The Cardiovascular System

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium

Blood contains what two key components?

55% is blood plasma and 45% are formed elements - produced via hemopoiesis

Heart beats (cardiac muscle)

72 times a minute

Platelets

<1% of total blood volume Cell fragments that initiate blood clotting , Releases substances necessary to help attract other components that will plug the bleeding

a plasma protein that is necessary to maintain ph of blood is ___?

Albumin

what is plasma made of?

Albumins, Globulins, Transport proteins, Antibodies, Fibrinogen.

What is the purpose of the valves?

Allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart chambers (from the atria through the ventricles)

Where is the AV node located?

At the junction of the atria and the ventricles

What is the left AV node called?

Bicuspid or mitral valve

Step 4

Blood enters the pulmonary trunk, which divides to carry blood to the lungs

Step 1

Blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior venae cavae, flows through the right AV (tricuspid) valve

Step 6

Blood flows into the left ventricle

Step 5

Blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins, enters the left atrium and flows through the left AV (mitral) valve

Step 8

Body flows into the aorta, which carries blood into the systemic circuit

Pulmonary Arteries

Carry blood to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded. (Takes blood to the lungs)

Tunica Media

Contains smooth muscle tissue, vasoconstriction/vasodilation

what is the Coagulation Phase - 3rd Stage?

Conversion of circulating fibrinogen into the insoluble fibrin, Fibrin forms long net-like thread at the site of injury (blood clot), Blood cells and platelets get trapped in the fibrin threads and stops the bleeding

Eosinophils

Defense against parasites and allergens

what is the vascular stage- 1st stage?

Disrupted blood vessel = vasoconstriction, Endothelium of the blood vessel becomes "sticky"

Basophils

Enters damaged tissue and promotes inflammation

Step 2

Enters the right ventricle

plasma protein that plays a vital role in the clotting mechanism is ___?

Fibrinogen

atriums

Form the curved top of the heart

Types of Blood?

If RBC had antigen "A", blood type is A, If RBC had antigen "B", blood type is B, If RBC had both, blood type is AB, If RBC had neither, blood type is O

How to tell if Rh is + or -?

If Rh antigen is found on the RBC, the blood is Rh positive, Rh antigen is not found on the RBC, the blood is Rh negative

Tunica Interna

Innermost layer of blood vessel; includes endothelial lining of the vessel

ventricles

Meet at the bottom to form a pointed base

Sinoatrial (SA)

Node is also known as... the pacemaker of the heart

Which side does the Venae Cava enter?

On the right atrium

Tunica Externa

Outermost layer of blood vessel; may intertwine with adjacent tissues

Neutrophils

Phagocytic; engulf pathogens or debris in tissues (acute)

Monocytes

Phagocytic; engulf pathogens or debris in tissues (chronic)

what is the Platelet Phase - 2nd Stage?

Platelets begin to attach to the sticky endothelium, Creation of platelet plug

Lymphocytes

Produce antibodies against specific pathogens or toxins

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

Production of blood cells occurring in bone marrow

what are the formed elements in blood?

Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets

Where is the SA node located?

Right Atrium

Semilunar valves

Set of valves that guards the bases of the 2 large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers

Components of the conduction system

Sinoatrial (SA) node Pacemaker Atrioventricular (AV) node Atrioventricular (AV) bundle aka bundle of His Purkinje's fibers

pace maker

Specialized cardiac cells that generate and distribute electrical impulses over the heart to stimulate cardiac fibers

Purkinje Fibers

Spread within the muscle of the ventricle walls

Which side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins?

The Right Side

Step 7

The left ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic (semilunar) valve

Apex

The pointed end of the heart that rests on the diaphragm (it is directed toward the left hip)

Step 3

The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary (semilunar) valve

Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae

The veins that bring in blood from the upper and lower parts of the body to the heart

Why are the walls of the atria thicker?

They carry high pressure

What do the AV nodes do?

They prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Transportation

what are the functions of blood

Transportation, Regulation, Restriction, Defense, Stabilization of body temperature

What is the right AV node called?

Tricuspid Valve

name the Atrioventricular Valves

Tricuspid,Mitral, Semilunar Valves

what are valves

Valves connect each atrium to the ventricles below it

Name the various stages of hemostasis.

Vascular Phase, Platelet Phase, Coagulation Phase

Pulmonary Vein

Vein that brings blood back from the lungs to the heart

Capillary Beds

a network of capillaries

what are Antibodies

attack foreign proteins/pathogens

Arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and toward your body (Almost all arteries carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery)

Veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart Contain one-way valves that help keep blood moving toward the heart Muscle contraction helps propel blood toward the heart

what are Albumins

buffer for blood pH and maintains amount of water in bloodstream

the function of hemoglobin is to___

carry oxygen

what is Fibrinogen

clots blood during bleeding

what is hemostasis?

clotting of blood, stoppage of blood flow

Pulmonary Artery (trunk)

connects the heart to the lungs (splits into right and left pulmonary artery)

What is blood typing determined by?

determined by the type of antibody present on the cells surface.

what is the Innermost layer of the heart

endocardium, Thin layer of epithelial tissue that acts as the inner lining of the myocardium

what is the outermost layer

epicardium, Thin, transparent layer composed of epithelial tissue

Pulmonary Vein

from lungs to the heart

Mitral (bicuspid)

left atrium with the left ventricle

Aortic

left ventricle and aorta

neutrophils

leukocyte present in highest concentration in blood

basophil

leukocyte present in lowest concentration in blood

Aorta

main artery that carries nutrient-rich blood away from the heart

what are Transport proteins

molecules around the body

what is the 2nd layer of heart wall

myocardium, Bulk of the heart; made up of cardiac muscle cells

stem cells responsible for the production of hemocytoblasts oringinate in the ____

red bone marrow

Tricuspid

right atrium with right ventricle

Pulmonary

right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

Septum

separates the left and right sides

Capillaries

smallest blood vessels; can have both the qualities of arteries and veins All gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange between cells and blood takes place at the capillary level

Arterioles

smallest of arteries; precursor to capillaries

Venules

smallest of veins; link capillaries to veins

Coronary Arteries

supply walls of the heart

What is the difference between systole and diastole?

systole relaxes the contracts the heart, while diastole relaxes.

what does the Cardiovascular system consists of?

the hear, blood vessels, circulatory pathways, and blood itself.

Aorta

the largest artery in the body that sends out oxygenated blood to the body

systole definition

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

diastole definition

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

Vasoconstriction

to close the diameter of the blood vessel

Vasodilation

to open the diameter of the blood vessel

Inferior Vena Cava

vein located beneath the superior vena cava

Superior Vena Cava

vein located near the top of the heart