Apush unit 2

"In the early part of the seventeenth century the Ojibways had already commenced the customs of yearly visiting Quebec, and afterwards Montreal, taking them packs of beaver skins and returning with firearms, blankets, trinkets and firewater of the whites... .It was many years before the... traders located a permanent trading post among the Ojibways... this tribe became supplied with firearms, and killed off the beaver in vicinity... they radiated out westward and southward... this was the country of the Dakotas and Foxes, bravely did they battle to beat back the encroaching Ojibways from their best hunting grounds, but in vain; for the invaders, besides having increased in numbers, had become possessed of fearful weapons, against which they feared to battle with their primitive bow and arrow." William Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 1885 William W. Warren, History of the Ojibway People, Second Edition (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984) The quote above best illustrates European nations' interest in? -Acquiring commodities that were valued in Europe -The development of strict racial categories -Establishing racial and cultural superiority -Ending political instability

Acquiring commodities that were valued in Europe

The political cartoon would most directly support which of the following? 0/1 Dominion of New England Albany Plan of Union Iroquois Confederacy Glorious Revolution

Albany Plan of Union

"What I found has led me to develop a new interpretation of the witchcraft crisis, one that places it firmly in the context of its very specific time and place: Essex County, Massachusetts, in the early 1690s... Historians have examined Salem Village itself, Massachusetts legal practice, and Puritan attitudes toward women, all of which provide essential background for comprehending the witchcraft crisis... [but] the dramatic events of 1692 can be fully understood only by viewing them as intricately related to concurrent political and military affairs in northern New England... frontier warfare and its impact on the collective mentalite' of an entire region." An interpretation of the Salem witchcraft crisis that emphasizes tensions regarding the role of women in Puritan New England has the most in common with which of the following? -Analysis of Eliza Pinckney's agricultural role in South Carolina -Evaluation of Lydia Hyde's mercantile role in Pennsylvania -Assessment of Mary Rowlandson's Indian hostage role in Massachusetts -Analysis of Anne Hutchinson's religious leadership role in Massachusetts

Analysis of Anne Hutchinson's religious leadership role in Massachusetts

Perhaps the most influential and successful group to convert natives in the New World were the? 0/1 English Protestants Catholic Jesuits Spanish Conquistadors All attempts to convert natives to Christianity failed in the New World

Catholic Jesuits

This map depicts economic activities that are often called the? 1/1 Mercantile system Peculiar institution Columbian Exchange "Middle passage"

Columbian Exchange

"These at the heads of James and York rivers . . . grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent often times to the Governor, . . . beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised , but did not send.. . . "During these protractions and people often slain, most or all the officers, civil and military, . . . met and concerted together, the danger of going without a commission on the one part and the continual murders of their neighbors on the other part. . . . This day lapsing and no commission come, they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Indians, after whom the Governor sent his proclamation, denouncing all rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those of estates obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men, proceeded . . . . They fired and . . . slew 150 Indians." -Samuel Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia," 1833 Bacon's Rebellion was initiated by a group of farmers who felt most directly threatened by? 0/1 Conflicts with American Indians The power of large planters An increase in royal taxes The growth of the slave trade

Conflicts with American Indians

By 1790, the population trend depicted on the graph led to the...?

Creation of new settlements on the western edge of territory occupied by European Americans

By 1790, the population trend depicted on the graph led to the? 0/1 Creation of new settlements on the western edge of territory occupied by European Americans Expansion of French influence in the Great Lakes region and in the Mississippi River valley Contraction of Spanish mission settlements in California and the Southwest Reduction of conflicts between Native Americans and European Americans

Creation of new settlements on the western edge of territory occupied by European Americans

"IV. And also be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, and it is hereby enacted, That all servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not Christians in their native country, (except Turks and Moors in amity with her majesty...) shall be accounted and be slaves, and as such be here bought and sold notwithstanding a conversion to Christianity afterwards." Which of the following contributed most directly to new slave codes that made slavery an inherited and permanent status in the Chesapeake colonies? -Rise of Southern Baptists who equated black skin with the mark of Cain -Economic need for a stable labor force after Bacon's Rebellion -Threat of Indian warfare on the frontier -Frequent intermarriage of slaves and indentured servants

Economic need for a stable labor force after Bacon's Rebellion

What conclusion can be drawn from the illustration? 0/1 Slaves were sold from Africa to Europe in exchange for manufactured goods Europe depended on manufactured goods to trade for tobacco, cotton, sugar, and molasses European merchants were most likely the transporters of slaves from Africa to the Americas Merchants often exchanged raw materials for African slaves

European merchants were most likely the transporters of slaves from Africa to the Americas

Which of the following was the most direct effect of the changes shown in the graph?

European settlers were able to gain control over Native American lands

"Loving and kind father and mother: "...this is to let you understand that I your Child am in a most heavy case by reason of the nature of this Country [which] is such that it causeth much sickness... And when we are sick there is nothing to comfort us; for since I came out of the ship, I never ate anything but peas, and loblollie (that is water gruel)... There is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go, and get it, but must work hard both early and late for a mess of water gruel, and a mouthful of bread, and beef.... [I]f you did know as much as I, when people cry out day, and night—Oh that they... would not care to lose any limb to be in England againÉ.And I have nothing to comfort me... I have nothing at all—no, not a shirt to my back but two rags, nor no clothes but one poor suit... My cloak is stolen by one of my own fellows, and to his dying hour [he] would not tell me what he did with it; but some of my fellows saw him buy butter and beef from a ship, which my cloak, [no] doubt, paid for... And he [Mr. Jackson] much marveled that you would send a servant to the Company; he saith that I had been better knocked on the head. And indeed so I find it now, to my great grief and misery; and saith if you love me you will redeem me suddenly, and for which I do entreat and beg. And if you cannot get the merchants to redeem me for some little money, then for God's sake get a gathering or entreat some good folks to lay out some little sum of money in meal and cheese and butter and beef." Letter from Richard Frethorne, indentured servant, to his parents in England, 1623 Susan Myra Kingsbury, ed., The Records of the Virginia Company of London, Volume IV (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1935) The excerpt above would be most useful to historians analyzing the? 0/1 Development of strict racial categories among British colonists Focus in colonies on gaining new sources of labor Decline in regional distinctiveness among the British colonies over time Development of more effective means of enslaving native peoples

Focus in colonies on gaining new sources of labor

The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 best explains the? -Development of economic differences between the northern and southern colonies -Colonists' difficulties in effectively resisting the British military during the American Revolution -Significant proportion of colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution -Growth of social tensions between backcountry settlers and coastal elites

Growth of social tensions between backcountry settlers and coastal elites

"And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, thatÉno sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his MajestyÉunder the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture." The Navigation Act of 1660 The policies stated in the above law can best be seen as an example of? -Enlightenment thinking -Capitalism -Communism -Mercantilism

Mercantilism

The image of William Penn with the Indians most directly reflects which of the following? 0/1 Proprietor of Pennsylvania's goal to convert Native Americans to Christianity Proprietor of Pennsylvania's goal to sell European products to the Indians in his colonial territory Proprietor of Pennsylvania's goal to relocate the Indians in his colonial territory to a designated sanctuary Proprietor of Pennsylvania's goal to establish a peaceful relationship with the Indians in his colonial territory

Proprietor of Pennsylvania's goal to establish a peaceful relationship with the Indians in his colonial territory

William Penn's commitment to reimburse the Indians for their land best reflects the influence of which of the following? 0/1 Southern planters' racial hierarchy ideas Puritan motives to convert heathens Quaker principles of equality and pacifism Colonial merchants' trade interests

Quaker principles of equality and pacifism

And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that... no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigoes, ginger, rustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed, or transported from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port, or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty, his heirs and successors, or to the kingdom of England..." Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective advocated by the Navigation Act? -Colonial American hat manufacturers -Seventeenth-century British economists -Colonial American merchants -Seventeenth-century Dutch ship captains

Seventeenth-century British economists

The illustration best serves as evidence of which of the following? -The encounters between Europeans and Native Americans were never peaceful -The Europeans and Native Americans disagreed over the beneficial effects of tobacco smoking -The contact between Europeans and Native Americans increased the flow of trade goods -Native American trappers were not always the source of the furs desired by Europeans

The contact between Europeans and Native Americans increased the flow of trade goods

The population trend for African Americans depicted on the graph resulted most directly from which of the following?

The development of an economy based on growing crops for export

"Loving and kind father and mother: "...this is to let you understand that I your Child am in a most heavy case by reason of the nature of this Country [which] is such that it causeth much sickness... And when we are sick there is nothing to comfort us; for since I came out of the ship, I never ate anything but peas, and loblollie (that is water gruel)... There is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go, and get it, but must work hard both early and late for a mess of water gruel, and a mouthful of bread, and beef.... [I]f you did know as much as I, when people cry out day, and night—Oh that they... would not care to lose any limb to be in England againÉ.And I have nothing to comfort me... I have nothing at all—no, not a shirt to my back but two rags, nor no clothes but one poor suit... My cloak is stolen by one of my own fellows, and to his dying hour [he] would not tell me what he did with it; but some of my fellows saw him buy butter and beef from a ship, which my cloak, [no] doubt, paid for... And he [Mr. Jackson] much marveled that you would send a servant to the Company; he saith that I had been better knocked on the head. And indeed so I find it now, to my great grief and misery; and saith if you love me you will redeem me suddenly, and for which I do entreat and beg. And if you cannot get the merchants to redeem me for some little money, then for God's sake get a gathering or entreat some good folks to lay out some little sum of money in meal and cheese and butter and beef." Letter from Richard Frethorne, indentured servant, to his parents in England, 1623 Susan Myra Kingsbury, ed., The Records of the Virginia Company of London, Volume IV (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1935) The sentiments expressed in the passage above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history? 0/1 Colonists becoming accustomed to a large degree of autonomy A colonial ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system The struggles of governmental organizations to address the effects of mass migrations The economic and class tensions resulting after migration to the Western Hemisphere

The economic and class tensions resulting after migration to the Western Hemisphere

At the establishment of the Atlantic World, one major impact of the events portrayed in the illustration was? 0/1 The development of indentured servitude, bringing cheap labor into the tobacco plantations in British North America The widespread practice of kidnapping American Indians to use as forced labor The increased importation of people from Africa to use as slave labor The call for more immigration to the New World by the European colonizers

The increased importation of people from Africa to use as slave labor

Which of the following contributed most to the changes shown in the graph?

The introduction of new diseases

This map reflects which of the following? 0/1 Bilateral trade Common market Spice Trade Triangle Trade

Triangle Trade

"The...hospitality of the plantation houses, where great and mean (unimportant people) were always welcome and no limit was set on the length of the visits, isn't merely a romantic story. Isolated as he was, and by nature gregarious, the planter was hungry for company and news. There were no newspapers. He could find out what was going on in the world and in the Colony only by letters and by word of mouth. So, if a strange boat beat up the river, it was hailed ashore and its passengers were invited up to the house. If a road ran near his place, the planter was likely to keep a slave posted at the entrance to his mile-long lane to invite all travelers to come in and rest a spell. The custom was so universal that innkeepers bitterly complained that it hurt their business ..." Edwin Tunis, Colonial Living (abridged) According to the interpretation which type of people were welcome in the plantations? 1/1 Fellow slave owning planters The social equal of the owners Upper class and the masses Spiritual and religious ones

Upper class and the masses

"The...hospitality of the plantation houses, where great and mean (unimportant people) were always welcome and no limit was set on the length of the visits, isn't merely a romantic story. Isolated as he was, and by nature gregarious, the planter was hungry for company and news. There were no newspapers. He could find out what was going on in the world and in the Colony only by letters and by word of mouth. So, if a strange boat beat up the river, it was hailed ashore and its passengers were invited up to the house. If a road ran near his place, the planter was likely to keep a slave posted at the entrance to his mile-long lane to invite all travelers to come in and rest a spell. The custom was so universal that innkeepers bitterly complained that it hurt their business ..." Edwin Tunis, Colonial Living (abridged) One reason why the planters invited all types of people into his house was that he? 1/1 Viewed these people as potential investors in his business Wanted to bear the news of what was going on in the world and in the colony Believed that all people, regardless of their race, were equal in the eyes of God Hoped to run for political office in the future and was trying to get their support

Wanted to bear the news of what was going on in the world and in the colony

The philosophical ideology that led to Bacon's Rebellion would have motivated which of the following groups later in America? 0/1 South Carolina politicians who supported nullification of the federal tariff in the 1830s Western Pennsylvania farmers who opposed the Whiskey Tax in the 1790s Americans in Texas who opposed the conditions Mexico imposed on them for moving into Texas in the 1830s Abolitionists who were becoming more radically antislavery in the 1850s

Western Pennsylvania farmers who opposed the Whiskey Tax in the 1790s

"My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well: provided always that first there be sufficient power to command them,... and sufficient masters... as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths, spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant." John Smith, English adventurer, A Description of New England, 1616 3. The excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following? -The interaction of English colonial settlers with native populations in the early seventeenth century -The harsh realities of life in the early seventeenth-century American colonies, including illness, high mortality rates, and starvation -The role that appeals and advertising played in encouraging men and women to participate in colonization efforts -The nature of master and apprentice relationships in England in the early seventeenth century The role that appeals and advertising played in encouraging men and women to participate in colonization efforts 4. Which of the following was a major contrast between the New England colonies and the colonies of France? -New England populations tended to be larger and more gender balanced -The French settled more often in cities and towns -The French had more conflicts with American Indians -New England developed a less rigid racial hierarchy

3. The role that appeals and advertising played in encouraging men and women to participate in colonization efforts 4.New England populations tended to be larger and more gender balanced

". ..if enslaving our fellow creatures be a practice agreeable co Christianity, it is answered in a great measure in many treatises at home, to which I refer you . . . . . . we are all apt to shift off the blame from ourselves and lay it upon others, how justly in our case you may judge. The Negroes are enslaved by the Negroes themselves before they are purchased by the masters of the ships who bring them here. It is, to be sure, at our choice whether we buy them or not, so chis then is our crime, folly, or whatever you will please to call it." -Peter Fontaine, ''A Defense of Slavery in Virginia'' ' Which of the following individuals would reject the argument of Peter Fontaine? 0/1 A former indentured servant in Virginia A plantation owner in Carolina A Quaker in Pennsylvania An Anglican in Massachusetts

A Quaker in Pennsylvania

"'But Virginia and Maryland attracted few aristocrats or gentry, except as occasional governors who soon returned home. Instead, hard driving merchants and planters of middling origins created the greatest fortunes and claimed the highest offices. As a rule, their education and manners lagged far behind their acquisition of land, servants, and political influence. That lag encouraged grumbling and disobedience by laboring people who refused deference to officials wanting in the gentility and high birth demanded by political tradition." - Excerpted from American Colonies: The Settling of North America by Alan Taylor, .. Penguin Books, 2001 Which of the following regionally based economic systems started to develop in the late 17th century? 0/1 A society based on yeoman farming An agricultural economy based on indentured servitude An economy based on cereal grain crops A plantation system based on involuntary bondage

A plantation system based on involuntary bondage

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: George Alsop, The Importance of Tobacco, 1660. "Tobacco is the only solid Staple Commodity of this Province: The use of it was first found out by the Indians many Ages agoe, and transferr'd into Christendom by that great Discoverer of America Columbus. It's generally made by all the Inhabitants of this Province, and between the months of March and April they sow the seeds the very effects of the dirt of this Province affords as great a profit to the general Inhabitant, as the Gold of Peru doth to the straight-breecht Community of the Spaniard...Tobacco is the current Coyn of Mary-Land, and will sooner purchase Commodities from the Merchant, then money." The excerpt references to the "Coyn of Mary-Land" and the "Gold of Peru" suggest that early Chesapeake colonists initially sought? -A direct route to South America -A quick source of profit such as precious metals -A model Christian society—a "city upon a hill." -An alliance with Spain in order to rebel against England

A quick source of profit such as precious metals

The political cartoon created by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 most directly reflects which of the following? 1/1 A warning to the colonists regarding the danger of rattlesnakes A warning to the American colonies to unite or be defeated by a common enemy An encouragement to the colonists to join voluntary organizations A warning to British royal officials to cooperate with colonial interests

A warning to the American colonies to unite or be defeated by a common enemy

"And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, thatÉno sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his MajestyÉunder the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture." The Navigation Act of 1660 After the Seven Years' War, Britain shifted its position on imperial regulations to? -Promote greater colonial migration to the West -Find ways to safeguard its borders and maintain neutral trading rights -Alleviate its massive debt from the war -End trading, commerce, and negotiations with -American Indians

Alleviate its massive debt from the war

The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 had which of the following effects? -A decrease in the coastal population -An increase in conflicts between British settlers and American Indians -A decrease in the economic importance of slavery and other forms of coerced labor -An increase in trade with French Canada

An increase in conflicts between British settlers and American Indians

The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 had which of the following effects? 0/1 A decrease in the coastal population An increase in conflicts between British settlers and American Indians A decrease in the economic importance of slavery and other forms of coerced labor An increase in trade with French Canada

An increase in conflicts between British settlers and American Indians

"IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience. IN WITNESS whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape-Cod... in... Anno Domini; 1620." Which of the following factors most directly contributed to the Mayflower passengers' desire to settle in British North America? -Interest in discovering a shorter trade route to China -View that England was overpopulated and their yearning for more land -Goal to establish a thriving fur commerce with the Native Americans -Belief that the Church of England was corrupt and their desire to form a separate religious community

Belief that the Church of England was corrupt and their desire to form a separate religious community

"Now the onely way to avoyde this shipwracke and to provide for our posterity is to . . . knitt together in this worke as one man, wee must entertaine each other in brotherly Affeccion, . . . soe shall wee keepe the unitie of the spirit in the bond of peace, the Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, as his owne people and will commaund a blessing upon us in all our ways . . . that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke á wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, . . . wee shall shame the faces of many of gods worthy servants, and cause theire prayers to be turned into Cursses upon till wee be consumed out of the good land whether wee are going." - John Winthrop, "City upon a Hill" sermon, 1630. What city is Winthrop referring to as the "City upon a Hill"? 0/1 Boston New York Jamestown Plymouth

Boston

"Be it therefore ordered and enacted. . . . That whatsoever person or persons within this Province...shall henceforth blasphem,e God, that is, curse Him or shall deny our Savior Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall deny the Holy Trinity . . . or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the Trinity or the Unity of the Godhead . . . shall be punished with death and confiscation or forfeiture of all his or her lands. . . .Arid whereas . . .that no person or persons whatsoever within this province, or the islands, ports, harbors, creeks, or havens thereunto belonging professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any way troubled, molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in free exercise thereof within this province or the islands thereunto belonging nor any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other Religion against his oi: her consent." -The Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649 Which of the following best summarizes the attitude toward religious beliefs expressed in this document? -All individuals should be free to believe or not believe in God as they wished -Religion was a personal matter that the government should not try to influence -Christians should be able to practice their faith without fear of persecution -The colony should be reserved for the one specific type of Christianity approved by the local government officials

Christians should be able to practice their faith without fear of persecution

"It is now fourteen weeks since the revolution of government here. Future consequences we are ignorant of, yet we know that, at present we are eased of the great oppressions that we groaned under... making the arbitrary commission of Sir Edmund Andros null and void in the law;... although some could not advise to [recommend] the enterprise, yet [all] are hopeful that we shall not be greatly blamed, but shall have a pardon granted for any error the law will charge us with in this matter. We do crave that the circumstances of our case and condition... may be considered. Nature has taught us self-preservation.... Our great remoteness from England denies us the opportunity of direction for the regulation of ourselves in all emergencies, nor have we the means to know the laws and customs of our nation.... We have always endeavored to prove ourselves loyal to the Crown of England... and we are not without hopes but that we shall receive from Their Royal Majesties the confirmation of our charter, with such addition of privileges as may advance the revenue of the Crown, and be an encouragement to Their Majesties' subjects here." Letter from Thomas Danforth of Massachusetts to a colleague in London, 1689 Thomas Danforth to the Rev. Increase Mather, 30 July 1689, in Thomas Hutchinson, A Collection of Original Papers Relative to the History of the Colony of Massachusetts-Bay (Boston, 1769). Which of the following was most likely a significant cause of the sentiments depicted in the excerpt above? -A strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority -The colonial development of commercial ties and legal structures -The diminishing regional distinctiveness of the colonies over time -Colonies that were accustomed to a large measure of autonomy

Colonies that were accustomed to a large measure of autonomy

"Competition over sugar brought an end to the first phase of imperialism , which had begin with competition over spices. At the beginning sugar had been of little importance, a minor luxury.... [as] supplies of Europe's traditional sweetener, honey, begin to fall off...sugar became readily available, it also became popular...it was discovered (1600) that fruit could be preserved in it and (1730) jam made with it. By the 1670s sugar was a trading commodity of such importance that the Dutch yielded New York to England in exchange of the sugar lands of Surinam, while in 1763 France abandoned the whole of Canada to the British for the sake of Guadalupe. But not even the most optimistic eighteenth-century sugar merchant could ever have foreseen that by the 1980s the British would be consuming 80 pounds of it per head per year, or the North Americans 126 pounds." Reay Tannahill, Food in History, 1988 Sugar became a major product in going from the Caribbean to Europe in what is now usually called the? 0/1 Market revolution Commercial revitalization of Europe Columbian Exchange Triangle Trade

Columbian Exchange

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: George Alsop, The Importance of Tobacco, 1660. "Tobacco is the only solid Staple Commodity of this Province: The use of it was first found out by the Indians many Ages agoe, and transferr'd into Christendom by that great Discoverer of America Columbus. It's generally made by all the Inhabitants of this Province, and between the months of March and April they sow the seeds the very effects of the dirt of this Province affords as great a profit to the general Inhabitant, as the Gold of Peru doth to the straight-breecht Community of the Spaniard...Tobacco is the current Coyn of Mary-Land, and will sooner purchase Commodities from the Merchant, then money." One significant result of the Chesapeake colonies' shift to a tobacco-based economy was? -The emergence of large-scale manufacturing in the colonies -A decrease in the flow of immigrants from England -Conflict with Native Americans as colonists sought more land to farm -The rise of Protestant evangelism in the Chesapeake colonies

Conflict with Native Americans as colonists sought more land to farm

"The river... is at least a league broad before the fort. Ships lie at anchor in a bay which forms the other side of the island and can be defended from the fort. Shortly before I arrived there three large vessels of 300 tons each had come to load wheat; two had found cargoes, the third could not be loaded because the savages had burnt a part of their grain. These ships came from the West Indies where the West India Company usually keeps up seventeen ships of war. No religion is publicly exercised but Calvinist, and orders are to admit none but Calvinists, but this is not observed, for there are, besides Calvinists, in the Colony Catholics, English Puritans, Lutherans, Anabaptists... When any one comes to settle in the country... he pays in to the West India Company, after ten years the tenth of the produce which he reaps." One direct long-term effect of the Dutch West India Company's preoccupation with profitable commerce in other parts of its oceanic empire was? -Abandonment and depopulation of New Netherlands -Conquest of New Netherlands by the French -Conquest of New Netherlands by the Spanish -Conquest of New Netherlands by the English

Conquest of New Netherlands by the English

"Be it enacted... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods." - English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696 One direct long-term effect of the Navigation Act was that it? -Promoted commercial treaties with Spain and France throughout the 1700s -Contributed to the rise of opposition that ultimately fostered the independence movement -Encouraged colonists in North America to expand trade agreements with American Indians -Led to the imposition of heavy taxes on the North American colonists in the early 1700s

Contributed to the rise of opposition that ultimately fostered the independence movement

"And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, thatÉno sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his MajestyÉunder the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture." The Navigation Act of 1660 What accounts most for the scant success of the above law in modifying English colonial behavior in North America? -Weak economic growth and the lack of external competition -Decades of the British government's relative indifference to colonial governance -The presence of slavery and growing colonial wars -The rejection of Anglicanism in the colonies

Decades of the British government's relative indifference to colonial governance

"English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military. Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." — Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607-18," published in 1971 In the first half of the 1600s, American Indians in Virginia and Maryland most typically responded to the English colonization described in the excerpt by? -Organizing communities to adopt English customs -Defending their territory against the English -Voluntarily moving farther west, away from the English -Allying with the French to counter English encroachment

Defending their territory against the English

''We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereigne Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britaine, France and Ireland king, defender of the faith, etc. having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honour of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politick, for our better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be -thought most meete and convenient for the generall good of the Colonie untowhich we promise all due submission and obedience." -Excerpted from the Mayflower Compact, November 11, 1620 Which of the following groups would most likely support the main concepts of the Mayflower Compact? 1/1 Delegates to the Stamp Act Congress Supporters of the Articles of Confederation Persons living in the New Harmony, Indian communal society Delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787

Which of the following contributed most directly to the large number of slaves in the southern colonies? 0/1 Puritan religious opposition to slavery in New England Southern colonies' proximity to the West Indies Imposition of heavy taxes on slave-owners in the northern colonies Development of labor-intensive, profitable crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo in the southern colonies

Development of labor-intensive, profitable crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo in the southern colonies

"Prosecuting Attorney: The Case before the court is whether Mr. Zenger is guilty of libeling His Excellency the Governor of New York... I think nothing is plainer than that the words in the information are scandalous, and tend to sedition, and to disquiet the minds of the people of this province... Mr. Hamilton: May it please Your Honor, I cannot agree with Mr. Attorney... what my client is charged with is not a libel... The question before the court and you, gentlemen of the jury, is not of small nor private concern. It is not the cause of a poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying. No! It may, in its consequence, affect every freeman that lives under a British government on the main of America. It is the best cause. It is the cause of liberty. And I make no doubt but your upright conduct, this day, will not only entitle you to the love and esteem of your fellow citizens; but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you, as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny, and, by an impartial and uncorrupt verdict, have laid a noble foundation for securing to ourselves, our posterity, and our neighbors, that to which nature and the laws of our country have given us a right—the liberty both of exposing and opposing arbitrary power (in these parts of the world, at least) by speaking and writing the truth..." The controversy highlighted in the excerpt most directly reflects which of the following? -Conflict over whether former slaves have the rights of freemen -Clash between English and Dutch legal traditions -Disagreement over whether true statements can be defined as seditious libel -Dispute between Anglican and Calvinist newspaper publishers

Disagreement over whether true statements can be defined as seditious libel

"the following story [was] related to me twenty years ago by an aged lady, who was a distant relative. 'When George,' she said,' was about six years old he was made the wealthy master of a hatchet... and was constantly going about chopping,... he unluckily tried the... hatchet... on an English cherry tree, which he barked so terribly, I don't believe the tree ever got the better of it. The next morning, the old gentleman, finding out what had happened to his tree... came into the house.... Presently George and his hatchet made their appearance. George, said his father, do you know who killed that beautiful little cherry tree.... I cannot tell a lie, Pa! You know I can't tell a lie. I did cut it with my hatchet. Run to my arms you dearest boy, cried his father in transports of joy-run to my arms; glad am I, George, that you killed my tree; for you have paid for it a thousand fold. Such a set of heroism in my son is worth more than a thousand trees."' Mason Locke Weems, The Life of George Washington, 1832 The aged lady, a distant relative of Washington who related the story to Weems about the Cherry tree, could be challenged on the historical accuracy of her account? 0/1 Because she was a Federalist partisan Due to advanced age and family relationship to Washington Her lack of historical training to make judgments about facts As a newspaper reporter she was inherently biased

Due to advanced age and family relationship to Washington

Which of the following was the most direct effect of the event depicted in the image? 0/1 One year later, Indians who felt cheated by Penn's treaty attacked Pennsylvania colonists Penn was honored by the English monarch for acquiring extensive tracts of Indian land After a decade of peace, Pennsylvania colonists massacred many Native Americans in a quarrel over land During Penn's lifetime, the Native Americans were generally at peace with the Pennsylvania colonists

During Penn's lifetime, the Native Americans were generally at peace with the Pennsylvania colonists

"It is now fourteen weeks since the revolution of government here. Future consequences we are ignorant of, yet we know that, at present we are eased of the great oppressions that we groaned under... making the arbitrary commission of Sir Edmund Andros null and void in the law;... although some could not advise to [recommend] the enterprise, yet [all] are hopeful that we shall not be greatly blamed, but shall have a pardon granted for any error the law will charge us with in this matter. We do crave that the circumstances of our case and condition... may be considered. Nature has taught us self-preservation.... Our great remoteness from England denies us the opportunity of direction for the regulation of ourselves in all emergencies, nor have we the means to know the laws and customs of our nation.... We have always endeavored to prove ourselves loyal to the Crown of England... and we are not without hopes but that we shall receive from Their Royal Majesties the confirmation of our charter, with such addition of privileges as may advance the revenue of the Crown, and be an encouragement to Their Majesties' subjects here." Letter from Thomas Danforth of Massachusetts to a colleague in London, 1689 Thomas Danforth to the Rev. Increase Mather, 30 July 1689, in Thomas Hutchinson, A Collection of Original Papers Relative to the History of the Colony of Massachusetts-Bay (Boston, 1769). 1. The excerpt above is best understood in the context of the? -Efforts by England to integrate the colonies into an imperial structure -Emergence of a transatlantic print culture -Spread of European Enlightenment ideas -Development of a close-knit homogeneous society in the New England colonies

Efforts by England to integrate the colonies into an imperial structure

The pattern depicted on the map best serves as evidence of which of the following? 1/1 Increasing homogenization of the mainland British colonies Emergence of varied labor systems in the different mainland British colonies Limited spread of Protestant evangelism in the mainland British colonies Lack of adaptability of enslaved populations to northern climates

Emergence of varied labor systems in the different mainland British colonies

"... an order came from the said Indian, Pope, in which he commanded all the Indians to break the lands and enlarge their cultivated fields, saying that now they were as they had been in ancient times, free from the labor they had performed for the religious and the Spaniards, who could not now be alive. He said that this is the legitimate cause and the reason they had for rebelling... Asked for what reason they so blindly burned the images, temples, crosses, and other things of divine worship, he stated that the said Indian, Pope... ordered in all the pueblos through which he passed that they instantly break up and burn the images of the holy Christ, the Virgin Mary and the other saints, the crosses, and everything pertaining to Christianity... [T]hey thereby returned to the state of their antiquity... that this was the better life and the one they desired, because the God of the Spaniards was worth nothing and theirs was very strong." According to this narrative of events, which of the following most directly contributed to the Pueblo Revolt? -Headright system -Plantation system -Encomienda system -Sharecropping system

Encomienda system

"As touching the quality of this country, three thinges there bee, which in fewe yeares may bring this Colony to perfection; the English plough, Vineyards, & Cattle. . . . "All our riches for the present doe consiste in Tobacco, wherein one man by his owne laboour hath in one yeare, raised to himself to the value of 200 sterling; and another by the means of sixe seruants hath cleared at one crop a thousand pound english.These be true, yet indeed rare examples, yet possible to be done by others. Our principal! wealth (I should haue said) consisteth in servants: but they are chargeable to be furnished with armes, apparel, & bed_ ding, and for their transportation, and casuall both at sea, & for their first yeare commonly at lande also: but if they escape, they proove very hardy, and sound able men." -John Pory, Secretary of Virginia, Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton, 1619 The primary market for the Virginia tobacco crop during this period was? -Virginia -England -New England -Africa

England

"That notwithstanding the ancient law of the country, made in the year 1633, that no person should sell any armes or ammunition to any Indian upon penalty of 10 [pounds] for every gun, 5 [pounds] for a pound of powder, and 40s for a pound of shot, yet the government of the Massachusetts in the year 1657, upon designe to monopolize the whole Indian trade did publish and declare that the trade of furrs... with the Indians in their jurisdiction did solely... belong to their commonwealth... giving liberty to all such as should have licence from them to sell, unto any Indian, guns, swords, powder and shot... by which means the Indians have been abundantly furnished with great store of armes and ammunition to the utter ruin... of many families in theÉcolonies to enrich some few of their relations and church members." Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of Edward Randolph in the excerpt? -embers of the Massachusetts government -Colonial Massachusetts merchants -English royal officials -Massachusetts Indian tribes

English royal officials

"Why should you destroy us, who have provided you with food? What can you get by war? We can hide our provisions, and fly into the woods; and then you must consequently famish by wronging your friends... You see us unarmed, and willing to supply your wants, if you will come in a friendly manner, and not with swords and guns, as to invade an enemy. I am not so simple, as not to know it is better to eat good meat, lie well, and sleep quietly with my women and children; to laugh and be merry with the English; and, being their friend, to have copper, hatchets, and whatever else I want, than to fly from all, to lie cold in the woods, feed upon acorns, roots, and such trash, and to be so hunted, that I cannot rest, eat, or sleep... and, Capt. Smith, this might be soon your fate too, through your rashness and unadvisedness. I, therefore, exhort you to peaceable councils; and, above all, I insist that the guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy and uneasiness, be removed and sent away." From Chief Powhatan's perspective, which of the following contributed most directly to conflict between the Native Americans and the English settlers in early seventeenth-century Virginia? -English settlers' aggressive use of force and weaponry to gain food from the Indians -English settlers' desire to acquire the Native Americans as slaves -Native Americans' refusal to trade food for manufactured items with the English settlers -Native Americans' desire to expel foreigners from their territory

English settlers' aggressive use of force and weaponry to gain food from the Indians

One direct long-term effect of the unequal distribution of slaves in the American colonies was? 0/1 Absence of racial prejudice in the northern region Early industrialization of the southern region Eruption of intense conflict between regions over the institution of slavery Increase of violent confrontations with Indians in the northern region

Eruption of intense conflict between regions over the institution of slavery

"IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience. IN WITNESS whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape-Cod... in... Anno Domini; 1620." The excerpt from the Mayflower Compact most directly reflects which of the following goals? -Mount a rebellion against the British monarchy -Establish a government for the order and preservation of the new colony -Promote the institution of slavery in the new colony -Develop trade with other European colonies in the Americas

Establish a government for the order and preservation of the new colony

"Objection 5: But what warrant have we to take that land, which is and has been of long time possessed of others, the sons of Adam? "Answer: That which is common to all is proper to none. This savage people rule over many lands without title or property; for they enclose no ground, neither have they cattle to maintain it, but remove their dwellings as they have occasion, or as they can prevail against their neighbors. And why may not Christians have liberty to go and dwell amongst them in their waste lands and woods...Secondly, there is more than enough for them and us. Thirdly, God has consumed the natives with a miraculous plague, whereby the greater part of the country is left void of inhabitants. Fourthly, we shall come in with good leave of the natives." John Winthrop, General Considerations for the Plantation in New England with an Answer to Several Objections..., 1629 The North American colonial settlements referenced in the passage above tended to? -Be economically, religiously, and ethnically diverse -Establish like-minded, close-knit, homogeneous communities -Be dedicated to converting American Indians to Christianity -Develop staple crop economies based on slave labor

Establish like-minded, close-knit, homogeneous communities

"The town is now quite filled with inhabitants, which in regard to their country, religion, and trade, are very different from each other... Every one who acknowledges God to be the Creator... is at liberty to settle, stay, and carry on his trade here, be his religious principles ever so strange. No one is here molested on account of the erroneous principles of the doctrine which he follows... On a careful consideration of what I have already said, it will be easy to conceive how this city should rise so suddenly from nothing into such grandeur and perfection... It has not been necessary to force people to come and settle here; on the contrary, foreigners of different languages have left their country, houses, property, and relations, and ventured over wide and stormy seas, in order to come hither." Pennsylvania's establishment as a proprietary colony and a tolerant refuge for a persecuted religious group had the most in common with which of the following? -Establishment of the colony of Maryland -Establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony -Establishment of the colony of Georgia -Establishment of the colony of Virginia

Establishment of the colony of Maryland

"In the early part of the seventeenth century the Ojibways had already commenced the customs of yearly visiting Quebec, and afterwards Montreal, taking them packs of beaver skins and returning with firearms, blankets, trinkets and firewater of the whites... .It was many years before the... traders located a permanent trading post among the Ojibways... this tribe became supplied with firearms, and killed off the beaver in vicinity... they radiated out westward and southward... this was the country of the Dakotas and Foxes, bravely did they battle to beat back the encroaching Ojibways from their best hunting grounds, but in vain; for the invaders, besides having increased in numbers, had become possessed of fearful weapons, against which they feared to battle with their primitive bow and arrow." William Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 1885 William W. Warren, History of the Ojibway People, Second Edition (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984) Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the fur trade described in the quote above? -There was an increased intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare -European traders rarely intermarried with native peoples -The trade stimulated cultural and demographic change -Alcohol became a regular part of the fur trade

European traders rarely intermarried with native peoples

"As soon as we landed, our Indians began to run some two hundred yards towards their enemies, who stood firm...Our Indians began to call me with loud cries... and I marched ahead until I was within some 30 yards of the enemy when I saw them make a move to draw their bows upon us, I took aim... and shot straight at one of the chiefs, and with this shot two fell to the ground....The Iroquois were much astonished that two men should have been killed so quickly, although they were provided with shields made of cotton thread woven together and wood, which were proof against their arrows. This frightened them greatly... seeing their chiefs dead, they lost courage and took to flight, abandoning the field and their fort, and fleeing into the depth of the forest, whither I pursued them and laid low still more of them. Our Indians also killed several and took ten or twelve prisoners.... After we had gained the victory, our Indians wasted no time in taking a large quantity of Indian corn and meal belonging to the enemy, as well as their shields, which they had left behind, the better to run. Having feasted, danced, and sung, we three hours later set off for home with the prisoners." Samuel de Champlain, Les Voyages, 1613 Samuel de Champlain, The Works of Samuel de Champlain, Volume II (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1925). Which of the following developments from the 19th century would compare most closely with those described in the excerpt above? 0/1 The questions raised about American Indians' status and legal rights in the 1870s and 1880s Federal efforts to control American Indian populations in the 1810s and 1820s The dispersing of tribes onto small reservations in the 1880s and 1890s The violation of treaties with American Indian nations in order to expand the lands available to settlers in the 1860s and 1870s

Federal efforts to control American Indian populations in the 1810s and 1820s

Which of the following 19th-century events is most similar to the incident depicted in -the previous illustration? 0/1 Forced migration of American Indians to the Indian Territory The government policy of forced settlement of American Indians on reservations Purposely exposing American Indians to disease in treaty settlements Indiscriminate killing of unarmed American Indians on reservations

Forced migration of American Indians to the Indian Territory

"In 1739 arrived among us from England the Rev. Mr. Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher... The Multitudes of all Sects and Denominations that attended his Sermons were enormous, and it was matter of Speculation to me who was one of the Number, to observe the extraordinary Influence of his Oratory on his Hearers, and how much they admired & respected him, notwithstanding his common Abuse of them, by assuring them they were naturally half Beasts and half Devils. It was wonderful to see the Change soon made in the Manners of our Inhabitants; from being thoughtless or indifferent about Religion, it seemed as if all the World were growing Religious; so that one could not walk thro' the Town in an Evening without Hearing Psalms sung in different Families of every Street... Mr. Whitefield, in leaving us, went preaching all the Way thro' the Colonies to Georgia." Which of the following was the most direct effect of the trend described in the excerpt? -Formation of new churches as many congregations split between New Lights (pro-Awakening) and Old Lights (anti-Awakening) -Rise of accusations and executions for witchcraft by ardent Christians -Increase in rigid class, race, and gender divisions as a result of the religious fervor -Decrease in the number of colonial colleges because of revivalists' de-emphasis on education

Formation of new churches as many congregations split between New Lights (pro-Awakening) and Old Lights (anti-Awakening)

"The river... is at least a league broad before the fort. Ships lie at anchor in a bay which forms the other side of the island and can be defended from the fort. Shortly before I arrived there three large vessels of 300 tons each had come to load wheat; two had found cargoes, the third could not be loaded because the savages had burnt a part of their grain. These ships came from the West Indies where the West India Company usually keeps up seventeen ships of war. No religion is publicly exercised but Calvinist, and orders are to admit none but Calvinists, but this is not observed, for there are, besides Calvinists, in the Colony Catholics, English Puritans, Lutherans, Anabaptists... When any one comes to settle in the country... he pays in to the West India Company, after ten years the tenth of the produce which he reaps." The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following views of the capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherlands? -Cosmopolitan center of learning and the arts -Pious capital of Calvinist orthodoxy -Fort-like trading post threatened by hostile Indians -Industrialized, densely-populated urban area

Fort-like trading post threatened by hostile Indians

"The town is now quite filled with inhabitants, which in regard to their country, religion, and trade, are very different from each other... Every one who acknowledges God to be the Creator... is at liberty to settle, stay, and carry on his trade here, be his religious principles ever so strange. No one is here molested on account of the erroneous principles of the doctrine which he follows... On a careful consideration of what I have already said, it will be easy to conceive how this city should rise so suddenly from nothing into such grandeur and perfection... It has not been necessary to force people to come and settle here; on the contrary, foreigners of different languages have left their country, houses, property, and relations, and ventured over wide and stormy seas, in order to come hither." The prosperity and populousness of Philadelphia described by Peter Kalm best reflect the influence of which of the following? -Religious orthodoxy -Racial hierarchy -Freedom of religion -Royal authority

Freedom of religion

"In excelsis gloria. Within a lodge of broken bark The tender babe was found A ragged robe of rabbit skin En-wrapped His beauty round But as the hunter braves drew nigh The angel song rang loud and high [Refrain] Jesus your King is born Jesus is born The earliest moon of wintertime Is not so round and fair As was the ring of glory On the helpless Infant there The chiefs from far before Him knelt With gifts of fox and beaver pelt [Refrain]" Huron Carol or "Twas in the moon of wintertime," composed by Jean de BrŽbeuf in the Native American language of the Huron people in 1643, translated by Jesse Edgar Middleton "Jesous Ahatonhia (The Huron Carol)" in Canadian Poetry in English, compiled by Bliss Carman, Lorne Pierce, and V.B. Rhodenizer (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1954). The song above was most likely a 17th-century artifact from European colonization efforts of the -English -French -Portuguese -Spanish

French

"In the early part of the seventeenth century the Ojibways had already commenced the customs of yearly visiting Quebec, and afterwards Montreal, taking them packs of beaver skins and returning with firearms, blankets, trinkets and firewater of the whites... .It was many years before the... traders located a permanent trading post among the Ojibways... this tribe became supplied with firearms, and killed off the beaver in vicinity... they radiated out westward and southward... this was the country of the Dakotas and Foxes, bravely did they battle to beat back the encroaching Ojibways from their best hunting grounds, but in vain; for the invaders, besides having increased in numbers, had become possessed of fearful weapons, against which they feared to battle with their primitive bow and arrow." William Warren, History of the Ojibway People, 1885 William W. Warren, History of the Ojibway People, Second Edition (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984) The primary motivation of European colonizers to trade with and arm American Indians was to? -Intensify conflict between settlers and native peoples -Establish communities of like-minded believers -Reinforce a strong belief in racial and cultural superiority -Gain allies for European conflicts that spread to North America

Gain allies for European conflicts that spread to North America

"Competition over sugar brought an end to the first phase of imperialism , which had begin with competition over spices. At the beginning sugar had been of little importance, a minor luxury.... [as] supplies of Europe's traditional sweetener, honey, begin to fall off...sugar became readily available, it also became popular...it was discovered (1600) that fruit could be preserved in it and (1730) jam made with it. By the 1670s sugar was a trading commodity of such importance that the Dutch yielded New York to England in exchange of the sugar lands of Surinam, while in 1763 France abandoned the whole of Canada to the British for the sake of Guadalupe. But not even the most optimistic eighteenth-century sugar merchant could ever have foreseen that by the 1980s the British would be consuming 80 pounds of it per head per year, or the North Americans 126 pounds." Reay Tannahill, Food in History, 1988 According to the passage above sugar became so important that European countries? 0/1 Used it as a form of money Gave up larger land areas for smaller ones that produced it Made alliances to fight the British to keep them from gaining a sugar monopoly Went into debt producing it

Gave up larger land areas for smaller ones that produced it

"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders. In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 1,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors Some Pueblo leaders urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans." The conflict described in the excerpt led primarily to which of the following changes in Spanish colonial policy? -Scaling back of the Spanish presence in North America -Widespread use of warfare to maintain control of Native Americans -Removal of Native Americans to reservations -Greater accommodations to Native American cultures

Greater accommodations to Native American cultures

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous.... It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's open-air preaching contributed most directly to which of the following trends? -Greater independence and diversity of thought -The growth of the ideology of republican motherhood -Movement of settlers to the backcountry -The pursuit of social reform

Greater independence and diversity of thought

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous.... It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's open-air preaching contributed most directly to which of the following trends? -The growth of the ideology of republican motherhood -Greater independence and diversity of thought -Movement of settlers to the backcountry -The pursuit of social reform

Greater independence and diversity of thought

"...Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion has frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this Province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants thereof. Be it therefore enacted that no person or persons whatever in the Province... professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within the Province... nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion against his or her consent, so [long] as they not be unfaithful to the Lord Proprietary, or molest or conspire against the civil government established in this Province under him..." Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644 William Hand Browne, ed., Archives of Maryland (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1883). The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following? 0/1 Resistance to imperial control in the British colonies The British government's indifference to colonial governance Greater religious independence in the colonies A strong belief in British cultural superiority

Greater religious independence in the colonies

"I conceive there lies a clear rule that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. "If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away?" "The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God." -Anne Hutchinson, 1630s The excerpts from Anne Hutchinson best represent which of the following developments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s? -Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities -Efforts to raise the level of education for young girls and women -Growing disagreement over the expansion of legal rights in the colonial charter -Efforts by colonial women to establish independent communities separate from men

Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities

The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 best explains the? 1/1 Colonists' difficulties in effectively resisting the British military during the American Revolution Growth of social tensions between backcountry settlers and coastal elites Significant proportion of colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution Development of economic differences between the northern and southern colonies

Growth of social tensions between back country settlers and coastal elites

"Now the onely way to avoyde this shipwracke and to provide for our posterity is to . . . knitt together in this worke as one man, wee must entertaine each other in brotherly Affeccion, . . . soe shall wee keepe the unitie of the spirit in the bond of peace, the Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, as his owne people and will commaund a blessing upon us in all our ways . . . that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke á wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, . . . wee shall shame the faces of many of gods worthy servants, and cause theire prayers to be turned into Cursses upon till wee be consumed out of the good land whether wee are going." - John Winthrop, "City upon a Hill" sermon, 1630. Which of the following supports Winthrop's vision for his "City upon a Hill"? 0/1 He sought to establish a religious society that was accepting of all peoples and different religious beliefs He wanted to create a city based on purified Anglicanism and devoted to a Protestant work ethic He wanted to establish a religious missionary to convert native peoples to Protestantism to gain favor within the Anglican Church He wanted his community to be a successful economic 'venture to pay off the joint-stock company that financed his establishment of a new city

He wanted to create a city based on purified Anglicanism and devoted to a Protestant work ethic

"Prosecuting Attorney: The Case before the court is whether Mr. Zenger is guilty of libeling His Excellency the Governor of New York... I think nothing is plainer than that the words in the information are scandalous, and tend to sedition, and to disquiet the minds of the people of this province... Mr. Hamilton: May it please Your Honor, I cannot agree with Mr. Attorney... what my client is charged with is not a libel... The question before the court and you, gentlemen of the jury, is not of small nor private concern. It is not the cause of a poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying. No! It may, in its consequence, affect every freeman that lives under a British government on the main of America. It is the best cause. It is the cause of liberty. And I make no doubt but your upright conduct, this day, will not only entitle you to the love and esteem of your fellow citizens; but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you, as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny, and, by an impartial and uncorrupt verdict, have laid a noble foundation for securing to ourselves, our posterity, and our neighbors, that to which nature and the laws of our country have given us a right—the liberty both of exposing and opposing arbitrary power (in these parts of the world, at least) by speaking and writing the truth..." Which of the following was the most direct effect of the trial of Mr. Zenger? -His acquittal by the jury resulted in the repeal of the English law against seditious libel -The jury's guilty verdict led to Mr. Zenger's imprisonment and stifled colonists' criticism of royal officials -His acquittal by the jury was a victory for the concept of freedom of the press in the colonies -The hung jury was unable to agree on a verdict so the issue was unresolved

His acquittal by the jury was a victory for the concept of freedom of the press in the colonies

"the following story [was] related to me twenty years ago by an aged lady, who was a distant relative. 'When George,' she said,' was about six years old he was made the wealthy master of a hatchet... and was constantly going about chopping,... he unluckily tried the... hatchet... on an English cherry tree, which he barked so terribly, I don't believe the tree ever got the better of it. The next morning, the old gentleman, finding out what had happened to his tree... came into the house.... Presently George and his hatchet made their appearance. George, said his father, do you know who killed that beautiful little cherry tree.... I cannot tell a lie, Pa! You know I can't tell a lie. I did cut it with my hatchet. Run to my arms you dearest boy, cried his father in transports of joy-run to my arms; glad am I, George, that you killed my tree; for you have paid for it a thousand fold. Such a set of heroism in my son is worth more than a thousand trees."' Mason Locke Weems, The Life of George Washington, 1832 The moral of the story that Weems was trying to convey was based on which Ben Franklin saying from Poor Richards' Almanac? 1/1 Honesty is the best policy Fools make feast and wise men eat them A small leak will sink a great ship Make haste slowly

Honesty is the best policy

"When an Indian Child has been brought up among us, taught our language and habituated to our Customs, yet if he goes to see his relations and makes one Indian Ramble with them, there is no persuading [sic] him ever to return. [But] when white persons of either sex have been taken prisoners young by the Indians, and lived a while among them, tho' ransomed by their Friends, and treated with all imaginable tenderness to prevail with them to stay among the English, yet in a Short time they become disgusted with our manner of life, and the care and pains that are necessary to support it, and take the first good Opportunity of escaping again into the Woods, from whence there is no reclaiming them." Benjamin Franklin, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin , IV, 1961 The point of view in the above document makes all of the following conclusions EXCEPT? 0/1 Indian children raised by the English will return to the Indian ways at the first opportunity Whites raised by the Indians and then returned to English culture take the first opportunity to return to Indian culture Whites after living with Indians, when returned to the English culture soon become disgusted with the manner of life and the pains that are necessary to support it and return to the Woods If an Indian is taught the English language he will remain with his English captors even if the opportunity arises for him to escape back to his Indian culture

If an Indian is taught the English language he will remain with his English captors even if the opportunity arises for him to escape back to his Indian culture

One significant result of the popularity of beaver fur hats in Europe was? -Exploration of and early European settlement in South America -Extinction of the North American beaver and its replacement by the New Guinean beaver -Spread of a disease caused by a beaver-borne parasite -Increase in North American tribal warfare as Indians competed to supply beaver furs to European traders s

Increase in North American tribal warfare as Indians competed to supply beaver furs to European traders

"The town is now quite filled with inhabitants, which in regard to their country, religion, and trade, are very different from each other... Every one who acknowledges God to be the Creator... is at liberty to settle, stay, and carry on his trade here, be his religious principles ever so strange. No one is here molested on account of the erroneous principles of the doctrine which he follows... On a careful consideration of what I have already said, it will be easy to conceive how this city should rise so suddenly from nothing into such grandeur and perfection... It has not been necessary to force people to come and settle here; on the contrary, foreigners of different languages have left their country, houses, property, and relations, and ventured over wide and stormy seas, in order to come hither." Kalm's description of Philadelphia inhabitants most clearly illustrates which of the following developments in the eighteenth century? -Extension of voting rights to blacks and Indians -Increase in English immigration to British North America -First participation of female colonists in urban life -Increase in non-English immigration to British North America

Increase in non-English immigration to British North America

Which of the following contributed most directly to the increase in the number of slaves transported to the New World after 1700? -Effectiveness of the shipping efforts made by the American Colonization Society -Increased European reliance on slave labor in response to the high cost of indentured servants and the dwindling supply of Native American laborers -Widespread promotional advertisements initiated by slave traders in the Caribbean islands -Rise in the number of droughts, famines, and tribal conflicts that impoverished areas of Africa

Increased European reliance on slave labor in response to the high cost of indentured servants and the dwindling supply of Native American laborers

"Not to look back further than the troubles that were between the Colony of New Plymouth and Philip, sachem [tribal chief] of Mount Hope, in the year 1671, it may be remembered that... [he] was the... offending party; and that Plymouth had just cause to take up arms against him; and it was then agreed that he should pay that colony a certain sum of money, in part of their damage and charge by him....But sometime last winter the Governor of Plymouth was informed by Sassamon, a faithful Indian, that the said Philip was undoubtedly endeavoring to raise new troubles, and was endeavoring to engage all the sachems round about in a war against us.... About a week after John Sassamon had given his information, he was barbarously murdered by some Indians for his faithfulness to the interest of God and of the English.... Philip and his men continued constantly in arms, many strange Indians from several places flocked in to himÉearnest for a warÉgiven leave to kill Englishmen's cattle and rob their houses... on 14th June our Council wrote an amicable friendly letter to Philip therein showing our dislike of his practices; and advising him.... not to suffer himself.... concerning us, who intended no wrong or hurt towards him... thus slow were we and unwilling to engage ourselves and our neighbors in a war; having many insolencies almost intolerable from them, of whose hands we had deserved better." Josiah Winslow and Thomas Hinckley, Commissioners of the Plymouth Colony, 1675 Francis Baylies, An Historical Memoir of the Colony of New Plymouth (Boston: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, 1830) The beliefs and concerns expressed in the excerpt above most immediately resulted in which of the following? 0/1 The formation of new political alliances between various tribes and European powers Greater religious evangelism and diversity An accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture Increased intensity and destructiveness in European-American Indian warfare

Increased intensity and destructiveness in European-American Indian warfare

The previous illustration best depicts which of the following outcomes from the early Atlantic World? 0/1 Interaction of Africans and Europeans resulted in the deaths of thousands due to bubonic plague Thousands of Europeans died of disease as a result of interactions with Native Americans Increased exploitation of local resources led to starvation among various Native Americans Increased interactions between Europeans and Native Americans led to the deaths of millions by diseases such as smallpox

Increased interactions between Europeans and Native Americans led to the deaths of millions by diseases such as smallpox

By the 1860s, the long-term effects of the population trends depicted on the graph most directly contributed to the? 0/1 Increased political tensions between the Northern and Southern states Relocation of the remaining American Indian groups to reservations in the Dakotas Faster population growth in the Southern states than in the Northern states Redistribution of land in the South to African Americans who cultivated it

Increased political tensions between the Northern and Southern states

"Be it enacted... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods." - English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696 The goals presented in the excerpt from the act have the most in common with which of the following? -Increases in the federal tariff in the late 1820s -Progressive Era antitrust reforms in the 1900s -Free-trade policies in the 1990s -Federal tax reductions in the 2000s

Increases in the federal tariff in the late 1820s

"As touching the quality of this country, three thinges there bee, which in fewe yeares may bring this Colony to perfection; the English plough, Vineyards, & Cattle. . . . "All our riches for the present doe consiste in Tobacco, wherein one man by his owne laboour hath in one yeare, raised to himself to the value of 200 sterling; and another by the means of sixe seruants hath cleared at one crop a thousand pound english.These be true, yet indeed rare examples, yet possible to be done by others. Our principal! wealth (I should haue said) consisteth in servants: but they are chargeable to be furnished with armes, apparel, & bed_ ding, and for their transportation, and casuall both at sea, & for their first yeare commonly at lande also: but if they escape, they proove very hardy, and sound able men." -John Pory, Secretary of Virginia, Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton, 1619 Which of the following groups made up most of the servants referred to in the passage? -American Indians -Indentured servants from Europe -Enslaved Africans -Women whose husbands had escaped

Indentured servants from Europe

"Be it enacted... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods." - English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following goals for England's North American colonies? -Developing them as a producer of manufactured goods -Aiding them in developing trade with other European nations -Integrating them into a coherent imperial structure based on mercantilism -Protecting them from American Indian attacks

Integrating them into a coherent imperial structure based on mercantilism

Socially, much like the French, the Dutch were successful at which of the following? 0/1 Intermarriage with Native Americans Developing and promoting the slave trade The establishment of permanent colonies by settling entire families in their colonies Establishing colonies with tolerance for all religions

Intermarriage with Native Americans

And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that... no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigoes, ginger, rustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed, or transported from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port, or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty, his heirs and successors, or to the kingdom of England..." One significant result of the Navigation Act's mercantilist policy was the? -Involvement of many colonists in illegal trade with other nations -Rise in protests by seventeenth-century colonists -Ending of the Triangle Trade -Decrease in prosperity in the American colonies in the early 1700s

Involvement of many colonists in illegal trade with other nations

"Objection 5: But what warrant have we to take that land, which is and has been of long time possessed of others, the sons of Adam? "Answer: That which is common to all is proper to none. This savage people rule over many lands without title or property; for they enclose no ground, neither have they cattle to maintain it, but remove their dwellings as they have occasion, or as they can prevail against their neighbors. And why may not Christians have liberty to go and dwell amongst them in their waste lands and woods...Secondly, there is more than enough for them and us. Thirdly, God has consumed the natives with a miraculous plague, whereby the greater part of the country is left void of inhabitants. Fourthly, we shall come in with good leave of the natives." John Winthrop, General Considerations for the Plantation in New England with an Answer to Several Objections..., 1629 What was the impact of the miraculous plague mentioned in the excerpt above? -It stimulated cultural and demographic change -It led to European accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture -It increased British colonists' acceptance of intermarriage with native peoples -It collapsed the fur trade and lessened access to trade goods

It stimulated cultural and demographic change

"As touching the quality of this country, three thinges there bee, which in fewe yeares may bring this Colony to perfection; the English plough, Vineyards, & Cattle. . . . "All our riches for the present doe consiste in Tobacco, wherein one man by his owne laboour hath in one yeare, raised to himself to the value of 200 sterling; and another by the means of sixe seruants hath cleared at one crop a thousand pound english.These be true, yet indeed rare examples, yet possible to be done by others. Our principal! wealth (I should haue said) consisteth in servants: but they are chargeable to be furnished with armes, apparel, & bed_ ding, and for their transportation, and casuall both at sea, & for their first yeare commonly at lande also: but if they escape, they proove very hardy, and sound able men." -John Pory, Secretary of Virginia, Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton, 1619 What did Pory predict for the future of Virginia? -It would approach "perfection" because of agricultural products -It would prosper by selling "armes, apparel, & bedding" -It would decline if its "riches" continued to "consiste in Tobacco" -It would collapse unless it found laborers who were "very hardy"

It would approach "perfection" because of agricultural products

"'But Virginia and Maryland attracted few aristocrats or gentry, except as occasional governors who soon returned home. Instead, hard driving merchants and planters of middling origins created the greatest fortunes and claimed the highest offices. As a rule, their education and manners lagged far behind their acquisition of land, servants, and political influence. That lag encouraged grumbling and disobedience by laboring people who refused deference to officials wanting in the gentility and high birth demanded by political tradition." - Excerpted from American Colonies: The Settling of North America by Alan Taylor, .. Penguin Books, 2001 Which of the following 19th-century political groups would agree with the analysis offered by Alan Taylor in regard to themselves? 0/1 Jeffersonian Republicans 1830s/1840s Whigs Jacksonian Democrats Know-Nothings

Jacksonian Democrats

"Be it therefore ordered and enacted. . . . That whatsoever person or persons within this Province...shall henceforth blasphem,e God, that is, curse Him or shall deny our Savior Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall deny the Holy Trinity . . . or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the Trinity or the Unity of the Godhead . . . shall be punished with death and confiscation or forfeiture of all his or her lands. . . .Arid whereas . . .that no person or persons whatsoever within this province, or the islands, ports, harbors, creeks, or havens thereunto belonging professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any way troubled, molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in free exercise thereof within this province or the islands thereunto belonging nor any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other Religion against his oi: her consent." -The Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649 -Jews -Puritans -Quakers -Roman Catholics

Jews

"Objection 5: But what warrant have we to take that land, which is and has been of long time possessed of others, the sons of Adam? "Answer: That which is common to all is proper to none. This savage people rule over many lands without title or property; for they enclose no ground, neither have they cattle to maintain it, but remove their dwellings as they have occasion, or as they can prevail against their neighbors. And why may not Christians have liberty to go and dwell amongst them in their waste lands and woods...Secondly, there is more than enough for them and us. Thirdly, God has consumed the natives with a miraculous plague, whereby the greater part of the country is left void of inhabitants. Fourthly, we shall come in with good leave of the natives." John Winthrop, General Considerations for the Plantation in New England with an Answer to Several Objections..., 1629 The author of the excerpt above was most interested in? -Participating in the fur trade with the native communities -Generating great wealth for the king in England -Converting American Indians to Christianity -Justifying the takeover of American Indian lands

Justifying the takeover of American Indian lands

"That notwithstanding the ancient law of the country, made in the year 1633, that no person should sell any armes or ammunition to any Indian upon penalty of 10 [pounds] for every gun, 5 [pounds] for a pound of powder, and 40s for a pound of shot, yet the government of the Massachusetts in the year 1657, upon designe to monopolize the whole Indian trade did publish and declare that the trade of furrs... with the Indians in their jurisdiction did solely... belong to their commonwealth... giving liberty to all such as should have licence from them to sell, unto any Indian, guns, swords, powder and shot... by which means the Indians have been abundantly furnished with great store of armes and ammunition to the utter ruin... of many families in theÉcolonies to enrich some few of their relations and church members." Which of the following was the most direct effect of King Philip's War? -Decline in church membership among the Puritans -Increase in the number of Indians who became Christian converts -Growing influence of Quakers in New England -Large number of Native Americans' and colonists' deaths

Large number of Native Americans' and colonists' deaths

"What I found has led me to develop a new interpretation of the witchcraft crisis, one that places it firmly in the context of its very specific time and place: Essex County, Massachusetts, in the early 1690s... Historians have examined Salem Village itself, Massachusetts legal practice, and Puritan attitudes toward women, all of which provide essential background for comprehending the witchcraft crisis... [but] the dramatic events of 1692 can be fully understood only by viewing them as intricately related to concurrent political and military affairs in northern New England... frontier warfare and its impact on the collective mentalite' of an entire region." One direct long-term effect of the mass hysteria of the Salem witch trials was that it? -Increased the number of trials of people suspected of sorcery in eighteenth-century America -Led to the decline of Salem as a seaport in eighteenth-century America -Largely ended the execution of people for explicitly religious reasons in North America -Led to the transformation of Massachusetts into a crown colony under a royal governor's authority

Largely ended the execution of people for explicitly religious reasons in North America

"The Declaration of the People. 1. For having upon specious pretences of publiqe works raised greate unjust taxes upon the Comonality for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends, but noe visible effects in any measure adequate, For not haveing dureing this long time of his Gouvernement in any measure advanced this hopefull Colony either by fortificacons Townes or Trade... 4. For having protected, favoured, and Imboldned the Indians against his Majesties loyall subjects, never contriveing, requireing, or appointing any due or proper meanes of satisfaction for theire many Invasions, robberies, and murthers comitted upon us..." One direct long-term effect of the Stono Rebellion was that it? -Stimulated a South Carolina movement for the emancipation of slaves -Led the South Carolina planters to permanently curtail the rights of slaves to assemble with one another -Prompted the South Carolina legislature to permanently prohibit overly harsh punishments of slaves -Encouraged South Carolina slaveholders to evangelize and educate slaves

Led the South Carolina planters to permanently curtail the rights of slaves to assemble with one another

"English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military. Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." — Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607-18," published in 1971 3. Compared to New England, early English settlement in Virginia and Maryland was characterized by? -Lower life expectancy, a larger population of indentured servants, and a greater gender imbalance -Lower life expectancy, many immigrants from Spanish colonies, and a diversified economy -Higher life expectancy, government-organized at the village level, and an established church -Higher life expectancy, greater population diversity, and rapid urbanization

Lower life expectancy, a larger population of indentured servants, and a greater gender imbalance

"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders. In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 1,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors Some Pueblo leaders urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans." English colonization patterns in North America differed most from Spanish colonization in that the English...? -More often settled as families and rarely intermarried with Native Americans -Relied more on coerced labor from Native Americans -Enjoyed relatively peaceful relations with Native Americans -Adopted some of Native Americans' more egalitarian views on the roles of women

More often settled as families and rarely intermarried with Native Americans

"The Declaration of the People. 1. For having upon specious pretences of publiqe works raised greate unjust taxes upon the Comonality for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends, but noe visible effects in any measure adequate, For not haveing dureing this long time of his Gouvernement in any measure advanced this hopefull Colony either by fortificacons Townes or Trade... 4. For having protected, favoured, and Imboldned the Indians against his Majesties loyall subjects, never contriveing, requireing, or appointing any due or proper meanes of satisfaction for theire many Invasions, robberies, and murthers comitted upon us..." The events of the Stono Rebellion described in the excerpt have the most in common with which of the following? -Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1831 -Pueblo Revolt, 1680 -The Glorious Revolution, 1689 -Bacon's Rebellion, 1676

Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1831

"Prosecuting Attorney: The Case before the court is whether Mr. Zenger is guilty of libeling His Excellency the Governor of New York... I think nothing is plainer than that the words in the information are scandalous, and tend to sedition, and to disquiet the minds of the people of this province... Mr. Hamilton: May it please Your Honor, I cannot agree with Mr. Attorney... what my client is charged with is not a libel... The question before the court and you, gentlemen of the jury, is not of small nor private concern. It is not the cause of a poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying. No! It may, in its consequence, affect every freeman that lives under a British government on the main of America. It is the best cause. It is the cause of liberty. And I make no doubt but your upright conduct, this day, will not only entitle you to the love and esteem of your fellow citizens; but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you, as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny, and, by an impartial and uncorrupt verdict, have laid a noble foundation for securing to ourselves, our posterity, and our neighbors, that to which nature and the laws of our country have given us a right—the liberty both of exposing and opposing arbitrary power (in these parts of the world, at least) by speaking and writing the truth..." The language used by Mr. Hamilton in the excerpt most clearly reveals the influence of which of the following? -Natural rights theory -Social Darwinism theory -Divine right of kings theory -Marxist theory

Natural rights theory

The fur-trading economy of the colony of New France had the most in common with the enterprise of which of the following? -New Spain -New Netherlands -New England -The Chesapeake

New Netherlands

"And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, thatÉno sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his MajestyÉunder the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture." The Navigation Act of 1660 Which of the following had the most impact in shaping colonial resistance to the above law? -Political thought shaped by the Enlightenment -Conflicts with American Indian groups -The growth of the African slave trade -Colonial dedication to mercantilist principles

Political thought shaped by the Enlightenment

"That notwithstanding the ancient law of the country, made in the year 1633, that no person should sell any armes or ammunition to any Indian upon penalty of 10 [pounds] for every gun, 5 [pounds] for a pound of powder, and 40s for a pound of shot, yet the government of the Massachusetts in the year 1657, upon designe to monopolize the whole Indian trade did publish and declare that the trade of furrs... with the Indians in their jurisdiction did solely... belong to their commonwealth... giving liberty to all such as should have licence from them to sell, unto any Indian, guns, swords, powder and shot... by which means the Indians have been abundantly furnished with great store of armes and ammunition to the utter ruin... of many families in theÉcolonies to enrich some few of their relations and church members." In concluding that the Europeans had to be expelled, Metacom, the leader of King Philip's War, had the most in common with which one of the following? -Pope, the leader of the Pueblo Revolt -Bacon, the leader of Bacon's Rebellion -Cato, the leader of the Stono Rebellion -Leisler, the leader of Leisler's Rebellion

Pope, the leader of the Pueblo Revolt

"The...hospitality of the plantation houses, where great and mean (unimportant people) were always welcome and no limit was set on the length of the visits, isn't merely a romantic story. Isolated as he was, and by nature gregarious, the planter was hungry for company and news. There were no newspapers. He could find out what was going on in the world and in the Colony only by letters and by word of mouth. So, if a strange boat beat up the river, it was hailed ashore and its passengers were invited up to the house. If a road ran near his place, the planter was likely to keep a slave posted at the entrance to his mile-long lane to invite all travelers to come in and rest a spell. The custom was so universal that innkeepers bitterly complained that it hurt their business ..." Edwin Tunis, Colonial Living (abridged) Complaints by innkeepers about the hospitality of the planters hurting their business are similar to the complaints of modem day hotels who try to stop which enterprise? 1/1 Roadside motels Bed and breakfasts Destination resorts Private home vacation rentals

Private home vacation rentals

Attempts to convert natives were often coercive and led to violence, which in turn led to what uprising in 1680? 0/1 Pontiac's Rebellion Battle of Acoma Pueblo Revolt Bacon's Rebellion

Pueblo Revolt

"MR. NOWELL [ASSISTANT TO THE COURT]: How do you know that was the spirit? MRS. H: How did Abraham know that it was God that bid him offer his son, being a breach of the sixth commandment? DEP. GOV.: By an immediate voice. MRS. H.: So to me by an immediate revelation. DEP. GOV.: How! An immediate revelation. MRS. H.: By the voice of his own spirit to my soul. I will give you another scripture, Jer[emiah] 46:27-28—out of which the Lord showed me what he would do for meÉTherefore, I desire you toÉconsider and look what you do... if you go on in this course you begin, you will bring a curse upon you and your posterity and the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. DEP. GOV.: What is the scripture she brings?... GOV.: I am persuaded that the revelation she brings forth is delusion... [Mrs. Hutchinson was found guilty.]" Which of the following most directly led to the banishment of Anne Hutchinson from Massachusetts Bay Colony? -Fear of the spread of disease and the shortage of food supplies -Puritan anxiety about imminent attacks by the Pequot Indians -Puritan efforts to ensure religious uniformity and create a model Christian society—a "city upon a hill" -Puritan concerns about an impending French Catholic invasion of the colony

Puritan efforts to ensure religious uniformity and create a model Christian society—a "city upon a hill"

"MR. NOWELL [ASSISTANT TO THE COURT]: How do you know that was the spirit? MRS. H: How did Abraham know that it was God that bid him offer his son, being a breach of the sixth commandment? DEP. GOV.: By an immediate voice. MRS. H.: So to me by an immediate revelation. DEP. GOV.: How! An immediate revelation. MRS. H.: By the voice of his own spirit to my soul. I will give you another scripture, Jer[emiah] 46:27-28—out of which the Lord showed me what he would do for meÉTherefore, I desire you toÉconsider and look what you do... if you go on in this course you begin, you will bring a curse upon you and your posterity and the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. DEP. GOV.: What is the scripture she brings?... GOV.: I am persuaded that the revelation she brings forth is delusion... [Mrs. Hutchinson was found guilty.]" The controversy highlighted in the excerpt most directly reflects which of the following? -Anabaptist emphasis on adult baptism -Quaker dependence on inward spiritual guidance -Catholic reliance on papal authority and church tradition -Puritan emphasis on the Bible as the source of religious authority

Puritan emphasis on the Bible as the source of religious authority

"Now the onely way to avoyde this shipwracke and to provide for our posterity is to . . . knitt together in this worke as one man, wee must entertaine each other in brotherly Affeccion, . . . soe shall wee keepe the unitie of the spirit in the bond of peace, the Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, as his owne people and will commaund a blessing upon us in all our ways . . . that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke á wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, . . . wee shall shame the faces of many of gods worthy servants, and cause theire prayers to be turned into Cursses upon till wee be consumed out of the good land whether wee are going." - John Winthrop, "City upon a Hill" sermon, 1630. To what group of people is John Winthrop speaking? 0/1 Pilgrims Puritans Separatists Parliament

Puritans

"In excelsis gloria. Within a lodge of broken bark The tender babe was found A ragged robe of rabbit skin En-wrapped His beauty round But as the hunter braves drew nigh The angel song rang loud and high [Refrain] Jesus your King is born Jesus is born The earliest moon of wintertime Is not so round and fair As was the ring of glory On the helpless Infant there The chiefs from far before Him knelt With gifts of fox and beaver pelt [Refrain]" Huron Carol or "Twas in the moon of wintertime," composed by Jean de BrŽbeuf in the Native American language of the Huron people in 1643, translated by Jesse Edgar Middleton "Jesous Ahatonhia (The Huron Carol)" in Canadian Poetry in English, compiled by Bliss Carman, Lorne Pierce, and V.B. Rhodenizer (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1954). Which of the following is LEAST representative of 16th- and 17th-century European colonial practices? -A desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity -Attempts to change American Indian beliefs and worldviews on basic social issues such as religion, gender roles, and the family -Rapid and substantial growth of evangelical and fundamentalist Christian churches and organizations -The embrace of different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization

Rapid and substantial growth of evangelical and fundamentalist Christian churches and organizations

"The river... is at least a league broad before the fort. Ships lie at anchor in a bay which forms the other side of the island and can be defended from the fort. Shortly before I arrived there three large vessels of 300 tons each had come to load wheat; two had found cargoes, the third could not be loaded because the savages had burnt a part of their grain. These ships came from the West Indies where the West India Company usually keeps up seventeen ships of war. No religion is publicly exercised but Calvinist, and orders are to admit none but Calvinists, but this is not observed, for there are, besides Calvinists, in the Colony Catholics, English Puritans, Lutherans, Anabaptists... When any one comes to settle in the country... he pays in to the West India Company, after ten years the tenth of the produce which he reaps." According to the excerpt, New Amsterdam became a haven for which of the following groups? -Pequot Indians -Religious dissenters -Spanish soldiers -African midwives

Religious dissenters

". . . the Enlightenment slowly helped undermine the power of traditional authority- something the Great Awakening did as well. But unlike the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment encouraged men and women to look to themselves-not to God_ for guidance as to how to live their lives and to shape society. Enlightenment thought, with its emphasis on human rationality, encouraged a new emphasis on education and a heightened interest in politics and government. Most Enlightenment figures did not challenge religion and insisted that rational inquiry would support, not undermine, Christianity." -American History 14th edition by Alan Brinkley, McGraw-Hill Advocates of the ideals of the Enlightenment, such as those expressed in the previous excerpt, would have most likely agreed with which of the following movements? 0/1 Republicanism Mercantilism Antiniomianism Deism

Republicanism

"In 1739 arrived among us from England the Rev. Mr. Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher... The Multitudes of all Sects and Denominations that attended his Sermons were enormous, and it was matter of Speculation to me who was one of the Number, to observe the extraordinary Influence of his Oratory on his Hearers, and how much they admired & respected him, notwithstanding his common Abuse of them, by assuring them they were naturally half Beasts and half Devils. It was wonderful to see the Change soon made in the Manners of our Inhabitants; from being thoughtless or indifferent about Religion, it seemed as if all the World were growing Religious; so that one could not walk thro' the Town in an Evening without Hearing Psalms sung in different Families of every Street... Mr. Whitefield, in leaving us, went preaching all the Way thro' the Colonies to Georgia." In the excerpt, the preacher's "common Abuse" of his listeners by stating they are "naturally half Beasts and half Devils" most directly reflects which of the following? -Preacher's charlatan nature and abusive tendencies -Effects of recent scientific discoveries on the preacher's conception of humankind -Preacher's attempts to appeal to the audience with satirical humor -Revivalist preacher's purpose: to convince hearers of their sinfulness and need for God

Revivalist preacher's purpose: to convince hearers of their sinfulness and need for God

The event expressed in the picture most clearly demonstrates the influence of which of the following? 0/1 Royal authority that tended to discount lower-class groups during the 17th century Belief of the people that there should be separation between church and state Desire for more economic equality between the plantation and yeoman farmer classes The strong desire for social equality during the colonial era

Royal authority that tended to discount lower-class groups during the 17th century

"I conceive there lies a clear rule that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. "If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away?" "The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God." -Anne Hutchinson, 1630s The emphasis on personal salvation, which Hutchinson articulated in the 1630s, was most strongly echoed in which later movement? -Second Great Awakening in 1830s -Social Gospel in the 1890s -Anticommunism in the 1950s -New conservatism in the 1980s

Second Great Awakening in 1830s

"Objection 5: But what warrant have we to take that land, which is and has been of long time possessed of others, the sons of Adam? "Answer: That which is common to all is proper to none. This savage people rule over many lands without title or property; for they enclose no ground, neither have they cattle to maintain it, but remove their dwellings as they have occasion, or as they can prevail against their neighbors. And why may not Christians have liberty to go and dwell amongst them in their waste lands and woods...Secondly, there is more than enough for them and us. Thirdly, God has consumed the natives with a miraculous plague, whereby the greater part of the country is left void of inhabitants. Fourthly, we shall come in with good leave of the natives." John Winthrop, General Considerations for the Plantation in New England with an Answer to Several Objections..., 1629 Which European approach to colonization is most consistent with the arguments in the excerpt above? -Using trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire products for export to Europe -Establishing tight control over the colonization process to convert and/or exploit the native populations -Sending men and women to acquire land and populate settlements while having relatively hostile relationships with the native inhabitants -Integrating a coherent hierarchical imperial structure and pursing economic aims

Sending men and women to acquire land and populate settlements while having relatively hostile relationships with the native inhabitants Feedback

"IV. And also be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, and it is hereby enacted, That all servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not Christians in their native country, (except Turks and Moors in amity with her majesty...) shall be accounted and be slaves, and as such be here bought and sold notwithstanding a conversion to Christianity afterwards." The treatment of indentured servants in the Chesapeake colonies had the most in common with the status of? -Slaves in Virginia in the early 1600s -Slaves in Maryland in the early 1700s -Slaves in South Carolina in the early 1800s -Slaves in Mississippi in the mid-1800s

Slaves in Virginia in the early 1600s

Which of the following was the most direct effect of the harsh conditions of the Middle Passage? -Slaves' high death rate due to the spread of disease -Advances in medicine evoked by the exposure to African illnesses -A decrease in piracy raids on the Atlantic shipping -A rise in the number of slaves imported from the Middle East

Slaves' high death rate due to the spread of disease

"The...hospitality of the plantation houses, where great and mean (unimportant people) were always welcome and no limit was set on the length of the visits, isn't merely a romantic story. Isolated as he was, and by nature gregarious, the planter was hungry for company and news. There were no newspapers. He could find out what was going on in the world and in the Colony only by letters and by word of mouth. So, if a strange boat beat up the river, it was hailed ashore and its passengers were invited up to the house. If a road ran near his place, the planter was likely to keep a slave posted at the entrance to his mile-long lane to invite all travelers to come in and rest a spell. The custom was so universal that innkeepers bitterly complained that it hurt their business ..." Edwin Tunis, Colonial Living (abridged) The type or kind of history that is contained in the above document could best be described as being written from which of the following frame of reference (aka point of view)? 0/1 Economic Diplomatic Political Social

Social

"IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience. IN WITNESS whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape-Cod... in... Anno Domini; 1620." The Mayflower passengers' voluntary agreement to obey the laws formed by their own "civil Body Politick" has the most in common with which of the following? -Noble savage concept -Social contract theory -Separation of powers principle -Blank slate theory

Social contract theory

"The Declaration of the People. 1. For having upon specious pretences of publiqe works raised greate unjust taxes upon the Comonality for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends, but noe visible effects in any measure adequate, For not haveing dureing this long time of his Gouvernement in any measure advanced this hopefull Colony either by fortificacons Townes or Trade... 4. For having protected, favoured, and Imboldned the Indians against his Majesties loyall subjects, never contriveing, requireing, or appointing any due or proper meanes of satisfaction for theire many Invasions, robberies, and murthers comitted upon us..." Which of the following was an important precipitating factor for the Stono Rebellion? -An impending Spanish military attack on South Carolina -Competition between South Carolina planters and Georgia farmers to acquire slaves -The decreased supply of slaves from Africa in the early 1700s -Spain's promise of freedom for British colonists' slaves who escaped to Florida

Spain's promise of freedom for British colonists' slaves who escaped to Florida

"... an order came from the said Indian, Pope, in which he commanded all the Indians to break the lands and enlarge their cultivated fields, saying that now they were as they had been in ancient times, free from the labor they had performed for the religious and the Spaniards, who could not now be alive. He said that this is the legitimate cause and the reason they had for rebelling... Asked for what reason they so blindly burned the images, temples, crosses, and other things of divine worship, he stated that the said Indian, Pope... ordered in all the pueblos through which he passed that they instantly break up and burn the images of the holy Christ, the Virgin Mary and the other saints, the crosses, and everything pertaining to Christianity... [T]hey thereby returned to the state of their antiquity... that this was the better life and the one they desired, because the God of the Spaniards was worth nothing and theirs was very strong." Which of the following was another important factor that contributed to the revolt by Pueblo Indians? -Spanish practice of transporting Indians to Europe -Spanish soldiers' rape and murder of Indians -Spanish theft of Indian silver and gold -Spanish imposition of Catholicism and the suppression of tribal religion

Spanish imposition of Catholicism and the suppression of tribal religion

"It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act as hereafter followsÉ.That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian tradeÉ.That they raise and pay soldiers, and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of force to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the oceans, lakes, or great rivers; but shall not impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the Legislature. That for these purposes they have power to make laws and lay and leavy such general duties, imposts, or taxes as to them shall appear most equal and justÉand such as may be collected with the least inconvenience to the peopleÉÓ Albany Plan of Union, 1754 Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States, ed. Charles C. Tansill. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927) House Document No. 398 The excerpt above is best understood in the context of the? 0/1 Increasing economic exchanges within the "Atlantic World" Anglicization of the British colonies Resistance to imperial control in the British colonies Spread of European conflicts to North America

Spread of European conflicts to North America

The diagram of the tightly-packed sections of a slave ship best serves as evidence of which of the following? -Traders' desire to maximize profit, which overrode concerns for slaves' health -Systematic representation and dimensional specification of eighteenth-century charts -Maximum efficiency achieved in eighteenth-century ship design -Comfortable sleeping accommodations enjoyed by immigrants to America

Systematic representation and dimensional specification of eighteenth-century charts

And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that... no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigoes, ginger, rustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed, or transported from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port, or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty, his heirs and successors, or to the kingdom of England..." Which of the following best reflects the mercantilist principles of the Navigation Act? -Trade was restricted between the different British colonies in America -British colonial trade was promoted with France, Spain, and other European nations -The American colonies were to provide raw goods to England and serve as a market for English manufactured goods -North American colonists were required to ship commodities in Dutch or English vessels

The American colonies were to provide raw goods to England and serve as a market for English manufactured goods

" . . . though under the greatest Enjoyment of Civil Liberties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Consciences, as to their Religious Profession and Worship: And Almighty God being the only Lord of Conscience, Father of Lights and Spirits; and the Author as well as Object of all divine Knowledge, Faith and Worship, who only doth enlighten the Minds, and persuade and convince the Understandings of People, I do hereby grant and declare, That no Person or Persons, inhabiting in this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and profess him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, . . . " -William Penn, Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges, October 28, 1701 The previous excerpt is most similar to the sentiments expressed in which of the following? 0/1 The Declaration of Independence The South Carolina Exposition and Protest The Bill of Rights The Alien and Sedition Acts

The Bill of Rights

"It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act as hereafter followsÉ.That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian tradeÉ.That they raise and pay soldiers, and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of force to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the oceans, lakes, or great rivers; but shall not impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the Legislature. That for these purposes they have power to make laws and lay and leavy such general duties, imposts, or taxes as to them shall appear most equal and justÉand such as may be collected with the least inconvenience to the peopleÉÓ Albany Plan of Union, 1754 Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States, ed. Charles C. Tansill. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927) House Document No. 398 The authors of the excerpt above were most likely motivated by? 0/1 Resistance to imperial control The British government's relative indifference to colonial governance The political thought of the Enlightenment Britain's desire to maintain a viable North American empire

The British government's relative indifference to colonial governance

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: George Alsop, The Importance of Tobacco, 1660. "Tobacco is the only solid Staple Commodity of this Province: The use of it was first found out by the Indians many Ages agoe, and transferr'd into Christendom by that great Discoverer of America Columbus. It's generally made by all the Inhabitants of this Province, and between the months of March and April they sow the seeds the very effects of the dirt of this Province affords as great a profit to the general Inhabitant, as the Gold of Peru doth to the straight-breecht Community of the Spaniard...Tobacco is the current Coyn of Mary-Land, and will sooner purchase Commodities from the Merchant, then money." The economic trend described in the excerpt was the direct effect of which of the following? -The Enlightenment -The Great Awakening -The Glorious Revolution -The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange

Which of the following best describes the influence and the origins of development of Dutch North American societies during the colonial period? 1/1 The Dutch were looking to establish permanent colonies in which to build a world empire The Dutch established colonies mainly for economic trade and the production of food for the mother country The overpopulation of the Netherlands motivated the Dutch government to seek more territory The Dutch wanted to challenge the Spanish for naval supremacy

The Dutch established colonies mainly for economic trade and the production of food for the mother country

''We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereigne Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britaine, France and Ireland king, defender of the faith, etc. having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honour of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politick, for our better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be -thought most meete and convenient for the generall good of the Colonie untowhich we promise all due submission and obedience." -Excerpted from the Mayflower Compact, November 11, 1620 The excerpt from the Mayflower Compact clearly reflects which of the following? 0/1 The English were establishing North American colonies based on the Spanish encomienda system The English were attempting to establish permanent communities The English were prepared to challenge French claims in North America Instructions that the English settlers in North America were to establish communities identical to close in England

The English were attempting to establish permanent communities

Which of the following European colonizers was least like the Dutch when it came to interrelationships with the native population and slaves? 1/1 The Spanish, because they did not believe in intermarriage with the native population The French, as they maintained a peaceful, yet isolated, coexistence with the native population The Portuguese, because of the rigid class system based upon race they established The English, as they maintained a separation between themselves and the native and slave population

The English, as they maintained a separation between themselves and the native and slave population

Based on the event illustrated in the picture, the Dutch were most similar to which other European colonizers? 0/1 The English as they settled in Jamestown The Spanish in the Incan Empire The French in Canada The Spanish in the Caribbean

The French in Canada

". . . the Enlightenment slowly helped undermine the power of traditional authority- something the Great Awakening did as well. But unlike the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment encouraged men and women to look to themselves-not to God_ for guidance as to how to live their lives and to shape society. Enlightenment thought, with its emphasis on human rationality, encouraged a new emphasis on education and a heightened interest in politics and government. Most Enlightenment figures did not challenge religion and insisted that rational inquiry would support, not undermine, Christianity." -American History 14th edition by Alan Brinkley, McGraw-Hill The ideals expressed in the previous excerpt would have a positive effect on the America colonies through which of the following events? 1/1 The passage of the Navigation Acts The creation of the Dominion of New England The outcome of Bacon's Rebellion The Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution

"In 1739 arrived among us from England the Rev. Mr. Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher... The Multitudes of all Sects and Denominations that attended his Sermons were enormous, and it was matter of Speculation to me who was one of the Number, to observe the extraordinary Influence of his Oratory on his Hearers, and how much they admired & respected him, notwithstanding his common Abuse of them, by assuring them they were naturally half Beasts and half Devils. It was wonderful to see the Change soon made in the Manners of our Inhabitants; from being thoughtless or indifferent about Religion, it seemed as if all the World were growing Religious; so that one could not walk thro' the Town in an Evening without Hearing Psalms sung in different Families of every Street... Mr. Whitefield, in leaving us, went preaching all the Way thro' the Colonies to Georgia." The excerpt from Benjamin Franklin most clearly illustrates which of the following developments in eighteenth-century British North America? -The End of Salutary Neglect -The Glorious Revolution -The Enlightenment -The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening

" . . . though under the greatest Enjoyment of Civil Liberties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Consciences, as to their Religious Profession and Worship: And Almighty God being the only Lord of Conscience, Father of Lights and Spirits; and the Author as well as Object of all divine Knowledge, Faith and Worship, who only doth enlighten the Minds, and persuade and convince the Understandings of People, I do hereby grant and declare, That no Person or Persons, inhabiting in this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and profess him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, . . . " -William Penn, Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges, October 28, 1701 Which of the following events from the colonial era is most like the ideas expressed in the excerpt from the Charter of Privileges? 0/1 The ideas of John Locke and their influence on the Enlightenment The theological beliefs of Roger Williams in his founding of Rhode Island The Carolina Charter The Maryland Act of Toleration

The Maryland Act of Toleration

"My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well; provided always that first there be sufficient power to command them.... And sufficient masters (as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths, spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like) to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant." John Smith, English adventurer, A Description of New England, 1616 Which of the following was a major contrast between the New England colonies and the colonies of France? -The New England colonies were based on both agriculture and commerce -The French settled more often in cities and towns -The French had more conflicts with American Indians -New England developed a less rigid racial hierarchy

The New England colonies were based on both agriculture and commerce

"... an order came from the said Indian, Pope, in which he commanded all the Indians to break the lands and enlarge their cultivated fields, saying that now they were as they had been in ancient times, free from the labor they had performed for the religious and the Spaniards, who could not now be alive. He said that this is the legitimate cause and the reason they had for rebelling... Asked for what reason they so blindly burned the images, temples, crosses, and other things of divine worship, he stated that the said Indian, Pope... ordered in all the pueblos through which he passed that they instantly break up and burn the images of the holy Christ, the Virgin Mary and the other saints, the crosses, and everything pertaining to Christianity... [T]hey thereby returned to the state of their antiquity... that this was the better life and the one they desired, because the God of the Spaniards was worth nothing and theirs was very strong." Which of the following was the most direct effect of the Pueblo Revolt? -The Spanish were banished permanently from New Mexico -The Spanish lost control of their New Mexico colony for twelve years -The Pueblo Indians never had to convert to Christianity again -The Pueblo Indians were annihilated by the Spanish army

The Spanish lost control of their New Mexico colony for twelve years

"Competition over sugar brought an end to the first phase of imperialism , which had begin with competition over spices. At the beginning sugar had been of little importance, a minor luxury.... [as] supplies of Europe's traditional sweetener, honey, begin to fall off...sugar became readily available, it also became popular...it was discovered (1600) that fruit could be preserved in it and (1730) jam made with it. By the 1670s sugar was a trading commodity of such importance that the Dutch yielded New York to England in exchange of the sugar lands of Surinam, while in 1763 France abandoned the whole of Canada to the British for the sake of Guadalupe. But not even the most optimistic eighteenth-century sugar merchant could ever have foreseen that by the 1980s the British would be consuming 80 pounds of it per head per year, or the North Americans 126 pounds." Reay Tannahill, Food in History, 1988 A historical continuity that started in the 17th century and continued into the 20th century is that? 0/1 The amount of sugar consumption was more than 1/3rd of a pound a day per person among North Americans Countries with the largest amount of sugar production became the richest countries in the world The final ending of slavery in Brazil in 1888 brought an end to sugar production in Latin America In order to curb sugar consumption laws were passed in the United States to curtail its production

The amount of sugar consumption was more than 1/3rd of a pound a day per person among North Americans

"I conceive there lies a clear rule that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. "If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away?" "The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God." -Anne Hutchinson, 1630s The ideas expressed in the excerpts have the most in common with which of the following? -The Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, when African American women asserted their right to vote in federal elections -The flapper culture of the 1920s, when women challenged gender roles through dress -The women's liberation movement of the 1970s, when women sought to achieve gender equality in the workplace -The antislavery movement of the 1840s, when women asserted their right to speak on behalf of the cause

The antislavery movement of the 1840s, when women asserted their right to speak on behalf of the cause

"What I found has led me to develop a new interpretation of the witchcraft crisis, one that places it firmly in the context of its very specific time and place: Essex County, Massachusetts, in the early 1690s... Historians have examined Salem Village itself, Massachusetts legal practice, and Puritan attitudes toward women, all of which provide essential background for comprehending the witchcraft crisis... [but] the dramatic events of 1692 can be fully understood only by viewing them as intricately related to concurrent political and military affairs in northern New England... frontier warfare and its impact on the collective mentalite' of an entire region." 13. Which of the following best reflects historian Mary Beth Norton's thesis regarding the Salem witchcraft crisis? -Some of the accused actually were practicing witchcraft in Essex County -Poorer Salem residents' resentment of their prosperous neighbors led to witchcraft accusations -The attacks by France's Indian allies during King William's War created a climate of fear and hysteria in Salem -The Salem accusers' bizarre behavior was due to ergot poisoning

The attacks by France's Indian allies during King William's War created a climate of fear and hysteria in Salem

"These at the heads of James and York rivers . . . grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent often times to the Governor, . . . beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised , but did not send.. . . "During these protractions and people often slain, most or all the officers, civil and military, . . . met and concerted together, the danger of going without a commission on the one part and the continual murders of their neighbors on the other part. . . . This day lapsing and no commission come, they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Indians, after whom the Governor sent his proclamation, denouncing all rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those of estates obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men, proceeded . . . . They fired and . . . slew 150 Indians." -Samuel Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia," 1833 Which of the following led the opposition to Bacon's Rebellion? 0/1 The colonial governor Leaders of the Church of England Members of the Virginia House of Burgesses Soldiers from the British army

The colonial governor

"[Lawyer for the prosecution:] Gentlemen of the jury; the information now before the Court, and to which the Defendant Zenger has pleaded not guilty, is an information for printing and publishing a false, scandalous, and seditious libel, in which His Excellency the Governor of this Province . . . is greatly and unjustly scandalized as a person that has no regard to law nor justice . . . .Indeed Sir, as Mr. Hamilton [Zenger's attorney] has confessed the printing and publish_ ing these libels, I think the jury must find a verdict for the King; for supposing they were true, the law says that they are not the less libelous for that; nay, indeed the law says their being true is an aggravation of the crime. "[Mr. Hamilton:] Not so . . . I hope it is not our bare printing and publishing a paper that will make it libel. You will have something more to do before you make my client a libeler; for the words themselves must be libelous, that is false . . . or else we are not guilty." -James Alexander, lawyer for J. Peter Zenger, The Trial of John Peter Zenger, 1736 Which of the following was a long-term effect of the jury' s decision in the Zenger case? -Zenger became a colonial leader -Restrictions on the press increased -The colonial press became more willing to criticize the British -New York became the center of anti-British sentiments

The colonial press became more willing to criticize the British

"It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act as hereafter followsÉ.That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian tradeÉ.That they raise and pay soldiers, and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of force to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the oceans, lakes, or great rivers; but shall not impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the Legislature. That for these purposes they have power to make laws and lay and leavy such general duties, imposts, or taxes as to them shall appear most equal and justÉand such as may be collected with the least inconvenience to the peopleÉÓ Albany Plan of Union, 1754 Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States, ed. Charles C. Tansill. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927) House Document No. 398 The excerpt above is indicative of which of the following? 0/1 The colonists having grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy An ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system The colonial production of commodities that were valued in Europe Growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic

The colonists having grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy

''We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereigne Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britaine, France and Ireland king, defender of the faith, etc. having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honour of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politick, for our better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be -thought most meete and convenient for the generall good of the Colonie untowhich we promise all due submission and obedience." -Excerpted from the Mayflower Compact, November 11, 1620 The main idea of this document influenced which of the following ideals of the British North American colonies? 0/1 The idea of separation of church and state The concept that the colonies need to be governed by a constitution The concept of rule by majority, as in town meetings The foundation for social equality

The concept of rule by majority, as in town meetings

Which of the following factors most directly contributed to the sentiments of the cartoon? 0/1 The drought conditions that resulted in numerous rattlesnake sightings The tyranny exercised by the British monarchy The effects on the colonial economy of the shortage of paper money The danger posed by the French and their Indian allies

The danger posed by the French and their Indian allies

"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders. In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 1,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors Some Pueblo leaders urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans." Which of the following most shaped the events described in the excerpt? -The establishment of African slavery in the Spanish colonies -The demands of the encomienda system in the Spanish colonies -The amount of Spanish intermarriage with Native Americans -The importance of Old World crops to the subsistence of Spanish colonial subjects.

The demands of the encomienda system in the Spanish colonies

"'But Virginia and Maryland attracted few aristocrats or gentry, except as occasional governors who soon returned home. Instead, hard driving merchants and planters of middling origins created the greatest fortunes and claimed the highest offices. As a rule, their education and manners lagged far behind their acquisition of land, servants, and political influence. That lag encouraged grumbling and disobedience by laboring people who refused deference to officials wanting in the gentility and high birth demanded by political tradition." - Excerpted from American Colonies: The Settling of North America by Alan Taylor, .. Penguin Books, 2001 Which of the following best describes Alan Taylor's analysis of early American colonial settlement? 0/1 The development of a republican form of government The evolution of a hierarchical social structure The progression of economic development in the middle Atlantic colonies The integration of a system of economics and politics in the English 'colonies Correct answer The development of a republican form of government

The development of a republican form of government

The population trend for African Americans depicted on the graph resulted most directly from which of the following? 0/1 A decline in the birth rate among enslaved people The increased use of White indentured servants as a labor force The outlawing of the international slave trade The development of an economy based on growing crops for export

The development of an economy based on growing crops for export

The Negroes are very numerous, some gentlemen having hundreds of them of all sorts, to whom they bring great profit... though some masters, careless of their own interest or reputation, are too cruel and negligent...Several of them are taught to be sawyers, carpenters, smiths, coopers, etc... yet they are by nature cut out for hard labour and fatigue, and will perform tolerably well... and those Negroes make the best servants, that have been slaves in their own country; for they that have been kings and great men are generally lazy, haughty, and obstinate; whereas the others are sharper, better humored, and more laborious... [indentured] servants are but an insignificant number, when compared with the vast shoals of Negroes who are employed as slaves... with only this difference, that the Negroes eat wholesomer bread and better pork with more plenty and ease; and when they are sick, their owners interest and purse are deeply engaged in their recovery, who likewise are obligated to take all the care imaginable of their slaves for their own great profit; so that the Negroes, though they work moderately, yet can live plentifully, have no families to provide for, no danger of beggary, no care for the morrow." Hugh Jones, The Present State of Virginia, 1724 The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above were most directly a result of which of the following? 0/1 Cultural and demographic changes among native communities The development of overt and covert means to resist slavery by Africans The development of strict racial categories among British colonists Regional differences in the British colonies

The development of strict racial categories among British colonists

The major cause of Bacon's Rebellion was the competing perceptions of power in 17th century Virginia. Which of the following best describes the differing perceptions? 0/1 The difference in the amount of land available to settlers in the Tidewater region and in western Virginia; settlers in the Tidewater region had more land The competing desires for economic equality and power between the different regions of Virginia The difference in political power between the eastern plantation owners and the newer settlers in the west, with the advantage going to the plantation owners in the east The fact that settlers in the western portion of the colony were mainly former indentured servants who had no political rights

The difference in political power between the eastern plantation owners and the newer settlers in the west, with the advantage going to the plantation owners in the east

"...Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion has frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this Province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants thereof. Be it therefore enacted that no person or persons whatever in the Province... professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within the Province... nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion against his or her consent, so [long] as they not be unfaithful to the Lord Proprietary, or molest or conspire against the civil government established in this Province under him..." Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644 William Hand Browne, ed., Archives of Maryland (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1883). The passage above was most likely written in response to? The growth of autonomous political communities based on English models Protestant evangelism in North America The ethnic and religious diversity of the middle colonies The expanding social networks of the Atlantic World

The ethnic and religious diversity of the middle colonies

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous.... It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin The preaching described in the excerpt is an example of which of the following developments in the 1700s? -The developments of an idea of republican self- government -The expansion of Protestant evangelism -The increased influence of the Enlightenment -The emergence of calls for the abolition of slavery

The expansion of Protestant evangelism

The Negroes are very numerous, some gentlemen having hundreds of them of all sorts, to whom they bring great profit... though some masters, careless of their own interest or reputation, are too cruel and negligent...Several of them are taught to be sawyers, carpenters, smiths, coopers, etc... yet they are by nature cut out for hard labour and fatigue, and will perform tolerably well... and those Negroes make the best servants, that have been slaves in their own country; for they that have been kings and great men are generally lazy, haughty, and obstinate; whereas the others are sharper, better humored, and more laborious... [indentured] servants are but an insignificant number, when compared with the vast shoals of Negroes who are employed as slaves... with only this difference, that the Negroes eat wholesomer bread and better pork with more plenty and ease; and when they are sick, their owners interest and purse are deeply engaged in their recovery, who likewise are obligated to take all the care imaginable of their slaves for their own great profit; so that the Negroes, though they work moderately, yet can live plentifully, have no families to provide for, no danger of beggary, no care for the morrow." Hugh Jones, The Present State of Virginia, 1724 The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following? 0/1 A strong belief in British cultural superiority The growth of an Atlantic economy with a shared labor market Altered African gender and kinship relationships in the colonies The pursuit of mercantilist aims within the British Empire

The growth of an Atlantic economy with a shared labor market

"MR. NOWELL [ASSISTANT TO THE COURT]: How do you know that was the spirit? MRS. H: How did Abraham know that it was God that bid him offer his son, being a breach of the sixth commandment? DEP. GOV.: By an immediate voice. MRS. H.: So to me by an immediate revelation. DEP. GOV.: How! An immediate revelation. MRS. H.: By the voice of his own spirit to my soul. I will give you another scripture, Jer[emiah] 46:27-28—out of which the Lord showed me what he would do for meÉTherefore, I desire you toÉconsider and look what you do... if you go on in this course you begin, you will bring a curse upon you and your posterity and the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. DEP. GOV.: What is the scripture she brings?... GOV.: I am persuaded that the revelation she brings forth is delusion... [Mrs. Hutchinson was found guilty.]" One significant result of the Puritan theological tenet that every individual had a responsibility to read the Bible was? -The growth of many different denominations in Massachusetts Bay Colony -The high rate of literacy and the early establishment of schools in Massachusetts Bay Colony -A decrease in the flow of immigration during the first decade after the colony's establishment -The imposition of heavy taxes on Massachusetts inhabitants who did not own Bibles

The high rate of literacy and the early establishment of schools in Massachusetts Bay Colony

". . . the Enlightenment slowly helped undermine the power of traditional authority- something the Great Awakening did as well. But unlike the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment encouraged men and women to look to themselves-not to God_ for guidance as to how to live their lives and to shape society. Enlightenment thought, with its emphasis on human rationality, encouraged a new emphasis on education and a heightened interest in politics and government. Most Enlightenment figures did not challenge religion and insisted that rational inquiry would support, not undermine, Christianity." -American History 14th edition by Alan Brinkley, McGraw-Hill Which of the following events from early British North American colonial history would reflect the sentiments of the previous quote? 1/1 The approval of the Mayflower Compact The establishment of Jamestown The ideas expressed by Anne Hutchinson The motivation for the Salem Witch Trials

The ideas expressed by Anne Hutchinson

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous.... It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin The preaching described in the excerpt is an example of which of the following developments in the 1700s? -The development of an idea of republican self-government -The emergence of calls for the abolition of slavery -The increased influence of the Enlightenment -The expansion of Protestant evangelism

The increased influence of the Enlightenment

"As soon as we landed, our Indians began to run some two hundred yards towards their enemies, who stood firm...Our Indians began to call me with loud cries... and I marched ahead until I was within some 30 yards of the enemy when I saw them make a move to draw their bows upon us, I took aim... and shot straight at one of the chiefs, and with this shot two fell to the ground....The Iroquois were much astonished that two men should have been killed so quickly, although they were provided with shields made of cotton thread woven together and wood, which were proof against their arrows. This frightened them greatly... seeing their chiefs dead, they lost courage and took to flight, abandoning the field and their fort, and fleeing into the depth of the forest, whither I pursued them and laid low still more of them. Our Indians also killed several and took ten or twelve prisoners.... After we had gained the victory, our Indians wasted no time in taking a large quantity of Indian corn and meal belonging to the enemy, as well as their shields, which they had left behind, the better to run. Having feasted, danced, and sung, we three hours later set off for home with the prisoners." Samuel de Champlain, Les Voyages, 1613 Samuel de Champlain, The Works of Samuel de Champlain, Volume II (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1925). The excerpt above best reflects which of the following historical trends? 0/1 The increasing intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare The varied models of colonization embraced by European colonizers Dissatisfaction among colonial citizens over frontier defense Colonial accommodation to some aspects of American Indian culture

The increasing intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare

". ..if enslaving our fellow creatures be a practice agreeable co Christianity, it is answered in a great measure in many treatises at home, to which I refer you . . . . . . we are all apt to shift off the blame from ourselves and lay it upon others, how justly in our case you may judge. The Negroes are enslaved by the Negroes themselves before they are purchased by the masters of the ships who bring them here. It is, to be sure, at our choice whether we buy them or not, so chis then is our crime, folly, or whatever you will please to call it." -Peter Fontaine, ''A Defense of Slavery in Virginia'' ' Which of the following explains how slavery evolved in 17th-century British North America? 0/1 Slaves were brought with the first settlers to Jamestown Slavery was developed after the deaths of thousands of enslaved Native Americans because of exposure to European diseases The Anglican Church encouraged the transport of slaves to the colonies in North America as a source of cheap labor The influx of indentured servants had decreased, and cheap labor was needed for the developing plantation system

The influx of indentured servants had decreased, and cheap labor was needed for the developing plantation system

The pattern of colonial settlement up to 1700 resulted most directly from which of the following factors? -The large size of British colonial populations relative to American Indian populations -British recognition of Native American sovereignty -The orientation of the British colonies toward producing commodities for export to Europe -British government attempts to impose greater control over the colonies in the late 1600s

The orientation of the British colonies toward producing commodities for export to Europe

The pattern of colonial settlement up to 1700 resulted most directly from which of the following factors? 0/1 British recognition of Native American sovereignty The large size of British colonial populations relative to American Indian populations The orientation of the British colonies toward producing commodities for export to Europe British government attempts to impose greater control over the colonies in the late 1600s

The orientation of the British colonies toward producing commodities for export to Europe

"[Lawyer for the prosecution:] Gentlemen of the jury; the information now before the Court, and to which the Defendant Zenger has pleaded not guilty, is an information for printing and publishing a false, scandalous, and seditious libel, in which His Excellency the Governor of this Province . . . is greatly and unjustly scandalized as a person that has no regard to law nor justice . . . .Indeed Sir, as Mr. Hamilton [Zenger's attorney] has confessed the printing and publish_ ing these libels, I think the jury must find a verdict for the King; for supposing they were true, the law says that they are not the less libelous for that; nay, indeed the law says their being true is an aggravation of the crime. "[Mr. Hamilton:] Not so . . . I hope it is not our bare printing and publishing a paper that will make it libel. You will have something more to do before you make my client a libeler; for the words themselves must be libelous, that is false . . . or else we are not guilty." -James Alexander, lawyer for J. Peter Zenger, The Trial of John Peter Zenger, 1736 Which of the following was the primary reason for charging Peter Zenger with libel? =Zenger printed false statements prosecutor disliked Zenger because he was Dutch Zenger criticized the king The prosecutor wanted to defend the royal government

The prosecutor wanted to defend the royal government

"Not to look back further than the troubles that were between the Colony of New Plymouth and Philip, sachem [tribal chief] of Mount Hope, in the year 1671, it may be remembered that... [he] was the... offending party; and that Plymouth had just cause to take up arms against him; and it was then agreed that he should pay that colony a certain sum of money, in part of their damage and charge by him....But sometime last winter the Governor of Plymouth was informed by Sassamon, a faithful Indian, that the said Philip was undoubtedly endeavoring to raise new troubles, and was endeavoring to engage all the sachems round about in a war against us.... About a week after John Sassamon had given his information, he was barbarously murdered by some Indians for his faithfulness to the interest of God and of the English.... Philip and his men continued constantly in arms, many strange Indians from several places flocked in to himÉearnest for a warÉgiven leave to kill Englishmen's cattle and rob their houses... on 14th June our Council wrote an amicable friendly letter to Philip therein showing our dislike of his practices; and advising him.... not to suffer himself.... concerning us, who intended no wrong or hurt towards him... thus slow were we and unwilling to engage ourselves and our neighbors in a war; having many insolencies almost intolerable from them, of whose hands we had deserved better." Josiah Winslow and Thomas Hinckley, Commissioners of the Plymouth Colony, 1675 Francis Baylies, An Historical Memoir of the Colony of New Plymouth (Boston: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, 1830) The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history? 0/1 The racial stereotyping and categorization of American Indian groups A divergence in the interests of leaders and colonial citizens Migration, followed by trade, settlement, and economic development The growth of autonomous political communities based on English models

The racial stereotyping and categorization of American Indian groups

"English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military. Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." — Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607-18," published in 1971 2. Which of the following was a long-term result of the situation in Jamestown described in the excerpt? -The rapid growth of family-centered towns and villages -The prioritizing of trade and shipbuilding over agricultural production -The rise of the plantation system and the use of African slaves -The removal of Spanish and French military threats to regional control

The rise of the plantation system and the use of African slaves

"My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well; provided always that first there be sufficient power to command them.... And sufficient masters (as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths, spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like) to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant." John Smith, English adventurer, A Description of New England, 1616 The excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following? -The interaction of English colonial settlers with native populations in the early seventeenth century -The harsh realities of life in the early seventeenth-century American colonies, including illness, high mortality rates, and starvation -The role that appeals and advertising played in encouraging men and women to participate in colonization efforts -The nature of master and apprentice relationships in England in the early seventeenth century

The role that appeals and advertising played in encouraging men and women to participate in colonization efforts

"...Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion has frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this Province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants thereof. Be it therefore enacted that no person or persons whatever in the Province... professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within the Province... nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion against his or her consent, so [long] as they not be unfaithful to the Lord Proprietary, or molest or conspire against the civil government established in this Province under him..." Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644 William Hand Browne, ed., Archives of Maryland (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1883). The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly led to political controversies over? 0/1 Britain's indifference to colonial governance Britain's efforts to pursue mercantilist economic aims The presence of slavery in the colonies The spread of European Enlightenment ideas

The spread of European Enlightenment ideas

"Why should you destroy us, who have provided you with food? What can you get by war? We can hide our provisions, and fly into the woods; and then you must consequently famish by wronging your friends... You see us unarmed, and willing to supply your wants, if you will come in a friendly manner, and not with swords and guns, as to invade an enemy. I am not so simple, as not to know it is better to eat good meat, lie well, and sleep quietly with my women and children; to laugh and be merry with the English; and, being their friend, to have copper, hatchets, and whatever else I want, than to fly from all, to lie cold in the woods, feed upon acorns, roots, and such trash, and to be so hunted, that I cannot rest, eat, or sleep... and, Capt. Smith, this might be soon your fate too, through your rashness and unadvisedness. I, therefore, exhort you to peaceable councils; and, above all, I insist that the guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy and uneasiness, be removed and sent away." One significant result of the contact between the English settlers and the Powhatan Indians was? -The discovery by Native Americans of silver mines on nearby islands -The establishment of a Virginia college for educating Indians -The spread of disease and the decimation of Indian populations -The emergence of Powhatan missionaries who preached Christianity to their fellow Native Americans

The spread of disease and the decimation of Indian populations

The trend in total population from 1670 to 1700 depicted on the graph is best explained by?

The spread of epidemic diseases among Native Americans

The trend in total population from 1670 to 1700 depicted on the graph is best explained by? 0/1 Food scarcity and extensive malnutrition among African Americans The spread of epidemic diseases among Native Americans Large-scale European migration Increases in life expectancy

The spread of epidemic diseases among Native Americans

"As soon as we landed, our Indians began to run some two hundred yards towards their enemies, who stood firm...Our Indians began to call me with loud cries... and I marched ahead until I was within some 30 yards of the enemy when I saw them make a move to draw their bows upon us, I took aim... and shot straight at one of the chiefs, and with this shot two fell to the ground....The Iroquois were much astonished that two men should have been killed so quickly, although they were provided with shields made of cotton thread woven together and wood, which were proof against their arrows. This frightened them greatly... seeing their chiefs dead, they lost courage and took to flight, abandoning the field and their fort, and fleeing into the depth of the forest, whither I pursued them and laid low still more of them. Our Indians also killed several and took ten or twelve prisoners.... After we had gained the victory, our Indians wasted no time in taking a large quantity of Indian corn and meal belonging to the enemy, as well as their shields, which they had left behind, the better to run. Having feasted, danced, and sung, we three hours later set off for home with the prisoners." Samuel de Champlain, Les Voyages, 1613 Samuel de Champlain, The Works of Samuel de Champlain, Volume II (Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1925). Events such as those depicted in the excerpt above most directly resulted from which of the following? 0/1 The goals and interests of European leaders diverging from those of colonial citizens The Anglicization of European colonies The focus in the colonies of gaining new sources of labor The spreading of conflicts in Europe to North America

The spreading of conflicts in Europe to North America

"When an Indian Child has been brought up among us, taught our language and habituated to our Customs, yet if he goes to see his relations and makes one Indian Ramble with them, there is no persuading [sic] him ever to return. [But] when white persons of either sex have been taken prisoners young by the Indians, and lived a while among them, tho' ransomed by their Friends, and treated with all imaginable tenderness to prevail with them to stay among the English, yet in a Short time they become disgusted with our manner of life, and the care and pains that are necessary to support it, and take the first good Opportunity of escaping again into the Woods, from whence there is no reclaiming them." Benjamin Franklin, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin , IV, 1961 The observation that Franklin expressed in the above passage is contrary to the English belief about the Indians that? 1/1 Indians had an obligation to learn European ways and become a part of European culture The superiority of British civilization meant that no person in possession of his faculties or free from undue restraint would choose to become an Indian They were to remain economic allies but would not mix with the British colonials socially They were the custodians of the earth who could teach the colonials to preserve the environment intact for future generations

The superiority of British civilization meant that no person in possession of his faculties or free from undue restraint would choose to become an Indian

"These at the heads of James and York rivers . . . grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent often times to the Governor, . . . beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised , but did not send.. . . "During these protractions and people often slain, most or all the officers, civil and military, . . . met and concerted together, the danger of going without a commission on the one part and the continual murders of their neighbors on the other part. . . . This day lapsing and no commission come, they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Indians, after whom the Governor sent his proclamation, denouncing all rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those of estates obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men, proceeded . . . . They fired and . . . slew 150 Indians." -Samuel Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia," 1833 Based on the information in this excerpt, what is Samuel Kercheval's point of view toward Bacon and his followers? 0/1 They were frustrated men who were taking action because the government did not They were dangerous men who threatened colonial stability and prosperity They were a primarily political movement that wanted Bacon to become governor They were allies of the governor who carried out actions that he supported

They were frustrated men who were taking action because the government did not

". ..if enslaving our fellow creatures be a practice agreeable co Christianity, it is answered in a great measure in many treatises at home, to which I refer you . . . . . . we are all apt to shift off the blame from ourselves and lay it upon others, how justly in our case you may judge. The Negroes are enslaved by the Negroes themselves before they are purchased by the masters of the ships who bring them here. It is, to be sure, at our choice whether we buy them or not, so chis then is our crime, folly, or whatever you will please to call it." -Peter Fontaine, ''A Defense of Slavery in Virginia'' ' Based upon the excerpt, what was the justification for slavery in British North America? 0/1 Slavery was based upon principles of Christianity Those to be sold into slavery are held as slaves in Africa first; therefore, slavery is a business transaction Slavery was part of the "natural' order" of ' the human races According to English law, "inferior people" were destined to serve as slaves

Those to be sold into slavery are held as slaves in Africa first; therefore, slavery is a business transaction

"IV. And also be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, and it is hereby enacted, That all servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not Christians in their native country, (except Turks and Moors in amity with her majesty...) shall be accounted and be slaves, and as such be here bought and sold notwithstanding a conversion to Christianity afterwards." Which of the following best reflects the goal of the Act Concerning Servants and Slaves? -To codify slavery in order to link it more closely to race -To give all indentured servants the status of slaves -To codify slavery in order to link it more closely to religion -To grant freedom to Turks and Moors

To codify slavery in order to link it more closely to race

"Why should you destroy us, who have provided you with food? What can you get by war? We can hide our provisions, and fly into the woods; and then you must consequently famish by wronging your friends... You see us unarmed, and willing to supply your wants, if you will come in a friendly manner, and not with swords and guns, as to invade an enemy. I am not so simple, as not to know it is better to eat good meat, lie well, and sleep quietly with my women and children; to laugh and be merry with the English; and, being their friend, to have copper, hatchets, and whatever else I want, than to fly from all, to lie cold in the woods, feed upon acorns, roots, and such trash, and to be so hunted, that I cannot rest, eat, or sleep... and, Capt. Smith, this might be soon your fate too, through your rashness and unadvisedness. I, therefore, exhort you to peaceable councils; and, above all, I insist that the guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy and uneasiness, be removed and sent away." The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following goals of Chief Powhatan? -To end all contact with the English settlers -To re-establish peaceful trade with the English colonists -To provide the rationale for forming a confederation with neighboring Indian tribes -To inspire his tribal followers to attack the Jamestown settlers

To re-establish peaceful trade with the English colonists

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous.... It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's impact suggests that religious culture among British North American colonists in the 1700s was most directly shaped by? -Roman Catholic influences -Interest in commerce and business -Trans-Atlantic exchanges -Reliance on agriculture

Trans-Atlantic exchanges

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous.... It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's impact suggests that religious culture among British North American colonists in the 1700s was most directly shaped by? -Roman Catholic influences -Interest in commerce and business -Trans-Atlantic exchanges -Reliance on agriculture

Trans-Atlantic exchanges

"the following story [was] related to me twenty years ago by an aged lady, who was a distant relative. 'When George,' she said,' was about six years old he was made the wealthy master of a hatchet... and was constantly going about chopping,... he unluckily tried the... hatchet... on an English cherry tree, which he barked so terribly, I don't believe the tree ever got the better of it. The next morning, the old gentleman, finding out what had happened to his tree... came into the house.... Presently George and his hatchet made their appearance. George, said his father, do you know who killed that beautiful little cherry tree.... I cannot tell a lie, Pa! You know I can't tell a lie. I did cut it with my hatchet. Run to my arms you dearest boy, cried his father in transports of joy-run to my arms; glad am I, George, that you killed my tree; for you have paid for it a thousand fold. Such a set of heroism in my son is worth more than a thousand trees."' Mason Locke Weems, The Life of George Washington, 1832 Regarding the cherry tree incident the evidence seems to suggest that the? 0/1 Tree was chopped down by George Washington Incident never happened Tree was damaged and would die but was not chopped down Tree was replaced by a new tree

Tree was damaged and would die but was not chopped down

"[Lawyer for the prosecution:] Gentlemen of the jury; the information now before the Court, and to which the Defendant Zenger has pleaded not guilty, is an information for printing and publishing a false, scandalous, and seditious libel, in which His Excellency the Governor of this Province . . . is greatly and unjustly scandalized as a person that has no regard to law nor justice . . . .Indeed Sir, as Mr. Hamilton [Zenger's attorney] has confessed the printing and publish_ ing these libels, I think the jury must find a verdict for the King; for supposing they were true, the law says that they are not the less libelous for that; nay, indeed the law says their being true is an aggravation of the crime. "[Mr. Hamilton:] Not so . . . I hope it is not our bare printing and publishing a paper that will make it libel. You will have something more to do before you make my client a libeler; for the words themselves must be libelous, that is false . . . or else we are not guilty." -James Alexander, lawyer for J. Peter Zenger, The Trial of John Peter Zenger, 1736 Andrew Hamilton, Zenger's lawyer, argued that any printed statement could not be libel if it was? -Anonymously published -Based on sworn testimony -From the clergy -True

True

"In excelsis gloria. Within a lodge of broken bark The tender babe was found A ragged robe of rabbit skin En-wrapped His beauty round But as the hunter braves drew nigh The angel song rang loud and high [Refrain] Jesus your King is born Jesus is born The earliest moon of wintertime Is not so round and fair As was the ring of glory On the helpless Infant there The chiefs from far before Him knelt With gifts of fox and beaver pelt [Refrain]" Huron Carol or "Twas in the moon of wintertime," composed by Jean de BrŽbeuf in the Native American language of the Huron people in 1643, translated by Jesse Edgar Middleton "Jesous Ahatonhia (The Huron Carol)" in Canadian Poetry in English, compiled by Bliss Carman, Lorne Pierce, and V.B. Rhodenizer (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1954). The European colonization model evidenced by the song above...? -Used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire products for export to Europe -Established tight control over the colonization process to convert and/or exploit the population -Sent colonists to acquire land and populate their settlements while having relatively hostile relationships with American Indians -Integrated a coherent hierarchical imperial structure and pursued economic aims

Used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire products for export to Europe

The greatest degree of bilateral trade occurred between? 0/1 North America and Europe West Indies and North America Europe and West Indies Africa and North America

West Indies and North America

" . . . though under the greatest Enjoyment of Civil Liberties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Consciences, as to their Religious Profession and Worship: And Almighty God being the only Lord of Conscience, Father of Lights and Spirits; and the Author as well as Object of all divine Knowledge, Faith and Worship, who only doth enlighten the Minds, and persuade and convince the Understandings of People, I do hereby grant and declare, That no Person or Persons, inhabiting in this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and profess him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, . . . " -William Penn, Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges, October 28, 1701 In what way was the main idea in the excerpt a departure from the other colonies in British North America? 1/1 With few exceptions, other British North American colonies had one established faith Pennsylvania was the first colony to tolerate all religious beliefs Settlers in Pennsylvania were required to attend church services Puritan ideas were banned from the colony

With few exceptions, other British North American colonies had one established faith

By the 1860s, the long-term effects of the population trends depicted on the graph most directly contributed to the?

increased political tensions between the Northern and Southern states

The "Middle Passage" of Triangular Trade was most known for transporting? 0/1 Cotton and sugar Slaves Manufactured goods Tobacco, cotton, sugar and molasses

slaves

"Loving and kind father and mother: "...this is to let you understand that I your Child am in a most heavy case by reason of the nature of this Country [which] is such that it causeth much sickness... And when we are sick there is nothing to comfort us; for since I came out of the ship, I never ate anything but peas, and loblollie (that is water gruel)... There is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go, and get it, but must work hard both early and late for a mess of water gruel, and a mouthful of bread, and beef.... [I]f you did know as much as I, when people cry out day, and night—Oh that they... would not care to lose any limb to be in England againÉ.And I have nothing to comfort me... I have nothing at all—no, not a shirt to my back but two rags, nor no clothes but one poor suit... My cloak is stolen by one of my own fellows, and to his dying hour [he] would not tell me what he did with it; but some of my fellows saw him buy butter and beef from a ship, which my cloak, [no] doubt, paid for... And he [Mr. Jackson] much marveled that you would send a servant to the Company; he saith that I had been better knocked on the head. And indeed so I find it now, to my great grief and misery; and saith if you love me you will redeem me suddenly, and for which I do entreat and beg. And if you cannot get the merchants to redeem me for some little money, then for God's sake get a gathering or entreat some good folks to lay out some little sum of money in meal and cheese and butter and beef." Letter from Richard Frethorne, indentured servant, to his parents in England, 1623 Susan Myra Kingsbury, ed., The Records of the Virginia Company of London, Volume IV (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1935) The excerpt above is best understood in the context of which of the following? 0/1 The spreading of European conflicts to North America The emergence of autonomous political communities based on English models The shared labor market of the Atlantic economy in the 18th century A strong belief in British cultural superiority

the shared labor market of the Atlantic economy in the 18th century