APUSH Period 1 Ch 7 Focus Items

Commodore Perry on Lake Erie, 1813

Naval battle in Lake Erie between the Americans and the British royal navy. The Americans defeated the British and secured Lake Erie

Election of 1800

federalists were less popular, people complained about taxes and Alien/Sedition Acts; election between two Republicans: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, both received same number of ballots; eventually the House voted for Jefferson

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation, 1793

formal announcement issued by George Washington declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain.

Agrarian republic/yeoman farmer

the basis for this belief was the conviction that farming and agriculture were the only truly beneficial and pure symbiotic relationship between man and nature

Battle of Thames/end of Tecumseh

the final battle between Tecumseh and the Colonials. The Native Americans lost, their confederacy was destroyed, and Tecumseh was killed

Jefferson's new tone in Washington

the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson as the nation's third president marked a turning point in American politics. For the next two dozen years, Republican leadership guided the nation through peace and war, while the Federalists faded as a political force

12th Amendment, 1804

the separation of voting for the President and Vice President

Federal excise tax on whiskey

to pay national debts, Hamilton proposed a tax on spirits. The most heavy task was placed on whiskey, which was produced in abundance on the frontier and resulted in the whiskey rebellion

Quasi-war with France, 1798-1800

undeclared war fought entirely at sea. Caused by the XYZ affair, Congress cut off all trade with France, navy was created. Britain acted as an ally and France finally backed down

Henry Clay

was only 34 years old serving his first term in congress; elected speaker of the House: controlled debate, packed key committees, worked tirelessly behind the scenes, and imposed order

Macon's Bill #2

was passed by Congress in 1810. It rescinded the band on trade with France and Britain but also authorized the president to reimpose the non-intercourse act on either belligerent if the other agreed to end its restrictions on US trade

British Offensive

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Failure of the militia

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War Hawks, 1811-12

A group of talented young congressmen took control of a confused situation; ardent nationalists wanted nationalists wanted to declare war on England to protect U.S. rights. through their organizational oratorical and intellectual power they won control of Congress; led Congress into a declaration of war

Alexander Hamilton/Federalists

A political party whose main goal was to strengthen the central government of the newly formed US. Alexander Hamilton was a prominent party leader, but could never become President as he wasn't born in America

Napoleon's New Empire dreams

After Spain secretly gave New Orleans to France, Napoleon continued to want to create a French empire (New Empire) in the Americans. However, after the Haitian revolt and another war between Britain and France, Napoleon decided to abandon the Americas.

Chesapeake Incident, 1807

After US and British citizens forced into British navy, some servicemen desert onto the Chesapeake. Deserters taunted old officers in Norfolk, VA. They caught the Chesapeake, but American captain refused. British attack the ship, killing 3 Americans and wounding others. Americans mad.

Jailing of Republican editors

After alien and sedition acts, republican editors were prosecuted for claiming the acts were unconstitutional through print, petitions, and private letters

Report on Public Debt, 1790

Alexander Hamilton was asked by Congress to report on national debt. It fell into 3 categories: - First: $11 million owed to foreigners: mainly France after the Revolution - Second and Third: $24 million owed to those who served, gave food, arms, and other resources in the Revolutionary effort. Hamilton then told Congress that the state debts and national debts should be combined

Pickering/Chase/Randolph

All three were high ranking Federalists. They were impeached by John Marshall and other supreme court members. This represented a shift in power from Federalists to Jeffersonian Democrats.

Re-exports/Export boom, 1803-1807

America made huge profits during this time period as U.S. exports rose from $66.5 million to $102.2 million, Re-exports, goods produced in the British, Spanish, and French islands of the Caribbean, picked up by American vessels, and then reloaded in American ports going to Europe, rose from $13.5 million to $102.2 million.

Land invasion of Canada, 1812

American Side- instead of capturing Montreal, the center or population and transportation, Americans tire themselves out with the three-pronged invasions of 1812; trio invading forces setting out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain were all beaten back shortly after they had crossed the Canadian border; British and Canadian side- much energy; early in the war, captured American fort of Michilimackinac, which commanded the upper Great Lakes and the Indian-inhabited area to the south and west; defenses led by British general Issac Brock

Economic impacts of the embargo

American exports dropped dramatically from 108 million in 1807 to 22 million in 1808, and economy slowed in every section of the country except the northeast cities. Unemployed maritime workers were in great economic despair

Burr's trial for treason, 1807

As a result of the duel, Burr organized a cloudy conspiracy to invade Mexico or Florida or help secede Louisiana. Jefferson ordered Burr to be arrested, but, since Kings frequently used the charge of treason to silence dissent, John Marshall wanted to limit the definition of treason. He and Federalists invalidated Jefferson's accusations by requiring two witnesses to an overt act of treason. At the same time, the U.S. formally separated internal dissent from treason.

Berlin and Milan Decrees, 1807

Berlin decree was issued by Napoleon. Outlawed trade with Britain. Britain then demanded neutral ships trading with Europe to stop in British port for inspection. Napoleon gave Milan Decree, saying that any ship that listened to British orders or allowed to be searched by Britain would by seized by France.

British Orders in Council

Britain's promise to seize any ship trading with French colonies in the Caribbean. (able to seize 250 American ships)

1805: Trafalgar and Austerlitz

British Navy destroyed the French and Spanish fleets at Trafalgar. Later, Napoleon's armies won over Austria and Russia at Austerlitz, winning control of Europe. There was a stalemate: France had land, British had seas

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the USA from 1801- 1835. He was a leader of the Federalist party. Many of his rulings help to strengthen the central government.

Hartford Convention, 1814

Demanded financial compensation from Washington for lost trade due to the embargos. This was the end of the Federalist party.

Federalists' programs ended by Jefferson

Despite his strict constructionist views, Jefferson did not dismantle important elements of the Federalist program. He saw no need, for example, to abolish the Bank of the United States; it was working well. Nor did Jefferson systematically replace Federalist officeholders with Republicans; rather, he filled vacancies with his supporters as Federalists resigned or died. A number of Federalists even served in his cabinet. In making judicial appointments, however, Jefferson took the upper hand.

Fort McHenry/Baltimore

During the war of 1812 the British attempted to invade Baltimore and was confronted with the 1000 American soldiers defending the Fort. This battle was Francis Scott Key's inspiration for the Star Spangled Banner. The American soldiers successfully held off the invasion and saved the City.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the Supreme Court with 6 members, along with 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeal

Election of 1796

Federalist candidate was John Adams and the Democratic Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson. Adams would carry New England and Jefferson would carry the South. Adams won due to winning New York's electoral votes. Jefferson received the second most votes, meaning that Adams became President and his opponent Jefferson became VP.

Peace Treaty of 1800

Federalists accepted their loss in the election and relinquished control of the federal government to Jefferson's party

Citizen Genet Affair

French sent Citizen Edmond Genet to the United States to enlist American aid with or without Washington's help. Tried to get Americans to harass British shipping. Also opened Caribbean trade to the Americans so they had to choose between trade with Britain or France. Once Genet heard he would be guillotined if he returned to France, married an American and became known as an American.

Creation of West Point, 1802

George Washington first proposed a military academy in 1783, but critics opposed this relatively new idea of a special school to train army officers as too European. They deemed it incompatible with democratic institutions, fearing the creation of a military aristocracy. Finally, two decades after Washington's first proposal, on 16 March 1802, the United States Military Academy officially opened. It stood on a commanding bluff overlooking the Hudson River at West Point, New York, 50 miles north of Manhattan.

High Federalists

Hamilton and followers; wanted a standing army and had an alliance with Britain

Corrupt squadron of paper men

Hamilton used government securities and stock in the Bank of the United States to buy the loyalty of members of congress. Thirty congressmen as well as others who held ties to these men owned stocks. This corrupt squadron of "paper men" enable Hamilton to control Congress.

Necessary and Proper Clause or Elastic Clause

Hamilton's argument as to why Congress was permitted to create a National Bank, claiming that the Constitution stated Congress could make "all laws which shall be necessary and proper"

George Washington/Mr. President

He was the first president of the United States; when he was elected there was a huge debate as to what title he should be given (some claimed he should go by 'his highness' like British kings). A respectful but decidedly less royal address of Mr. President was finally decided on.

Embargo/"peaceful coercion", 1807

Jefferson wanted to avoid war and risk of defeat. He suspended trade with all of Europe hurting their economy as well as keeping ships safe. Europe needed American food. Congress passed Embargo Act. Didn't work.

Republicanism vs. Monarchy

In the debate over national debt, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson opposed Alexander Hamilton, claiming his schemes would dismantle the Revolution, ending up in an angry argument about what kind of government America would finally be in place: a monarchy or a republic. Hamilton never claimed he was trying to set up a monarchy, but southerners claimed that the notes bought by northern speculators were taking profits away from soldiers, women, and orphans. "public plunder"

British support of the Indians (NW)

Iroquois had been restricted to reservations and with the help of the British were able to continue their fur trade. Many Indian tribes received hostility from the Americans and were glad to have British support

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson called his election; he believed his policies he truly represented what should've happened immediately following the revolution

Repeal of direct tax and alien and sedition acts

Jefferson pressured Congress to abolish the direct tax of 1798 and to repeal the alien and sedition acts, which were still in operation. To emphasize his opposition to the acts, Jefferson personally pardoned the ten victims of those laws who were still in prison

National capitol city compromise

Jefferson urged Madison and Hamilton to compromise, so in exchange for placing the nation's capitol on the Potomac River, so that the capitol was moved south away from economic superpower cities, Madison accepted Hamilton's debt proposals

Strict constructionism/Jefferson

Jefferson's insistence that the government had no powers beyond those specified in the constitution

Jay Treaty, 1794

John Jay, chief justice of the Supreme Court, was sent to negotiate the conflicts between US and Britain. He extracted a promise from the British to remove their troops from American territory in the northwest, but on every other point of the dispute he agreed to British terms

Executive cabinet posts

Not part of the constitution, but Washington's own decision to surround himself with advisors. Like many of Washington's decisions this became a blueprint for the decisions of later presidents.

Federalist Army and Navy

President Adams wanted to create a military prepared for war; Hamilton and followers argued for a standing army so they could enforce the Alien and Sedition acts

Republicans/Pro-French

Republicans believed that the French revolution was spreading democracy and republican ideas

Impressments of Seamen

Royal navy practice where men are taken into the navy by force. During this time period, the royal navy did this to many American ships which led to more tensions between Britain and US

Yazoo Land Scandal

Several Georgia governors from 1794-1803 sold large tracts of land at extremely low prices to political insiders. Although the law enabling the sales was overturned by reformers, the land claims were challenged in the courts for years, reaching the Supreme Court.

Strict vs loose constitution

Strict constitutionalism is the belief that government does not have power beyond those enumerated in the Constitutions (interpretations aren't valid). Loose constitutionalism allows government to take specific actions not specifically forbidden in the constitution. Jefferson was a prominent strict constitutionalist, while Hamilton was a prominent loose constitutionalist.

Federalists/Pro-British

The Federalists sympathized with the British in the war with France. They thought of the United States as a "perfected" England. Also, it would be smart to stay on good terms with Britain, considering 90% of American imports came from Britain and 90% of the federal revenue came from duties on these imports.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

The West needed ready access to markets through the river system that emptied into the Gulf of Mexico. After Spain closed the port in New Orleans to American commerce in 1802, Americans worried the Spanish would give the port to the French, so Jefferson sent a delegation to France with authorization to buy New Orleans from France. After the slave revolts in Saint-Domingue, Napoleon did not want to be involved with the Americas anymore. So, when the delegation came, he offered all of the Louisiana Territory along with New Orleans. Jefferson did not have any congressional or constitutional approval to buy the Louisiana purchase when it was offered, but because it would ensure access to the rivers of the interior, eliminate a serious foreign threat, and give American farmers enough land, he bought the territory and asked Congress to approve the treaty. The Territory cost $15 million and doubled the size of the U.S.

James Madison/Bill of Rights

The leader of the First Congress, he worked to strengthen the new government at every turn. The Bill of Rights was meant not only to insure the rights of citizens but the give congress the ability to pass more government strengthening laws in the face of an opposition who constantly argued that these decisions would infringe on the rights of American citizens.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

These documents written by James Madison (Virginia) and Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) supported the idea of having more self government and more rights for states. They opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts which extended the powers of the federal national.

Treaty of Ghent, 1814

This treaty ended the war of 1812. It returned any captured territory to the original owner of the land. Also set up commision to determine the border between the U.S. and Canada.

Future of Jefferson's republic

Wanted to oppose a strong federal government. His beliefs sparked the creation of the Democratic Republicans. He saw the U.S. as a nation of farmers not an a country whose economy was based on industry.

Treason of New England

War was very unpopular in New England and the states of Massachusetts and New York were near treasonous. It was one of the most unpopular wars in U.S. history.

Washington's Farewell Address

Washington refused to run for reelection in 1796, setting a two-term limit observed by every President until FDR. His Farewell Address, with help from Hamilton, warned against long-term alliances with other countries and internal political divisions

Neutrals Right to Trade

While France and Great Britain wanted America to take sides in their war, they still allowed America to be a neutral carrier of food since both countries had disrupted rural economies

Marbury vs. Madison, 1801

William Marbury was a justice of peace whom Thomas Jefferson eliminated in his first few days in office. Marbury sued Jefferson's secretary of state, James Madison, for his commission. Although Marbury never got his job, Chief Justice John Marshall used the case to lay down the basis for the practice of judicial review.

Battle of New Orleans/Jackson

a battle during the war of 1812 during which the British attempted to take New Orleans. The British made an irrational frontal attack and were decimated by Andrew Jackson's forces, giving him an enormous popularity boost

Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814

a battle in Alabama between Native Americans and Americans. Andrew Jackson slaughtered the Creek and Red Stick Indians to end the Creek war

Pinckney Treaty, 1796

a treaty negotiated with Spain in which Spain recognized American neutrality and set the border between the US and Spanish Florida on American terms. It also ended Spanish claims to territory in the Southwest and gave Americans the unrestricted right to navigate the Mississippi River and to trans-ship produce at the Spanish port of New Orleans.

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798

acts passed by Federalists a. Alien Enemies Act- deport foreigners who came from countries that were at war with the U.S b. Alien Friends Act- expel any alien suspected with subversive activities c. Naturalization Act- increased the residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years from 5 years d. Sedition Act- made it a federal crime to conspire against the government or say or print anything against the government

Burr/Hamilton duel, 1804

after Burr lost the presidency in 1801, Burr's further intrigues with northern Federalists broke down and led him to kill Hamilton

Creeks/Red Sticks

an alliance among two tribes to stop the Americans from taking their land. They began the Creek War.

Essex Decision, 1805

decision by Britain. Britain used their navy to blockade France and starve them. They seized US ships supplying France. Americans mad.

Tecumseh's Confederacy

during the war of 1812 the Native Americans joined the side of the british. their goal was to stop the encroachment of the Americans on Native American land. Tecumseh managed to unite many tribes with him against the Americans.

Napoleon's Gamble

happened in September 1810 when France promised with vague conditions to repeal the Berlin and Milan Decrees, and thus push U.S. into conflicts with Great Britain. U.S. was thus in dilemma that it either lived with mortifying peace or resort to because France only repealed part of the acts that applied to the neutral rights of U.S. and Britain would not revoke Orders in Council and told Americans to withdraw their restrictions on British trade until French repealed theirs.

XYZ Affair

incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries.

Aaron Burr

involved in the XYZ affair; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel; unsuccessfully ran for president; tried for conspiracy involving invading Mexico or Florida

Smuggling

occurred as a result of the Embargo Act on Northeast American farmers, who helped the British by smuggling goods to Canada, and some merchantmen even functioned as part of the British merchant marine. Napoleon seized any American ships in Europe claiming that these American ships were British ships in disguise.

John C. Calhoun

part of the War Hawks; Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

Non-intercourse Act, 1809

reopened trade with other nations than Britain and France, and also gave President Madison the power to reopen trade with either Britain or France once they had agreed to respect American rights. However, it turned ineffective as neither complied.

Judiciary Act of 1801/midnight judges

represented an effort to solve an issue in the US Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the justices of the Supreme Court to "ride circuit" and reiterate decisions made in the appellate level courts. The Supreme Court justices had often voiced concern and suggested that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided.

Wise and Frugal Government

respects the powers of the states and preserve the liberties ensured by the Bill of Rights; small federal government

Mad Anthony Wayne/Fallen Timbers, 1794

sent by Washington to fight the northwestern tribes at Fallen Timbers. His decisive victory ended the Indian-British challenge in the northwest for many years

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

settlers up and down the frontier refused to pay the Federalist excise tax on whiskey, which was a direct challenge to federal authority. In Pennsylvania mobs tarred and feathered excise officers and distillers. Washington ordered 12,000 militiamen to quell the rebellion

Jefferson's Program

simple; "The Republican Program"; small federal government; disciplined militia, agriculture and commerce, paying debts without starting new ones, reducing size and cost of government

Nullification Doctrine

state has the right to invalidate any federal law they deemed unconstitutional

French Alliance problems

the French Republic began to execute thousands of aristocrats and priests. They also declared a war on all monarchies. Washington declared American's neutrality which revoked the 1778 treaties with the French

Judicial Review

the Supreme Court's power to rule on the constitutionality of acts of Congress