An American industrialist and philanthropist, in 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. Often forced rival companies to sell out by drastically lowering his own prices. At one point he controlled 90% of the oil business. He became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

William Penn

An English Quaker who founded Pennsylvania in 1682 as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Declaratory Act

An act pushed through by the new prime minister in England, Rockingham, and it confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." The colonies were too busy rejoicing over the repeal on the Stamp Act that they barley noticed this new declaration of Parliaments power.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Political Machines

An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and business in exchange for political financial support. The political machine seized control of local government in major cities such as NY, Philly, Boston, SF. The political machine was organized like a pyramid.

all of the following slave states remained in the union EXCEPT: A) kentucky B) Arkansas C) maryland D) missouri E) delaware

B) arkansas

Presidential Reconstruction

Andrew Johnson's plan for reconstruction which was less severe than Radical Reconstruction and only required that southerners swear allegiance to the Union and that states denounce their secession and ratify the 13th Amendment.

Conscience Whigs

Anti-slavery Whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds because they felt like the South just wanted to create more slave states.

Smith Act (1940)

Arrested advocates of overthrowing the government.

Freeport Doctrine

As a result of the Freeport Question and the Dred Scott decision, the doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property, or basically, popular sovereignty could still stop it. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election in 1860.

Pools (Railroad)

Associations of competing railroads "for the purpose of a proper division of the traffic at competitive points and the maintenance of equitable rates that may be agreed upon." Congress prohibited pooling agreements between railroads with the enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.

In the 1830s and 1840s, abolitionists were divided A) by radicals and moderates within their ranks. B) over whether or not to use violence. C) by calls for Northern and Southern separation. D) over the question of female equality. E) All the answers are correct.

B

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, abolitionist.

Tenochtitlan

Aztec capital

the admission of california into the united states was a divisive national issue became: A) westerners in other territories believed they deserved statehood before california B) california's entry would upset the nation's numerical balance of free and slave states C) most of californians opposed entry into the united states D) california adopted a constitution that allowed slavery E) lawmakers believed california gold would upset the currency and cause inflation

B) california's entry would upset the nation's numerical balance of free and slave states

the first state to seced from the union in 1860 was: A) alabama B) south carolina C) georgia D) mississippi E) virginia

B) south carolina

the crittenden compromise found its greatest support in: A) republican senators B) southern slaveowners C) president abraham lincoln D) abolitionists E) the western territories

B) southern slaveowners

all of the following were radical republican EXCEPT: A) abraham lincoln B) thaddeus stevens C) charles sumner D) benjamin wade E) none of these answers is correct

B) thaddeus stevens

JP Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons".

James Blaine

Benjamin Harrison's secretary of state and played an important role in the Pan-American Conference. The charming and popular man was the Republican nominee for president in 1884 who lost to Grover Cleveland. His candidacy was hurt by charges of corruption with the railroads exposed in the Mulligan letters.

Martin Delany

Black abolitionist who visited West Africa in 1859 to see where African-Americans could relocate.

Harriet Tubman

Black abolitionist, runaway slave who founded the Underground Railroad.

Buffalo soldiers

Black cavalry who helped fight Indians in Sioux Wars.

Nat Turner's Rebellion 1831

Black preacher Nat Turner led an uprising in which about 60 virginians were killed, but the gov/people quickly shot him down. Scared southern whites about the loyalty of their slaves.

Nat Turner

Black preacher who led an uprising in VA in 1831.

Dred Scott

Black slave who had lived in free territory and unsuccessfully sued for his freedom.

General Braddock

Blundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early stages of their war

Harriet Tubman

Conductor on the underground railroad rescued over 300 slaves, nicknamed Moses.

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington says that blacks must work for their rights. Gain land and then prove that you're worthy of owning it. Accept Jim Crow. DE JURE. DE FACTO. v. Du Bois Niagara Movement.

Tea Boycott

Boston patriots organized this to protest the 1773 Tea Act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo.

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died by friendly fire in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Trenton and Princeton

British army settled for the winter; Washington crossed the Delaware river and successfully attacked on Christmas Eve; drove the British away when British reinforcements arrived

West Africa Squadron

British ship squadron which stopped illegal slave ships and released thousands of Africans who had been kidnapped after the slave trade ended.

president abraham lincoln believed the main objective of the union armies was to: A) occupy confederate territory B) free southern slaves C) destroy confederat armies D) control confederate ports E) capture richmond

C) destory confederate armies

Within the ideology of Manifest Destiny were all the following beliefs EXCEPT A. the U.S. was destined by God and history to expand in size B. the United States should create a vast new "empire of liberty" C. U.S. expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada D. the growth of the U.S. was not selfish but altruistic E. None of these answers is correct

C. U.S. expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada

The 1853 Gadsden Purchase A. temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South B. was made with England C. advanced the interests of Southern railroads D. fulfilled the treat ending the Mexican War E. cost the U.S. government $25 million

C. advanced the interests of Southern railroads

The 1854 Ostend Manifesto A. enraged Southern slave-owners B. was directed at limiting England's influence in the Caribbean C. was part of an attempt by the U.S. to acquire Cuba D. saw several European powers denounce American slavery E. prohibited slavery in the Hawaiian Islands

C. was part of an attempt by the U.S. to acquire Cuba

1878 Bland Allison Silver Purchase Act

Called for partial coinage if silver. Vetoed by Hayes bc he thought gold standard is only sound currency, but veto passed by Congress.

1892 Homestead Strike

Carnegie and Frick cut wages 20% at steel plant of same name. Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers (AFL branch). Pinkerton. PA govna sends state troops. Anarchist Berkman attempts to kill Frick. Carnegie in Scotland during this event. RESULTS: Carnegie loses reputation as workers friends and question whether industrialization might cause social upheaval and class tensions and war.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie claims that the rich must help the poor.

1892-1954 Ellis Island

Castle Garden before this. Wood burned down--BRICK. 1891- brand new restrictions imposed to weed out America's undesirable. six-second exam. buttonhook eyes.two minute questionnaire- go to Board of Inquiry if you fail. no more than 3% turned away annually.

1862 Homestead Act

Causes widespread immigration to W. Provides 160 acres to those who move W in exchange for $10 and promise to cultivate land for 5 years.

1865-1876 Sioux War

Causes: Gold miners invade Sioux land and fed gov announced plans to build Bozemsn Trail through their land. Red Cloud v. Fetterman. Red kid lured him into woods and creamed him and all 82. Caused debate over Indian policy.

1859-1864 Chivington Massacre

Cheyenne and Arapaho tired of fighting gold miners. Chief Black Kettle brings 700 to Sand Creek in Colorado. Chivington and friends attack them while they sleep. Black Kettle tried to stop by holding up American flag then white flag. didnt work. RESULTS: Colorado and E protest. Congress makes treaty with two trices but they still give up land on Sand Creek.

1886 Haymarket Riot

Chicago. Police intervene when workers continually protest for 8-hour work day. Shot 2 McCormick Harvester workers. Nest day protest meeting for 2 dead workers- dynamite bomb thrown at police. Caused strengthenin of police forces. Although bomb thrower in unknown, Chicago police arrest 8 anarchist and execute half. 1 committed suicide. The rest were pardoned by 1893 govna. RESULT: public opinion turned against unions.

STONEWALL JACKSON

Confederate General who was mistakenly shot and killed by one of his own men

1864 Nits make lice

Chivington said this to justify the Killing of the women and children so that they cant naturally reproduce.

Chivington

Colonel who led Colorado militia in massacre named after him.

Committees of Correspondence

Colonial radicals formed these groups in each town and colony to spread the word of any new English aggression.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader that defeated the Nationalists in China. China fell to the Communists in 1949, and Nationalists fled to (now) Taiwan.

David Wilmot

Congressman who proposed the Wilmot Proviso.

1825-1860 Great American Desert

Considered land beyond Mississippi River this name because of dryness.

John Dos Passos

Considered one of the Lost Generation writers, ____ published his first novel in 1920, One Man's Initiation: 1917. It was followed by an antiwar story, Three Soldiers, which brought him considerable recognition. His 1925 novel about life in New York City, titled Manhattan Transfer, was a commercial success and introduced experimental stream-of-consciousness techniques into _____'s method. These ideas also coalesced into the U.S.A. Trilogy (see below), of which the first book appeared in 1930. He also opposed Communism and FDR.

Dominion of New England

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies-and later New York and New Jersey-by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later. Sir Edmund Andros. Royal governor of the Dominion of New England.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1958)

Created by Eisenhower to catch up with the Soviets and the space race.

Liberia

Country in Africa that many abolitionists wanted to send freed slaves to to get them out of the US, but it was never feasible because most slaves had lost their connection to African culture and were distinctly african-american.

"The Second New Deal"

Created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and expressed in his State of the Union Address in January 1935, ___________________ focused on and enlarged the federal program to incorporate the jobless, to help the unemployed receive jobs, to give assistance to the rural poor, organized labor, and social welfare. Roosevelt wanted to levy heavier taxes on the rich, create harder regulations on businesses, and to incorporate social-welfare benefits.

1887 Interstate Commerce Commission

Created by act of same name. It is created to investigate and supervise RR. outlawed rebates and pooling agreements. Not successful..

National Security Act (1947)

Created the Department of Defense, National Security Council, and the Central Inteligence Agency (CIA). Truman also created a permanent peacetime draft in 1948.

National Highway Act (1956)

Created the US's interstate freeway system. Also provided for the quick evacuation of large cities, emergency landing of planes, and the transportation of missiles.

National Bank System (Act)

Created to manage all the revenue moving in and out of the treasury; first united banking network since Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter of the bank of the United States in 1830.

tenement

Crowded people into small apartments.

During the civil war railroad transportation

Crucial to mobilizing and transporting numerous soldiers Made assemble of large armies Forced commanders to organize campaigns

during the civil war, in the confederacy: A) all southern politicians were strongly united in supporting secession. B) formal political parties quickly developed C) president jefferson davis developed a reputation for reckless politcial action D) many southerners resisted efforts by the davis government to exert its authority E) the national government was almost completely impotent in its dealings with the states

D) many southerners resisted efforts by the david government to exert its authority

The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War was A. Zachary Taylor's taking of Monterrey B. the Bear Flag revolution in California C. Stephen Kearny's capture of Santa Fe D. Winfield Scott's seizure of Mexico City E. Nicholas Trist's diplomatic maneuvering

D. Winfield Scott's seizure of Mexico City

Seventh of March speech

Daniel Webster gave a speech on March 7 wanting a compromise with North and South, and urging the North that popular sovereignty would work because slavery could not exist in the territories.

Don Juan de Onate

De Onate was a Spanish conquistador who explored the areas of Mexico and what is now Texas and New Mexico in 1598. He was infamous for his cruelty to the Pueblo Indians. In the Battle of Acoma in 1599 he severed one foot of each Pueblo survivor.

JAMES BUCHANAN

Democrat who won the presidential Election of 1856

General Gass

Democratic candidate for 1848 everyone thought he was a jerk reputed father of popular sovereignty

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

Democratic-Republicans said this act was a violation of 1st Amendment rights

Chain store

Department stores become national institution. New concept of browse and buy.

Upper South

Designation used in the Civil War encompassing the states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Also were the last states to secede.

Communist Cuba

Dictator Batista overthrown by Fidel Castro in 1959. At first, people reojiced because Batista was brutal. However, Castro was a communist and looked to the Soviets for help.

The Massachusetts reformer who built a national movement for new methods of treating the criminally ill was

Dorothea Dix.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Douglas' idea in 1854 for what to do with Nebraska, because he wanted it to become properly settled/potential state. Popular sovereignty BUT split Nebraska into Kansas and Nebraska, assuming Kansas will become slave state. HOWEVER this would break the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Douglas doesn't care at all, ends up being passed and creates trauma in Kansas.

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Dred Scott was a black slave who lived in free territory for a while and attempted to sue for his freedom. The court ruled a) black people are not citizens, b) slaves are property so technically nowhere can be wholly free (Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional).

Half-Breeds

During the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-81, a moderate Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that favored some reforms of the civil service system and a restrained policy toward the defeated South.

in the emancipation proclamation, president abraham lincoln declared freedom for slaves: A) in the parts fo the confederacy already under union control B) in the slave staes that had remained loyal to the union C) that joined the union military D) througout all states that existed as part of the united states prior to the civil war E) in the parts of the confederacy still in rebellion

E) in the parts of the confedercy still in rebellion

the union's national draft law: A) proved to be unnecessary in the war effort B) severely discouraged voluntary enlistment C) allowed no provisions for escaping service D) saw little in the way of opposition from the public E) resulted in murderous attacks in new york city against free blacks.

E) resulted in murderous attacks in new york city against free blacks

at the start of the civil war: A) the south had a massive reserve of cash B) the south had more combat-age males C) the south had more and better railroads D) the northa was unified by a commitment to end slavery E) the north had a much more substantial economy

E) the north had a much more substantial economy

As president, James K. Polk A. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute B. won Congressional approval for the annexation of Texas C. convinced the British government to divide Oregon at the 54 40' parallel D. All these answers are correct E. None of the above

E. None of the above

The Supreme Court held in the case of "Dred Scott v. Sanford" (1857) A. that Scott must be freed under federal law B. slaves were property unless they moved to a free state C. states were not allowed to abolish slavery within their borders D. the freedom of a slave could not be purchased by a black person E. the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

E. the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Germany split into East and West

East Germany turned into a communist state. West Germany still sovereign.

1894 Coxey's Army

Easter Sunday. Leader by same name wanted to put unemployed men to work on road construction. Called for $500 million dollar fund. Marched to Capitol but were stopped when leader was arrested at the Capitol's steps. March was called a "petition in boots."

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California,and grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads, while the south had life really easy.

Aswan Dam

Egyptian leader Nasser asked the US to assist in the building of this dam. The US refused, and Egypt seized the Suez Canal. Unbeknownst to Eisenhower, Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt to take back the Suez Canal.

reformers

Intelligentm but sometimes just crazy people. wanted rights, better medicine, end to slavery and drinking.

Election of 1864

Election between General George McClellan, the Peace Democrat, and Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln won because Sherman had captured Atlanta and Savannah.

iron law of wages

Employers believe that supply and demand, not welfare of workers, determine wages.

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 but reinforced in 1850, laws providing for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad, passed after the compromise of 1850.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended the War of Spanish Succession & recognized France's Philip V as Kind of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies; gave England profitable lands in North America from France.

Maine

England and The US remade the border of canada and maine

sea dogs

English "Pirates" who attacked spanish ships

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War

Puritans

English religious sect who hoped to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice & organization.

The Pursuit of Equality

Equality was proclaimed in the Declaration and as a result

Frederick Douglas

Ex slave who became one of the most prominent black abolitionists, and published an autobiography, founded newspaper The North Star.

1890-1914 Sherman Antitrust Act

FIRST ATTEMPT FOR FED GOV TO REGULATE BIG BUSINESS. Declared restraints on commerce and trade illegal- "combination in the form of trusts or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade." Used against labor unions and RR rather than manufacturers. Did not slow growth of trusts. Made the US the only country to regulate business combinations. Ended by Clayton Antitrust Act.

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee To Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865.

Anarchists

Favor no government; want self governing entities. Government only supports corporations and elite, which make up 1% of the population.

Battle of Buena Vista

Feb 1847 battle:Taylor's army, outnumbered held out in a defensive battle that brought the Americans as close as they came to defeat during the entire war, but Jefferson Davis's Calvary charge create a neutral battle that prevented Mexico from retaking Texas, gave Scott time in Veracruz, and made Taylor an hero.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Federal order that divided the Northwest Territory into smaller territories and created a plan for how the territories could become states.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Gold Plot (Black Friday)

Fisk and Gould made some shady agreements with Grant, trying to take control of all gold by buying all stocks, and bidding the price of gold skyward, cornering buissness people, and forcing the treasury to relwase gold

Trunk lines

For railroad networks that connect Easton seaports to the great lakes and Western Rivers. Shows increase in transportation that allows mass industrialization.

1875 Civil Rights Act

Forbade discrimination on public institutions and gave blacks equal access to these institutions. One of the last efforts of fed gov to enforce equal civil rights.

Captain America

Formed from the fear of the Cold War. Fueled American thirst for "Commie hunting."

1874 Women's Christian Temperance Union

Founded by Frances Willard. Largest women's organization in US. Advocated the end of drunkenness. 1898- had 10,000 branches and 500,000 members.

1890 National American Woman Suffrage Association

Founded by Susan B. Anthony. Worked for women suffrage by careful organization and peaceful lobbying. 2,000,000 ppl by 1920.

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

David Walker

Free black man who wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World and called for a violent end to white supremacy.

Lord Dunmore's decree

Freedom for blacks who joined the British army. Thousands fled plantations to join the royal army.

South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Gave mutual military assistance to member nations and hold up South Vietnam's crumbling regime.

1875 Whiskey Ring

Grant's private secretary Babcock was a part of this group millions of dollars in liquor taxes. Babcock saved by presidents intercession.personal

1876 Secretary Belknap

Grants secretary of war. Impeached by house after taking bribes for sale of Indian trading posts. Avoiding conviction by quitting.

Alger Hiss

HUAC declared that Alger Hiss had leaked secrets to the communists. He was arrested.

Harlem riots of 1935

Harlem's first race riot, sparked off by rumors of the beating of a teenage shoplifter. Three died, hundreds were wounded and an estimated $2 million in damages were sustained to properties throughout the district, with African-American owned homes and businesses spared the worst of the destruction.

George McClellan

He was a Union general that was in charge during the beginning of the war. He defeated Lee, at Antietam, securing a much needed Union victory.

George Whitefield

He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

Jonathan Edwards

He was an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Compromise of 1850

Huge big deal compromise regarding Slavery. North got: California enters union as free state (now 16 free to 15 slaves), western territory that Texas claimed will now be part of Utah/New Mexico territory (and potentially free), and abolishment of slave trade in dc.

plantations

Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops

Hungarian resistance

Hungary overthrew a Soviet puppet gov. in 1956 and its new gov. demanded removal from the Warsaw Pact. The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, crushed the resistance. Hungary called for US aid but did not receive any.

Boston Massacre

In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared and five colonists were killed.

SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA

In September 1864, General William Sherman's army captured Atlanta and began marching toward Savannah on the Georgia coast. His march to the sea was designed to defeat the enemy's forces, destroy its economic resources, and break its will to resist.

New immigrants

In the 1880s, increasing numbers of immigrants from south and east Europe fled to the U.S. Poor, non-Protestant (Jews), unskilled. About 8.4 million between 1880 and 1910. Troubled society - can they be assimilated?

Sons of Liberty

In the summer of 1765, mobs were rising up everywhere in several different colonial cities, this was the biggest of these mobs and they were located in Boston. The men in this group terrorized stamp agents and burned stamps. They also attacked a pro-British lieutenant governeor and destroyed his house.

Red Phone Hotline

Installed between Washington DC and Moscow so that they could be in immediate contact.

Interlocking Directorates

Is a practice in which the same people are placed on a variety of corporate boards, allowing separate companies to be controlled by a small, elite group.

Reconstruction Act 1867

It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be re-admitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.

Quebec Act

It recognized the religion freedom of Canada's largely Catholic population; the American colonists saw this as a British attempt to disregard the colonies' western land claims and surround them with Catholic allies of the British Crown.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

It urged the various colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. British officials in Boston ordered the letter retracted, threatened to dissolve the legislature, and increased the number of British troops in Boston.

Harpers Ferry

John Brown attacked Harpers Ferry, wanted to cause a revolt. It didn't work, and he was eventually caught and executed. but became an abolitionist martyr.

McCarthyism

Joseph McCarthy was a Republican Senator who accused many people of being communists. In 1954, his ruthless tactics backfired and he was turned against by other Congressmen.

Lecompton Constitution

Kansas's attempt at a state constitution, gave two options: keep slavery or eliminate new slavery. Of course, free-state got really pissed off and didn't vote, and then when the constitution passed anyways, set up their own government in Topeka. This is why boycotting the elections doesn't work.

The clash of empires

King Williams War and Queen Anne's War were fought between fur trappers and colonies, with both sides getting indian allies. Neither country had a regular force so they carried out guerilla warfare. Spain was allied with France and probed from Florida into SC. The colonies failed against quebec and Montreal but won when they captured Port royal in Nova Scotia. The treaty of Utrecht gave Britain acadia, new foundland and hudson bay, which pinched St.Lawrence settlements, foreshadowing their doom. Salutory neglect followed, making way for revolution

1885 KoL strike

KoL v. Jay Gould's Missouri Pacific RR. Gould strikes back in 1886 by crushing KoL on Texas and Pacific RR. public opinion turned against them. KoL disbands eventually.

Cyrus field

Laid a cable from newfoundland to ireland, linking america and europe in 1866

Black Codes/Sharecropping

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War. , A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

WIlliam Wilberforce

Leader of British abolitionist movement that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

NEAL DOW

Lecturer who passed the "Maine Laws" against alcohol

Freeport Question

Lincoln asked Douglas if, given the Dred Scott ruling, slavery could ever be outlawed.

VAQUEROS

Mexican cowboys; influenced the Americans

House Un-American Activities Committee (1939)

Looked for former Nazis who had made it to the US. Reactivated in the postwar years to find communists.

Coercive Acts

Lord North's attempt to punish Americans for the Boston "Tea Party"; it closed Boston Harbor.

HORACE MANN

MA educator who worked for reform in education

Truman removes MacArthur from command

MacArthur ignored Truman's wishes and demanded an unconditional surrender of the N Koreans. Truman removed MacArthur from command and had him return to the US in April 1951. The 38th parallel continued to divide the Koreans.

Boston 1823

Made a sewage system stopping a lot of places for disease to grow

Thaddeus Stevens

Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican.

1895 United States v. E. C. Knight Co.

Manufacturing is excluded from Sherman Antitrust Act, so the company that produces 98% of the country's sugar was excluded.

California during the period

Many criminals went, causing crime to fly, robbery, claim jumping and murder. wanted a state government so they drafted a constitution in 1849 that excluded slavery

CALAMITY JANE

Martha Jane Canary

Border States

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri; these slave states stayed in the Union and were crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy. He feared alienating them with emancipation of slaves and adding them to the Confederate cause.

Salem, Massachusetts

Massachusetts Bay Colony (Salem, Massachusetts); Puritan colony; Winthrop's theory that the settlers would build a godly community that would inspire England to reform the Anglican Church. Winthrop wanted there to be a revival of "piety" in order to govern a nation under God's will. He also condemned economic jealousy; never faced hardships as bad as Jamestown; allowed for more settlers to come

at the lower levels of military command in the civil war

Men of similar backgrounds controlled the war Many were graduates of of the US military academy or the naval academy Many were acquainted with each other Imbued with classic 18th century ,models of warfare

1877 Redeemers

Men who came to power after Reconstruction. Three parts: planter class who used to support secession but then support restoration of old order, middle-class who favor industry and commerce over agrarian shtuff and NEW SOUTH (diverse economic development), and professional politicians.

In the 1830s and 1840s abolitionists in the south

Moderates vs. Extremists Believed in immediate abolition, gradually accomplished

Settlement houses

Most famous is Jane Addams's Hull House established in 1889. Community centers alleviate burden of urban life. Often ran by women. In order o help the poor, you must live like the poor.

Greenbacks / Bonds

Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold.

Federal Theatre Project

New Deal project to fund theatre and other live artistic performances in the United States during the Great Depression. It was one of five Federal One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The _____'s primary goal was employment of out-of-work artists, writers, and directors, with the secondary aim of entertaining poor families and creating relevant art.

Korea (1950)

North Korean army invaded the South over the 38th parallel in June. Security Council and US Congress authorized a police action but did not declare war. General MacArthur was able to push back the North Koreans to the Chinese border, but was unable to repel more offensives. MacArthur wanted more resources to win the war and take China. Truman did not give him more.

Following John Brown's 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry, many Southerner's assumed the

North was dominated by people intent on destroying the south

1st Continental congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

National Farmer's Alliance and Industrial Union

One of the largest reform mvmts. Organize farmers in S and W for decreasing mortgages and RR rates and increasing farm prices. ORGANIZED THE POPULIST (PEOPLE'S) PARTY.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass production industries. In 1935, they created coalation of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America, led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938, the CIO was established as a separate entity.

Intolerable Acts

Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" In 1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges).

1897 Dingley Tariff

Passed under McKinley admin. Raised average tariff to a record level. Caused question about whether or not tariffs are still useful and/or relevant.

Cheap Money

People who wanted greenbacks and inflation so that they could buy more and could get loans more easily; opponents of those with metallic currency.

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

James K. Polk

Pres. after tyler, 11th President of the United States (1845-1849), from Tennessee. Committed to westward expansion and led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration.

Millard Fillmore

President as of 1850, gladly signed the series of compromise measures that passed congress

President Polk

President during the mexican war

JEFFERSON DAVIS

President of the Confederate States of America

CHESTER ARTHUR

President who signed the Pendleton Act into law

1893 Depression

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.

Crittendon Amendments

Proposed in an attempt to appease the South in 1860. They would have given protection for slavery in all territories South of the 36'30, where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty, and to keep the potential spread of slavery alive. Were unsupported by the president and failed.

John Crittendon

Proposed the Crittendon Amendments, sadly, they failed and the US was torn apart.

Conciliatory Propositions

Propositions made to the colonies like Lord North proposing to the colonies that they could tax themselves at Parliament's demand. But this proposition was a little too late. It arrived in North America right after the war was started.

Tariff of 1842

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates. They managed to get it through John Tyler, somehow, even though he was very anti-protective tariffs.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter who challenged the authority of the ministers, exposing the subordination of women in the culture of colonial Massachusetts; tried, convicted, & banished from the colony in 1637.

Stock Watering

Railroad stock promoters inflated claims about a line's assets to sell stocks and bonds in excess of the actual value.

Preston S. Brooks

Representative of South Carolina who avenged the honor of his uncle by beating Sumner senseless with a cane. Still got re-elected and sent canes.

Bacon's Rebellion

Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon.

Robber Barons/Captains of Industry

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Diest

Relied on reason and science and a supreme being who created a knowable universe and endowed humans with moral behavior.

The Great Awakening

Religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s; stressed the need for individuals to repent and urged a personal understanding of truth.

RUTHERFORD B HAYES

Republican winner of the disputed Election of 1876

Placer mining

Requires little technology or skill. Separate gold from Ore with wash pan.

1890 Ghost Dances

Restless Teton Sioux turn to these bc of messiah, Wovoka. He said that they would bring back Indian land and cause whites to disappear.

Dwight D. Eisenhower wins election of 1952

Richard M. Nixon was his VP. John Foster Dulles became secretary of state. Dulles advocated brinksmanship and massive retaliation.

Sputnik (1957)

Russian space satellite that launched in 1957. Congress responded by allocating millions of dollars to schools and universities to prepare students in math, science, and foreign language.

1882 eight box law

SC. Required separate ballots for separate offces- need to be literate.

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

EDWIN STANTON

Secretary of War whose firing led to impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Honest graft

Seeing opportunities and taking them. PLUNKITT.

Jim Crow laws

Segregation laws enacted by states.

Continental Association

Set up Firts Continental Congress. called for non-importation of British goods, non-consumption of British goods, and the non-exporation of American goods to Britain or its colonies

Congregationalism

Set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Congregationalism was a church system in which each local church served as the center of its own community. This structure stood in contrast to the Church of England, in which the single state church held sway over all local churches.

Regulators

Settlers in the Carolinas made themselves Regulators, regulated back country for their was no government.

Creole

Ship overtaken by 130 slaves, and British gave them asylum, upsetting the south.

Franklin pierce

Shy democratic candidate had no enemies won the election

1849 Gold Rush

Sierra Nevada Mountains. Starts mining boom. Individual prospectors. Went from W to E because gold was eventually unattainable. Original California miners were called "yonder-siders."

Amistad

Slaves rebelled aboard Spanish ship, the Amistad. They steered the ship off cuba but went to Long Island, and John Quincy Adams secured their freedom, so off they went to Sierra Leone.

Underground Railroad

Slaves taken from slave states to the sanctuary of canada

Nicholas P. Trist

State Department clerk who was sent to negotiate peace with Mexico. Actually was recalled before negotiations started, but stayed and organized the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

JOHN C. CALHOUN

South Carolinian who opposed and attacked the Compromise of 1850

Planter aristocracy

South not much of a democracy, more of an oligarchy governed by the few. educated their kids at the highest schools, had most of the wealth in the south keen obligation to the public. dominant

Gadsden Purchase

South wanted to build a railroad in the south, but the ideal land involved crossing the Mexican border. In 1853, we purchased the necessary territory from Mexico.

Lower South

States of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. All seceded after election of Lincoln and formed Confederate States of America.

William Pitt

Statesman who led Britain during the French & Indian War; his decision to pour the full resources of the British Treasury onto the contest & dramatically increase the number of British forces fighting in North America was largely responsible for Britain's victory.

Scabs

Strike breakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike.

Plantation system

Strove to produce a medieval system, the women handled the house slaves and some were affectionate

1875 Minor v. Happersett

Supreme Court decided that women's suffrage was not a right inherent in the national citizenship guarantees of the Fourteenth amendment. Upholds states' right to deny women suffrage.

1866-1869 National Labor Union

Sylvia united several unions into this, which sought establishment of worker cooperatives. Ended with Sylvis's death.

Municipalities

Synonym for cities.

campaign of 1844

Texas was the biggest issue the democrats won with james c polk who was a huge expansionist.

Nuclear Scares

The Cold War scared families and schools. Some homes had bomb shelters in case of an atomic explosion. Schools practiced "duck-and-cover" drills in case of a bombing.

NLU

The National Labor Union was the first major union, they wanted an 8 hour day most importantly and an elimination of monopolies.

John C. Breckinridge

The Southern Democrat's Candidate in 1860, was second to Lincoln, pro-slavery expansion.

"Share the Wealth"

The ________________ society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.

Power of the Purse

The ability of colonial legislatures in the 18c to initiate money bills, specifying the amount to be raised and its uses.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that America had a G-d given right to take over the entire continent and make it Americanized.

strict construction

The belief that the national government can exercise only those powers that are clearly and specifically stated by the U. S. Constitution.

fugitive slave law of 1850

The bloodhound bill, denied slaves a trial and they couldnt testify any northerners that helped would be punished.

Mason-Dixon Line

The boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, which eventually came to symbolize the divide b/w North and South states.

Gaspee incident

The colonists thought that there was a conspiracy against them. Seizing their opportunity to destroy the hated vessel, a group of colonists disguised as Native Americans ordered the British crew ashore and then set fire to the ship.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

The constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the "substantial" citizens.

King Corn

The cotton supply ran out in Britain and King Corn was more powerful than cotton, this made it so Britain wasn't able to break blockade to gain cotton.

black belt

The deep south with the highest #s of slaves. South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Eleanor Roosevelt

The first strong first lady who supported civil rights.

Harry Hopkins

The head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). A friend and advisor to President FDR. He was very involved in reforms in the Great Depression and in the 30's and 40's in such issues as unemployment and mortgages.

"virtual" representation

The idea that the british parliament members virtually represented british colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from

safeguards for conservatism

The members of the Constitutional Convention agreed economically-demanded sound money and the protection of private property; and politically-favored a stronger government with 3 branches and with checks and balances among them.

Monitor v. Merrimack

The monitor was the only ship the Confederates had that were strong enough to defeat the Union ships but the Merrimack came just in time to stop it. The South burned it to prevent the North from getting it.

popular sovereignty

The practice of allowing the people in the state to vote on whether or not they will be a slave or free state

Stamp Act

The second of Grenville's revenue measures, it led to the Virginia Resolve and colonial congress.

"fifty-four forty or fight"

The slogan of people who wanted to annex the entirety of Oregon territory, as opposed to anything smaller. If not, they'd fight. Big slogan in the 1844 election.

Powhatan

The tribe that helped the Jamestown colony. They taught them how to plant crops and how to survive.

1872 Liberal Republicans

These REpublicans could not tolerate corruption associated with Grant. Broke off and made this party.wanted "honest gov" and "reconciliation" between N and S and laissez-faire with lower tariffs, end to gov subsidies, and hard money. led by Carl Schurz. Greeley died before electoral vote. Conservative toward blacks and etc.

Which of the following statements about he poorest class of white southerners is FALSE**

They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class

Mayflower Compact

This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.

Resolution on Reconciliation

This document, proposed by Lord North, promised any colony that would provide for its own government and defense virtual immunity from taxation. This plan was rejected by the colonies.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

This ended the French and Indian War and gave England all of the French territories in North America.

court injunction

This forbids workers to interfere with the business of their employer.

MORRILL LAND GRANT ACT

This law passed by Congress in July 1862 awarded proceeds from the sale of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical (later engineering) colleges; the grants were awarded at the rate of 30,000 acres for each member that state had in Congress. The law was named after its sponsor, Congressman Justin Morrill of Vermont.

Navigation Act

This law passed in Parliament was specifically designed to regulate American trade.

Declaratory Act

This legislation was a defense of Parliament's sovereignty over the colonies; it was passed to compensate for the repeal of the Stamp Act.

Sons & Daughters of Liberty

This network of lawyers, merchants, tradesmen, and other townspeople organized colonial protests against British regulations.

Grand Army of the Republic

This organization was founded by former Union soldiers after the Civil War. It lobbied Congress for aid and pensions for former Union soldiers. It was also a powerful lobbying influence within the Republican party.

Samuel Adams

This political agitator led the Boston Tea Party and attended the First Continental Congress as a delegate from Massachusetts.

Salutary Neglect

This pre-1763 British policy overlooked colonial violations of Britain's trade laws and allowed the colonies to govern themselves.

"Court-packing plan"

This proposal was announced by Franklin D. Roosevelt allowing the president to appoint new Supreme Court members for each one over 70 years of age, totaling six in all. After Chief Justice Evan Hughes' leadership in expressing their disapproval in this plan, Congress and the American people disapproved of the action as well. This resulted in some New Dealers leaving the president's side and humiliated President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Mutiny Act

This required the colonists to help provision and maintain the army, and it was made by the Greenville minisrty to try and increase their authority in the colonies.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

John Lewis and United Mine Workers (UMW)

This union was created by militant leader John L. Lewis in 1890; its methods, based on his stands on increases in pay, safer working conditions, and political stands, reflect Lewis' military style. In 1935 it had about 250,000 members out of which Lewis co-founded the CIO.

The Trent Affair

This was the first major crisis with Britain after a union warship north of Cuba stopped the British steamer the Trent and removed 2 confederate diplomats destined for Europe. The British government was extremely upset and demanded an apology and the prisoners be set free.

Letters From A Pennsylvania Farmer

This work, written by John Dickinson, protested against the Townshend Acts and questioned the right of Parliament to levy "external" duties to raise revenue in the colonies.

Bonanza farms

Thousand acre farms on Great Plains that rely on machinery.

Pidgin

To overcome communication issues between African Americans, they organized a common language, known as this by linguists.

The Berlin Airlift

Truman flew supplies into the city for 11 months by air.

Marshall Plan (1947)

Truman's Sec. of State George Marshall. Would give Western Europe massive financial aid to rebuild democratic forms of government.

King George's War

Two decades after Queen Anne's War, disputes over British trading rights in the Spanish colonies produced a conflict between England and Spain. This conflict soon grew into a greater, much larger European war. The English colonist in America were soon brought into this, and they called labeled it as King George's War. In this period between 1744 and 1748 they engaged in a series of conflicts with the French. The war was finally ended with a peace treaty.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

US Treasury would Have purchased 4.5 million oz silver monthly in exchange for Treasury notes that are refundable for an almost equal amount. non silverites get no free coinage. silverites get most production of silver bought. Reaction to bonanza mines in Nevada that quadrupled silver production.

Henry Ward Beecher

US clergyman, abolitionist, sent guns to kansas packaged in bibles to conceal them. (Beecher's Bibles).

Truman Doctrine (1947)

US had a duty to give financial aid to free nations under communist threat. Helped Greece and Turkey thwart communism.

U-2 Incident

US spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union.

Cuban Missile Crisis

US spy planes discovered nuclear missile sites in Cuba in 1962. JFK ordered the immediate removal of the missiles, but Castro & Khrushchev refused. With Attorney General Robert Kennedy, JFK imposed a blockade. Khrushchev would remove the missiles if the US would not invade Cuba and remove its missiles in Turkey.

Bay of Pigs (1961)

US tried to start a revolution through Cubans, but the Cubans did not want to do anything. Embarrassed JFK.

ULYSSES S GRANT

Union general who accepted the surrender of the Confederate Army

WILLIAM T SHERMAN

Union general who led a destructive "march to the sea"

WILLIAM T SHERMAN

Union general who promised blacks "forty acres and a mule"

DAVID FARRAGUT

Union naval hero who captured New Orleans

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south.

Winfield Scott

United States general, a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican-American War (1786-1866) by going into Mexico City.

American families in the Antebellum South

Up to one third of families were broken apart by the sale of family members

Social Gospel

Urban Protestant ministers preach that one should focus on life on earth as well as saving souls for the afterlife, society as well as individuals.

Washington Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

American literature

Washington irving (sleepy hollow rip van winkle the sketch book, and knickerbockers history) james finnimore cooper ( the spy leatherstocking tales) william cullen bryant (thanatopsis evening post)

Leisler's Rebellion

When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York.

Mesabi Range

Where Minnesota mines provided ore which was then transported to ships on Great Lakes.

1863-1869 Promontory Point

Where the first transcontinental road was finished. Union Pacific, Omaha, Grenville M. Dodge. Central Pacific, Sacramento, Charles Crocker. Lands and loans from congress for every mile.

Zachary Taylor

Whig candidate never held office or even voted used the self reliant fighter. Won, closely watched over by whigs to make sure he was good died in 1850 helping concession on accident

Scalawaggs

White southerners who joined the republican party.

1834 Indian Intercourse Act

Whites cannot entre Indian country wo license.

American Anti-Slavery Society

William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist society, called for abolition now. Grew to be a very big organization.

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

Neal dow

father of prohibition sponsored the Maine law of 1851

Iron Curtain (1946)

Winston Churchill delivered his "Iron Curtain" speech in response to the satellite nations.

The Impending Crisis of the South

Written by Southerner Hinton Helper, and claimed that non-slave-owning whites were the worst affected by slavery, because although he was anti-slavery he was also racist.

NSC-68

Written by the National Security Council that provided for the use of US troops to achieve containment. (Truman Doctrine allowed only financial aid).

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Written by David Walker, abolitionist pamphlet advising the immediate overturning of slavery.

The Draft

Young men were required by law to register for possible military service at age eighteen and signified their personal connection to american involvement in Southeast Asia.

popular sovereignty

a doctrine that stated that the sovereign people of the constitution should determine slavery. public liked it because is was very democratic

The Grapes of Wrath

__________ written by Steinbeck in 1939 illustrates the plight of a dust bowl family.

Neutrality Proclamation

a 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict

Edward Braddock

a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians.

Federal Writers' Project

a United States federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal One.

MONOPOLY

a corporation that gains complete control of a product or service

London Company

a joint-stock company chartered in 1606 and was responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America; Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

Ralph Waldo Emmerson

a leading transcendentalist writer, and the real founder of the movement. trained as a unitarian minister. encouraged americans to form an intellectual deceleration of independence. a practical philosopher, wrote fresh and vibrant essays that enriched thousands of lives. urged american intellectual patriotism and independence.

MELTING POT

a mixture of diverse cultures, languages, and customs

A. Philip Randolph

a prominent twentieth-century African-American civil rights leader and the founder of both the March on Washington Movement and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a landmark for labor and particularly for African-American labor organizing. He was one of several Black atheists involved in the civil rights movement

The south failed to develp a large industrial economy for all the following reasons except***

a shortage of labor

Town meetings

a town-wide meeting to decide on issues facing the village and choose a group of people to govern the town for the coming year, restricted to adult male residents

As a result of the gold rush, by 1850, California had

a very diverse population

Which of the following accurately describes northern politics during the Civil War? a. Democrats challenged Republicans for control of national and state offices b. Republicans were united behind Lincoln's leadership c. The suspension of habeas corpus discouraged many Democrats from voting d. Lincoln had no trouble winning reelection in 1864 e. Copperhead candidates campaigned for equal rights for women

a. Democrats challenged Republicans for control of national and state offices

The thirteenth Amendment guaranteed A) citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves. B) land for former slaves. C) voting rights for former Confederates who had previously served in the U.S. Army. D) freed slaves the right to vote. E) education to former slaves.

a. citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves

As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln because... a. of the South's emphasis on state's rights b. There was such strong agreement on policy in the South c. He did not believe in strong executive action d. Lee's insistance on keeping his army out of politics e. The Confederate Constitution gave him all the power he needed

a. of the South's emphasis on state's rights

W.E.B. DUBOIS

activist who believe blacks should demand immediate equality

BOOKER T WASHINGTON

activist who believed blacks should work hard to build up resources

Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the US

agreed to pay millions to Mexico

1892 Populist Party

aka the People's Party. Made by Farmer's Alliance. Ocala platform (demands). wanted free silver. died away when WJB lost the 1896 election.

The compromise of 1850 allowed fort he admission of California

along with a strengthened fugitive slave act

1859 Comstock Lode

although miners rushed to pikes Peak upon hearing of the fresh strikes, there was a bluish black ore in Nevada that was almost pure silver and gold. A drifter of the same name talked his way into partnership in the claim. Richest mining discovery- produced more than $306 million.

Marian Anderson

an African-American contralto and one of the most celebrated singers of the twentieth century. When the all-white Daughters of the Revolution refused for her to sing at a concert, Eleanor Roosevelt set up a concert for her to sing at on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

Aaron Copland

an American classical composer, composition teacher, writer, and later in his career a conductor of his own and other American music. He was instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, and is often referred to as "the Dean of American Composers.".He is best known to the public for the works he wrote in the 1930s and 40s in a deliberately more accessible style than his earlier pieces, including the ballets Appalachian Spring, Billy the Kidd, Rodeo and his Fanfare for the Common Man.

Mary McLeod Bethune

an American educator and civil rights leader best known for starting a school for African-American students in Daytona Beach, Florida, that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University and for being an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Zora Neale Hurston

an American folklorist, anthropologist, and author during the time of the Harlem Renaissance. Of _____'s four novels and more than 50 published short stories, plays, and essays, she is best known for her 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.

enclosures

an area that is sealed off with an artificial or natural barrier.

Pueblo indians

an communal village of Latin Americans, Southwest US Indians or Spanish Americans.

enlightenment

an eighteenth-century movement in Western philosophy. It was an age of optimism, tempered by the realistic recognition of the sad state of the human condition and the need for major reforms. It was less a set of ideas than it was a set of attitudes. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. Some classifications of this period also include 17th-century philosophy, which is typically known as the Age of Reason.

The Lincoln-Douglas debates resulted in all of the following EXCEPT: a. Lincoln's emergence as a national political figure b. Increased support for Douglas in the South c. Douglas' reelection to the Senate d. Douglas' attempt to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision e. Increased public awareness of slavery as a moral issue

b. Increased support for Douglas in the South

In the 1860 election, what was the position of Lincoln and the Republican party on slavery? a. Slavery was immoral and should be abolished immediately b. Slavery should not be allowed to expand into the territories c. Popular sovereignty would be allowed in the new territories north of 36-30 d. The Dred Scott decision should be supported in the territories but not in the states e. The federal government should act to bring about the gradual emancipation of slaves in the South

b. Slavery should not be allowed to expand into the territories

The Fourteenth Amendment A) required former Confederate states to pay their war debts. B) prohibited ex-Confederate leaders from holding public office. C) guaranteed freed slaves the right to vote. D) met all the demands of the radical Republicans. E) made women as well as blacks U.S. citizens.

b. prohibited ex- confederate leaders from holding public office

After the raid on Harpers Ferry, the South concluded that... a. the raid was an isolated incident b. the US Army could not protect slavery c. Brown should be put in an insane asylum d. Brown had been attempting to defend his right to own slaves e. the North was dominated by Brown-loving Republicans

b. the US army could not protect slavery

peter cartwright

best known methodist to travel around preaching

Southern defenders of slavery made all of the following arguments EXEPT

black codes protected slaves from abuse

The English Constitution

body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.

UNCLE TOM'S CABIN

book which Lincoln said: "made the big war"

Oregon country

both america and england have holds on oregon, but the americans moved to the williamette valley and eventually handed over oregon to 54 40

Mechanization

british gaining in industrialization, this gradually spread to other lands and america in the next generation. The british were huge competitors because of such small labor. they also enacted laws to forbid exportation of machines

The Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott case outraged public opinion in the North chiefly because it: a. Declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional b. Guaranteed citizenship to free blacks c. Removed restrictions against the spread of slavery into the western territories d. Failed to abolish slavery in the South e. Challenged California's status as a free state

c. Removed restrictions against the spread of slavery into the western territories

Election of 1936

candidates, issues: The candidates included Franklin D. Roosevelt from the Democratic Party, Alfred M. Landon from the Republican party, and William Lemke from the Union Party. The principal issue was how to exploit the New Deal's popularity. In the end, FDR won in a landslide victory.

criminal codes

capital punishments were being reduced and brutal punishments were lowering reformatories, house of corrections, and penitentiaries.

THOMAS NAST

cartoonist whose political cartoons helped capture "Boss" Tweed

war of 1812

caused a buy american campaign so we wouldnt support the enemy. mills were closed down until the tariff of 1816 which controlled the shape of the economy.

US gaining cali through texas issues

caused arguments about slave states

Second great awakening

caused prison reform, the temperance cause, the womens movement, and the abolishment of slavery. Widened the lines between social classes and regions

Walt Whitman

celebrated the liberation of the individual.

Board of Trade and Plantations

chief body in England for governing the colonies; the group gathered information, reviewed appointments in America, and advised the monarch on colonial policy.

Higher education

colleges became denominational, catholic colleges were huge.

Insentured servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

WILLIAM "BOSS" TWEED

controlled the Tammany Hall political machine in NYC

All of the following statements about the election of 1860 are accurate EXCEPT: a. The Republicans won control of the presidency but not Congress b. No candidate received a majority of the popular vote c. The popular and electoral votes were divided among four candidates d. Lincoln won election because of the split in the Democratic party e. A major consequence of the election was that several southern states seceded from the Union

d. Lincoln won election because of the split in the Democratic party

Soddy

dirt house made in the west. urghhhhhh

Economic inequality

drastic difference between the rich and the poor, still providing opportunity. General prosperity rose by 1 percent between 1820 and 1860

Alcohol

drinking problem was huge in and caused unsafe environments especially for women and children ruining family life

As the leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis... a. Enjoyed a real personal popularity despite the South's loss b. Was a poor administrator c. Developed a good relationship with his congress d. Effectively articulated southern ideals e. Defied rather than led public opinion

e. defied rather than led public opintion

Gold Fever/ California gold rush

early 1848 thousands flocked to cali to get gold. .

Immigration

europe was getting full and america was the land of opportunity. jammed into unsanitary quarters made america more plural

imprisonment for debt

eventually was abolished

Compromise of 1850

everyone starting to agree, but the "fire eaters" of the south were will opposed to concession. eventually they supported it.

GEORGE McCLELLAN

extremely cautious Union general who was fired by Lincoln

George Bancroft

father of american history

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

first immigrant restriction passed by Congress

"Black Cabinet"

first known as the Federal Council of Negro Affairs, an informal group of African-American public policy advisors to United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was supported by the first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. By mid-1935, there were 45 African Americans working in federal executive departments and New Deal agencies.

Robert Walpole

first of modern British Prime Ministers; deliberately did not strictly enforce Navigation Acts, in hopes to stimulate commerce

SUSAN B ANTHONY

formed the National Women Suffrage Association

FREDERICK DOUGLASS

former slave; author, speaker, abolitionist; nonviolent means

1867 The Grange

founded by Kelley. aka the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. Want to relieve dullness of farm life with social outlet for members. Constitution anned politics, but it often spported RR regulation. Mostley in Midwest and S.

Joseph Smith

founded the mormon religion and the church of jesus christ of latter day saints. said to have several wives. eventually murdered in 1844

Prior to 1860, public education in the United States

gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world.

Germans

germany suffered like ireland so they came over, were welcomed easier because they had money. pushed into the middle west because they had the money to. invented the conestoga wagon, the kentucky rifle and the christmas tree. also brought better education

Unitarian Faith

god exists in one person and not in the orthodox trinity. denies the divinity of jesus stressed the goodness of people.

Charles grandison finney

greatest revival preachers trained as a lawyer but left to become an evangelist. had huge crowds spellbound denounced slavery and alchohal

RADICAL REPUBLICANS

group of congressmen that strongly supported strict Reconstruction

Young Guard

group of newer leaders who didnt grow up with the union, wanted to purify and dissolve the union

Douglas's Kansas Nebraska scheme

had to break the compromise of 1820 to get popular sovereignty in kansas and nebraska because it is above the 30 36 line. Southerners were all for it, northerners hated the idea. caused the north and south more drama and led to the civil war, the end of the use of the fugitive slave act

child workers

half the nations industrial workers were children under 10 starved emotionally and sometimes whipped in whipping rooms

starving time

harsh winter between [1609-1610] when there was no food, leaving the settlers to eat anything they could find (cannibalism, dogs, snakes)

ROGER TANEY

he declared that slaves were not citizens in Dred Scott case

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

he delivered the Gettysburg Address

According to the nineteenth-century "science" of phrenology, what could be discerned from the shape of an individual's skull?

her character and intelligence

Transportation

highways and steamboats invented the steamboat was invented by robert fulton were huge

ANDREW JACKSON

his campaign symbols represented him as a "man of the people

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

his presidential campaign slogan was: "Tippecanoe and Tyler too"

Cuba

huge want in manifest destiny had a lot of slaves the south loved the idea of cuba polk took steps to get it but spain wouldnt have it the south started filibustering, cuba fought back

Visible saints

in calvinism, thos ewho publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives

TELEPHONE

invented by Alexander Graham Bell

TYPEWRITER

invented by Christopher Sholes

Sewing machine

invented by elias howe and perfected by isaac singer, made northern industry a boost.

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented the telegraph and eventually strung a wire 40 miles from washington to baltimore

LIGHTBULB

inventor Thomas Alva Edison

JOSEPH GLIDDEN

inventor of barbed wire

Mali

is a landlocked country in West Africa.

The 1848 Senecal Falls, New York convention on women's rights

issued a manifesto patterned after the declaration of independence

PERSONAL LIBERTY LAWS

laws in N states; forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves

Navigation Acts

laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

SANTA ANNA

leader of Mexico in the Mex-Am War

ROBERT E LEE

leader of the Confederate Army

PGT BEAUREGARD

leader of the Confederate troops at the Battle of Fort Sumter

MERIWETHER LEWIS

leader of the expedition to explore the LA Purchase

GEORGE CUSTER

leader of the slaughtered 7th Cavalry

Stephen Austin

leader of the troops at the Alamo

NAT TURNER

led a slave revolt; captured, tried, hanged

In 1836, The Battle of San Jacinto

led to an independent Texas

In the 1840's the organized movement against drunkeness in the US

linked alcohol to crime and poverty

Eerie canal/ Clintons big ditch

linked the great lakes and the hudson river idea from governer Dewitt Clinton

1898 Grandfather Clause

literacy test can disqualify black voters, but not white men whose fathers and grandfathers were able to vote before 1867.

1890 Ocala Platform/Demands

meeting at this city in FL. Adopted by Farmer's Alliance. These called for creation of sub-treasury system to allow farmers to store crops until they get the best price, free silver coinage, end to protective tariffs and national banks, fed income tax, direct election of senator, and tighter RR regulation.

Texas

mexicans threatened war over texas texans were forced to stay under the mexicans flag

Cotton Mather

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act

modest reductions in duties. reduced tariffs. ended McKinley Tariff's popular reciprocity with other countries. Imposed income tax.

Population growth by 1860

more than doubled the population, extremely fertile. intensified slums, causing unclean water, improper garbage disposal and rats. immigration added to this

Niagara Movement

must fight for Talented Tenth actively with militant action. Focus on equal rights and educating black youth.

"City upon a hill"

name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations

49ers

name given to those who went to CA in search of gold

the Hudson river school of painters emphasized in their work the importance of

natural beauty

nicholas p trist

negotiator of the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo on feb 2 1848 expanded all the way to california for 15 mil

President Harrison

new in 1841 whig candidate appointed Daniel webster as secretary of state only did 4 weeks and office

Scottsboro Boys

nine black teenaged boys accused of rape in Alabama in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident deal with racism and a basic American right: the Right to a fair trial. The case includes a frameup, all-white jury, rushed trials, an attempted lynching, angry mob, and miscarriage of justice.

Most White southerners owned ______ slaves

no slaves

DAVY CROCKETT

one of the "volunteer" heroes at the Alamo

LUCRETIA MOTT

one of the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention

The ideology of free soil included

opposition to the expansion of slavery

George Catlin

painter of native american life. advocate for preservation of nature eventually made the idea for a natural park system

ANGEL ISLAND

place where most immigrants gained access on the West coast

Federal Music Project

part of the Federal government of the United States New Deal program Federal One, employed musicians, conductors and composers during the Great Depression. People in the music world had been particularly hard-hit by the era's economic downturn. In addition to performing thousands of concerts, offering music classes, organizing the Composers Forum Laboratory, hosting music festivals and creating 34 new orchestras, employees of the ____ researched American traditional music and folk songs, a practice now called ethnomusicology.

1887 Dawes (Severalty) Act

passed by Congress. Divided tribal land into small plots to distribute to tribe members. Intended to achieve assimilation- educate Indians and eventually become citizens. Native American culture dimmed.

Perhaps the single strongest unifying factor of pre-Civil War southern whites was their

perception of white racial superiority.

STEEL PRODUCING TECHNIQUES

perfected by Kelley and Bessemer

woman reformers

perpetual minors and women awfully changed the idea furthering the lines between lady and girl

rendezvous system

pioneers and indians would meet up in a different location every year to trade furs. (mostly beaver)

western landscape

pioneers shaped it and exhausted the areas resources and pushed on leaving barren fields,

ELLIS ISLAND

place where most immigrants gained access on the East Coast

WILLIAM MARCY TWEED

political "Boss" of Tammany Hall in NYC

mexico deals

polk tries to buy california and new mexico, mexico is angry and doesnt even consider his offer

Western pioneers

poorly fed, ill clad, housed in erected shanties victims of disease depression, and premature death.

SOJOURNER TRUTH

powerful speaker for abolitionism and women's rights; "made a name for herself"

CHARLES G FINNEY

preacher who said that slavery was a "great national sin

Westward movement

president andrew jackson expands beyond the appalachian mountains to the west, stories of the west caused more movement

JOHN TYLER

president referred to as "His Accidency"; got the job when Harrison died

JOHN ADAMS

president who appointed the "midnight judges"

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

president who favored the lenient Ten Percent Plan for Reconstruction

MARTIN VAN BUREN

president who inherited Jackson's economic problems

JAMES GARFIELD

president who was assassinated by an angry office seeker

The Wilmot Proviso

prohibited slavery in any land acquired from mexico

Wilmot proviso

prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the mexican war.

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

prohibits immigration of Chinese workers for ten years.

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON

publisher of The Liberator; white abolitionist

men teaching

put a lot of pressure on the hickory stick, eventually became a womens job.

Before the civil war, the religious denomination most active in feminism was the

quakers

1890 McKinley Tariff Act

raised tariff duties 4%. reciprocity provision- president can lower duties if other countries do the same. used duties to promote new industries.

Transcendentalists

regarded reason to be the most important human faculty

party loyalty factors

religion, civil war traditions, ethnicity, class distinctions

Methodists and Baptists

repead the biggest harvest of souls . both preach personal conversion. democratic take on religion

VA AND KY RESOLUTIONS

resolutions stating that states could void an act of Congress

People of the jackson westward era

restless and young, over half of the population was under 30. manifest destiny.

GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT

restriction limiting Japanese emigrants to US

FRANCES WILLARD

she led the WCTU to ban the sale of alcohol

Black ivory

slave prices rose before the civil war there was a death penalty for slavers man did it in secret.

Ostend Manifesto

spain england france and the Us met up to discuss the purchaseof cuba, $120 mil offered. this meeting angered the north because cuba would have been a slave state. ruined everything for cuba

Frederick Douglass

spent years lecturing in England against slavery

William seward

spokesman for younger northern radicals, a strong antislaveryite who was against staying together argued that legislators must obey gods moral code and mans law. meaning that slavery is immoral which cost him his presidential nomination in 1860

camp meetings

spread the great awakening to many people. spread religion everywhere.

The effect of Uncle Tom's cabin on the nation was to

spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience

PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

started by Edwin Drake

1886 Wabash Case

states cant regulate commerce extending beyond borders, only Congress can.

Mccormick reaper

steel reaper that could plow through the hardw estern soils.

Brigham young

stern new leader of the mormons aggressive leader and eloquent preacher. eventually moved the mormons to the desert as their new eden, semiarid utah. married 27 r=women and begot 56 kids

Americans and nature

still appreciated nature even though they destroyed it. wild unspoiled nature was left in the west. animated literature and art.

HOME RULE

term of what S Democrats achieved after the Election of 1876

HENRY CLAY

the "Great Compromiser"; shaped the MO Compromise and Compromise of 1850

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

the Republican candidate who won the Election of 1860

theocracy

the belief in government by divine guidance

British interest in texas

the british were interested in abolishing slavery in texas they thought it could spread through the south and it coukd be a place for free trade

SECTIONALISM

the divided attitude of the country around the time of the election of 1796

mercantilism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

JOHN JAY

the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

SAM HOUSTON

the first president of the Republic of Texas

Antiforeignism

the invasion of immigrants caused prejudices hated the roman catholics

The Supreme court held in the case of Dred scott v. Sandfor (1857) that

the missiouri compromise was unconstitutional

HARRIET TUBMAN

the most famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad

railroad

the most significant contributions to the development of the country, cheap fast and reliable. binded the entire union together.

GROVER CLEVELAND

the only president with two non-consecutive terms

APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE

the site of the final surrender of the Civil War

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

the system used to help fugitive slaves escape

Federal Arts Project

the visual arts arm of the Great Depression-era New Deal Works Progress Administration Federal One program in the United States. It operated from August 29, 1935, until June 30, 1943. Reputed to have created more than 200,000 separate works, ____ artists created posters, murals and paintings. Some works still stand among the most-significant pieces of public art in the country.

GOSPEL OF WEALTH

theory which suggests that the rich are entitled to their wealth

AMNESTY ACT

this allowed former Confederate soldiers to vote and hold office

CHANCELLORSVILLE

this battle was a Confederate victory; Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot

ANTIETAM

this battle was the bloodiest single day in US history

XYZ AFFAIR

this event angered Americans and led to an undeclared naval war with FR

CORPORATION

this is where a number of people own shares in a business

FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT

this made assisting a runaway slave a jailable offense

ANDREW CARNEGIE

this steel tycoon established libraries to help the disadvantages

headright system

this system encouraged immigration by granting heads of households 50 acres of land per servant he brings

REDEMPTION

this term describes Democrats return to power in the South

William walker

tried to get control of nicaragua for the south, became president and offered refuge for southerners. failed big concern for great britain they feared the US would monopolize

By the time of the Civil War, Cotton constituted nearly______ of the total export trade of the US

two-thirds

The name given to the effort by whites and blacks to help runaways slaves escape was the...

underground railroad

Catharine Beecher

unmarried sister of famous Harriet Beecher Stowe urged women to go into teaching and it eventually became a womans job

patroonship

vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. Most failed.

Prince Henry the Navigator

was an important figure in 15th-century Portuguese politics and in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and the Age of Discoveries. He was the fifth child of the Portuguese king John I and responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes

In the mid-nineteenth cent, the general European attitude toward american art and leisure

was that american artists had little to offer europe

Alf Landon

was the republican candidate in 1936. This honest and wealthy man from Kansas lost greatly to the Democrat Franklin Roosevelt. He had stressed balancing the budget.

General zachary taylor

went down to keep texas and mexico under control snd said there was blood spilled causing the beginning of the mexican war

Most "plain folk" of the old south

were subsistence farmers

writs of habeus corpus

when the person who is being charged wants proof stating exactly what they are begin charged for and why they are being held in jail. courts must provide this

VICKSBURG

when this city on the MS River was taken, the Confederacy was divided

Kentucky blue grass

when you burn sugar cane it makes a good grass for livestock

Winfield Scott

whig party candidate that repelled the masses

Conscience whigs

whigs against slavery

South during 1850

worried that the balance would be thrown off by california joining a as a free state. angry about the idea of getting rid of slavery in the district of columbia. very angry about the runaway slaves not being returned to the south.