APUSH P9

A) In the wake of attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States launched military efforts against terrorism and lengthy, controversial con icts in Afghanistan and Iraq.

9/11 Attacks (2001), War on Terror (2001), Operation Enduring Freedom (2001), Department of Homeland Security (2002), Iraq War (2003-2011), capture of Saddam Hussein (2003), capture of Osama Bin Laden (2011)

D) Despite economic and foreign policy challenges, the United States continued as the world's leading superpower in the 21st century.

Disagreements with policies of Vladimir Putin in Ukraine, debate over Iran Nuclear Treaty, growing problem of ISIS/ISIL in the Mideast, Debate over the growing number of refugees from the Mideast into Europe, Debate over the use of drones in the military and in commerce

B) Conservatives argued that liberal programs were counterproductive in ghting poverty and stimulating economic growth. Some of their efforts to reduce the size and scope of government met with inertia and liberal opposition, as many programs remained popular with voters.

Expansion of Medicare and Medicaid, growth of the budget deficits, rising national debt, increased defense spending, Family and Medical Leave Act (1993),

C) Conflicts in the Middle East and concerns about climate change led to debates over U.S. dependence on fossil fuels and the impact of economic consumption on the environment.

Global warming debate, Keystone pipeline, British Petroleum oil spill (2010), Increase in fracking industry

B) International migration from Latin America and Asia increased dramatically. The new immigrants affected U.S. culture in many ways and supplied the economy with an important labor force.

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Latinos become largest minority group in America (2000)

C) Intense political and cultural debates continued over issues such as immigration policy, diversity, gender roles, and family structures.

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Welfare Reform Act of 1996, No Child Left Behind (2002), Repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy (2011), proposal for a Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act, repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act (2013), legalization of same-sex marriage (2015)

C) Employment increased in service sectors and decreased in manufacturing, and union membership declined.

Keystone pipeline debate, Expansion of the fracking industry (2012), clean coal, Structural changes in employment, increasing use of robotics in manufacturing, declining union membership

B) Technological innovations in computing, digital mobile technology, and the Internet transformed daily life, increased access to information, and led to new social behaviors and networks.

Microsoft violation of Sherman Antitrust Act (2000), Y2K (2000), Wikipedia (2001), IPOD (2001), Facebook (2004), YouTube (2005),

C) Policy debates continued over free-trade agreements, the scope of the government social safety net, and calls to reform the U.S. nancial system.

North American Free Trade Agreement (1994), Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) (2004), Affordable Health Care Act (2010), Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (2010), Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), retirement of the boomers and proposals for Social Security reform

A) Economic productivity increased as improvements in digital communications enabled increased American participation in worldwide economic opportunities.

Outsourcing, Internet, World Trade Organization (1995), globalization

C) The end of the Cold War led to new diplomatic relationships but also new U.S. military and peacekeeping interventions, as well as continued debates over the appropriate use of American power in the world.

Persian Gulf War (1991), Operation Desert Storm (1991), Oslo Accords (1993), former Soviet satellites join NATO, NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (1999)

A) Reagan asserted U.S. opposition to communism through speeches, diplomatic efforts, limited military interventions, and a buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons.

Reagan's "evil empire" speech (1983), "Star Wars" missile defense system (1983), (SDI) US-Soviet summit meetings (1985-1988), Iran-Contra scandal (1987),

A) Ronald Reagan's victory in the presidential election of 1980 represented an important milestone, allowing conservatives to enact signi cant tax cuts and continue the deregulation of many industries.

Reaganomics (supply side) tax cuts (1981), air traffic controllers' strike (1981), Deregulation of airline, oil, and other industries, Contract with America (1994), George W. Bush tax cuts (2001)

D) Real wages stagnated for the working and middle class amid growing economic inequality.

Recession of 2008-2009, Emergency Economic Stability Act (2008), American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009), Tea Party movement (2009), rising income gap, Occupy Wall Street protests (2011)

B) Increased U.S. military spending, Reagan's diplomatic initiatives, and political changes and economic problems in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were all important in ending the Cold War.

Solidarity movement in Poland, Gorbachev's Glasnost and perestroika in the USSR, START I (1991)

A) After 1980, the political, economic, and cultural in uence of the American South and West continued to increase as population shifted to those areas.

Sunbelt population gains, elections of Sunbelt presidents (LBJ, Nixon, Carter, Reagan, George W. Bush, Clinton, and George H.W. Bush)

B) The war on terrorism sought to improve security within the United States but also raised questions about the protection of civil liberties and human rights.

USA Patriot Act (2001), Guantanamo detainees