The Cardiovascular System
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium
Blood contains what two key components?
55% is blood plasma and 45% are formed elements - produced via hemopoiesis
Heart beats (cardiac muscle)
72 times a minute
Platelets
<1% of total blood volume Cell fragments that initiate blood clotting , Releases substances necessary to help attract other components that will plug the bleeding
a plasma protein that is necessary to maintain ph of blood is ___?
Albumin
what is plasma made of?
Albumins, Globulins, Transport proteins, Antibodies, Fibrinogen.
What is the purpose of the valves?
Allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart chambers (from the atria through the ventricles)
Where is the AV node located?
At the junction of the atria and the ventricles
What is the left AV node called?
Bicuspid or mitral valve
Step 4
Blood enters the pulmonary trunk, which divides to carry blood to the lungs
Step 1
Blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior venae cavae, flows through the right AV (tricuspid) valve
Step 6
Blood flows into the left ventricle
Step 5
Blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins, enters the left atrium and flows through the left AV (mitral) valve
Step 8
Body flows into the aorta, which carries blood into the systemic circuit
Pulmonary Arteries
Carry blood to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded. (Takes blood to the lungs)
Tunica Media
Contains smooth muscle tissue, vasoconstriction/vasodilation
what is the Coagulation Phase - 3rd Stage?
Conversion of circulating fibrinogen into the insoluble fibrin, Fibrin forms long net-like thread at the site of injury (blood clot), Blood cells and platelets get trapped in the fibrin threads and stops the bleeding
Eosinophils
Defense against parasites and allergens
what is the vascular stage- 1st stage?
Disrupted blood vessel = vasoconstriction, Endothelium of the blood vessel becomes "sticky"
Basophils
Enters damaged tissue and promotes inflammation
Step 2
Enters the right ventricle
plasma protein that plays a vital role in the clotting mechanism is ___?
Fibrinogen
atriums
Form the curved top of the heart
Types of Blood?
If RBC had antigen "A", blood type is A, If RBC had antigen "B", blood type is B, If RBC had both, blood type is AB, If RBC had neither, blood type is O
How to tell if Rh is + or -?
If Rh antigen is found on the RBC, the blood is Rh positive, Rh antigen is not found on the RBC, the blood is Rh negative
Tunica Interna
Innermost layer of blood vessel; includes endothelial lining of the vessel
ventricles
Meet at the bottom to form a pointed base
Sinoatrial (SA)
Node is also known as... the pacemaker of the heart
Which side does the Venae Cava enter?
On the right atrium
Tunica Externa
Outermost layer of blood vessel; may intertwine with adjacent tissues
Neutrophils
Phagocytic; engulf pathogens or debris in tissues (acute)
Monocytes
Phagocytic; engulf pathogens or debris in tissues (chronic)
what is the Platelet Phase - 2nd Stage?
Platelets begin to attach to the sticky endothelium, Creation of platelet plug
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies against specific pathogens or toxins
What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?
Production of blood cells occurring in bone marrow
what are the formed elements in blood?
Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets
Where is the SA node located?
Right Atrium
Semilunar valves
Set of valves that guards the bases of the 2 large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers
Components of the conduction system
Sinoatrial (SA) node Pacemaker Atrioventricular (AV) node Atrioventricular (AV) bundle aka bundle of His Purkinje's fibers
pace maker
Specialized cardiac cells that generate and distribute electrical impulses over the heart to stimulate cardiac fibers
Purkinje Fibers
Spread within the muscle of the ventricle walls
Which side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins?
The Right Side
Step 7
The left ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic (semilunar) valve
Apex
The pointed end of the heart that rests on the diaphragm (it is directed toward the left hip)
Step 3
The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary (semilunar) valve
Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae
The veins that bring in blood from the upper and lower parts of the body to the heart
Why are the walls of the atria thicker?
They carry high pressure
What do the AV nodes do?
They prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Transportation
what are the functions of blood
Transportation, Regulation, Restriction, Defense, Stabilization of body temperature
What is the right AV node called?
Tricuspid Valve
name the Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid,Mitral, Semilunar Valves
what are valves
Valves connect each atrium to the ventricles below it
Name the various stages of hemostasis.
Vascular Phase, Platelet Phase, Coagulation Phase
Pulmonary Vein
Vein that brings blood back from the lungs to the heart
Capillary Beds
a network of capillaries
what are Antibodies
attack foreign proteins/pathogens
Arteries
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and toward your body (Almost all arteries carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery)
Veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart Contain one-way valves that help keep blood moving toward the heart Muscle contraction helps propel blood toward the heart
what are Albumins
buffer for blood pH and maintains amount of water in bloodstream
the function of hemoglobin is to___
carry oxygen
what is Fibrinogen
clots blood during bleeding
what is hemostasis?
clotting of blood, stoppage of blood flow
Pulmonary Artery (trunk)
connects the heart to the lungs (splits into right and left pulmonary artery)
What is blood typing determined by?
determined by the type of antibody present on the cells surface.
what is the Innermost layer of the heart
endocardium, Thin layer of epithelial tissue that acts as the inner lining of the myocardium
what is the outermost layer
epicardium, Thin, transparent layer composed of epithelial tissue
Pulmonary Vein
from lungs to the heart
Mitral (bicuspid)
left atrium with the left ventricle
Aortic
left ventricle and aorta
neutrophils
leukocyte present in highest concentration in blood
basophil
leukocyte present in lowest concentration in blood
Aorta
main artery that carries nutrient-rich blood away from the heart
what are Transport proteins
molecules around the body
what is the 2nd layer of heart wall
myocardium, Bulk of the heart; made up of cardiac muscle cells
stem cells responsible for the production of hemocytoblasts oringinate in the ____
red bone marrow
Tricuspid
right atrium with right ventricle
Pulmonary
right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
Septum
separates the left and right sides
Capillaries
smallest blood vessels; can have both the qualities of arteries and veins All gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange between cells and blood takes place at the capillary level
Arterioles
smallest of arteries; precursor to capillaries
Venules
smallest of veins; link capillaries to veins
Coronary Arteries
supply walls of the heart
What is the difference between systole and diastole?
systole relaxes the contracts the heart, while diastole relaxes.
what does the Cardiovascular system consists of?
the hear, blood vessels, circulatory pathways, and blood itself.
Aorta
the largest artery in the body that sends out oxygenated blood to the body
systole definition
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.
diastole definition
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.
Vasoconstriction
to close the diameter of the blood vessel
Vasodilation
to open the diameter of the blood vessel
Inferior Vena Cava
vein located beneath the superior vena cava
Superior Vena Cava
vein located near the top of the heart