APUSH Unit 4

Treaty of Ghent

- Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo

Daniel Webster

- Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850

Department of Treasury

- The treasury of the United States federal government

Mayflower Compact

- first governing document of Plymouth Colony; written by Pilgrims; declared that they agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth

CHAPTER 10

...

Pinckney's Treaty

1795, between US and Spain; allowed US free navigation of Mississippi River and use of New Orleans

Marbury v. Madison:

1803 •Discussed Judicial Authority •Asserts principle of judicial review

Cleveland elected again...Populists made strong gains in the West

1892 Election

Bill Clinton

42nd President elected 1992-1997; 1996-2001 (Democrat)

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written in 1788 by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail

Horatio Gates

A colonial general who forced Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga (1777).

xenophobia

A general fear or dislike of foreigners

Alien and Sedition Acts

Acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Bill of Rights

Amendments

Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor

American Federation of Labor

William Travis

American commander at the Alamo.

Nicolas Trist

American diplomat who negotiated the Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty ending the Mexican War. It gave all northern land to the US.

Transcendentalism

American expression of the Romantic movement that emphasized the limits of reason, individual freedom, and nature; best represented by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, the author of Walden and Civil Disobedience.

Joseph Glidden

American farmer who patented barbed wire

Eli Whitney

American inventor of the cotton gin. This led to a huge cotton boom especially in the south. Also made slavery more prominent.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery

Ticonderoga

American troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British and gained 50 cannons; raised morale and made French join war

Gen. Armisted

American who defended Ft. McHenry in the War of 1812. His family owned the original flag at this fort.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

absorbing of a weak/smaller culture by a stronger/dominant culture

Assimilation

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of the antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin

1676

Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia

1914

Beginning of World War I in Europe/ creation of the Federal Reserve System

Federalism

Belief in a strong central government .

Black Legend

Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good

Wilmot Proviso

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846)

1954

Brown v. Board of Education/ Fall of Dien Bein Phu in Vietnam

Leader of Army At Sand Creek Massacre

Col. J Chivington

Sand Creek massacre

Colorado Territory militia attacked a Cheyenne/Arapaho village during the Indian wars

1877

Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstrustion in the former Confederacy

unfair test administered to people in the South, to disfranchise black citizens

Literacy Test

Stephen Austin

One of American men who brought Americans into Texas which led them to gaining land. He advocated being good Mexican & to learning their culture.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the constitution, the lack of Bill of Rights, feared powerful, central government, ex: Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, Rich Henry Lee, small farmers, Presbyterians, Baptists

Antifederalists

Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. (Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry)

Treaty of Paris (1783)-

Peace settlement that ended the Revolutionary War. The U.S. was represented by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. Britain recognized the US' independence and outlined its borders

voting tax used to keep black people from voting

Poll Tax

Henry Knox

Secretary of War

Creeks

The Native American tribe who were in an alliance with the Shawnees but it ended at the Battle of the Thames when Tecumeh was killed.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

The Northwest Ordinance was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.

Battle of Yorktown 1781

The U.S. government fell nearly bankrupt and British General Cornwallis fell back to Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown to await seaborne supplies and reinforcements. With the help of the French, who were in the West Indies, they attacked the British on American soil to take down cornwallis.

Middle passage

The sea route followed by slave traders from the west coast of Africa to the Western Hemisphere.

"The Federalist Papers"

This was written by Federalists to convince Anitfederalists about their ideas. Written by Madison & Hamilton. This was successful.

New England Confederation regarded Dutch New Foundland as

an enemy to be wiped out

Duke Tobacco

began in 1865, by 1890 it had bought out its competitors and created American Tobacco Company ; one market that south controlled

Force Acts

helped protect the voting rights of African-Americans and limit the activities of the KKK

ONe of the goals of the child centered family of the 1800s was to

raise independent individuals

"Three Fifths Compromise"

the agreement by which the number of each state's representatives in Congress would be based on a count of all the free people plus three-fifths of the slaves (for census purposes)

the first const. approved by the american continental congress was

the articles of confederation

The treaty of Fort Stanwix, the first treaty between the US and the indian nations resulted in

the ceding of most of the Iroquois land

famous speech given by William Jennings Bryan; in support of bimetalism, Bryan spoke of the gold standard as a burden (like the cross)

"Cross of Gold" Speech

Marbury v. Madison (1803

) First time an act of Congress is declared unconstitutional; established the principle of judicial review.

Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

)- Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians. Led to the granting of Religious Freedom

Tariff of Abominations

- Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

midnight judges

- The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

John Jay

- United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court

James Fenimore Cooper

- United States novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life

National-Republicans

- supporters of a strong central government who favored road building and supported the Bank of the United States to shape the nation's economy; many were farmers or merchants

CHAPTER 9

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Shay's Rebellion

1. Led by Daniel Shays, in Springfield, MA 2. Shays & followers wanted a more flexible monetary policy, wanted to be able to pay in corn and wheat, and the right to postpone paying taxes till the end of the revolution. 3. 4,000 militiamen were sent, killed 4 of the farmers. nevertheless, it was a victory of sorts for Shays and his men.

Only about ----of whit Southeners owned slaves

1/4

Stamp Act

1765, in order to pay for new army to police new territories, colonists forced to pay tax on printed documents in colonies such as legal docs.; violators tried in juryless courts

Shay's Rebellion

1786. Farmers in Massachusetts couldn't get out of debt. MA assembly raised taxes, so farmers began to revolt. Led by Daniel Shay. The rebellion was stopped by a Boston army and by lowering taxes. This demonstrated the need for a stronger national government.

Populist/Dem Bryan Vs GOP McKinley...free silver vs gold standard...Bryan had made famous "Cross of Gold" speech

1896 Election

Ulysses S. Grant

18th President elected 1868-1843; 1842-1877 (Republican)

Warren G. Harding

29th President elected 1920-1923; (Died in office) (Republican)

John Adams

2nd president of US; Federalist. Involved in XYZ affair

Calvin Coolidge

30th President elected 1923-1925; 1924-1929 (Republican)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd President elected 1932-1937; 1936-1941; 1940-1945 (died) (Democrat)

Martin Van Buren

8th President elected 1836-1841 (Democrat)

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, this allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Patrick Henry

A fiery lawyer during Revolutionary times. Supporting a break from Great Britain, he is famous for the words, "...give me liberty, or give me death!" which concluded a speech given to the Virginia Assembly in 1775.

Indirect tax

A measure that ra ised revenue through the regulation of trade--the Sugar Act, for example.

Abolition

A moral crusade to immediately end the system of human slavery in the United States

Unitarians

A new religious group that emerged during the 2nd Great Awakening. They preached universal salvation and gained many converts in northern New England. They didn't believe in the Calvinist predestination.

Mercenaries

A person hired for service in the army of a foreign country (ex. the Hessians hired by Britain in the Revolutionary War).

gag rule

A procedural rule passed in the House- prevented discussion of antislavery petitions from 1836 to 1844

Houses that poor people lived in, located in cities Showed some atrocities of American industrial life.

Dumbbell Tenement

Baptists

During the 2nd Great Awakening, this became one of the largest denominations in America. They preached of religious fellowship and equality among all people. Attracted African Americans.

Revere Bowl

EXTRA CREDIT: A gift from the Sons of Liberty given to the House of Representatives after they refused to rescind a letter criticizing King George

panic of 1837

Economic downturn brought on by temporary excesses in international trade and the inability of the US to control the currency or make credit available after the closing of the 2nd BUS (followed Specie Circular and Jackson putting funds into pet banks

Real wages declined, production increased dramatically, new types of business corporations emerged, immigration increased

Effects of Industrialism

Robert Walpole

Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister; His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.

Andrew Jackson's agenda and general political outlook

Enhanced presidential authority, destroyed the American System, and established the legitimacy of a new ideology of government •Relied on his "kitchen cabinet" - a group of informal advisors which included Francis Preston Blair (writer) and Amos Kendall (wrote Jackson's speeches), Roger B. Taney (Attorney General, Treasury Secretary, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court), and Martin Van Buren (Secretary of State) •Used patronage to create a disciplined national party •Rotated officeholders: when an administration was voted out, so were all of its appointees •Used the spoils system (gave his friends jobs) •Main goal: destroy the American System and plans for economic development •Rejected national subsidies for transportation project

Leader of the American Railway Workers Union...he turned to socialism after the Pullman Strike

Eugene Debs

James Madison

Father of the Constitution

First Party System: Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

Federalists (Hamilton)= industrial society w/complex economy, strong central gvt., loose interpretation of Constitution. Republicans (Jefferson/Madison) = decentralized, agrarian society, agricultural economy, central gvt. w/limited powers + belief in states rights, strict interpretation. Created by reactions bank of United States being unconstitutional

Shakers

First successful American communal movement (1770) •Ann Lee Stanley (Mother Ann) had a vision that she was an incarnation of Christ and that sexual lust caused The Fall •Established a church near Albany, NY •Worship comprised of dancing •Shakers withdrew from traditional society •Formed disciplined religious communities •Ideas: oEmbraced the common ownership of property oStrictly run by church leaders oAbstained from alcohol, tobacco, politics, and war oCommitted to celibacy (no sex/marriage) oGod is male and female Created an egalitarian society when it came to men and women (both could hold political power) •Mainly in New England, New York and Ohio •Skilled with agriculture and crafts (furniture) •Relied on conversions and adoptions to increase their numbers (didn't believe in sex) •Disappeared in 1900

Grimke Sisters (Angela and Sarah)

Former daughters of a plantation owner •Converted to Quakerism •Became abolitionists •Worked with the American Anti-Slavery Society •Wrote a book that was really popular

Mormon

Founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed he was visited by God: 1830 he published a document called "The Book of Mormon." He said it was a translation of a set of gold tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God.

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England

Hessians

German soldiers who fought with the British during the Revolutionary War. One famous battle vs them was the battle at Trenton.

Liberalism

Going off of John Locke's ideas of a social contract between the government and the people, liberalism strongly emphasized that each man is an individual and stressed the importance of individual freedom.

Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.

Washington D.C.

Hamilton put the nation's capital in the South to smooth tensions about his Federalist ideas. It was first named Washington City.

Bombing in Chicago in 1886 at a labor rally...skilled workers abandoned the K of L in favor of the A F of L ...people associated unions with violence

Haymarket Riot

Elbridge Gerry

He makes a compromise between the New Jersey Plan & the Virginia Plan. He decided the House of Reps. would be based on population & the Senate would have equal representation (2 from each state).

James Madison

He proposes the Virginia Plan in support of large states. He also helped write the Federalists Papers.

General William Howe

He took command of British troops in North America after the Battle of Bunker Hill. He captured New York and Philadelphia, but botched the plan to isolate the New England colonies in 1777. He resigned in 1778. Helped Burgoyne in Saratoga.

John Jay

He was the 1st chief justice of the Supreme Court.

Stephen Decatur

He was the hero of the Barbary (Tripolitan) War.

William Lloyd Garrison

He wrote the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator. He founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society. Later also advocated women's rights, pacisfism, and the abolition of prisons.

John quincy adams, elected pres in 1825, was charged by hipolitical opponents with having struck a corrupt bargain when he appointed ------to become--------

Henry Clay, Secretary of state

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

John Deere

John Deere (February 7, 1804 - May 17, 1886) was an American blacksmith and manufacturer who founded Deere & Company, one of the largest and leading agricultural and construction equipment manufacturers in the world. Born in Rutland, Vermont, Deere moved to Illinois and invented the first commercially successful steel plow in 1837.

the major philosophical influence on the american leaders for independence was

John Locke's natural rights theory

Marshall Court

John Marshall dominated the Supreme Court for 20+ years •Loosely interpreted the Constitution •Aimed to protect individual property rights

indian removal act

Legislation passed by congress in 1830 which provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Indians in West. Granted president authority to use force if necessary and resulted in the involuntary transfer of thousands of Native Americans to new homes in Oklahoma

The immdeiate reason for Bacon's rebelion was

Indian attacks on the frontier settlements

What group of immigrants was the largest?

Irish

Matthew Brady

Irish-American photographer who documented the American Civil War

Henry Clay

After the Democratic Republican party divides, he leads the National faction. He put together the Missouri Compromise, which said Maine would be entered as a slave-free state & Missouri was entered as a slave state. He was a great political compromiser.

James Winthrop Convention

Agrippa

Loyalists

Also known as Tories, the term refers to those Americans who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution.

Brigham Young

American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the western United States; founder of Salt Lake City and the first governor of Utah Territory

Capt. John Berry

American leader of commerce raiders, who sought out the hurt Britain's economy by attacking its merchant ships. He cost Britain 7 million dollars in damage.

Knights of Labor

American mass labor organization; struggled and collapsed to the AFL

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Richard Henry Lee

American who proposed that the states should be independent on July 2, 1776. Two days later Americans declared independence.

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels.

Battle of Thames

Americans led by Gen. William Henry Harrison fought Indian forces & killed Shawnee leader, Tecumeh at this battle in the war of 1812

Monroe Doctrine

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers (after Spanish colonies declared independence)

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

An American warship was stopped by the British. They took American sailors and put them into the British army -> This led to many riots among Americans and led to Jefferson est. an embargo against everyone.

1607

Jamestown settled

non-intercourse act

An act, passed by Congress in 1809, designed to modify the embargo Act - only restricted trade with Britain and France -Macon's Bill No. 2 (under Madison) modified it, tensions continued growing

Uncle Tom's Cabin

An anti-slavery book which alarmed previously unconcerned Northerners about slavery. (1852)

'Civic nationalism'

An association of people with equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures. The Nation is not based on common ethnic ancestry, but is a political entity. The center is not ethnicity.

Embargo

An attempt to withhold good from export in order to influence the policies of the former purchasers.

Supremacy Clause

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

speech given by Booker T. Washington that outlined his ideas concerning African American self-improvement through vocational education to achieve economic goals

Atlanta Compromise

Arange the following events in chronological order: (a) Boston Massacre, (B) Townshend Acts, (C) TEa Act, and (d) Intolerable Acts

BACD

Breed's (Bunker) Hill

Battle between the Americans & British that took place after the Battle of North Bridge. This was the last battle before the American's Olive Branch Petition, which was the last attempt to avoid war with Britain.

Cowpens

Battle during the Revolutionary War that was won by the Americans.

Battle of Trenton

Battle on Christmas 1776. Washington's army vs. Hessians for a fort in Trenton, NJ. Americans WIN. Huge boost for American colonists after the demoralizing Battle of Long Island.

Secession crisis

Because of the anti-government sentiment due to slavery and other issues, this led to a period when people wanted to leave the Union.

technological advancement in the manufacturing of steel

Bessemer Process

headed a ring of politicians that cheated NY City out of $100 million

Boss Tweed

Lord Cornwallis

British general who fought in most of the last battles of the Revolution. He tried to attack the South & take the Virginias, the Carolinas, & Georgia but he was defeated. This ended the Revolution, giving America independence.

Yorktown

British under Cornwallis surrendered the war after a siege by American and French troops

The Mormon's success

Caused by endorsement of private property and individual enterprise (capitalism) •Became valuable assets to the market economy •Created a wealthy church that has lasted until today

Confederation Congress

Central government set up by Articles of Confederation (1781-89). No executive or judicial branches. Unicameral legislature with no power to tax or regulate interstate commerce (intentionally weak to prevent tyranny). One state one vote, supermajority (9/13) to pass important laws, unanimous vote to

1882 legislation passed in response to complaints of workers on the West Coast that competition from Chinese immigrants was driving down wages and threatening white racial purity; ended Chinese immigration

Chinese Exclusion Act

Excluded from US in early 1880's ..first group to be targeted by Congress

Chinese Immigrants

Naturalization Act 1790

Citizenship limited to whites only

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Clarified commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce & no monopolies allowed

republicanism

Complex, changing body of ideas, values, and assumptions that developed in the US in the late 1790s/early 1800s around Jefferson and Madison's political organizing and their campaigns for the presidency.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

Jonathan Edwards

Congregational revivalist during Great Awakening; Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God - experience new birth through religious conversion

What was Congress able to accomplish with its Native American policy under the Articles of Confederation?

Congress demanded and received surrenders of large amounts of Indian land north of the Ohio River and in the South.

Jocob Coxey's army of unemployed who marched on Washington D.C. during the Panic of 1893

Coxey's Army

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Created two new territories with slavery decided by popular sovereignty; it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise as it applied to slavery north of the Compromise line

Banastre Tarleton

Cruel (overseer/proprietor?) in the South. Southerners hated him.

Shays' Rebellion

Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection during an economic recession; Boston army suppressed rebels

Marshall's Principles and the Major Decisions of the Marshall Court

Date Case Significance of Decision Judicial Authority 1803 Marbury v. Madison Asserts principle of judicial review Property Rights 1810 Fletcher v. Peck Protects property rights through broad reading of Constitution's contract clause 1819 Dartmouth College v. Woodward Safeguards property rights, especially of chartered corporations Supremacy of National Law 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland Interprets Constitution to give broad powers to national government 1824 Gibbons v. Ogden Gives national government jurisdiction over interstate commerce

1887 legislation passed as an attempt to assimilate the Indians by dividing reservations into individual pieces of land, breaking up the tribes

Dawes Severalty Act

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Powhatan Confederacy

The organization of Powhatan Tribes led by Chief Powhatan. Jamestown colonists traded with these natives.

Articles of Confederation

The original constitution of the United States, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.

Federalist Papers

The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Argued that a strong central government/republic would be the most effective way to ensure the rights of its citizens.Their purpose was to convince the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did.

"Critical Years"

The period between the end of the Revolution to the President Washington's inauguration. During this time America developed its 1st and 2nd constitution and was trying to organize the country.

era of good feelings

The period from 1817 to 1823-> the disappearance of the federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.

Valley Forge

The place where Washington kept his army in the winter of 1777. They had to deal with harsh & cold weather. There, Baron von Steuben trained Washington's soldiers and made them better.

Strict Construction

The principle that the national government is legally granted only those powers specifically delegated in the Constitution

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

John Tyler

The vice-president of William Henry Harrison who became president when Harrison died. He was strongly disliked by people & his Whig Cabinet that later retired because he was actually a Democratic. He est. the Webster-Ashburton Treaty but that was all.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

This agreement done by President John Tyler cleared up Canada border issues with Britain.

Declaration of Independence

This document was written and approved by July 4, 1776 declaring independence from Britain. It included doctrines of individual liberty, popular sovereignty, & a republican government.

Whigs

This party began in 1834 to oppose Andrew Jackson. Popular among evangelical Protestants. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. They embraced the industry.

"Common Sense"

This was written by Thomas Paine which advocated independence & a republican form of government. This was extremely influential among Americans and encouraged many to revolt.

Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations

Thomas Edison

Upper South

Tidewater: Chesapeake & South Carolina coast; legendary "Old South" w/mansions; no longer grow tobacco b/c damaged soil; less slavery but first to secede

Triangular trade

Trade pattern that developed in the colonies; New England shipped rum to the west coast of Africa in exchange for slaves that were sent to the West Indies for molasses that was sold in New England.

Treaty of 1846

Treaty between the United States and Great Britain that set the boundary of the Oregon Territory

1848

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo/ Seneca Falls Convention

1919

Treaty of Versailles ends WWI and creates the League of Nations, but the US fails to ratify

webster ashburton treaty

Treaty signed by US and Britain in 1842 that settled a boundary dispute b/w US and Canada Also provided closer cooperation in suppressing African slave trade

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Treaty with Britain establishing the northeastern boundary of the U.S.

Virginia Plan

Two houses based on proportional representation

Bicameral legislatures

Two houses. More given to the upper house.

Lewis and Clark

Two men who explored the new western land gotten from the Louisiana purchase in 1804. They got help from Sacajewea to create maps of the new land.

George McClellan

Union general; Peninsula Campaign to seize Richmond ended in failure, removed from command by President Lincoln

U. S. Grant

Union military leader during the Civil War; corrupt President after the war

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to blockade of the Southern ports and advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two

Gettysburg

Union victory &turning point of the Civil War; Lee invaded the North, but was defeated by Meade

Washington Irving

United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859), wrote Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, first American author recognized abroad

fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

W.E.B. Du Bois

the Supreme Court ruled in 1886 that only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce, leading to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission

Wabash v. Illinois

War of 1812

War between Britain and America because of maritime disputes & frontier issues. Southerners were more supportive of it than Northerners. Americans invaded Canada but later surrendered. There were many navy battles & fights. Important battles were Battle of Lake Erie and the Battle of the Thames. British invaded Washington DC and burned down the White House. War ended with the Treaty of Ghent [1814] where Britain and America decided to have no gains/losses.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Federalist Leaders

Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton. Strong central government was needed to maintain order and preserve union.

City on a Hill

What John Winthrop said that the Puritan model societies, based on Christian principles, should be (an example to the world)

Lexington

Where a battle between American militiamen and the British took place when the British attempted to take supplies and colonists. British retreated but American lives were lost. After this battle, The Americans began to prepare for war against Britain. [1st battle]

Concord

Where a battle between American militiamen and the British took place when the British tried to take supplies and colonists. British retreated but American lives were lost. After this battle, the Americans began to prepare for war against Britain. [2nd battle]

Daniel Morgan

Worked with Nathaniel Greene to take over the American army and fight to recapture the Carolinas from the British.

Articles of Confederation

[1777] The 1st American Constitution. It gave the government authority to declare war & peace, make treaties, adjudicate disputes between states, borrow & print money, etc. Promoted central legislature. There was no separate executive nor a judiciary. Didn't give gov. authority to tax. Failed.

Tippecanoe

[1811] Battle in the War of 1812 between Americans and Tecumseh & his Native peoples. William Henry Harrison led this people to a victory and burned down Prophetstown.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

[1828] This was written by Southerners to protest John Q. Adam's Tariff of 1828 which raised dues on raw materials, textiles, and iron goods. In this, South Carolina nullified the tariff. John C. Calhoun helped write this because of his strong support for the South.

Saratoga

[Oct. 17, 1777] American army led by Heratio Gates defeated John Burgoyne's army here. After this win for the Americans, the French decided to become their allies. This was an important factor in the American victory of the Revolutionary War.

The union victory at vicksburg was of major imprtance becuase

all of the above-reopened MS river to N trade, coupled with vitory at Gettysburg, quelled N peace agitation, cut off cattle from TX and LA

The Great Awakening

all of the above-undermined the prestige of the learned clergy, split colonial churches into competing denominations, led to founding of Princeton, Darmouth, and Rutgers, was first spontaneous mass movement of American people

The Dominion of New England

all of the above-was created by English, eventually included NY and NJ, included all the New Enland colonies, designed to bolster defense

Munn v. Illinois

allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads (growth of federal government regulation)

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

The colonists who ultimately embraced the vision of America as an independent nation had in common all of the following characteristics except:

an unwillingness to subjugate others

Bacon's Rebellion

an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part. The uprising was a protest against Native American raids on the frontier.

Monroe Doctrine

any european attempt to extend their political systems to the Americans would be seen as threat; U/S/ would not get involved in European affairs; expression of American nationalism; noncolonization/nonintervention (1823)

The Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans presenteed themselves as all of the following excepts

believers ina strong central government

Great Columbia/Biological Exchange

between America (got cattle, pigs) and Europe (got corn, potatoes, beans); nourish world; europeans give Indians disease

American Colonization Society

bought land in Africa for free blacks to move to (Liberia)

American Revolution (1775-83)

british advantages: superior armaments/training and experience but distance is disadvantage; American advantages: home, terrain, leadership but untrained and rivalries between states and lack of money/supplies/organization

With regard to governmental authority, the Scots-Irish colonists

cherished no love for the Brittish or any other government

Chief Joseph

chief of the Nez Perce during General Oliver O. Howard's attempt to forcibly move them to a reservation in Idaho; for his principled resistance to the removal, he is as a humanitarian and peacemaker

Robert E. Lee

commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War

Edmond Genet was a French diplomat who

commissioned American ships to fight the British

Fugitive Slave Act

component of Compromise of 1850; opposed by north (mobs, Anthony Burns incident, attempts to stop deportation); stated any person could be deputized to capture runaway slaves

Sack of Lawrence and Pottawatomie Massacre

conflicts in Bleeding Kansas; one begun by antislavery fanatic John Brown; Kansas became symbol of sectional conflict

Commerce and Slave Trade

congress could regulate trade provided that: -Southern manufacturing protected b/c exports not taxed -couldn't regulate slave trade til 1807 -small revenue tax on imports

Alexander Hamilton

congressman from New York and former aide-de-camp to Washington

Northwest Ordinance

created five states north of the Ohio River that would be admitted to the Union when free inhabitants reached 60,000; slavery not allowed. Set a precedent for how states could join the Union.

Confederate States of America

created in 1860 when South Carolina seceded from Union; led by Jefferson Davis

Republican Party

created out of opposition towards Kansas-Nebraska Act; made up of "Conscience" Whig, Democrats, Free-Soilers; opposed to expansion of slavery in territories; represented agricultural/business interests in North

Salutary/Benign Neglect

description of English policy (esp. 1721-63) of allowing American colonies to economically develop w/o excessive govt. regulation from Britain; allow some political/social/religious freedom; created b/c of England's domestic problems w/Glorious Revolution, Seven Years' War, and conflicts w/France

"Total War"

destroying everything of military purpose; military/political; ideological (national vs. state sovereignty); economic (industrial north vs. agrarian South); social (more diverse vs. less diverse/educated)

Trent Affair

diplomatic tension w/Britain from 1861-1862; Union vessel arrested two southern diplomats on british ship; Britain demanded release; Lincoln dragged on then released

California Gold Rush

discovery of gold in 1848; caused dramatic increase in population that was overwhelming;y male, heterogeneous, unstable; arrival of chinese; destruction of Indians

It was highly signifigant to the course of future events that

economic democray preceeded political democracy in the US

Virginia, MAryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia were similar in that they were all

economically dependent on the export of a staple crop

Judith Sargent Murray argued that women's apparent mental inferiority to men simply reflected the fact that women had been denied:

educational opportunities

Pullman Strike

employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages. Led by Eugene V. Debs, leader of the American Railway Union.

Emancipation Proclamation

enacted January 1, 1863; slaves "forever free" in areas still in rebellion against US; exempted areas under Union control/border states; blacks can enlist in army; abolition and preserving Union now goals of war

Noah Webster

encourage distinctive American culture & aid national unification; first dictionary issued 1806 - established national standard of words and usages

Treaty of Ghent

ended War of 1812; no territorial changes (signed in 1814)

Peace of Paris (1783)

ended war; independence of US recognized by Britain; west border is Mississippi River; Congress recommend restoration of property and rights to Loyalists; British evacuate

Women became especially active in the social reforms stimulatied by the 2nd great awakening because

evangelical religion emphasized their spiritual dignity and religious social reform legitimized their activity outside the home

discontent among soldiers in the continental army was brought on by

fear for the welfare of families back home, inadequate arms and ammunition, they were paid in depreciated paper money, inadequately fed and clothed

Albany Plan of Union

fear of French and Indian power (1754); federal council w/representatives from each colony; for colonial defense, Indian policy; financed by taxes; not approved by single colonial assembly

As designed by the Constitution

federal judges were appointed by the president, not elected by the people

"Federalist 10"

federalist paper arguing factions are not a problem of an extended republic because there is too much diversity

John Adams' Presidency (1797-1801)

federalist; events include alien&sedition acts, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Quasi War, XYZ Affair

1619

first Africans brought to British colonies; establishment of House of Burgesses

Oberlin and Mount Holyoke Colleges

first college to accept women and first women's colleges respectively; both 1837

House of Burgesses

first elected/representative assembly in the Americas; fulfillment of promise to colonists of full rights as Englishmen

Antietam

first major battle in the Civil War to take place on Northern soil; bloodiest single-day battle in American history; tactical draw, but strategic Union victory

Election of 1800

first time political political faction/party peacefully surrendered power to opponents; Jefferson won despite attempt by his Vice President Burr to become President; decided by House of Representatives; led to 12th amendment = separate electoral vote for President and VP

Lecompton Crisis

free-staters refuse to participate in election in Kansas; fradulent election; opposed by douglas; constitution resubmitted and rejected by Kansas voters; south angry at Douglas; 1857-1858

1848 Free soil party platform for all except

giving women the right to vote

Tenant Farming

greatly increased in post-reconstruction south; yeoman farmer decrease; farmer who rented parcel of land, had his own tools and work animals, and owned the crop itself; would turn over pat of crop to landowner -> could eventually purchase land and rise to status of independent farmer

Robert Fulton

invented clermont which improved steamboat

Thomas Edison

inventor of the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and practical electric light bulb

Daughters of Liberty

led by Mercy Otis Warren (created in response to Stamp Act); wore homespun clothing instead of English finery, served coffee instead of tea, and boycotted shops selling British goods

Sons of Liberty

led by Sam Adams (created in response to Stamp Act); resistance group in attempt to protect property; a secret colonial organization assembled during the American Revolutionary War that consisted of traders, lawyers, and artisans

New Jersey Plan

like VA plan, but favored small states, and sugested a unicameral congress and to give congress the power to levy taxes and regulate commerce and the authority to name a plural executive (w/no veto).

Civil Rights Act of 1866

made everyone born in the U.S (previous slaves) full citizens

Shiloh

major western battle; very bloody; Confederate attack but Union victory

Jim Crow Laws

mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a "separate but equal" status

Toleration Act

of 1649 allowed freedom of religion in Maryland to all who believed in the Trinity; was granted to protect Catholics from interference by other Christians

as preident the condederacy, davis did not excersise arbitrary powere because

of the Souths emphasis on states rights

Oriskany

of the bloodiest battles in the Revolution; Loyalists and Native Americans fought against Patriots

One of the major causes of the panic of 1819 was

overspeculation in frontier lands

"Spoils System"

people who support candidate get gvt. jobs; end "class of permanent officeholders"; rotation in office; b/c first time new party had taken over since 1800 = National Republicans vs. Democratic Republicans (Jackson) in 1828

Presidency of Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

presidency included Panic of 1837; created Independent Treasury/Subtreasury System; loaned money to states for infrastructure; would not involve gvt. to stop depression

The development of three sister farming on the southeast Atlantic seaboard

produced a rich diet that led to high population densities.

the goal of the stamp act of 1765 was to

raise money for the defense of the colonies

The South's victory at Bull Run in 1861

reduced enlistments in the South's army

Proclamation of 1763

reduced tensions with Native Americans as a result of Pontiac's Rebellion; forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians; outraged colonists

Mexican cession

region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War; slavery issue dominated politics

George Whitfield

revivalist during Great Awakening; turned church into theater; drama of performances appealed to people of all classes, ethnic groups, and races

Samuel Adams-

revolutionary resistance leader who headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts; involved in the Committees of Correspondence, the First and Second Continental Congress, and the signing of the DofI

Maine Laws

sale and manufacturing of alcohol prohibiting (1851)

Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad

series of safe houses which attempted to resist runaway slaves in journey to north; she was most famous "conductor"

John Adams

served as a diplomat abroad and was unable to serve at the Constitutional

Three-fifths clause

slave compromise

tenant farms

southern farms in which blacks/poor whites would farm land owned by a landlord

Jim Crow Laws

state laws which established segregation in all public facilities and social interaction; stripped blacks of most social/economic/political rights gained in post-Civil War era; ultimate example of white supremacy in south

John C Calhouns South Carolina Exposition was an argument for

states rights

15th Amendment

states that states cannot deny suffrage due to race, color, or previous enslavement; caused break between abolitionists and women's movement; ratified 1870

Reconstruction Acts (1867)

statutes dealing with Confederate readmission that were passed after the Civil War; vetoed by Johnson, but overridden by Congress o Created five military districts in the seceded states o Required congressional approval for new state constitutions (which were required for Confederate states to rejoin the Union) o Confederate states give voting rights to all men. o All former Confederate states must ratify the 14th Amendment

Tariff of 1816

stimulated growth in U.S. industry and domestic market after War of 1812; first protective in U.S. History; aided budding of American industries by raising prices of foreign goods

Homestead Strike

strike against the Carnegie Steel Company; workers lost and steel not unionized

Haymarket Strike

strike in Chicago that turned violent killing 8 policemen and a number of civilians; Workers were striking for an 8 hour work day and better working conditions.

patriots emphasis on individual liberty is contradicted by

the absence of any provision for the abolition of slavery

Battle of Bunker Hill 1775

the colonists captured this place. The British took it back with a large number of soldier, first major battle in the American Revolution; the British were forced to retreat until their third try

The Battle of Tippecanoe resulted in

the death of the dream of an Indian confederacy

The size and sophistication of Native American civilizations in Mexico and South American can be attributed to

the development of agriculture

John C Calhpouns plan to protect the south and slavery involved

the election of 2 presidents, one from the North and one from the South

Perhaps the slaves greates physchological horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher stowe Uncle toms Cabin

the enforced seperation of slave families

cotton gin

Machine invented by Eli Whitney that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers (green seed cotton). US now had profitable export crop. Plantations sprung up in Alabama, Miss., Louisiana. New England: factories

Francis Lowell

Man who created the power loom. This led to a town (named after him) in Massachusetts being one of 1st industrial towns in America.

Puritans

Members of the Church of England who settled in North America to follow Christian beliefs in a more "pure" way.

Jay's Treaty

Negotiated with Britain

The revolutionary war began with fighting in ----then in 1777-1778 fighting was conentrated in----- and the fighting concluded in the ---------.

New England, the middle colonies, the South

after 1890(more or less)...came from Southern and Easter Europe in the later 1800's ..settled in the big cities of the Northeast and Midwest

New Immigration

Indian tribe led by Chief Joseph; ordered onto a reservation in Idaho in 1877, they fled instead; after giving up they were removed to a reservation in Oklahoma

Nez Perce

Susan B. Anthony

One of the most prominent speaker for women's rights. She organized a network of political captains who lobbied the legislature in New York. This led to New York law giving women the rights to collect and spend their own wages, own property, & they would have guardianship of their children if widowed. This laid the foundation for the women's rights movement after the Civil War.

Ratification of the Constitution Debate

Opponents (anti-federalists) feared central power and wanted Bill of Rights; Constitution ratified at conventions; ultimately ratified b/c support of Washington and Franklin (Federalists), Federalist Papers, promise to add Bill of Rights

Brook Farm

Outside Boston •Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller all visited •Economic failure -Needed to make their own food and exchange extra for manufactured goods -Most members were teachers/ministers/writers/students they weren't farmers! -Kept alive by rich residents •Fire in 1846 that caused the organizers to give it up and sell the farm •Caused transcendentalists to be more realistic in their hopes of making a new social system but they were not done yet, they targeted their energies into the movement to educate workers and abolish slavery •Mostly in rural areas of the Northeast and the Midwest and comprised of artisans and farmers trying to get away from the economic depression (1837-1844) •Symbols of protest and experimentation •Definition: a perfect society

Tariff of Abominations

Past tariffs had won Jackson presidency but created a strong hatred of the government in the south

during the gilded Age it was the primary function of Pres

Patronage/Spoils System

separation of church and state

Phrase from Jefferson- his belief that the First Amendment guaranteed that governments should not interfere with churches and vise versa

Perhaps the key battle of War of 1812, because it protected the united States from full-scale invasion and possible dissolution, was the battle of

Plattsburg

Olive Branch Petition

Pledge of loyalty to King George III but asked Britain to respect the rights/liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and remove British troops; George declared colonies in rebellion

1896 Supreme Court decision allowing for "separate but equal" facilities

Plessy v. Ferguson

1620

Plymouth settled

Casimir Pulaski

Polish American general known as the "Father of American calvary". He trained and organized the first American calvary.

Thaddeus Kosciuzko

Polish patriot who helped the Americans in the Revolutionary War.

Reserved Powers

Powers given to the state government alone

Election of 1824

Quincy Adams vs. Henry Clay vs. Andrew Jackson; Clay threw votes to Adams b/c Jackson did not support Clay's American System and Jackson was Clay's most formidable opponent in west

Ordinances of 1787

Refined some of the earlier qualifications for statehood. It further provided that a certain amount of land had to be reserved for public education, and that slavery was to be prohibited in this territory north of the Ohio River.

Northwest Ordinances of 1784, 1785, 1787

Regulated the sale of land in the Northwest Territory and established a plan to make these territories states. A way for the national government to make money.

Nativism

Response to the increased immigration in the 1840s, it reflected a fear that the United States was being taken over by foreigners. Nativism found a political expression in the American party, also known as the Know-Nothing party, which was founded in 1854 on a program of controlling immigration and requiring a longer naturalization period; the party was strongly anti-Catholic.

Compromise of 1877

Rutherford B. Hayes and other Republicans agreed that U. S. Troops would be withdrawn from the South, agreed to appoint a Southerner to the Cabinet, and pledged federal projects to the South in return for an end to Democratic opposition to official counting of the electoral votes for the disputed election of 1876.

Henry Clay

Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state

Federalist Papers

Series of essays that defended the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the federal government; Written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land; primary occupation of African Americans in the New South

Sharecropping

Tecumeh

Shawnee leader who revived the Western Confederacy with the Prophet and taught of going back to old traditions, not drinking alcohol, & not listening to Americans. He was killed in the Battle of Thames.

Lucretia Mott

She was one of the women, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who organized the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls in 1848

How did southern states react to the Constitution's provisions regarding slavery?

South Carolina and Georgia immediately began importing increased numbers of Africans, because in twenty years, the international slave trade could be constitutionally prohibited.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolinian and VP to Jackson; right of nullification: fed. gvt - creation of the states thus states - final judges of constitutionality of laws; nullification is alternative to secession -> pressure fed. gvt to reduce tariff; eventual Whig just b/c hated Jackson; part of nullification crisis

democratic-republicans

Southern plantation owners/farmers BELIEFS: -Farmers are more likely to maintain democracy -passive/out of the way federal gov. is best -Bank of US, assumption of taxes bad -Southern states -PRo-French (support french rev.) -Favor of states rights (to protect slavery) -Sponsor kentucky/virginia resolutions that declared A&S acts nullified

1898

Spanish American War

Republicanism and "civic virtue"

Starting with Thomas Paine, bringing forth the idea that power came from the people themselves, not from the "mother country" Worked out well as the colonists already had democracy. Also meant that now, ordinary people, had to sacrifice their personal self interest to the the public good. "virtue"

Border States

States that lied between North and South. Their choice of sides would greatly help the war effort due to population and manufacturing. It also made diplomacy trickier. Slavery was not abolished in these states, although they were parts of the Union

Democrats

States' rights •Small national government •Andrew Jackson •Artisans and those threatened by industry •Framers, immigrants, city workers •Many southerners and westerners •Most Catholics and mainstream Protestants oImmigrants oOpposed to high tariff, national bank oThe "common man"

Technology with Industrial Rev

Steam engines were used to power mills •Power driven machines •Turn away from using human/animal power and towards machine power

one of the key developments was at Antietam was

the union discovery of Robert E lees battle plans

Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention

Summer 1787; leading reformer was Alexander Hamilton to overhaul Articles of Confederation; approval of national gvt. with three separate branches to replace articles of Confederation; led by Washington; eventual compromise on Constitution

William Lloyd Garrison

Super dedicated abolitionist, from Massachusetts •Worked to publish an antislavery newspaper •Jailed •Started a newspaper, The Liberator •Founder of the New England Anti-Slavery Society •Said that slavery was allowed by the government •Established the American Anti-Slavery Society

What roles did state and national government play in the development of America's transportation?

Supplied money/resources/labor

Checks and Balances

System embodied in the Constitution through which the power of each branch of government is limited by the other; the President's authority to veto legislation and Congress's power to override that veto are examples.

Tariff of 1828

Tariff established by John Q. Adams. This protected manufacturers in New England & Pennsylvania by raising tariffs on wool, hemp, & raw materials. This was hated by Southerners and called the "Tariff of Abomination". The Exposition and Protest was written against this tariff.

1968

Tet Offensive/ MLK & RFK assassinations/ Chicago Democratic Convention

Annexation by the United States

Texans wanted to be part of the US •Van Buren wouldn't bring the issue to Congress because he thought it would spark wars with Mexico and between the North and the South (over slavery)

1824

The "Corrupt Bargain" elects John Quincy Adams President for the US

Battle of Saratoga 1777

The British (Howe and Burgoyne) were fighting against Arnold and Washington to capture the Hudson River Valley. Burgoyne never attacked because the American army was getting stronger, so they lost Saratoga to the Americans.

aka: The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry; founded by Oliver Kelley; promoted education and socialization of farmers

The Grange

1803

The US acquires the Louisiana Purchase/ Marbury v. Madison establishes Judicial Review

1823

The US establishes the Monroe Doctrine for the US foreign policy

Gadsen Purchase

The US forced Mexico to sell more land to them so that the borders could be normalized.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the Americans had a right to the western land and to expand. Polk is usually associated with this because of his success with gaining the far western land for the Mexicans.

John Paul Jones

The commander of one of America's ships. He was a daring, hard-fighting young Scotsman who helped destroy British merchant ships in 1777. He brought war into the water and surprisingly had success there against the British.

Popular sovereignty

The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

Henry Knox

The first Secretary of War.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

transcendental intellectual; wrote "Nature" and "Self-Reliance" -> individuals should work for communion w/natural world

U.S. Industrial Revolution

transformation of manufacturing; power-driven machines took place of hand-operated tools especially after 1815

Rush-Bagot Agreement

treaty that demilitarized the Great Lakes and the boundary between the U.S. and British North America

Battle of Gettysburg and Siege of Vicksburg

turning points of Civil War in 1863; one was bloodiest battle where Lee's army never recovered from casualties; other placed Mississippi River under control of Union and split Confederacy in half

Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)

two running for senate; one wanted to restrict slavery to south but not eliminate; event included freeport doctrine which damaged his chances to win presidency in 1860

New Jersey Plan

unicameral system

Whiskey Rebellion

uprising by PA farmers in response to excise revenues and taxes on whiskey established in Hamilton Financial System; Hamilton used rebellion as opportunity to use fed. power

Confederate financing of the war

used specie money backed by gold and silver; paper money was overprinted and resulted in mass inflation; small/unstable banking system; hard to request funds from states

Union financing of war

used taxation (levied taxes on all goods and services), paper currency (greenbacks printed backed by gvt.), borrowing american people, and banks

Burr Conspiracy

vice president advocated conquest of Mexico with plan to separate Southwest territory to create new nation; tried for treason; consequence: demonstrated potential instability of US

Planter Class

whites that owned at least 20 to 50 slaves and 800 or more acres; exercised immense power and influence over political, economic, and social of region; brought political/economic power to deep south

George Washington

willed his slaves to be freed upon the death of his wife

New York Colony

won in 1664 from Dutch; became English royal colony

"King Cotton"

would drive economy until rise of railroads; gave political power to deep south (planter class); most impt. economic development in antebellum south = shift of economic power from upper to lower South

When the House of Representatives passed the Tallmadge Amendment in response to Missouris request for admission to the Union, the soth though that the admendent

would threaten the sectional balance

Horatio Alger

wrote Ragged Dick

Polygamy:

men could have multiple wives (women couldn't have multiple husbands)

J. Pierpont Morgan

merged Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric; merged the Carnegie Steel Company and other steel/iron businesses to form the US Steel Corporation

Hector Crèvecoeur

"Letters from an American Farmer"

Francis Marion

"Swamp Fox" American guerilla fighter who led other guerrillas to win battles to recapture South Carolina from the British.

King Philip's War

(1675-76) bloodiest war in colonial history; colonists won; New England Indians eliminated as obstacle to west expansion; colonists united

Battle of Long Island

(August 27, 1776) British forces under William Howe badly beat American forces under George Washington. Sorely outnumbered and surrounded, the 9,500 troops that survived escaped under cover of night across the East River to Manhattan.

Impressment

- British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

John Adams

2nd President elected 1796-1801 (Federalist)

Land Ordinance 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships of 6 miles of 640 acre sections to facilitate the sale of land to settlers, showed little concern for small farmers (minimum price is $640)

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Thomas Paine

A passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller Common Sense in 1776. Paine held the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England.

Slave Trade

Abolished in 1808

Olaudah Equiano

After gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography

Buenavista

After the Battle of Monterrey, Taylor goes to Saltillo and fights in the Btatle of Buenavista. Americans defeated Mexicans. This was Taylor's greatest battle.

Freedmen's Bureau

Agency created by Congress as the war ended to assist Civil War refugees and freed former slaves.

Oregon Treaty of 1846

Agreement during President Polk's term which regularized the border between Canada and the US across the country. Polk does this & manages to avoid war with Britain.

Elastic Clause

Also known as the "Necessary and Proper Clause", this gave Congress the power to pass laws. This was controversial between Federalists and Antifederalists because Antifederalists didn't want to give the central government too much power.

New Jersey Plan

Also known as the "Small State Plan". Suggested unicameral congress which had equal representation stronger executive committee.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain

Lucretia Mott

American Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer, and proponent of women's rights; credited as the first American "feminist" in the early 1800s but was, more accurately, the initiator of women's political advocacy; collaborated w/Stanton; agitated for women's rise

U.S.S. Constitution

American battle ship that was vs. HMS Guerriere in the War of 1812. America won.

John Paul Jones

American captain during the American Revolution. He commanded "the Providence", captured 16 British ships, attacked England and Ireland, Got "Bohemmie Richard" from the British.

Texas independence

American slave owners revolted against the Mexican government when they banned slavery. This created disputes over the land's ownership.

Mesoamerica

Early civilization based on sedentary agriculture and the cultivation of corn and food production. Cultures included the Olmec, Teotihuacan, the Maya, and the Aztec.

railroad which extended from sacramento, california eastward

Central Pacific

Continental Association

Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation of British goods in order to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts

War Hawks

Democratic Republicans from the West & South who supported taking land from the Canada & Florida.

Methodists

During the 2nd Great Awakening, this became one of the largest denominations in America. They preached of religious fellowship and equality among all people. Attracted African Americans.

Unicameral legislature

Each state would have one vote with one representative in each state. Ratification of the constitution required all 13 states.

1865

End of Civil War/ Lincoln Assassinated/ 13th Amendment ratified

Grimke Sisters

Famous anti-slavery lecturers who debated men even thought they were looked at as subordinate.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810

First time a state law is declared unconstitutional; contract clause of the Constitution overrode state law.

XYZ Affair

France angered by Jay's Treaty -> captured US ships (1787); French agents demanded loan for France and a bribe for French officials before negotiations began; Americans refused

Talleyrand

French ambassador who accepted the American diplomat's bribe to get France to stop taking American merchant ships. -> America stop trade w/ France & Quasi-war.

paper currency (money)

Greenbacks

southern cotton

Grown mostly in Black Belt- only 'green seed' variety grew, needed cotton gin to separate seeds. Slaves were needed- cotton required almost constant attention

Anti Federalists

Hancock, Mason, Henry. Revolution work was destroyed by a tyrannical government. Wanted a bill of rights.

Noah Webster

He wrote the 1st American English grammar book called the Blue Back Book and later wrote the Webster Dictionary to make the English language more uniform. This contributed much to the American English language used today.

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Homestead Act

Reockefeller...a company that buys other businesses in the same industry

Horizontal integration

Half-way Covenant

In 1662, Puritans permitted the baptized children of church members into a "half-way" membership in the congregation and allowed them to baptize their children; they still could not vote or take communion.

Kitchen cabinet

Informal group of friends who advised Jackson during his administration. Jackson believed that the "official" Cabinet's main function was to carry out his orders

Internal improvements

Included roads, canals, railroads; essentially, an internal transportation network that would bind the country together.

prevented former slaves (freedmen) from voting

KKK

not much success in the late 1800's because unionism was the opposite of American individualism

Labor Unions

Tea Act

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Fugitive Slave Act

Law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them

Townshend Acts

Laws passed by Parliament in 1767 that set taxes on imports to the colonies

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Little Big Horn

Transportation

Many charters to transportation companies were issued •Roads were built •Water transport was the cheapest/fastest way to get goods to move around •Caused laws that would "increase the common wealth" so they could do whatever they wanted to

Worcester vs. Georgia (1832)

Marshall and the Court sided with the Cherokees and had distinct political communities/boundaries •Jackson ignores what the Court says

Mary Lyon

Mary Mason Lyon (/ˈlaɪ.ən/; February 28, 1797 - March 5, 1849) was an American pioneer in women's education. She established the Wheaton Female Seminary in Norton, Massachusetts, (now Wheaton College) in 1834. She then established Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mount Holyoke College) in South Hadley, Massachusetts in 1837 and served as its first president (or "principal") for 12 years. Lyon's vision fused intellectual challenge and moral purpose. She valued socioeconomic diversity and endeavored to make the seminary affordable for students of modest means.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland tried to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

1901

McKinley assassination allows Theodore Roosevelt to become President

hartford convention

Meeting of Federalist delegates from New England states to protest continuation of War of 1812 -only made them look bad

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed its complaints against the ruling Republican Party

federal land to the states to establish colleges

Morrill Land Grant Act

corps of discovery

Name given to expedition led by Lewis and Clark in 1804-1806 -explored Louisiana Purchase and Oregon lands extending to West coast

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

New Jersey Plan

New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress

Bonus Bill

vetoed by Madison; would of allowed central gvt. to finance internal improvements

What were the sectional economic divisions for the market economy?

North- textile industries West- Grain to feed country South- king cotton (bc of cotton gin)

old northwest

Ohio, Indiana, Illinious, Michigan, WI, MN. Closely tied to industrial north with railroads and canals. Grain farming to ship to NE.

Grand Committee

One delegate from each state met to resolve conflicts between rights of small/large states. States are equally represented in Congress. One representative for every 30,000 people(3/5 a slave).

Sir Henry Clinton

One of the British commanders of the Revolutionary War.

diests

One who has a religious orientation that rejects divine revelation and holds that the working of nature alone reveal God's design for the universe

1883 legislation that attempted to replace the "spoils system" with a "merit system," by creating the Civil Service Commission. In other words, people seeking government jobs would now have to pass a test to receive the job, based on merit

Pendleton Act

Fries's Rebellion

Pennsylvanian farmer uprising

free coinage of silver to increase the supply of money in circulation

Populist Goals

Southern justifications for slavery

Property rights •Only bad people were slaves •Positive good - slaves couldn't take care of themselves, so at least they had food/water/shelter

Virginia Plan

Proposed by Madison. Scrapped AoC, proposes 3 branches, senators would be based on population

Shays' Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Era of Good Feelings

Refers to the period after the War of 1812 during the presidency of James Monroe, when competition among political parties was at a low ebb.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Manufacturing

Rural economies made more goods •Impacts: oNegative impacts on the environment oDeforestation oCreation of pasturelands oWater pollution from factories oRural people worked harder and longer oCreated a market that people were dependent on but couldn't control

the separation of the races in the United States

Segregation

Border states

Slave states--Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri--that remained loyal to the Union; the secession of these states would have considerably strengthened the South.

Growing differences between the North and South

Slavery was still heavily present/legal in the south •Slavery in the south was considered necessary for financial success (but they realized it was wrong) •Northern citizens were more educated than southerners •North = industrial, south = agricultural

Pseudo-scientific evidence used by welathy Americans to prove that they deserved their wealthy...natural selection and survival of the fittest

Social Darwinism

Society of Cincinatus

Society established for military officers.

emancipation plans

Some abolitionists popping up in north

Edgar Allen Poe

Souther writer who was known for his dark, Romantic literature. Some famous pieces are "Tell Tale Heart", "Anabel Lee", "The Raven"

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void. (1832)

Adams-Onis/Transcontinental Treaty

Spain ceded Florida to US; established border between US and Spanish Mexico in 1819

Critical Period

Term used by historians to describe the United States under the Articles of Confederation.

Scalawags

Term used to describe Southern white Republicans who had opposed secession

1832

The "Bank War" & Nullification Crisis/ Nat Turner's Revolt/ Garrison's The Liberator

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

1820

The Missouri Compromise

Oneida

The Perfectionist Utopian movement began in New York. People lived in a commune and shared everything, even marriages. Today, the town is known for manufacturing silverware.

1857

The Supreme Court announces the Dred Scott Decision

1814

The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812

The Significance of the Frontier in American History argued the closing of the Frontier had ended an era in American History

The Turner (Frontier) Thesis

1787

The US Constitution is written at the Philadelphia Convention

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

"No taxation without representation"

The assertion that Great Britain had no right to tax the American colonies as long as they did not have their own representatives in the British Parliament.

Cult of Domesticity

The culture of domesticity (often shortened to "cult of domesticity" [1]) or cult of true womanhood[a] was a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the United States[2] and Great Britain. This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family. "True women" were supposed to possess four cardinal virtues: piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness.[3][4] The women and men who most actively promoted these standards were generally white, Protestant, and lived in New England and the Northeastern United States.[5] The cult of domesticity revolved around the women being the center of the family; they were considered "The light of the home". Although all women were supposed to emulate this ideal of femininity, black, working class, and immigrant women were often excluded from the definition of "true women" because of social prejudice.

Dred Scott Decision

The decision about a Missouri slave suing for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

The battle of saratoga was a key vitory for the Americans because it

brought the colonists much needed aid and a formal alliance with France

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The final battle of the Northwest Indian War in 1794. 3,000 American troops under Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution established 1777, allotted powers over foreign relations, state disputes, coinage and Indian trade. It gave the legislature no power to raise revenue and no authority to enforce its rulings. The requirement of unanimous consent for ratification or amendments adversely affected congressional dealings, such as in the case of western lands, which did not want to cede their westernmost holdings to the national government.

emancipation

The freeing of someone from slavery

Industrial Revolution

The growth and mechanization of industry •1790-1820 •Merchants and manufacturers increased output of goods by reorganizing work and building factories •Outwork system: made an efficient division of labor/lowered the price of goods; took control away from workers •Factories were created in response to failures from the outwork system

Jacksonian democracy

The idea of spreading political power to the people and ensuring majority rule as well as supporting the "common man"

Admiral de Grasse

The operator of a powerful French fleet in the West Indies who advised America that he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown. Rochambeau's French army defended the British by land and Admiral de Grasse blockaded them by sea. This resulted in Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781.

As a result of Pope's Rebellion in 1680

The pueblo indians destroyed every catholic church in the province of New Mexico

Judicial review

The right of the Supreme Court to declare a law passed by Congress unconstitutional; the principle was established in Marbury v. Madison, but was original sketched out in Hamilton's essay #78 in The Federalist Papers.

Separation of powers

The structure of the government provided for in the Constitution where authority is divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches; idea comes from Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws.

Electoral College

The system that the United States used and still uses to elect the president. Each state has a number of electoral votes based on the number of representatives it has in congress. The system showed the lack of trust the founding fathers had in the common man.

Nullification

The theory advanced by John Calhoun in response to the Tariff of 1828 (the Tariff of Abominations); states, acting through a popular convention, could declare a law passed by Congress "null and void"; the roots of the idea go back to Jefferson and Madison's compact theory of government and are originally spelled out in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

Bleeding Kansas

The virtual civil war that erupted in Kansas in 1856 between pro-slavery and free soilers as a consequence of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Rachel Jackson

The wife of Andrew Jackson. During his election, there was much mud-slinging about her because of her unofficial divorce of her ex-husband. She later died & Jackson was deeply affected by her death and blamed the media.

Constitution of 1787

The written document providing for a new central government of the United States, drawn up at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and ratified by the states in 1788. Provided for three branches with checks and balances. Gave federal government power to tax & regulate commerce, control currency, & pass laws necessary to carry out their responsibilities. no bill of rights

Compromise of 1850

These 5 laws were created to avoid a secession crisis. The Fugitive Slave Act (forced federal magistrates to return slaves) was for the South. California was a free state which solved boundary problem betw. New Mexico & Texas. It abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia. It also organized territories into New Mexico and Utah, which were able to decide whether they wanted slavery or not.

Anti-Federalists

These were the people that opposed the Constitution. They recognized the need for national revenue and they feared a too- powerful central government. They believe that the states should be the chief protectors of individual rights, and the weakening of the states could lead to the onset of arbitrary power. They stressed the need for constant popular vigilance to avert oppression. They focused on the Constitution's lack of a bill of rights. They people that were Anti—Federalists include small farmers, Baptists and Presbyterians, older Americans like Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry and Richard Lee.

All of the following contributed to the lack of art development of art and artists in early colonial America except

lack of talent amoung Americans

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Veto and pocket veto

This allows the President to be able to veto any bills indirectly. This prevents one branch from having too much power.

Battle of New Orleans

This battle was after the War of 1812, but they didn't know. The British led by Lord Pakenham attacked the Americans. Andrew Jackson led the Americans to a significant victory that boosted the American spirit and led to the disappearance of the Federalist party.

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Interposition

This meant state government could position itself as a buffer between federal government and people's rights.

Anglo-American Convention of 1818

This meeting est. the border between Canada and the Louisiana purchase with the help of John Q. Adams. For the more western lands, they waited longer until there were more settlers in the area.

Herman Melville

This novelist was a critic of Emerson's teachings of transcendentalism and explored the limits of individualism. He wrote Moby Dick which taught that the quest for spiritual meaning in natures leads to death instead of transcendence. He was not influential.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

This plan created territories that would one day become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, & Wisconsin. Didn't allow slaver in these territories. This was the only successful part of the Articles of Confederation because it led to orderly settlement.

Noah Webster

United States lexicographer (1758-1843), American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

bundle of compromises

This referred to the fact that the Constitution was trying to please everybody. (Great Compromise; 3/5 compromise; method of electing president; regulation of slave trade)

2nd Great Awakening

This religious revival made the United States a Christian society. During this time, Methodist, Baptists, and Church of Christ emerges & become popular. Universalists preached of universal salvation. These religions preached of equality and condemned slavery. It was disliked in the south. African Americans embraced this religious revival though. 2nd Great Awakening encouraged cooperation among denominations. Women became more involved in public activities & education. It helped the US have a national identity.

Abolition

This term means to get rid of slavery. There were many groups advocating this such as the American Colonization Society, etc. This cause became more popular in the 19th cent.

Critical Period

This term, coined by John Quincy Adams, refers to the 1780's under the Articles of Confederation, a time right after the American Revolution where the future of the newly formed nation was in the balance. Large amounts of debt, high taxes, foreign affairs, domestic issues, and military concerns were some of the problems Americans faced shortly after the Revolution. These concerns prompted calls for a more vigorous national government that eventually resulted in the Constitution in 1787.

Shawnee

This tribe was led by Tecumeh. With the help of the British, this tribe revived the Western Confederacy which taught going back to traditions & not listening to the Americans. When the leader Tecumeh was killed in the Battles of the Thames, this ended the alliance between this tribe and the Creeks.

10% Plan

This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.

3/5 Compromise

This was a compromise about slaves. Three- fifths of slaves would be included in population totals since slaves were 60% human and 40% property. This was the result of a dispute since some states wanted slaves to be counted in the population like states with larger amounts of slaves. The states with little slaves did not want them to be counted. This won approval from all the delegates but two, Governor Morris of New York and George Mason of Virginia. They disagreed with this compromise since they both spoke out against the institution of slavery. In the end, this was created since they knew slaves would still be in use for at least the next twenty years

"The Federalist"

This was a series of eighty- five political essays that explained the theory of the Constitution, while answering critics. These essays were written by James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. These essays had reasoned arguments that helped win the battle to ratify the Constitution. The Constitution was ratified on July 26, 1788 by a slim margin of three votes

Separatists

Those who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England as opposed to most Puritans who believed it was possible to reform the church; the Pilgrims were Separatists

Impressment

This was the forcing of anyone who couldn't prove their citizenship on merchant ships to be a part of the British army. One important example was the Chesapeake Leopard Affair. This later contributed to the war with Britain.

Spoils System

This was used by President Jackson. He rewarded political supporters with appointments into his Cabinet. He also had an informal Cabinet known as the "Kitchen Cabinet".

Little Turtle

Treaty of Greenville

Men that were known for monopolistic corpurations

Trust

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Thomas Jefferson

Virginian who was the main author of the Declaration of Independence. He would later become the first Democratic-Republican president and cause the Revolution of 1800.

Zachary Taylor

War hero who invaded Mexico and later became president in 1848.

Seminole Wars

War started when Seminole Native Americans attempted to fight against US to remain in Florida after Jackson's Indian Removal Policy. US buys Florida which leads to Seminoles being forced to leave.

Francis Key Scott

When the British bombarded Fort McHenry during the War of 1812, this man saw it and wrote the "Star Spangled Banner" which would later become the national anthem.

Anglo-American Convention

With Britain- negotiated joint control of Pacific NW for 10 years

national and international market economy

With the acceleration of a national and international market economy, Americans debated the scope of government's role in the economy, while splitting economic systems meant that regional political and economic loyalties often continued to overshadow national concerns

Seven Years' War

Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

1890 U.S. cavalry slaughter of Native Americans marketing the end of the Indian Wars on the Great Plain

Wounded Knee

"The American Crisis"

Written by Thomas Paine which supported the Americans to fight for independence. Encouraged the Americans to revolt.

Judith Sargent Murray

Wrote an essay "On the Equality of the Sexes" where she argued that men and women had equal memories but women had a superior imagination. She said women were only inferior to men in reason because they were not trained. This showed how women began to speak more and express their opinions as they became more educated after the Revolution.

Niños Heroes

Young Mexican cadets who were the last to defend Chapultepec against the Americans.

Carlisle Commission

[1778] Group of British negotiators who went to America to try and compromise after losing the Revolutionary War. FAIL.

Pontiac's Rebellion

a 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

New Amsterdam

a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became the city now known as New York City.

As the Head of Dominion of New England, Sir Edmund Andros was all of the following except

a Puritain

Monroe Doctrine

a United States policy that sought to insulate the Western Hemisphere from European intervention.

Company town

a city in which much or all businesses are owned by a single company

Proprietary Colony

a colony given to a proprietor to govern (in 17th century)

One of the surest avenues to speedy wealth in the American colonies ws

a commercial venue

XYZ Affair

a diplomatic episode that soured relations between France and the United States and led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi War

Puritanism

build better society in America; strong sense of mission and destiny; no abandoning English Church, but were assaulting on its corruption

Terence Powderly

leader of the Knights of Labor

the first continental congress was a reaction to

the passage of the intolerable acts

Articles of Confederation

this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Early 19th century families

were getting smaller

3/5 Compromise

- A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for

James K. Polk

11th President elected 1844-1849 (Democrat)

Annapolis Convention

Held in September 1786 at the request of Virginia, this meeting of the states aimed to improve the uniformity of commerce. Only twelve delegates came, and they proceeded to call a second meeting, to be held in May of 1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles.

Patrick Henry

Henry was a die-hard Anti-Federalist who initially opposed ratification of the Constitution.

Henry Thoreau

Inspired by Ralph Emerson, this New England man wrote many pieces of famous literature, one important one being Waldon. He advocated social nonconformity and civil disobedience against unjust laws.

Maysville Road veto

Jackson vetoed building a road in Kentucky; strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

Bank War

Jackson vetoed recharter bill in order to prevent earlier panics from occurring again; blamed recession on Biddle; lead to Panic of 1837

Paine's Common Sense

January 1776, rejected institution of monarchy/King George; helped to change popular opinion about the war in favor in complete independence from Britain

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Affirmed federal control of interstate commerce under commerce clause of the Constitution.

Women's rights movement and changing roles for women:

Birthrate decreased in the 1790s •Men were moving west of the Appalachians which meant that there were more unmarried/late married women •People wanted to be able to leave their children more land, so they had less kids in order to have to divide their land less •Women started to be seen as pure, men were being credited to sexual misconduct (rather than the previous belief that women were sexual temptresses)

the usage of both silver and gold as currency; Republicans believed i a money system based on the single gold standard, while the Democrats (Populist) believed in bimetallism

Bimetallism

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

General in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

Winfield Scott

General known as "Fuss & Feathers" Leads American army into Veracruz and conquers them. He also defeated the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo & Churnbrusco. War hero.

Writs of Assistance

General search warrants employed by Britain in an effort to prevent smuggling in the American colonies.

Sam Houston

General who led Texas Rebels in the Battle of Jacinto to destroy the Mexican army that had fought at the Alamo. This established the independence of Texas.

Oliver Hazard Perry

Commodore who defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise: 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Bleeding Kansas

Missouri border ruffians crossed into the Kansas to vote against slavery; severely divided the fledgling state

Draft riots

Mob violence opposing conscription laws during the Civil War; the most violent occurred in New York City (July 1863).

Pontiac's Rebellion

Native American uprising against the British because of mistreatment

Nez Perce

Native Americans who live in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States

Term that identified southern promoters' belief in the technologically advanced industrial South

New south

Privateering

Privately owned, armed ships specifically authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping and smuggle in needed supplies. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale.

Popular sovereignty

Proposed by Senator Lewis Cass, it meant that the decision to permit slavery in a territory was up to the territorial legislature; it was incorporated into the Compromise of 1850 for New Mexico and Utah territories.

Radical Reconstruction

Provided for dividing states into military districts with military commanders to oversee voter registration that included adult African-American males for state conventions; state conventions to draft constitutions that provided for suffrage for black men; state legislatures to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

Baron von Steuben

Prussian military officer who trained Washington's army while they were in Valley Forge. He made the army more disciplined and tougher.

Who had claims to oregon Territory?

Russia, Britain, Spain, and US (the US's was really weak)

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

Osceola

Seminole chief who fought against Gen. Jackson in the Seminole Wars.

Stephen Douglas

Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty. Debated Lincoln for Democratic presidential nominee. Lost to Lincoln.

Checks and Balances

Separation of Powers

2001

September 11th attacks on World Trade Center, Pentagon, & Northern Pennsylvania

Appomattox

Lee surrendered to Grant at this court house

Election of 1864

Lincoln now wants to end slavery (abolitionist) vs. McClellan; Union victories in Atlanta led to Republican win; consequences = Confederacy would lose, slavery dead

"Ten-Percent Plan"

Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 1863) provided that new state government could be established in the South when ten percent of the qualified voters in 1860 took an oath of loyalty.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

1957

Little Rock Nine crisis in Arkansas/ Soviet Union launches Sputnik

Benedict Arnold

US general and traitor in the Revolution; plan to surrender West Point was foiled

Washington's Farewell Address

US should avoid permanent alliances and factions

Spoils system

a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters

The Mayflower Compact can be best described as

a promising step toward genuine self-goverment

The mayflower compcat can be best described as

a promising step toward self-government

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

States cannot tax the federal government... Established constitutionality of the 2 BUS i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Supreme Court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against companies

Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

Supreme Court decision involving presidential war powers; civilians could not be tried in military courts in wartime when the federal courts were functioning.

Pilgrims

The colonists from England who sailed to America on the Mayflower and founded the colony of Plymouth in New England in 1620

Comte de Rochambeau

The commander of a powerful French army of 6,000 troops who landed in Newport, RI in the summer of 1780 and helped plan for a potential Franco-American attack on New York.

Alexander Hamilton

author of most of the "Federalist" essays

Spanish Empire

autocratic/mercantilistic/catholic development of self-sustaining economies less important that conversion of "heathens" to Catholicism (mission system) and search for gold and silver

French Empire

autocratic; small in numbers; have cordial relations with indigenous populations; traders and Jesuits

The introduction of American plants around the world resulted in

rapid population growth in Europe

As a result of the Missouri compromise

slavery was banned north of 36 30 in the LA purchase territory.

Marbury vs. Madison

supreme court case that established judicial review

overcultivation

the farmers overcropped the land in some of the south

Mormons

began in burned-over district by Joseph Smith; human perfectability; particular importance on family; practice polygamy = persecution -> Utah

Dorothea Dix

began national movement for new methods to treat mentally ill -> asylums

With the end of the 7 Years war, the disunity, jealousy, and suspision that had long existed in the American colonies

began to melt somewhat

Manifest Destiny

belief US was destined to expand its boundaries over a vast area; idealistic attempt to extend liberty

"Republican Motherhood"

belief that mothers held responsibility for raising informed and self-reliant citizens; led to more education for women + expansion of female literacy

Revolution of 1800:

bloodless transfer of power, shows that democracy can be effective

Hamilton's Financial Program

bolster national credit; funding at par; assumption = new central gvt. pay off debts from Revolutionary War; pary national debt; establish Bank of the US; support industrial development; creditors invest in gvt -> creditors get interest when paid back so want gvt. to succeed; complex economy - manufacturing, commercial/trade, agriculture

Oregon Country

both U.S. and Britain claimed sovereignty; 1818 = joint occupations (both countries have equal access); Polk gives order for British evacuation of territory

Louisiana Territory

bought for $15 million

XYZ affair

bribery scandal

Eli Whitney

created cotton gin in 1790s and debatably interchangeable parts

Transcendentalists

embrace theory of individual + relate oneself to nature -> Emerson and Thoreau

First Battle of Bull Run

first major land battle of the Civil War; Confederate victory

Elias Howe

inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other manufacturers

The New England Confederation

was designed to bolster colonial defense

Many of the slaves who reached North America

were originally captured by African costal tribes

Universal Manhood Suffrage

western states expand vote first -> eastern states forced to expand vote (did not want to lost residents to west); spread of democratic ideology; vote included all white males

James Madison

wrote Virginia plan to replace Articles of Confederation; helped write/ratify Bill of Rights; Federalist; made President in 1810, started 2nd national bank; believed listing of rights would limit individual rights; declared war; participate in Federalist Papers

Francis Scott Key

- wrote 'The Star-Spangled Banner'

Virginia Colony

1607 - Jamestown - London Company; charter to stock company/Royal

Lucy Stone vs. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

15th amendment caused split in women's movement b/c did not give women's suffrage; opposed by ______ and ______ while another woman _____________ urged the amendment's ratification

Enlightenment

A European intellectual movement that stressed the use of human reason.

Confederation

A political system in which the central government is relatively weak and member states retain considerable sovereignty.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Glorious Revolution (In America)

Elimination of Dominion of England in 1689; Plymouth added to Massachusetts in 1691; Reinstatement of legislative assemblies; Coode's Rebellion; some royal governors; more closely intertwined empire

Middle Class

Emerged because the average wealth of Americans began to rose •Secured comfort for themselves/education for their children •Stressed discipline, morality, hard work •Not working in factories, rather they were more artisanal

defended by the GOP because it brought additional revenue to the federal gov't ...was main issue that divided GOP and the Democrats in the Gilded Age

Protective Tariff

war-hawks

Members of Congress, mostly from the south and west (Democratic Republicans), who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810 -wanted Canada and Florida & for Britain and France to be out of the picture

Headright system

Method of attracting settlers to Virginia; after 1618, it gave fifty acres of land to anyone who paid for their own passage or for that of any other settlers who might be sent or brought to the colony.

In The new continental economy, each region specialized in a particular economic activity; the South--------for export, the West grew grains and livestock to feed---------and the East -----------for the other 2 regions

grew cotton, eastern factory workers, made machines and textiles

One of the earliest and most important exports from the Carolinas was

indian slaves

Indentured servants

individuals who sold their labor for a fixed number of years in return for passage to the colonies; usually young, unemployed men and could be sold.

When the Brittish Parliament passed the Molasses Act in 1733, it inteded the act to

inhibit colonial trade with the French West Indies

the argument between great britain and its american colonies during the 1760s and 70s over virtual rep. concerned

parliaments ability to reflect colonial interests

"Copperheads"/Peace Democrats

opposed war in north; especially national draft law; labeled by Republicans; opposed emancipation

Lincoln's restriction of civil liberties

ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters; suspension of habeas corpus (right of person to be informed of legal charges before arrested + most be sufficient evidence) before congress did -> ignored Constitution

Booker T. Washington

organized a black state vocational school for blacks to prove their economic value

Grand Army of the Republic

organized advocacy group composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War

Gaspee incident

protest of the enforcement of Navigation Acts, residents of Rhode Island boarded Gaspee (Brit ship) and sank it, no trial in US - sent to England

Election of 1896; partly because of the popularity of his speeches, he received the nomination of the Democrats and Populist

William Jennings Bryan

Missouri Compromise

[1820] This agreement made by Henry Clay accepted Missouri as a slave state & est. Maine as a slave-free state. Also est. a line across the US. The states above were free and ones below were slave states. (This line was not successful).

Black Codes

created by southerners that denied all blacks civil rights; purpose: reestablish control over black workers and guarantee white supremacy; during Johnson presidency; blacks kept some rights not enjoyed by slaves, but primary purpose was to keep blacks as agricultural laborers

the most important consequence of the boston tea party was the

enactment by parliament of the coercive act

Department of State

executive department responsible for international relations of the United States

"City Upon a Hill"

exemplified American view that they are to serve as an example of a model/society/moral community/moral commonwealth to the world

Horace Mann

father of public school system; educated electorate was essential for a republic and to maintain social order; universal public education; create better workers in emerging market economy

Embargo Act

forbade ships from sailing to any foreign ports; resulted in economic depression; did prevent war at 1808

"Mountain Men"

fur trappers that were first wedge of a white movements into lands they would ultimately dominate

Regarding work, slaves were

generally spared dangerous work

Long vs. Short haul

railroad rates over short or long distances; rate discrimination

"Somerset" case

ruled slavery unlawful in England

Toussaint L'Ouverture's Rebellion in Haiti (1804)

successful slave rebellion from (1791-1804)

Lowell-Waltham System

workers are young, single women; lived in company housing; low wages; ended in 1830s and 40s w/immigration of Irish workers; model community at center of textile manufacturing; textiles - power loom + shoes (Lynn, MA)

Henry Clay

"war hawk;" helped in Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1833, Compromise of 1850; ran for office in 1824; ran as National Republican in 1832 in efforts to recharter bank; eventual Whig b/c Jackson did not support American System

Treaty of Paris

(1783) By the treaty: The British recognized the independence of the United States and granted it generous boundaries, as well as a share of Newfoundland for fishing (which greatly upset the Canadians). The Americans had to ensure they would not persecute the Loyalists, restore their property and pay debts already owed to British creditors.

How did the nature and organization of work change?

Opened work up to women and girls •Work was faster and created more product •Work began to be exploited (long hours, low wages •Formation of labor unions

Implied Powers

Powers derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause. These powers are not stated specifically but are considered to be reasonably implied through the exercise of delegated powers ex: a national judicial veto of state laws

Enumerated Powers

Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war.

tariff of abominations

Revised federal tariff (tax on imports) that lowered tax on cotton products but raised it on many of the products made in mid-Atlantic states Infuriated southern plantation owners (esp. in S. Carolina- nullification came up)- saw cost of everything they need go up and no protection provided to cotton

Corrupt bargain

Refers to the Corrupt bargain claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected President by the House of Representatives in 1824.

during the Gilded Age...ruthless competitors who cheated investors and exploited workers...late 19th century

Robber Barons

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Romantic Movement (dark) novelist and short story writer; wrote the Scarlett Letter

Nullification Crisis

SC forbid collection of tariffs for fed. gvt. in state from 1832-33; led by Calhoun; little relief from Tariff of 1832 (manufactured goods cost a lot); settled with Compromise Tariff of 1833

Harriet Beecher Stowe

She wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin and emphasized the opposition of the Fugitive Slave Act & slaves in general. She also condemned degradation of slave women

1890...purpose was to attempt to restore business competition....was not immediately successful

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

required the gov't to purchase silver

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

provides equal protection and due process of the law

14th Amendment

Franklin Pierce

14th President elected 1852-1857 (Democrat)

XYZ Affair

3 American diplomats went to France to stop from taking American merchant ships with the French king. Talleyrand, the French ambassador, accepted a bribe from the Americans. When President Adams discovered this scheme, Congress stopped trade with France -> Quasi-war.

Benedict Arnold

A colonial general who assisted Montgomery in the failed conquest of Canada (1775) and prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga, delaying the British assault on New York (1776). Later, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor (1778).

Richard Montgomery

A colonial general who most famously led the failed invasion of Canada (1775).

Nathanael Greene

A colonial general who used the fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue him for miles, biding his time and waiting for the chance to make a move. He eventually helped clear Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.

Proprietary colony

A colony founded as a grant of land by the king to an individual or group of individuals; Maryland (1634), Carolina (1663), and (1681).

King Philip's War

A conflict between New England colonists and Native American Groups allied under leadership Wampanoag cheif Metacom

nullification

A constitutional doctrine holding that a state has the legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Unicameral Legislature

A legislature with only one legislative chamber, as opposed to a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature, such as the U.S. Congress. Today, Nebraska is the only state in the Union with a unicameral legislature.

Battle of Trenton

(December 26, 1776) American forces under George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of German Hessians sleeping off the effects of their Christmas party at Trenton. Significance: his army's morale rose.

Battle of Monmouth

(June 28, 1778) American forces under George Washington waged a pitched battle against British forces under William Howe that ended with the withdrawal of British forces.

Siege of Charleston

(March 29-May 12, 1780) Part of the new strategy of the British to focus on retaining the more valuable southern colonies; the siege succeeded in causing Charleston to surrender after 3 months.

circular letter

- letters sent between colonies to keep underground groups informed of events in other colonies

Nicholas Biddle

- president of the Bank of the United States; known for bribes and corruption

Sons of Liberty

- radical political organization for colonial independence that was formed after the Stamp Act; rioted and burned customs houses

Patrick Henry

- revolutionary orator, statesman, and a member of the House of Burgesses; introduced seven resolutions against the Stamp Act; "Give me liberty or give me death"

George Whitefield

- succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening

The Virginia Plan

A strong national legislature with two chambers, the lower chamber to be chosen by the people and the upper chamber to be chosen by the lower. A strong national executive to be chosen by the legislature, and a national judiciary to be chosen by legislature, state power greatly diminished, representation based upon population

Republican Motherhood

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Educational opportunities for women expanded due to this. Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

Empresarios

Americans who settled in Mexico, especially in Texas. These people wanted to bring slavery into Texas which was against the Mexican Constitution. This led to Texas fighting for independence in the Texas Revolt

Gen. John Burgoyne

British general who led army to New York and fought in the Battle of Saratoga. Surrendered in battle. This was one of the turning points in the Revolutionary War.

Bank of the US

First national bank est. by Alexander Hamilton. It's jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. The bank can make loans to merchants, handle government funds, and issue bills of credit which would help stabilize the economy.

John Marshalls ruling upheld a defense propery rights against public pressure in

Fletcher vs. Peck

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Growing sectionalism and debates over slavery

End of slave trade/abolition of slavery in northern states:

1945

End or WWII/ atomic bombs used at Hiroshima & Nagasaki/ Cold War begins

Virginia Company

English joint stock companies chartered by James I with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America

The institution of encomienda allowed the

European governments to give Indians to colonists if they promised to Christianize them

Great Biological Exchange

Europeans and Native Americans exchanged animals, foods, and clothing

Redemptioners

Europeans who came to America hoping friends or relatives would pay their way through (typically German)

Three-Fifths Compromise

House of Representatives is determined by counting all free persons and "three-fifths of all other persons," or slaves. The three-fifths clause was created as part of the Great Compromise between states with few slaves and those with many slaves.

Cotton: Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin (separates cotton seeds from the actual cotton, making the whole "clothes making" thing a lot easier •Came up with the idea of an assembly line •Interchangeable parts -Basically know that cotton is literally the driving force of nearly everything that happens in the South (it's why there was so much slavery, why the gap between the wealthy and the poor was so huge, and why the South ends up seceding - in the Election of 1860, Lincoln wins, and he's an "abolitionist" so they know that slavery's going to be abolished but that's not good for the wealthy southerners who depend on s lavery as a cheap labor source to work in growing/picking cotton -It also fuels the southern economy -Cotton: the antebellum South :: tobacco: Jamestown

1887..began gov't regulation of the railroads...gov'ts policy switched from land subsidies to forbidding rebates to favored customers...required publication of rates, established ICC, prohibited rebates, outlawed short haul surchage.

Interstate Commerce Act

Wilmot Proviso

Introduced by David Wilmot, this said that there would be no slavery in the newly earned Mexican territory. This was NOT used.

Bank War

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans; the War of 1812 had already ended

Force Bill

Jackson's response to Nullification Crisis; authorized President to use military to enforce acts of Congress

1894; along with other unemployed people lead a march to Washington, D.C., to support enactment of laws that would create public works projects

Jacob Coxey

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Jane Addams

1941

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, bringing the US into World War II

Sectionalism

South feared federal gvt.'s implied powers could lead to prohibition of slavery; states rights over fed. gvt.; sense of identity - loyalty to one's region; slavery south vs. free north

The Alamo

Spanish Catholic mission that was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis Their purpose was to delay Santa Anna's army until Sam Houston arrived Travis sent a plea for reinforcement

The Panic of 1837 was caused by all of the following except

Taking the country off the gold standard

New York democratic party/political machine; gained notoriety for corrupt practices; political machines came to power because of the rapid growth of cities-machines traded services to city-dwellers for votes at the polls

Tammany Hall

Joint-stock company

The company sold shares of stock to finance the outfitting of overseas expeditions; colonies founded by joint-stock companies included Jamestown (Virginia Company) and New Amsterdam (Dutch West India Company.

Kansas Nebraska Act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

3/5 Compromise

This compromises discusses the representation of slaves. Southerners wanted slaves to be counted, but Northerners didn't. It was agreed that slaves would count as 3/5 of a freeman.

Trail of Tears

US government took the Cherokee land from tem •All Cherokees had to move to the Indian Territory •Heavy resistance •Van Buren called for military force •General Winfield Scott took 14,000 Cherokees to the Indian Territory •Many died

How did American textile manufactures compete with British manufactures?

US had great raw materials but lacked an industrial system •Improved on British technology: copied their innovations but added their own parts to them •Found cheap labor: women and girls, underpaid workers

Enumerated articles

Under the English navigation Acts, those commodities that could be shipped only to England or other English colonies; originally included sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo.

Election of 1800

Very bitter campaigning •Changed state election laws to favor their candidates •Jefferson wins narrowly against John Adams •Aaron Burr and Jefferson tie, the House has to choose •Hamilton pressures the House to choose Jefferson (he really hates Burr)

Millard Fillmore

Vice President of Zachary Taylor who later became President. He was a lax, reclusive and didn't fix the issue of slavery but he helped a little with the Compromise of 1850

Thomas Jefferson

Virginian, architect, author, second governor of Virginia, and third president. Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Social Gospel

movement that applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially justice, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war

Increase in southern population due to

natrual reproduction

Martin Van Buren

Wanted to create a new political system run by party identity (rather than family connections) •Claimed that political parties check an elected official's power Started writing the Albany Argus (newspaper) •Used patronage (the power of elected officials to grant government jobs and favors to their supporters)

Era of Good Feelings

[1812-1824] This was the period during Monroe's presidency when there was only one political party, the Democratic Republican party. This only lasted a short period of time because the Democratic Republican party split between the National faction & the Jeffersonian faction.

Horseshoe Bend

[1814] Battle in the War of 1812 between Americans & British-supported Creek Native Americans. Andrew Jackson led the victory. Native Americans had to cede 23 million acres of land.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

[1817] With the help of John Q. Adams, this was an agreement between Canada and the US to de-militarize the Great Lakes. No forts, etc. This reduced AMerican and British naval forces on the Great lakes.

Indian Removal Acts

[1830] Jackson's policy force Native Americans to give up their lands & move to the West. This was met with a lot of protest: The Black Hawk War, the 2nd Seminole War, but the Natives eventually surrendered and gave up their lands for nothing. The Cherokees were forced to walk the journey known has the Trail of Tears, where 3000 of their people died.

Whig Party

a national political coalition formed to oppose the Jacksonian Democrats

Know-Nothing party

a nativist political movement empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants. The party called for restrictions on immigration and on naturalized citizenship.

Cotton gin

a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Era of Good Feelings

a newspaper term used to describe the two terms of President James Monroe. during this period, ther was only one major political party, the democratic-republicans; it was therefore assumed that political discord had evaporated.

Transcendentalism

a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Fugitive slave law included all of the following except

a requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada

Treaty of Greenville

annuity system

The colony of Georgia was founded

as a deffesive buffer for the valuable Carolinas

John Wilkes Booth

assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre

Establishment of Washington D.C. as nation's capital

assumption compromised by moving political center of United States to Washington D.C.

Virginia Resolution

attacked the Sedition Act as unconstitutional

John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry

attempt at a slave revolt in 1859; importance - many southerners believed that this action proved South was in danger if remained in Union; financed by abolitionists

Proclamation of 1763

attempt to stop colonization of West by closing land b/t Appalachian Mts. and Miss. River to prevent conflict w/Indians and control west expansion

Andrew Johnson Impeachment

attempted against President in 1868; power struggle between him and Congress; President removed cabinet officer w/o Senate approval + he interfered w/congressional reconstruction; crippled his presidency

Southern voting discrimination laws

attempts at disenfranchisement of blacks; included poll tax, grandfather clause, literacy tests; 1890s discrimination in voting

Salvation Army

attracted the poor with marching bands and lively preaching

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo (1848)

ended Mexican War; Mexico surrendered California and New Mexico territory + accepted Rio Grande as border; U.S. paid Mexico $15 million

Washington Presidency (1789-97)

federalist; implemented Constitution, created Cabinet and federal court system, oversaw addition of Bill of Rights, supported Hamilton's establishment of U.S. financial system, kept America out of wars + emphasized need to avoid world affairs

After the Pequot war, puritain efforts to convert Indians to Christianity can best be described as

feeble, not equaling that of the Spanish or the French

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

feminism; collaborated with Mott to gain women's rights; rejection separate spheres; all men and women are created equal; right to women's suffrage; organized Seneca Falls Convention and wrote "Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions;" National Woman Suffrage Association; found National Woman's Loyal League during Civil War promoting abolition and women's suffrage

Articles of Confederation

first written American constitution

as a result of the treaty of paris the US gained all of the following

fishing rights off the coast of canada, brit recognition of US independence, western boundary of the MISS river, peaceful settlement of the rev war

The New England economy depened heavily on

fishing, ship building and commerce

Impressments

forced American sailors into the British navy

Navigation Acts

foundation of English mercantile laws; European goods had to go to England first before going to America; restricted transport of colonial commerce

Andrew Carnegie

founded Carnegie Steel Company; major industrialist

James Oglethorpe

founded Georgia in 1733

New Amsterdam

founded by Dutch in 1624; took over as royal colony by England in 1664

Georgia Colony

founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe; settled by debtors and unfortunates; border between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas; religious toleration to all Protestant Christians but not Catholics; first proprietary than royal

Samuel Gompers

founded the American Federation of Labor

John D. Rockefeller

founded the Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it; created the trust

William Penn

founder of Pennsylvania; "The Holy Experiment" - allowed complete religious freedom and bought land from the Indians

Charles Beard's Constitution Thesis

framers had designed Constitution to safeguard the kind of property in which they had a pocketbook interest

1649 Marylands Act of toleration

guaranteed toleration to all Christians

The problem that Abe lincoln had as president were less prostrating than those of Davis because the North

had a long established and fully recognized government

NY and PA similar in that they both

had ethnically mixed populations

New York and Pennsylvania are similar in that they both

had ethnically mixed populations

Interstate Commerce Commission

had the power to investigate railroad activities; created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland

Samuel Slater

he started the first modern U.S. factory (1790) in Rhode Island

W. E. B. DuBois

he stated that blacks should accept nothing less than full university education and should aspire to be professionals; demand immediate restoration of civil rights; stressed "talented tenth" of blacks; protested inequality; attacked Booker T. Washington and his "Atlanta Compromise"

Attorney General

head of the Justice Department and the chief law enforcement officer of the United States

Cyrus McCormick Reaper & John Deere Steel Plow

helped develop the new commercial agriculture in the 1850s; these were example of technology; this helped meet international demand for grain

Stephen Douglas

helped pass Compromise of 1850; opposed Lecompton Constitution -> southerners furious at him; participated in debates = freeport doctrine ruined his chances at presidency and created southern democrat outrage

Noah Webster Dictionary

helped standardize the American language

The resolutions from the Harford convention

helped to cause the death of the Federalist party

Dunning School of Historical Interpretation

historian William Dunning wrote Reconstruction was oppressive in South

Beating of Charles Sumner (1854)

hit with cane by Preston Brooks b/c harshly criticized south; did not return to senate for four years; this event would motivate John Brown

At the outset, Lord Baltimore allowed some religious toleration in the Maryland Colony because he

hoped to secure freedom of worship for his fellow Catholics

Abolitionism

immediate emancipation of slaves; dominated politics starting in 1830s; include ACS, Garrison, Douglas; declined in 1840s because lack of realistic long-term plan to eliminate slavery + divided over female equality; would lead to Liberty Party

the french and indian war was apivotal point in americas relationship to great britain because it led great britain to

impose revenue taxes on the colonies

Battle of Saratoga

in 1777; British army forced to surrender; turning point of the war as France entered on American side and formed alliance

Newburgh Conspiracy

in 1783, officers in Washington's Army threatened to overthrow Articles of Confederation gvt. unless they received the back pay they owed; stopped by Washington

Gadsden Purchase

in 1853, Pierce successfully acquired southern Arizona from Mexico; part of Young America movement

At the time it was issued the Monroe Doctrine was

incapable of being enforced by the US

Overland Trails

include Oregon Trail, Mormon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, California Trail; method of westward migration

Republican (Civil War) economic legislation

included Morrill Tariff, National Banking Act, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Acts; bound northern industrialists and western farmers to Republican party and contributed to rapid postwar expansion of US industrialization

James Monroe's Presidency (1817-1825)

included goodwill tour of the US, Adams-Onis Treaty, Tariff of 1824, Era of Good Feelings, and End of "First Party System", + certain doctrine

18th Century Immigration

increase in non-English immigrants and fewer English immigrants; Scots-Irish, Scots, Germans, Dutch, Africans; poor move west for cheaper land

First Great Awakening

increased democratization; challenged traditional authority in religion; reaction against Enlightenment; emotionalism/revivalism in 1740s

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

instructed the Treasury to buy silver monthly and to issue Treasury notes equivalent to the cost of these purchases; slightly increased money supply and answered the money question

Civil disobedience

intentionally breaking or defying the law to call attention to what is believed to be evil or injustice.

Confiscation Acts

legal attacks on slavery before Emancipation Proclamation; all slaves used for insurrectionary purposes are free; slavery abolished (with compensation) in D.C. and west; authorized president to employ blacks as soldiers

What proposal by Alexander Hamilton found little support in the Constitutional Convention?

life terms for president and senators

Alien & Sedition Acts

president given power to jail aliens during wartime; fed. gvt to prosecute those engaged in sedition (creating rebellion against gvt.); no aliens deported (immigration discouraged) and 10 Republican newspaper editors arrested (1798)

Jefferson Davis

president of the Confederate States of America; proslavery in 1850s due to economic interest

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

pressure of war hawks caused war to begin; ended with Treaty of Ghent in 1814; reduction of threat from Europe, beginning of Era of Good Feelings, and growth in industry/domestic market

Taney Court

private property and activities of corporations can be regulated by state legislatures; expand economic opportunity; replaced marshall court

emerging urban middle class

professionals, businessman, and traders in the market economy As new industries came to be, more people moved and found work in cities- creating a middle class for the first time

National Road

proposed 1807; construction began in 1811 in MD and ended 1818 in St. Louis; proposed by Gallatin

New Jersey Plan

proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote

Pennsylvania Colony

proprietary colony founded in 1683 by William Penn; settled by Quakers; bought lands from Indians and allowed religious freedom

Greenback party

was an American political party that supported paper money

William Bradford

was an English leader of the Separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts; primary architect of the Mayflower Compact

King Phillip's War

was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675-1676. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side known to the English as "King Philip."

Duth colony of New Netherland (later NY)

was established for its quick profit of fur trading

Know Nothings

secret anti-Irish fraternal organization, so called because it's members, when asked about their group's activities, would answer 'I know nothing.'

Daniel Webster

senator from Mass.; said Liberty and Union Speech, eventual Whig b/c supported industrialism, Bank of US, protective tariff; against nullification

Disestablishment

separation of church and state; no religion is officially supported by state/gvt.

Brigham Young

successor to Joseph Smith; led Mormons to Utah

Shays' Rebellion

summer 1786 to Jan. 1787; debtor revolt in reaction against state taxes and crippling debt; wanted program of tax relief, paper money; convinced leaders of new, national constitution with stronger central gvt

During the Civil war, most of the 5 civilized tribes in the indian territory

supported the Confederacy

Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"

was inspired by Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man"

Horizontal & vertical combinations

ways of merging companies

Plessy vs. Ferguson

supreme court case that ruled that separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of rights if accommodations were equal; affected public schools; 1896

factory system

system bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency

tariffs

tax on imports into any nation

Susan B. Anthony

teamed up with Stanton for women's rights in 1850s; impt. in crusade for women's rights after Civil War; led National Woman Suffrage Association that pressed for 14th and 15th amendment to recognize women's public role + did not support ratification of 15th amendment; found National Woman's Loyal League during Civil War promoting abolition and women's suffrage

Men in the more settled agricultural groups in North America performed all of the following tasks except

tending crops

Men in the more settled agricultureal groups in North American performed all of the following tasks except

tending crops

"Great American Desert"

term Stephen Long labeled Great Plains as on his published map of his expedition; area between Missouri River and Rocky Mts. that was unfit for agricultural society

Pet banks

term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in1836.

"Forty acres and a mule"

termed by General Sherman; freemen reserved 40 acre land plots in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida in 1865; by end of 1865 most of land returned b/c land distribution was too radical for most Radical Republicans

The tariff of 1816 was the first in American history

that aimed to protect American industry

At the peache conference at Ghent, the Brittish began to wirthdraw many of its earlier demands for all of the following resons except

the American vitory at New Orleans

The majority of African slaves coming to the New World

were delivered to South America and the West Indies

The most important outcome of the Revolution for white women was that they

were elevated as special keepers of the nation's conscience

For those Africans who were sold into tlavery, the middle passage can be described as

the gruesome ocean voyage to America

supreme court

the highest federal court in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation

spoils system

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Triangle Trade

the trading system between the Americas, England and Africa; Africa would give slaves and rum to the Americas, including the West Indies; America would offer timber, tobacco, fish, and flour; England would mainly process and ship back

Columbian Exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa

Great American Desert

the western part of the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America

Spoils system:

the widespread award of public jobs to political supporters after an electoral victory Van Buren argued that it was fair because it varied in which party it favored •Caucus: created disciplined voting determined by a meeting of party leaders

Ku Klux Klan

tried to restore white supremacy during Radical Republican control of Reconstruction by threats and violence against blacks

James Madison

was Thomas Jefferson's friend and protégé.

James Madison

A Virginia Federalist who advocated for the ratification of the Constitution, coauthored the Federalist Papers, and sponsored the Bill of Rights in Congress. After ratification, he supported southern and western agrarian interests as a Democratic-Republican

Erie Canal

3 qualities: supported city merchants, was backed by the governor of NY, and was in a good spot •Changed the environment/economy of its surroundings •Damaged the environment (300+ miles of land was dug up) •Stimulated the economy upon completion (the Midwest was now connected to the East Coast/Atlantic Ocean so trade was booming)

Harry S. Truman

33rd President elected 1944-1945; 1944-1949; 1948-1953

Dwight D. Eisenhower

34th President elected 1952-1957; 1956-1961 Republican

John F. Kennedy

35th President elected 1960-1963 (assassinated) (Democrat)

Lyndon B. Johnson

36th President elected 1963-1965; 1964-1969 (Democrat)

Richard Nixon

37th President elected 1968-1971; 1970-1974 (Republican)

Gerald Ford

38th President elected 1974-1977 (Republican)

Jimmy Carter

39th President elected 1977-1981 (Democrat)

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President elected 1800-1805; 1804-1809 (Democratic-Republican)

Ronald Reagan

40th President elected 1980-1985; 1984-1989 (Republican)

George H.W. Bush

41st President elected 1988-1993 (Republican)

George W. Bush

43rd President elected 2000-2005; 2004-2009

Barack Obama

44th President elected 2009-present

James Madison

4th President elected 1808-1813; 1812-1817 (Democratic-Republican)

William Henry Harrison

9th President elected 1841 (died) (Whig)

James Madison

A co-author of the Federalist Papers, he was an influential delegate of the Constitutional Convention later to be called the Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. By writing the Bill of Rights, he secured the faith of those who were not sure about the Constitution.

Declaration of Independence

A document that was formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. This "shout heard round the world" has been a source of inspiration to countless revolutionary movements against arbitrary authority. The document sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists' disagreements with British authority.

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

'ethnic natiobalism'

A form of nationalism where the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity or race. It includes ideas of culture that are shared between members of the group.

Non-importation agreements

A form of protest against British policies; colonial merchants refused to import British goods.

Bill of Rights

A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.

George Rogers Clark

A frontiersman who led the seizing of 3 British forts along the Ohio River (1778-1779). This later led to the British giving the region north of the Ohio River to the United States (possibly).

Checks and Balances

A governmental structure that gives each of the three branches of government some degree of oversight and control over the actions of the others.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

James Madison

A man of thirty-six in 1787, who was frail and shy but educated. He graduated from Princeton and grew up in western Virginia. He was on the local Committee of Safety, the provincial convention, the state's lower and upper houses and the Continental Congress from 1780-1783 all for the state Virginia. He was present at the Constitutional Convention and after a lot of research, he figured out what kind of government the Americans needed. He said the government must be constructed in a way that it could not become tyrannical and that it does not fall down under the influence of one faction. He also believes that the republic should be large and diverse. He was also called the "Father of the Constitution."

Richard Henry Lee

A member of Philadelphia's Continental Congress during the late 1770s. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and an end to British relations.

John Jay

A member of the Continental Congress who helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain, ending the American Revolution. He was alert to keep France from satisfying their personal interests as a part of the treaty.

Thomas Jefferson

A member of the House of Burgesses who eloquently wrote the Declaration of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the third president of the United States of America.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840; advocated for woman suffrage at the Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York

Constitutional Convention

A 1787 meeting in Philadelphia in which delegates from twelve states convened to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Convention quickly decided that the Articles should be scrapped and replaced with an entirely new document to create a stronger central government binding the states. The result was the Constitution.

Election of 1840

"The Log Cabin" Campaign; Whigs = Harrison as "common man" + used women in campaigns; Democrats = Buren; Whig victory; first mass election - around 80% white males voted

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partly due to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

(1774) in retaliation for Boston Tea Party, British gvt. closed port of Boston until tea paid for, reduced powers of self-gvt. for Mass.; forced colonists of Mass. to house British soldiers and allowed British officers to be tried in England for crimes of violence

Battle of the Little Bighorn

(Custer's Last Stand) battle between Lakota and Northern Cheyenne, led by Sitting Bull, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the US Army; Indians won

Battle of Saratoga

(October 17, 1777) American forces under Horatio Gates forced John Burgoyne to surrender his entire command. Significance: the battle which was the turning point of the Revolution; after the colonists won this major victory, the French decided to support the colonies with money, troops, ships, etc.

Battle of Germantown

(October 4, 1777) American forces under George Washington unsuccessfully attempted to drive the British and General Howe out of Pennsylvania

Battle of Brandywine Creek

(September 11, 1777) British forces under William Howe defeated Americans under George Washington, thereby clearing the way for the British occupation of Philadelphia.

Pequot War

- Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed

Trail of Tears-

- Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the journey.

Lost colony of Roanoke

- English settlement in the Virginia Colony organized by Sir Walter Raleigh; abandoned the settlement or disappeared.

Bank of the United States

- Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson thought it was un-constitutional. Nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Edgar Allan Poe

- Romantic Movement writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven"

Salem witch trials

- Several accusations of witchcraft led to trials and hangings in Salem, Massachusetts; end to Winthrop's ideal society

Society of Friends

- a Christian religious movement, whose members are known as Friends or Quakers. The roots of this movement lie in 17th century English dissenters. Stressed personal inspiration as the source of faith and all action.

market revolution

-Drastic change in the manual labor system originating in south (but was soon moved to the north). -^Traditional commerce became outdated with the transportation and industrail revolution. (1) opened land new land for settlers, (2) lowered transportation costs, (3) made it easier to sell products, (4) linked farmers to national/world markets, (5) made farmers major consumers of manufactured goods

John Burgoyne

A British general who submitted a plan for invading New York State from Canada. He attempted to advance troops from Canada to the Albany area but was forced to surrender at Saratoga (1777).

Barry St. Leger

A British officer who led a British advance into New York's Mohawk Valley. Hoping to join the British army of General John Burgoyne at Albany, St. Leger was halted by American militia at Fort Stanwix, and his forces were nearly destroyed at Oriskany (1777).

written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

A Century of Dishonor

Zachary Taylor

12th President elected 1848-1850 (died) (Whig)

Millard Filmore

13th President elected 1850-1853 (Whig)

Declaratory Act

1766) passed by Parliament; stated had authority over colonies "in all cases whatsoever"; passed same day Stamp Act repealed; Britain still have sovereignty

Second Continental Congress

1776. Invites states to adopt constitutions. Republican government. States choose governors/legislators.

Ratification

1788, after New York ratified the constitution, the new government became a reality

Jay's Treaty

1794, British navy seized US ships which outraged US public opinion; Britain agreed to withdraw from frontier posts and loosen some trade restrictions; did not guarantee no more seizures of ships; prevented war with Britain

Andrew Johnson

17th President elected 1864-1869 (Democrat)

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 •Safeguards property rights, especially of chartered corporations

adams-onis treaty

1819- US acquired Florida from Spain and Spain's claims to Oregon for $5 million, prevented Seminoles from invading Georgia

Nullification Crisis

1832: high-tariff congressmen ignored the outrage from Southern planters •Southerners created an Ordinance of Nullification conference: declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 to be null and void, prohibited the collection of those tariffs in South Carolina after February of 1833, and threatened secession if federal officials tried to collect them •Caused Congress to pass the Force Bill (1833) that said that the president could use military force to compel state uprisings •Fiercest criticism from South Carolina •Built on arguments of Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, precursor to secession crisis of 1861 •Shows that Jackson believed strongly in the power of the federal union

Dred Scott decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

manifest destiny

19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whig. First used for the annexation of Texas issue. Opposed by Clay, Webster and Lincoln, but supported by Polk.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written in 1776 that was one of the most potent publications ever. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. Paine introduced ideas such as the fact that nowhere in the universe did a smaller heavenly body control a larger, which was why there was no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America. The pamphlet was high-class journalism as well as propaganda and sold 120,000+ copies within a few months.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William

monroe doctine

A statement of foreign policy from President Monroe which claimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere

Mass Production

A system of factory production that often combines sophisticated machinery, a disciplined labor force and assembly lines to turn out vast quantities of identical goods at low cost •Textile and meatpacking industries pioneered mass production •Became the standard mode for making goods

Match each item with the definition: (A)predestination, (B)conversion, (C)antinomianism 1. Belief that from the moment of creation some souls were saved and others damed 2. Belief that faith good works and repentance earn salvation 3. The sign of a receipt of God's free gift of saving grace 4. belief that those whom God had marked for salvation need not obey secular laws

A-1, B-3, C-4

Match Each with his talent: A-Jonathan Edwards, B-Benjamin Franklin, C-Phillis Wheatley 1. poet 2. scientist. 3. theologian 4. portrait artist

A-3, B-2, C-1

Match each individual with correct term A. George Rogers Clark B. Nathaniel greene C. JOhn Paul Jones 1. commanded patriot invasion of canada 2. commanded patriot troops in the South 3. Commanded patriot troops in the Weset 4. Comanded patriot naval forces

A-3, B-2, C-4

States rights

According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

"Midnight Appointments"

Adams appointed Federalists to new judgeships to counter Jeffersonian policies (Judiciary Act of 1801)

"Corrupt Bargain"

Adams makes Clay secretary of State; Jackson supporters angry b/c Jackson was entitled to victory + Clay had thrown his votes to Adams

national bank

Alexander Hamilton. Asked Congress to charter the bank of the United States. Wanted this to be jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Hamilton argued that the bank would provide financial stability by making loans to merchants, by handling government funds, and by issuing bills of credit Was not renewed by Jefferson- died. 2nd BUS came later

Loyalists

Also known as Torries. Citizens that were loyal to England. Helped British army during the Revolutionary War.

Virginia Plan

Also known as the "Large State Plan", this was proposed by James Madison & Edmund Rudolph who said representation should be based on population. Suggested a bicameral - two houses (Senate & House of Reps). Lower house elects Upper house.

Virginia Plan

Also known as the large state plan, a proposal at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to create a bicameral (two-house) legislature in which delegates would be appointed according to the population of the state they represented. Large states with greater populations supported this plan, unlike small states, which backed the New Jersey Plan to create a unicameral legislature in which all states were equally represented. The Great Compromise solved the dilemma by creating a bicameral Congress featuring one house with proportional representation and another with equal representation.

New Jersey Plan

Also known as the small state plan, a proposal at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to create a unicameral (single-house) legislature in which all states would be equally represented. The New Jersey plan appealed to smaller states but not to more populous states, which backed the Virginia Plan to create a bicameral legislature in which representatives were apportioned by population. The Great Compromise solved the dilemma by creating a bicameral Congress featuring one house with proportional representation and another with equal representation.

General Benedict Arnold

Amerian -One of the two leaders in the Ticonderoga and Crown Point seize of British garrisons.

Minutemen

American citizens who were organized to always be ready to fight.

W.E.B. Du Bois

American civil rights activist; wrote the Souls of Black Folk and demanded full racial equality

Anne Hutchinson

American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643)

John Jay

American delegate who signed Treaty of Paris; New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and negotiated the Jay Treaty

Benjamin Franklin

American diplomat/inventor who helped develop an alliance between France and American -> Treat of Alliance 1778.

Gov. Morris

American financier who handled the national debt of $80 mil. He also dealt with slavery issue. He was vs. slavery. He also wanted life terms for senators, a property qualification for voting, & a strong president w/ veto power. Advocate for personal liberty & free markets.

Davy Crockett

American folk hero who fought and died at the Alamo during the Texas Revolt in 1836.

Jim Bowie

American folk hero who fought and died at the Alamo during the Texas Revolt in 1836.

Thomas Sumter

American guerrilla fighter against the British.

embargo acts

An act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port (intended to harm Britain, only harmed our economy and farmers)

Great Compromise

An agreement between the large and small states at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 to create a bicameral (two-house) Congress with one chamber of delegates assigned based on population (the House of Representatives) and another chamber in which all states had two representatives regardless of population (the Senate). The agreement ended the deadlock among the states and set a precedent for compromise in American politics.

The New Jersey Plan

An alternative to the VA plan, proposed by governor William Patterson, that called for a strengthening of the Articles of Confederation with just the addition of power over taxes and trade

'annuity' system

An annual fund given to several Native American tribes. Its purpose was to institutionalize continuing government influence in tribal affairs. It was established because of the Treaty of Greenville.

Republican Motherhood

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

American System (Henry Clay)

An integrated program of national economic development (similar to the Commonwealth system) •Aimed to strengthen Second Bank of the United States •Planned use tariff revenues to build roads and canals •Received well in the west (needed transportation improvements) •Criticized in the south (relied on rivers to trade and wasn't a major manufacturing hub so they didn't need as much protection) •William Crawford: disagreed with it, said it was a scheme to consolidate political power in DC •3 pronged: protective tariffs to promote manufacturing, federally subsidized transportation, national bank oFactories, mass production, interchangeable parts, wage work

Alamo

Battle between the Mexicans and Americans because Americans wanted the independence of Texas & to legalize slavery. Santa Anna fought vs Americans in San Antonio and destroyed the Americans at this place. This angered Americans which inspired a strong number of Texas rebels to fight at San Jacinto and win the independence of Texas.

King's Mountain

Battle in South Carolina won by Gen. Nathanael Greene vs. Loyalists. The Americans took about 1000 prisoners.

Franklin Pierce

Became President in the Election of 1852. Because of his tragic life, he was reclusive and didn't face any of the slavery issues.

Paris Peace Treaty of 1783

Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams represented america at this. They tried to get America the best deal they could muster and ignored the French in the negotiation process because the French hoped to created a weak, independent nation that could be bullied by the French while also destroying England's empire. Stated: British formally recognized the independence of the United States. Florida is given to Spain. Loyalists could no longer be persecuted.

Texas

Between the Rockies and Arkansas/Missouri, it was grassland caused people to settle in the Mexican territory of Texas •Mexico gets independence from Spain in 1821 •Mexican government wants people to settle in what is now called Mexico, so they gave tons of land and citizenship to Americans who would settle there •About 30,000 Americans had settled in Texas by 1835 (including slaves) and greatly outnumbered the few Mexicans who lived there

Joseph Smith

Born in Vermont to a poor family, migrated to New York •Had religious experiences •Believed that God had singled him out to gain special knowledge about religion •1830: published the Book of Mormon explained the presence of native Americans •Organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints •Revived traditional social doctrines (patriarchy) •Harassed by anti-Mormons, moved to Missouri (was forced out again) and went back to Illinois

Chesapeake-Leonard Incident

Britain attacked US ship in 1807 -> Embargo Act and war fever

Impressment

Britain praying on US ships/sailors during period of 1803-1815 looking for British deserters; abducted many US sailors in the process

Of the follwoing, the only argument not put forward by the war hawks as a justification for a declaration of war against Brittain was that

Britains commercial restrictions had come close to destroying Americas profitable New England shipping buisness.

Trenton and Princeton

British army settled for the winter; Washington crossed the Delaware river and successfully attacked on Christmas Eve; drove the British away when British reinforcements arrived

Boston Massacre

British attempted to enforce the Townshend Acts and killed five Bostonians

Savannah

British captured this place and the Americans and French allies unsuccessfully attempted to retake it; second bloodiest battle of the Revolution

General John Burgoyne

British general appointed by King George III to crush the rebel forces; 1777, subordinate of Howe, lead invading force down Hudson from Canada to Alabany; was present at the Battle of Saratoga and Battle of Yorktown

Major John Pitcairn

British general who led the army during the battle at Concord. He leads men up to the militiamen and tells Americans to leave. They obey, but a shot goes off which leads to the Battle of North Bridge and the Battle of Bunker's Hill

Samuel Slater

British man who secretly brought the spinning jenny to America. This helped boost the American industry that was emerging in the 18th century.

Orders in Council

British met and passed which reduced neutral trade and enforced a naval blockade against France and its allies. This hurt American trade as well.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Saratoga

British tried to split the colonies along the Hudson River, but failed to mobilize properly and surrendered; first great American victory and a turning point that brought French aid to the colonists

Direct tax

British-imposed tax directly on the colonies that was intended to raise revenue; the Stamp act was the first attempt by Parliament to impose this on the colonies.

Arange the following events in chronological order: (a) Reformation, (B) founding of Jamestown, (C) Restoration, and (d) defeat of the Spanish Armada, (e) colony of Georgia founded

CADBE

Arange the following events in chronological order: (a) great Puritain migration, (B) founding of Plymouth Colony, (C) Protestant Reformation, and (d) Founding of Rhode Island

CBAD- Protestant reformation, founding of Plymouth rock, great puritain migration, founding of Rhode ISland

Arange the following events in chronological order: the founding of (a) Georgia, (B) the carolinas, (C) Virginia, and (d) Maryland

CDBA Virginia, Marlyland, The Carolinas Georgia

Fighting between Mexico and the US/War Party:

Caused by the proclamation of Independence in 1836 •President Santa Anna of Mexico wanted to squash the rebellion so he led an army that completely destroyed the soldiers from the War Party defending the Alamo in San Antonio •Mexico captured the Goliad and executed prisoners and Santa Anna thought he had crushed the rebellion •New Orleans and New York newspapers/the media painted the Mexicans as super Catholic bullies caused tons of Americans to move to Texas to join the War Party's efforts (Americans hated Catholics because of Irish Nativism) •Texans eventually defeated Santa Anna's army in the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836 and won independence Mexican government didn't recognize Texas as independent but stopped trying to reconquer it

War of 1812: Causes and effects:

Causes: -Madison is being pushed towards war by War Hawks -Proposes an ultimatum, which Britain fails to respond to -Britain violated its commercial rights -Madison's presidency was backed by Democratic-Republicans who strongly supported the war •Effects: -Disastrous -Britain technically won -Native Americans lost a lot of lives -Americans/British didn't lose nor gain any land -American debt skyrocketed

Dawes Act (1887)

Changed the reservation system by granting 160 acres and U. S. Citizenship to native American heads of families who agreed to give up their tribal allegiance.

Checks and Balances

Checks and Balances "is the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power." The framers of the constitution for the U.S. saw the policy of checks and balances necessary for the government to run smoothly. Third principle has prevented anyone Branch from taking over the government and making all the decisions.(Having a dictatorship.)

Federalists

Classical republicans, supporters of the Constitution during debates over ratification

Patriots (Whigs)

Colonials who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won.

Loyalists (Tories)

Colonials who were loyal to the king during the American Revolution.

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Missouri Compromise

Compromise worked out by Henry Clay in 1820: slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana territory north of 36o30'; Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state, Maine would enter the Union as a free state.

Benevolent Empire

Congregational and Presbyterian ministers linked with merchants and their wives to try and change society in the 1820s •Targeted drunkenness and other bad parts of society •Wanted to make charity a bigger deal •Upper-class women were super important in this movement •Encouraged people to live good lives with tons of discipline, and they set up institutions for them to do so •Not well received (success was limited)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Congress defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory although citizens could legalize it. First congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges. Second as soon as 5 thousand male adults lived in a territory, the people could write a temporary constitution and elect a legislature that would pass the territories laws. Third, when the total population reached 60,000 the settlres could write a constituion which Congress would have to approve before granting statehood. Major success under the Articles of Confederation.

Land Ordinance of 1785-.

Congress organized the distribution of Western land into townships, and the sale of land provided federal revenue

Which of the following is true regarding Congress and the African slave trade in the United States under the Constitution?

Congress prohibited the African slave trade twenty years after the ratification of the consitiution

Marbury v. Madison

Congress repealed the Judiciary Act, and when James Madison refused to deliver a commission to William Marbury, one of the appointees, sued. This case went to the Supreme Court. The court's opinion stated that Marbury deserved his commission, but the Court had no jurisdiction. This case answered the question regarding who had the authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution.

Loose construction

Constitution is broadly interpreted, recognizing that it could not possibly anticipate all future developments; relies on the idea of implied powers and the "necessary and proper" clause. Both views on how to interpret the Constitution came up during the debate on chartering the Bank of the United States in 1791.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

After they won their independence many states developed ______ with limited ________ ________

Constitutions. Governor power.

United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Weakness of National government

Could not change taxes, regulate trade, or raise an army.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Cyrus McCormick

Cyrus Hall McCormick (February 15, 1809 - May 13, 1884) was an American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvester Company in 1902.[2] From the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia, he and many members of his family became prominent residents of Chicago. Although McCormick is credited as the "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, he based his work on that of many others, including Roman, Scottish and American men, more than two decades of work by his father, and the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family.[3] Cyrus McCormick filed patents for the invention, and his achievements were chiefly in the development of a company, marketing and sales force to market his products.

Arange the following events in chronological order: the founding of (a) New York, (B) Massachusets bay, (C) Pennsylvania, and (d) Plymouth

DBAC- Plymouth, Massachusets Bay, New York, Pennsylvania

Arange the following events in chronological order: (a) resstoration of Charles II to the Englsih throne, (B) English Civil War, (C) Glorious Revolution, and (d) Protestant Reformation

DBAC- Protestant Reformation, English Civil War, Restoration of Charles II, and Glorious Revolution

treaty of ghent

December 1814 between US and Britain- ended War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

western land claims

Delayed Articles of Confederation, By the 1780s, seven of the 13 original states had enunciated claims to areas in the West. These so-called "landed" states had a great potential advantage over the six "landless" states. It was assumed that the future sale of western lands would enrich the landed states and possibly allow them to operate without any form of taxation. The landless states feared that they would lose residents and dwindle into insignificance. All western land was given to the central government.

Alexander Hamilton

Delegates at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. An ardent Federalist, Hamilton supported the Constitution during the ratification debates even though he actually believed that the new document was still too weak. He helped write the Federalist Papers, which are now regarded as some of the finest essays on American government and republicanism. He served as the first secretary of the treasury under George Washington and established the first Bank of the United States.

John C. Calhoun

Democratic Republican war hawk who encouraged Madison to declare war on Britain -> War of 1812. He was also the vice president of Andrew Jackson and spoke against the Tariff of 1828. He supported the Southerners and spoke for state/local power.

Aaron Burr

Democratic Republican who ran vs. Jefferson in the election 1800. It was a tie, but Hamilton convinced the House of Reps. to make Jefferson president. This started a rivalry between Hamilton and him. Later had a duel vs. Hamilton and killed him. He went to the west to try & make Louisiana a separate nation, but failed. He was captured and tried for treason.

John Q. Adams

Democratic Republican who served as President Monroe's secretary of state & later became president in 1824. He negotiated the Rush-Bagot Treaty, the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, & took part in the Anglo American Convention of 1818. He persuaded Monroe to develop the Monroe Doctrine. This helped America assert diplomatic leadership of the Western Hemisphere. During his presidency, he est. the Tariff of 1828 which was hated by Southerners.

Martin van Buren

Democratic Vice President of Andrew Jackson who later won Presidency in the Election of 1836. Known as Little Magician or Red Fox. He didn't recharter the Bank which led to the Panic of 1837. He also was president during the Texas Revolt.

Carpetbaggers

Derogatory term for Northern Republicans who were involved in Southern politics during Radical Reconstruction.

Puritans

Dissenters who sought to "purify" the church of England from within and who initially populated much of New England.

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence

Mexican War

During Polk's presidency, this war was between America & Mexico for the western lands & the argument over border issues in Texas. Mexicans lose and give all northern land to America. Later discover gold in the lands which hurt Mexicans. Important battles: Buenavista, Cerro Gordo, Churnbrsco, Chapultec. War ends with Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Mercantilism

Economic policy that held that the strength of a nation is based on the amount of gold and silver it has; also, that the country needs a favorable balance of trade and that colonies exist for the good of the mother country as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

increase currency/money supply for higher farm prices..reduce farmer's debt...reduce power of the eastern bankers...expand silver mining...were all favored by the Populists

Effects of the "free silver"

internal improvements

Enforced a protective tariff to get funding for transportation improvements. Construction of better roads and canals. This would allow industrialization to prosper since the raw materials of the South and West could easily and inexpensively get to the North and East to be manufactured. The manufactured goods could then be shipped back out to the South and West.

Separatists

English Protestants wh owould not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed in a social contract between the government and the people

WIlliam Penn

Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)

Spoils system

Essentially, political patronage; public offices went to political supporters during Jackson's presidency.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority. "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation."

Worchester v. Georgia (1832)

Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries. -the tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive."

the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South

Exodusters

Committees of Correspondence

First established in Boston in 1772, the committees became a way for the colonies to state and communicate their grievances against Great Britain.

John Winthrop

First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630; "City upon a hill"

Jamestown

First permanent colony for the British, original settlers suffered from disease, economy stabled after tobacco was cultivated; this colony was burnt to the ground twice (mostly men)

Impeachment

First step in removing the president from office, in which charges of wrongdoing are passed by House of Reps. A trial is conducted by the Senate to see whether the president is guilty of charges.

Compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

1861

Formation of the Confederacy/ Battle of Ft Sumter begins the Civil War

Free Soil party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Gen. LeClerc

French general sent by Napoleon to stop the slave rebellion in Haiti.

Napoleon

French king during the early 19th cent. who tried to take over Europe. The 3rd Coalition banned together vs him and at the Battle of Trafalger he was defeated. He est. a Continental System & stopped Europeans from trading w/ Britain. When Portugal & Spain continued to trade with Britain, he invaded them as well. America was stuck in the middle of the European issues caused by this man.

Adam De Grasse

French naval officer during the Revolutionary War who led the French fleet at Yorktown to block out the British from Chesapeake Bay. This led to the defeat of Cornwallis's army and American independence.

Rochambeau

Frenchman who led the French army that aided the Revolutionary War. His army helped defeat Cornwallis's army in the Battle of Yorktown.The Americans won the war.

William Henry Harrison

General who won the Battle of Thames and killed Tecumse in the War of 1812h. He also won the Battle of Tippecanoe and burned down Prophetstown which was the holy village founded by The Prophet. He later became president in 1840.

Mt. Vernon Conference

George Washington hosted this at his home in VA (1785); VA, MD, PA, and DE reps agreed that problems were serious enough with the Articles to prompt further discussions at a later meeting in Annapolis, MD, where the states might be represented

Farewell Address

George Washington's speech at the end of his term. H encouraged America to not get involved in foreign affairs and not have political parties. He enforced the "isolation concept".

Hessians

German soldiers hired by King George III to smash colonial rebellion. They proved good in a mechanical sense, but they were more concerned about booty than duty, i.e. they cared more about personal gain than about who won the war.

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

Grange

The Iroquois leader who helped his nation revive its old customs was

Handsome Lake

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe (/stoʊ/; June 14, 1811 - July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and author. She came from a famous religious family and is best known for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). It depicts the harsh life for African Americans under slavery. It reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and Great Britain. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote 30 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential for both her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day.

Compromise of 1877

Hayes (republican) became president and in return remaining federal troops would be withdrawn from south (important sign that national gvt. had given up attempt to control Southern politics and improve conditions of southern blacks) -> South "redeemed"

Roger WIlliams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Samuel Slater

He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. Made the first cotton spinning machine.

James K. Polk

He was elected President in 1844, known as a "dark horse because he was a random runner no one knew about. He believed strongly in Manifest Destiny which -> to the Mexican War and the conquest of western lands.

Benedict Arnold

He was once in the American army. Conquered Ft. Ticonderoga. Later betrayed the country by attempting to give up West Point to the British. After being caught, he became a general of the British army because of his wife, Peggy Shippen.

Toussaint L'Overture

He was the leader of the slave revolt in Haitian Revolt. He was captured by the French, put in prison and later died there. Extremely influential.

Whigs

Henry Clay •Strong national government •Supported American System •Business, industry, middle/upper class •Many northerners •Most evangelical Protestants •Supportive of moral reform •Supportive of tariff, national bank •Elites •Temperance

Horace Mann

Horace Mann (May 4, 1796 - August 2, 1859) was an American politician and educational reformer. A Whig devoted to promoting speedy modernization, he served in the Massachusetts State Legislature (1827-37). In 1848, after serving as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education since its creation, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts: No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal, non-sectarian, free, and that its aims should be social efficiency, civic virtue, and character, rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends.[1] Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in his Whig Party, for building public schools. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers.[2] Mann has been credited by educational historians as the "Father of the Common School Movement".[3]

Democratic Party:

In practice, it meant rule by party politicians who rallied supporters to gain control of office •Franchise: the right to vote •Wealthy noblemen were at the head of political leadership •Seaboard states allowed for more than just the "property owning white man" to vote •Shift in wealthy aristocrats running for office to middle class guys •Usually corrupt

American Enlightenment

Influenced by the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, this event emphasized the power of reason gained and applied it to human nature and society. The new intellectual culture in the Colonies stressed the importance of humanism and reason, removing the power of Church and placing more power in the hands of the individual, a mark of the modern age.

George Washington

Initially the commander of Virginia's frontier troops, he was a colonel military leader for the British in the French and Indian War (Fort Necessity). Later, he was Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His greatest achievements were: (1) his surprise victory at Trenton, (2) holding the army together at Valley Forge, and (3) his major victory at Yorktown.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Inspired by Ralph Emerson, this novelist was known for the pessimistic aspect of Emerson's teachings. He warned that egoism could destroy individuals and people around them. His most famous piece was "The Scarlett Letter" which taught of how ignoring social restraints didn't give liberation but instead degradation. He was not influential.

Walt Whitman

Inspired by Ralph Emerson, this poet is most famous for his poem, "Leaves of Grass" which is centered around individualism and transcendentalism. He claims there is a union between the individual and democracy.

Antebellum Mass Immigration (1840s and 1850s)

Irish and German b/c of widespread poverty in mother countries, potato famine, collapse of 1848 liberal revolution; work in factory/farms -> move to cities

How did the Monroe Doctrine affect the US?

It became the foundation for a new US foreign policy: -Noninvolvement in internal Europe affairs. -In Americas: nations that assume the title of "free and independent" will not be considered under power of european colonization

Land Ordinance of 1785

It set up how the new land gained after the revolution would be distributed and organized. The ordinance set up townships that were 36 sq miles where each plot of land was 1 sq mile and the 16th plot was sold for public schooling. The action was a huge success for the Articles of Confederation and it set a precedent for the future frontier states.

name adopted from a slavery-era play; during this time period, the law enforced segregation of African Americans from whites

Jim Crow Era

White Supremacy Terrorism (during Reconstruction)

Jim Crow was perfect example of this; reduced tensions between poor whites and bourbons - race unity; KKK prevented black citizens and white republicans from voting; Mississippi Plan

often referred to as the richest person in history, this man founded Standard Oil and became a philanthropist who contributed to many worthy projects including but not limited to medicine, scientific research and education.

John D. Rockerfeller

Oneida

John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886) •Charismatic/religious, Perfectionism •Complex marriage: everyone was married to everyone •Women could only have one child (effort to give them "time and energy" to be part of society) •Financially self-sustaining: inventor joined the community •Made silverware •John Noyes fled to Canada, causing the community to abandon their ideas of complex marriage but kept the element of cooperation •Founded Oneida Community, Ltd.: silverware manufacturing company (super successful)

Oneida Community

John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886) studied at Dartmouth, Andover, and Yale Divinity school. While at Yale, he came to a new understanding of the way of salvation which he labeled as Perfectionism. This view did not hold to total depravity as did the Calvinists' view, but it saw man as reaching a state of perfection or sinless-ness at conversion. When Noyes asserted this while studying at Yale, he was denied ordination. In the early 1840s, Noyes founded the Putney Association, a group which adopted communism as its model, and lived by Noyes' teachings of "Mutual Criticism," "Complex Marriage" and "Male Continence." Mutual Criticism was established to assure the integrity of the community by conformity to Noyes' morality. Members were subjected to criticism directed at traits which detracted from the unity of the group. This powerful instrument remained in place throughout Noyes's leadership. In 1848, having been driven out of Vermont on charges of adultery, Noyes escaped to New York State and set up a new community in Oneida. Members were carefully screened and Noyes set about perfecting his doctrine. It resembled the writings of Fourier in several ways. He stated, for example, that "loving companionship in labor, and especially the mingling of the sexes, makes labor attractive." Economically, the Oneida community followed a system of "true Communism" as described in Acts 2:44-45 in which the early Christians "held all things in common, and they sold their possessions and goods and distributed them to all, as any had need." The central tenet of Noyes's Perfectionism was "complex marriage" in which each man was married to every woman and each woman to every man. Noyes rejected conventional theology and morality, declaring that salvation was a pleasurable process and sexual shame irrational. Monogamous marriage, wrote Noyes, was "a tyrannical institution that did not exist in Heaven and eventually would be abolished on earth." Not surprisingly, the Oneida Community was accused of immorality by outsiders. A contemporary journalist described complex marriage as an unprecedented "combination of polygamy and polyandry, with certain religious and social restraints." The restraints were considerable, as Noyes's theory of "stirpiculture," a method of birth control based on male continence, ensured no unwanted children were conceived.

"City on a hill"

John Winthrop's Puritan model society based on Christian principles

Declaration of Independence

July 1776 at 2nd Continental Congress; statement of natural rights and social contract theories of John Locke and its application to the American crisis; indictments against King & Parliament; colonists now rebels

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Brigham Young

Led 6500 Mormons into Mexican territory •Settled in Salt Lake Valley, Utah •Created a community that was really good at farming •Named governor of Utah Territory in 1850: ruled like a tyrant •Resisted federal laws •Period of unrest: massacres, murders, "Mormon War" (ended in 1858)

The Peace Party:

Led by Stephen Austin •Accepted Mexican rule but wanted more freedom

Democratic Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson (and Madison), believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

The War Party:

Led by migrants from Georgia •Wanted independence for Texas •vProvoked a rebellion that most Americans supported by proclaiming independence for Texas on March 2, 1836 Legalized slavery

Election of 1860

Lincoln (Republican); split in democrat = Breckinridge and Douglas; Lincoln won and many southerners vowed secession from Union w/Republican victory

Line of Demarcation

Line drawn by Alexander VI; gave Brazil to Portugal and the rest of S. America to Spain

Westward migration

Louisiana Purchase: Goal: keep the French (Napoleon) out of America Offered to sell Louisiana to the US for $15 million back to the US Problem because Jefferson interpreted the Constitution super strictly (no provision for allowing presidents to buy land in the Constitution) New England secession schemes: •New England Federalists thought that western expansion would damage their region •Wanted to form a confederacy of northeastern states •Supported by Aaron Burr •Burr moves west in 1805 and conspired to seize territory in New Spain/make LA a new country (the guy he was working with was actually a Spanish spy, arrests Aaron Burr) Lewis and Clark: •Commissioned by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase •Accompanied by Sacagawea •Traveled to the Pacific Ocean Gave guns to the Native Americans

Second Great Awakening (1820s-1860s)

Made the US a genuinely Christian society •Roman Catholic Church didn't attract many (monarchy like hierarchy) •Presbyterian Church attracted many (elected laymen to powerful positions) •Most successful churches were those that preached spiritual equality and were essential democracies •Evangelical Methodist and Baptist churches were the most popular •Called for some degree of separation of church and state oNot complete - many leaders thought that religion brought political stability due to an emphasis on morality and justice •Fostered cooperation between denominations •Caused religion to become a central force in politics

"Extend the Sphere"

Madison worried about the people, as they had threatened property, but articulated that a large republic was useful in "extending the sphere"-that is, protecting liberty because many exist, and "every majority would be a coalition of minorities"

Virginia Plan

Madison's plan; favored large states; bicameral legislature (house determined by population and lower house select representation of 2nd house)

Patriots and Loyalists (Tories)

Marking the beginning of the "civil war" between the two parties INSIDE America. Patriots army was proving better than British. Both very persuasive to gain neutral supporters. Loyalists were those who knew "where their bread came from" also Loyalists were part of the Anglican church. Loyalists were hung and imprisoned POST declaration of ind.

Republicanism

May 1776: Second Continental Congress urged Americans to establish republican governments; most states generally followed this rule •Definition: a political ideology that repudiates hereditary rule by kings and princes and celebrates an elected, representative system of government •Opened up political participation to most people

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Santa Ana

Meixcan who became dictator in 1831. He was involved in the Texas Revolt, but later signed over Texas for his life. He was also leader during the Mexican War but lost the northern part of Mexico in that war.

in the mid 19th century, groups of miners searching for precious metal (gold and silver) began the surge into the West, beginning the boom-bust cycles of settlement

Miners

U.S. Grant

Minor American officer during the Mexican War.

Missouri Compromise

Missouri applied for admission into the Union (the US) in 1819 with a constitution that allowed slavery •James Tallmadge of NY spoke up: said he would support MO's constitution if it banned the entry of new slaves and provided for the manumission of any slave in MO •MO rejected the Tallmadge's proposals, the House blocked the territory's admission •Controversy in Congress for 2 years •Henry Clay crafted the Missouri Compromise oMaine would enter the union as a free state (1820) and MO would enter the union as a slave state in 1821 oKept a balance between North and South views on slavery in Congress oSets precedent for which states are free and which states are not (everywhere above MO's borderlines were to be free states, and everywhere below were to be save states)

Mormons

Mormons (/ˈmɔrmənz/) are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity, which began with Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s. After Smith's death in 1844, the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory. Today, most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah, and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, though the majority of Mormons live outside the United States. Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history. During the 19th century, Mormon converts tended to gather to a central geographic location, and between 1852 and 1890 a minority of Mormons openly practiced plural marriage, a form of religious polygamy. Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church, and many young Mormons choose to serve a full-time proselytizing mission. Mormons have a health code that eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other addictive substances. They tend to be very family-oriented, and have strong connections across generations and with extended family, reflective of their belief that families can be sealed together beyond death. Mormons also have a strict law of chastity, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of opposite-sex marriage and strict fidelity within marriage.

Continental System

Napoleon est. Berlin-Milan decrees which put into place this alliance. The alliance prohibited Europeans from trading with Britain.

Slave resistance and rebellion: Nat Turner's Revolt

Nat Turner: slave in Virginia •Fueled by spirituality: Turner had a spiritual vision where the Spirit sent a message from Jesus that said to "fight the devil" aka fight for freedom •Turner and relatives and friends killed 55 white men/women/children •Hope that many people would join in his fight oDidn't happen oOnly got about 60 people to fight •Dispersed by white men •Effects oMass murders of black people (warnings) oTurner was hung oVirginia assembly considered abolishing slavery, this ultimately failed and it was more deeply rooted in southern society that slavery was important

Transportation Revolution

National Road: too slow/expensive •Water-borne transportation: steamboats and the Erie Canal oSteamboat: Robert Fulton, made the Erie Canal super successful; really dangerous •Railroad: created ties between the NE and the Midwest, became the dominant mode of transportation in the 1850s

2nd bank of the us

National bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit

The Prophet

Native American leader who helped his brother, Tecumeh, revive the Western Confederacy and taught of going back to old traditions, not drinking alcohol, & not listening to Americans.

"Federalist 51"

No. 51 addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government. One of its most important ideas is the pithy and often quoted phrase, "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition."

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who the Americans bribed to not raid their merchant ships. Thomas Jefferson didn't want to pay bribe which led to Barbary of Tripolitan War [1802-1815]. Stephen Decatur was the hero of this war. America ended up still paying the bribe, but it was reduced.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats, also known as Peace Democrats, who opposed Lincoln's war policies and were concerned with the growth of presidential power. In the election of 1864, General George McClellan was nominated by the Democrats with their support.

Notes on the State of Virginia 1785

Notes on the State of Virginia is both a compilation of data by Jefferson about the state's natural resources and economy, and his vigorous and often eloquent argument about the nature of the good society, which he believed was incarnated by Virginia. He expressed his beliefs in the separation of church and state, constitutional government, checks and balances, and individual liberty. He wrote extensively about slavery, the problems of miscegenation, and his belief that whites and blacks could not live together in a free society.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Opposed by Evangelical Protestants •Created the Indian Territory (in Oklahoma and Kansas) •Promised money and land to Indians that agreed to give up their land east of the Mississippi River •Created a lot of violence •Forced migration

Transcendentalism

People, men and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel. This knowledge comes through intuition and imagination not through logic or the senses. People can trust themselves to be their own authority on what is right. A TRANSCENDENTALIST is a person who accepts these ideas not as religious beliefs but as a way of understanding life relationships.

1896

Plessy v. Ferguson/ McKinley defeats Bryan in the Presidental Election

Factions

Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties.

whigs

Political party supporting Adams-Clay American system (first knows as National Republicans) became known as Whig Party in 1830s in opposition to Jacksonian Democrats

democrats

Political party that favored states' rights and a limited role for the federal government, especially in economic affairs

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

Political slogan of the Democrats in the election of 1844, which claimed fifty-four degrees, forty minutes as the boundary of the Oregon territory claimed by the United States. The Treaty of 1846 with Great Britain set the boundary at the forty-ninth parallel.

political party created in the 1890's that supported reform and represented the views of the farmers

Populists

Veracruz

Port that was captured by Winfield Scott's army during the Mexican War.

judicial review

Power implied in Constitution that gives federal courts right to review and determine constitutionality of acts passed by congress/state legislatures.

Enumerated powers

Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war.

Lord North

Prime Minister of Britain during the Revolutionary War.

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father; respected in Europe; secured the French alliance that helped to make independence of the United States possible.

Privateer

Privately owned ships that were turned into warships. A Letter of Marque was needed to operate these ships. Americans used this to sink/damage many British ships. -> Lots of damage.

specie circular

Proclamation by Andrew Jackson in 1836 stipulating that only gold or silver could be used as payment for public land -caused distrust in bank notes, people traded them in, leading to another crisis 1839-1843

american system

Program of gov. subsidies to improve roads and canals and to foster economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition

Utopian communities

Purpose: transcendentalists wanted to escape the market society emerging in America •Wanted to allow people to realize their spiritual potential

Presidential Reconstruction

Put forward by Andrew Johnson, it included repeal of ordinances of secession, repudiation of Confederate debts, and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. By the end of 1865, only Texas had failed to meet these terms.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 - April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Following this ground-breaking work, he gave a speech entitled "The American Scholar" in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence".[1] Emerson wrote most of his important essays as lectures first, then revised them for print. His first two collections of essays Essays: First Series and Essays: Second Series, published respectively in 1841 and 1844—represent the core of his thinking, and include such well-known essays as Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul, Circles, The Poet and Experience. Together with Nature, these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emerson's most fertile period. Emerson wrote on a number of subjects, never espousing fixed philosophical tenets, but developing certain ideas such as individuality, freedom, the ability for humankind to realize almost anything, and the relationship between the soul and the surrounding world. Emerson's "nature" was more philosophical than naturalistic: "Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul". Emerson is one of several figures who "took a more pantheist or pandeist approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world."[2] He remains among the linchpins of the American romantic movement,[3] and his work has greatly influenced the thinkers, writers and poets that have followed him. When asked to sum up his work, he said his central doctrine was "the infinitude of the private man."[4] Emerson is also well known as a mentor and friend of fellow Transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau.[5]

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Reaction against Alien and Sedition Acts written by Jefferson and Madison; fed. gvt had been formed by contract among states and possessed only certain delegated powers -> states had right to nullify laws that exceeded delegated powers; elevated disputes among Federalists & Republicans

Mormons

Religious movement that emerged among Puritans. The founder of their church was Joseph Smith Jr who published The Book of Mormon which told of his encounters with God. Smith later developed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. These people taught hard work, enterprise, poolygamy, etc. They were disliked and driven out to Utah and helped build up the area.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s; its leaders were George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards; religious pluralism was promoted by the idea that all Protestant denominations were legitimate.

Election of 1800-

Republican candidates Jefferson and Burr tie with 73 electoral votes each; goes to House of Representatives; Hamilton hated Burr more, went to House and got more votes for Jefferson; Burr later kills Hamilton in a duel. The tie led to the 12th Amendment.

War of 1812

Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (1812 - 1815)

New England Colonies

Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Massachusetts; Puritans of Mass. Bay vs/ Pilgrims/Separatists of Plymouth; religiously intolerant (besides RI); better education; more democratic

Robert Owen

Robert Owen, (born May 14, 1771, Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales—died November 17, 1858, Newtown), Welsh manufacturer turned reformer, one of the most influential early 19th-century advocates of utopian socialism. His New Lanark mills in Lanarkshire, Scotland, with their social and industrial welfare programs, became a place of pilgrimage for statesmen and social reformers. He also sponsored or encouraged many experimental "utopian" communities, including one in New Harmony, Indiana, U.S.

Samuel F B Morse

Samuel F.B. Morse, in full Samuel Finley Breese Morse (born April 27, 1791, Charlestown, Mass., U.S.—died April 2, 1872, New York, N.Y.), American painter and inventor who, independent of similar efforts in Europe, developed an electric telegraph (1832-35). In 1838 he developed the Morse Code. In 1832, while returning by ship from studying art in Europe, Morse conceived the idea of an electric telegraph as the result of hearing a conversation about the newly discovered electromagnet. Although the idea of an electric telegraph had been put forward before 1800, Morse believed that his was the first proposal. He probably made his first working model by 1835. Meanwhile, he was still devoting most of his time to painting, teaching art at the University of the City of New York (later New York University), and to politics. But, by 1837, he turned his full attention to the new invention. A colleague at the university showed him a detailed description of an alternative model proposed in 1831, and a friend offered to provide materials and labour to build models in his family's ironworks. These two became partners in Morse's telegraph rights. By 1838 he had developed the system of dots and dashes that became known throughout the world as the Morse Code.

United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

Samuel Gompers

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Sarah Moore Grimké (1792-1873) and Angelina Emily Grimké[1] (1805-1879), known as the Grimké sisters, were 19th-century Southern American writers, orators, educators, and Quakers who were the first American women advocates of abolition and women's rights.[2] Throughout their lives, they traveled to the North, lecturing about their firsthand experiences with slavery on their family's plantation. Among the first American women to act publicly in social reform movements, they were ridiculed for their abolitionist activity. They became early activists in the women's rights movement.

Paxton Boys

Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachians that wanted protection from Indian attacks; marched on Philadelphia; influenced the Regulator Movement

Hartford Convention

Secession crisis -> this. Federalists met here to see whether they should leave the Union or not. When they hear about the Battle of New Orleans, people hear about it and the Federalists look bad -> the disappearance of the Federalist party.

Separate Spheres

Separate spheres is an ideology that defines and prescribes separate spheres for women and men. Culturally located in Europe and North America,[2] it emerged as a distinct ideology during the Industrial Revolution, although the basic idea of gendered separation of spheres is much older. The notion of separate spheres dictates that men, based primarily on their biological makeup as well as the will of God, inhabit the public sphere - the world of politics, economy, commerce, and law. Women's "proper sphere", according to the ideology, is the private realm of domestic life, child-rearing, housekeeping, and religious education.[3][4] The separate spheres ideology presumes that women and men are inherently different and that distinctive gender roles are natural.

second great awakening

Series of religious revivals in first half of 18--s characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings -methodists and baptists grew most

John Dickinson

Serving as a delegate from Pennsylvania to the Second Continental Congress, John Dickinson became part of the committee assigned to author the first draft of the Articles of Confederation. Dickinson, who had extensive writing experience, was chosen as the chairman and the primary author of this document, although he had been one of the delegates who did not sign the Declaration of Independence. Favoring a strong central government similar to that of Great Britain, much of Dickinson's draft was changed before ratification, although his insistence on a strong central government resurfaced later in his support of the U.S. Constitution.

Virginia House of Burgesses

Set-up the first representative government group in the American colonies. It was the elected lower house in the legislative assembly established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. Over time, the name came to represent the entire official legislative body of the Colony of Virginia

Jane Addams was the leader of this movement...young, affluent college educated woman provided help for the immigrants

Settlement Houses

Great Migration

Settlement of over twenty thousand Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other parts of New England between 1630 and 1642.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

She was one of the women, along with Lucretia MOtt, who organized the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls in 1848.

Unlike the------Act, the -------Act and the -------Act were both indirect taxes in trade goods arriving in American Ports

Stamp, Sugar, Townshend

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Susan B Anthony

Susan Brownell Anthony (February 15, 1820 - March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17. In 1856, she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Bill or Rights

The Bill of Rights protects freedoms of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition, and the rights to have trial by jury, bear arms, and own property, among others. The promise of a Bill of Rights helped convince many Anti-Federalists to ratify the new Constitution. Today, these rights are considered fundamental American liberties.

Virtual representation

The British argument that the American colonies were represented in Parliament, since the members of Parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire.

Dominion of New England

The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Electoral College

The Electoral College is a group of electors that are elected by the people to elect the President of the United States in every election year. This system was born along side the U.S. Constitution. This system is a way of speeding up Presidential elections and is still in force today. The representatives of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes in the Electoral College. That states votes is determined by its population.

Erie Canal

The Erie Canal is a canal in New York that is part of the east-west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System (formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal). Originally it ran about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, at Lake Erie. It was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. First proposed in 1807, its construction began in 1817. The canal contains 36 locks and a total elevation differential of about 565 feet (172 m). It opened on October 26, 1825.[1]

black belt

The Lower South, stretching from South Carolina across the Gulf Coast states to eastern Texas, which was dependent on the growth of cotton as a cash crop and upon slave labor.

Shakers

The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing is a religious sect, also known as the Shakers, founded in the 18th century in England, having branched off from a Quaker community. They were known as "Shaking Quakers" because of their ecstatic behavior during worship services. In 1747, women assumed leadership roles within the sect, notably Jane Wardley and Mother Ann Lee. Shakers settled in colonial America, with initial settlements in New Lebanon, New York (called Mount Lebanon after 1861) and what is now Watervliet. Shakers today are mostly known for their celibate and communal lifestyle, pacifism, and their model of equality of the sexes, which they institutionalized in their society in the 1780s. They are also known for their simple living, architecture, and furniture. During the mid-19th century, an Era of Manifestations resulted in a period of dances, gift drawings and gift songs inspired by spiritual revelations. At its peak in the mid-19th century, there were 6,000 Shaker believers. By 1920, there were only 12 Shaker communities remaining in the United States. In the present day, there is only one active Shaker village, Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, which is located in Maine. Their celibacy resulted in the thinning of the Shaker community, and consequently many of the other Shaker settlements are now village museums, like Hancock Shaker Village in Massachusetts

Waltham-Lowell System

The Waltham-Lowell system was a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th century. Made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and water frame in England around the time of the American Revolution, the textile industry was among the earliest mechanized industries, and models of production and labor sources were first explored here. Before industrialization, textile production was typically done at home, and early industrial systems such as Samuel Slater's Rhode Island System maintained housing for families, with only spinning done in the factory. Weaving was "put out" (subcontracted) to surrounding villagers. The Waltham-Lowell System saw all stages of textile production done under one roof, with employees living in company housing, and away from home and family. The system used domestic labor, often referred to as mill girls, who came to the new textile centers from rural towns to earn more money than they could at home, and to live a cultured life in "the city". Their life was very regimented - they lived in company boardinghouses and were held to strict hours and a moral code. As competition in the domestic textile industry grew and wages fell, strikes began to occur, and with the introduction of cheaper imported foreign workers by mid-century, the system proved unprofitable and declined.

Burned Over District

The burned-over district refers to the western and central regions of New York in the early 19th century, where religious revivals and the formation of new religious movements of the Second Great Awakening took place.[1] The term was coined by Charles Grandison Finney, who in his 1876 book Autobiography of Charles G. Finney, referred to a "burnt district" to denote an area in central and western New York State during the Second Great Awakening. He felt that the area had been so heavily evangelized as to have no "fuel" (unconverted population) left over to "burn" (convert). In references where the religious revival is related to reform movements of the period, such as abolition, women's rights, and utopian social experiments, the region is expanded to include those areas of central New York that were important to these movements. The historical study of the phenomena began with Whitney R. Cross, in 1951.[2][3] However, Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest, and indeed the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional.[4]

Compact theory

The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

Missouri Compromise

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Freeport Doctrine

The position on slavery taken by Stephen Douglas during the debates with Lincoln in 1858. Slavery could not exist if local legislation did not accept it. Douglas refused to say whether he believed slavery was right or wrong.

Irish potato famine

The potato crops in Ireland became diseased and the Irish starved. Set off the immigration to the U.S.

Natural Rights theory

The theory that people are born with certain "natural rights," rights which cannot be taken away. Jefferson, in the Declaration of Independence, said these included the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

most famous political cartoonist of the Gilded Age; known for his scathing editorials against the infamous Boss Tweed

Thomas Nast

War Hawks

Those nationalist members of Congress who strongly supported war with Great Britain on the eve of the War of 1812; included Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

Natural rights

Those rights that the Enlightenment (and Jefferson's Declaration) saw as inherent for all humans and that government is not justified in violating.

Monroe Doctrine

Told Europe that the newly independent republics in Latin America weren't up for grabs •Basically tells European powers that the Americas are untouchable •Caused the US to successfully assert themselves into diplomatic leadership in the west

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern region of the United States. The movement was a reaction to, or protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality.[1] The doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School was of particular interest. One of the transcendentalists' core beliefs was in the inherent goodness of both people and nature, in opposition to ideas of man as inherently sinful, or "fallen," and nature as something to be conquered. They believed that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. They had faith that people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. Their concept of self-reliance differed from the traditional usage of the term, in that it referred primarily to fierce intellectual independence, not mere self-sufficiency. Their intellectual preoccupations were less reliant on objective empiricism, and more on subjective intuition. They believed that individuals were capable of generating completely original insights with as little attention and deference to past masters as possible.

Monitor

Union ironclad that fought in the Battle of Hampton Roads

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Unitarian minster known as the founder of transcendentalism which was a intellectual, religious movement in New England. He said that people were stuck in inherited customs & institutions and one could transcend the limits of existence and know the infinite & eternal. Encouraged self-realization, democracy, & individual freedom. Put all of his ideas in "Emerson's Essays" and spread them in lectures. He was extremely influential among people and American literature.

Frederick Douglass

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

William Tecumseh Sherman

United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (1820-1891)

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

Aaron Burr

United States politician who served as Vice President under Jefferson, he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836)

Nat Turner

United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists, as the first Secretary of the Treasury, he established a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr

assisted immigrants in exchange for their votes, found immigrants jobs, provided legal help and emergency assistance, psychological comfort

Urban Political Machines

Carnegie....Control all aspects of the stell making to increase profits

Verticle Integration

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

Ironclads

Wooden ships with metal armor that were employed by both sides during the Civil War

Whiskey Rebellion

[1794] Revolt in Pennsylvania by farms because of Hamilton's excise tax on alcohol. This raised the price of corn whiskey which they traded. Farmers attacked local tax collectors and other forms of authority. President Washington ended rebellion.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798

[1798] Jefferson and Madison made this against Alien & Sedition Acts. It said that if the gov. passed a law that was harmful to the state, the state could null it in that specific state. Introduced "nullification & interposition".

Alien and Sedition Acts

[1798] Passed Adams. It increased the amount of years one had to live in America to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. President can also deport "dangerous" aliens or go to prison without trial. Disliked among citizens and helped play a role in the election of a Democratic Republican.

Barbary (Tripolitan) War

[1802] American war vs. North Africans because Jefferson refused to pay the bribe to stop pirates from attacking American ships. After the war, America continued to pay the bribe but at a lower price.

12th Amendment

[1804] The president and vice-president are put together on the ballot and come from the same party.

Non-Intercourse Act

[1809] James Madison modifies Jefferson's embargo act into this. He made the embargo only against Britain and France. In [1810], he est. the Macon's Bill #2 as well.

Macon's Bill #2

[1810] This bill said that whichever country, Britain or France, lifts their actions towards America, America will begin to trade with that country first.

Guadalupe-Hidalgo

[1848] This treaty ended the Mexican War and gave all of Mexico's northern land to the Americans. Nicholas Trist was the American diplomat who negotiated this war. This gave America all land from the west coast to the east coast and also gave them the gold later found in the Gold Rush.

Yorktown

[October 1781] Battle with Gen. Rochambeau's army & the Continental army vs. Cornwallis's army. British LOSE. Ends the Revolutionary War and America becomes independent.

Tariff

a government tax on imports or exports

Nat Turner's rebellion

a group of slaves in Virginia unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow planter families

Coercive Act

a law passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party which called for the blocking of the Boston Harbor until the lost tea was repaid by the colonists

Colonists in the North and South estbalished differeces in all of the following areas except

allegiance to Britain

Morrill Land Grant Act

allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges

Post Office Act of 1792:

allowed letters/banknotes to be sent all over

Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)

almost 60 whites killed in Virginia; over 100 blacks executed -> increased fear of slave revolt; same year as The Liberator began

Bacon's rebellion

an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.

"Tariff of Abominations"

angered South Carolinians and blamed for economic stagnation in 1828 -> nullification; raised duty rates

Herman Melville

anti-transcendentalist; pessimistic of mankind; Moby Dick - story of courage and strength of individual will

Social Darwinism

applying the idea of natural selection to the human race

Booker T. Washington

chief spokesman for supporting expansion of black education; said blacks should attend school, learn skills, and pursue industrial (not classical) education; blacks should win respect of whites; gave "Atlanta Compromise" speech

Mormons

church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

General George Washington

commander of chief of the American Continental Army; kept U.S. army in the field during revolution; voluntarily surrendered military power by resigning as Commander in Chief (1784); prevented military overthrow of cent. gvt (Newburgh Conspiracy-1783)

Oneida

community of perfectionists founded in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes; rejected traditional notions of family and marriage; no permanent ties - children raised communally

Catherine Beecher

complained at restrictions by males; agreed with separate spheres/cult of domesticity

Judiciary Act of 1789

created the federal-court system

James Madison's Presidency (1809-1817)

democratic-republican; includes War of 1812, Protective Tariff and renewal of bank, beginning of Era of Good Feelings

Jefferson's Presidency (1801-1809)

democratic-republican; need to unify nation, limit gvt. role in economy, Louisiana Purchase, prevent war with Britain

Boston Tea Party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

Hartford Convention

ended the Federalist Party

Vicksburg

final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign; Union (Grant) seized the city and gained control of the Mississippi River

James Fenimore Cooper

first true American novelist - focus on Americans and America itself; fascination w/man's relationship to nature and challenges of America's westward expansion; Last of the Mohicans - independent individual

Closed shop

form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to only hire union members, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

formed after race riots, Du Bois/Niagara Movement and white progressives combined; 1909; led drive for equal rights for blacks

William Lloyd Garrison

founder of The Liberator; radical abolitionist - called for immediate emancipation, no financial compensation for slaveowners, all blacks must received full citizenship as Americans; founded American Antislavery Society; active in women's/tempearance movement

Elastic Clause

gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its expressed powers

Strict constructionist

government could only do exactly what the Constitution stated

Niagara Movement

group that wanted to end segregation and discrimination in unions, courts, and public accommodations; demanded equality of economic and educational opportunity; founded by Du Bois in 1905

Restoration Colonies

land grant in North America given by King Charles II of England, as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration; marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus. Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina

Panic of 1837 & economic depression

land speculation and easy credit weakened pet banks; caused worldwide economic depression, sever hardship in US, effect of existence of a market economy; Van Buren opposed gvt. intervention into economy + crated Independent Treasury

Daniel Shays

led uprising of Massachusetts farmers

When it came to the major Federalist economic programs, Thomas Jefferson as president

left practically all of them in tact

American Slavery

less harsh b/c slaves are like market items; lifelong/generational; destructive of family ties; slavery based on race; quality of life depended on owner; enforced by owner

Chesapeake Colonies

made up of Virginia and Maryland; grew tobacco; Church of England; Maryland Act of Toleration; plantation economy w/cheap labor; headright system

John C. Fremont

mapped Oregon Trail; 1845 report on explorations encouraged western movement ;fought in Mexican War; 1st republican candidate in election of 1856; wanted free soil, free speech, free men

Abraham Lincoln's Presidency (1861-1865)

marked by Emancipation Proclamation, Civil War, 13th Amendment, assassination

Thomas Jefferson's Revolution of 1800 was remarkable in that it

marked the peaceful and orderly transfer of power on the basis of election results accepted by all partues

Promontory Point

marks the point where the transcontinental railroad system was completed

Seneca Falls Convention

meeting in 1848 where women declared that they were equal to men and rejected separate spheres; wanted suffrage

The historical signifigance of the Pilgrims of Plymouth Bay lies in their

moral and spiritual qualities

The historical significance of the Pilgrims of Plymouth Bay lies in their

moral and spiritual qualities.

By mid-19th century

most slaves lived on larger plantations

John Locke

natural rights and social contract theory of gvt.; one is born with particular rights that cannot be taken away Two Treatise of Government (1690); property guaranteed liberty; if gvt. abuses its power, people have right to create new gvt.

Penitentiaries

new forms of prison discipline and institutions to rid criminals of "lawlessness"; became overcrowded

Sharecropping & crop-lien system

part of agrarian agriculture in post-reconstruction south; one system was where country merchants furnished supplies in return for share of farmers' crops (cycle of debt); the other was when farmer tilled land in return for supplies and share of crop; devastating to southern blacks

Central Pacific Railroad

part of the first Transcontinental Railroad in North America (California to Utah)

Force Acts (during Reconstruction)

passed 1870-71; federal govt. expanded and unprecedented power to enforce Congressional laws; forced state gvt. to address the violence of the KKK -> weakened Klan

Union Military Draft

passed March 1863; virtually all males eligible to be in army; could escape service by paying gvt. or finding replacement; increased voluntary enlistments

"Era of Good Feelings"

period from 1815-1824 of little political tension; created b/c of no important international threats; end of first party system + little domestic division, expansion of economy and trade; growth of settlement/trade in West w/creation of new states

Macon;s Bill No. 2

permitted trade with all nations but promised that if either Britain of France lifted its commercial restrictions on AMerican trade, the Us would stop trading with the other

"Bleeding Kansas"

pro and anti-slavery settlers flock to Kansas; bloody conflicts break out including Pottawatomie Massacre and Sack of Lawrence (1855)

The economic status of the Average American at the end of the Revolutionary war was

probably worse than before the war

participatory democracy

process emphasizing the broad participation of people in the direction and operation of political systems.

Merit system

process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job

(eastern) Indian Removal

process of white westerners wanting valuable Indian (savages) land (1830-42); money appropriated to negotiate treaties and remove Indians; Indian Intercourse Act created Indian territory in Oklahoma

The development of three sister farming on the south east Atlantic seaboard

produced a rich diet that led to high poutlation desities

Salem Witch Trials

produced largest outpouring of accusations; witchcraft hysteria in New England

Wade-Davis Bill

program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by Radical Republicans; required Confederate states to take the Ironclad oath before re-admittance to the Union

One of the most farsighted provisions of the Northwest Ordinace of 1787

prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest

The land Ordinance of 1785 provided for all of the following except

prohibiting slavery

Compromise of 1850

proposed by Clay; included: California = free; slave trade banned in D.C.; new and more effective slave law passed (caused northern hostility); bill broken up by Douglas; signed by Fillmore

Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction Plans

radical; military districts in south; respond with Wade-Davis Bill - authorized President to appoint provisional governor for each conquered state; new state constitutions that renounce secession as illegal, abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confederate leaders; repudiate Confederate debts

Congressional-Radical-Military Reconstruction

radical; ten southern states were divided into 5 military districts in 1867; register voters; congress sovereign in all governing decisions in south; ratification of southern state constitutions only need majority of actual voters rather than those registered; black voters registered

judicial review

review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

1883 Civil Rights Cases

ruled that Congress lacked the authority under Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments

"Liberty and Union" Speech

said by Daniel Webster; "the people's gvt., made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people...____ and ____, now and for ever, are one and inseparable

Federalism

strong national authority, enumerated powers (tax, interstate commerce, foreign policy, borrowing money, general welfare), supremacy clause, rules for states (no paper money, interstate commerce)

Worcester decision

supreme court case that invalidated Georgia law that required US citizens entering Cherokee territory to obtain permission from governor; tribes were sovereign entities; define place for Indians within American political system

Gibbons decision

supreme court case that said congress alone regulated interstate commerce

Dartmouth College decision

supreme court case that said corporation contracts were inviolable and could not be controlled by state gvt; placed restrictions on power of state gvt. to control corporations

Slaughterhouse cases, U.S. v. Cruikshank & Civil Rights Cases

supreme court case that stated that the 14th amendment did not create new set of national citizenship rights; theses cases weakened 14th amendment in 1870s-90s -> voting discrimination and Jim Crow Laws

McCulloch decision

supreme court case that upheld constitutionality of Bank of US; Congress had "implied powers" b/c necessary and proper clause; established loose construction of Constitution

Charles River Bridge Case

supreme court case; dispute between two Mass. companies over right to build bridge; decision: mass. allowed to issue new charter to second company b/c to promote progress and advance well-being of community

Battle of New Orleans

tremendous American victory by Andrew Jackson in 1815; fought after Treaty of Ghent had been signed

Pontiac's Rebellion

tribes unite and capture british posts west of Appalachians; stop rebellion; Britain issues Proclamation of 1763 to prevent colonial settlement west of Appalachians

The battle of Gettysburg was signifigant because

union vitory meant that the southern cause was doomed

All of the following are true of the 2nd great awakening except that it

was not as large as the 1st great awakening

The summoning of Virginia's Souse of Burgesses marked an important precedent because it

was the first of many miniatrue parliaments to convene in America

the summoning of Virginia's House of Burgesses marked an important precedent because it

was the first of many miniature parliaments to convene in America

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

weakened Anglican Church by it being disestablished in Virginia and Maryland in 1786; author is Thomas Jefferson

North Carolina and rhode Island were similar in that they

were the 2 most democratic societies

North Carolina and Rhode Iland were similar in that they

were two of the most democratic colonies

Squatters & Preemption

western settlers (poor) who developed public land before they purchased it; demanded right to buy at minimum price land they developed before offered at auction; prevent speculators from bidding up price of land

"Separate Spheres"

women had little access to business/political work; also known as cult of domesticity; women possessed area where superior to men; custodians of morality; emphasis on wife/mother

Feminism-Women's Rights

women played central roles in reform and became aware of problems they faced in male-dominant society; men and women are created equal; rejection of separate spheres; denied political rights and given limited access to education

Federalist Papers

written by John Jay, Madison, and Hamilton in attempt to get delegates to approve Constitution; respond to objections against expanding power of central government

Fundamental Orders

written in 1639 it was first written constitution in the New World

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

written in 1852; presented rallied hostility toward new fugitive slave laws; spread message of abolitionism; propaganda

David Walker

wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens (1829); U.S. belonged to blacks more than whites and slaves should kill their masters

Helen Hunt Jackson

wrote Ramona, a novel about the ill treatment of Native Americans in southern CA

Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America

wrote about general equality of condition among the people; America had no rigid distinctions of rank (upper class); wondered how long it could survive b/c industralism

1861-1865

years Abraham Lincoln served as President

1829-1837

years Andrew Jackson served as President

1789-1797

years George Washington served as President

1809-1817

years James Madison served as President

1845-1849

years James Polk served as President

1801-1809

years Thomas Jefferson served as President

Bacon's Rebellion was supported mainly by

young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land

Bacon Rebellion supported mainly by

young men frustrated by their inability to aquire land

John Tyler

10th President elected 1841-1845 (Whig)

Woodrow Wilson

28th President elected 1912-1917; 1916-1921 (Democrat)

The busiest seaport of the south

Charleston

Chancellorsville

Confederacy (Lee) defeated a Union army twice its size

Haitian Revolt

Slaves revolted vs. France and became its own nation.

Tariff of 1832

a tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

protective tariff

a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition

13th Amendment (1865)

abolished slavery throughout the entire U.S. with no compensation for slaveowners

The Liberator

abolitionist paper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831; need for complete/immediate emancipation of slaves

John Brown

abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Wilmot Proviso

banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future; included the disputed lands in south Texas and New Mexico east of the Rio Grande.

"Young America" Movement

continuation of Manifest Destiny, to dampen sectional controversy supporters hoped expansion of American democracy/commerce/acquire new territories would divert Americans' attention from slavery issue; Pierce success = Gadsden Purchase

Comstock Lode

first major U.S. discovery of silver ore; mining camps thrived

Pacific Railroad Act

called for the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific Ocean

War Hawks

called for war against Britain

The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s

criticized the Washington administration

The case of Marbury vs. Madison involved the question of who had the right to

declare an act of Congress unconstituional

For free blacks in North

discrimination was common

The Bigggest disrupter of Native American life was

disease

Nathaniel Hawthorne

disillusioned with utopias; anti-transcendentalists; The Scarlet Letter

Civil War's effects on women

new employment opportunities created by war: clerks in gvt. offices, factories, nursing, teaching; beginning of national women's suffrage moment

Maysville Road Veto

vetoed b/c Jackson thought government should no aid economic development; Maysville Road (intrastate w/federal funds)

Within a century after Columbus's landfall in the New World, the Native American population was reduced by nearly

90 percent

William Howe

A British general who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill. At a time when it seemed obvious that he should join the forces in New York, he joined the main British army for an attack on Philadelphia.

Charles Cornwallis

A British general who surrendered to the colonists at Yorktown (1781).

William McKinley

25th President elected 1896-1901 (Republican)

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President elected 1900-1905; 1904-1909 (Republican)

Official US policy involved reservations the allotment of land to individuals

Indian Policies

1884 election...GOP who criticized Blaine and defected to the Democrats.

Mugwumps

Christopher Columbus

(1492) of Spain began exploration of Americas; exploitation of natives; began trans-Atlantic slave trade; Columbian exchange

1989

Berlin Wall taken down/ Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe falls

1763

Treaty of Paris ends French & Indian War

1973

War Powers Act/ Watergate investigations continues

Wendell Phillips

abolitionist; spoke in Boston

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies

Arthur Brisbane:

leader of Fourierism

Ida B. Wells

she launched movement to ban lynching which led to a failed federal anti-lynching law

Andrew Jackson's Presidency (1829-1837)

"Era of Common Man;" marked by universal manhood suffrage, sectionalism w/Nullification Crisis, Removal of Eastern Europeans, the Bank War, Roger Taney, emergence of Second Party System

Thomas Jefferson

"Notes on the State of Virginia"

The Grange

"Patrons of Husbandry"; organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political well-being

1800

"Revolution of 1800" elects Thomas Jefferson as President of the US

Bartolomeo de las Casas

(1552) wrote testimony to the European cruelty towards native peoples; helped to win limited reforms to protect Indians + "Black Legend"; History of the Indies & A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies

Jamestown

(1607) first permanent English settlement in America; John Smith; saved by cultivation of tobacco (John Rolfe)

Plymouth Colony

(1620) founded by Pilgrims/Separatists; self-governing/royal colony

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(1630) religions and economic factors intertwined to influence Puritans to migrate; joint-stock company; theocratic republic

Maryland Colony

(1634); Proprietary = owned by Calvert Family; freedom of religion with certain act and established religion with Church of England

Connecticut Colony

(1636) by Thomas Hooker; self-governing; origin of Fundamental Orders

Rhode Island Colony

(1636) self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic

French and Indian/Seven Years' War

(1756-1763); ended with Treaty of Paris; Britain gains Ohio River Valley; increase British debt w/increased territory to police -> increased tensions

Townshend Acts

(1767) placed tax on imported paper, tea...; colonial boycott led to repeal of all duties except tea

Boston Massacre

(1770) british soldiers fired upon Boston townspeople; several killed; before townshend acts repealed

Continental Congress

(1774) - declaration of rights and grievances sent to George III b/c Parliament's authority no longer recognized; called for repressive legislation since 1763; no authority to levy taxes; Second in 1775 = results included Washington as chief, Congress assumed direction of war effort, and Olive Branch Petition affirmed American loyalty to George III and denied desire for independence

John Marshall's Supreme Court

(1801-35); shaped interpretation of Constitution (loose); strengthened judicial branch; increased power of fed. gvt over state; support of economic activity

Marbury vs. Madison

(1803) Court case over the issue of whether Marbury should have the appointment to Supreme Court that Madison refused to give to him. Marshall decided that Marbury would not get the writ of mandamus & passed the judicial review to give the judiciary more power.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Battle of Oriskany

(August 6, 1777) American defenders halted British forces under Barry St. Leger in the Mohawk Valley. Significance: this contributed to the failure of Burgoyne's campaign.

Battle of Cowpens

(January 17, 1781) American forces under Daniel Morgan overwhelmingly defeated British forces at Cowpens in the Southern campaign.

Battle of Princeton

(January 3, 1777) A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they suprised and beat a British force. Significance: this battle continued to boost American morale.

Olive Branch Petition

(July 8, 1775) The colonies' final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts and ended the taxation without representation policies). However, it was rejected by Parliament.

Battle of Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775; First major battle of the Revolutionary War) After a bloody battle in which many British redcoats were killed, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. Significance: the Americans could hold their own, but the British were not easy to defeat. (Note: The battle actually occurred on Breed's Hill, not Bunker Hill.)

Second Continental Congress

(May 1775-March 1780) The Second Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775. The Congress took on governmental duties and united all the colonies for the war effort. On July 4, 1776, they adopted the Declaration of Independence.

Battle of Valcour Island

(October 11, 1776) A hastily-built American naval force under Benedict Arnold successfully halted British forces in a naval battle on Lake Champlain. Significance: the British were forced to stop their attempt to march down the Hudson River valley and take control of the vital river which would split the American colonies in two; they had to wait until the following year to take the river, which bought time for the Americans.

Battle of Yorktown

(October 19, 1781; Last major battle of the Revolutionary War) American troops under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau trapped British troops under Charles Cornwallis and his troops in the Chesapeake Bay, with the help of Admiral de Grasse and the French fleet. Cornwallis was forced to surrender. Significance: although not the last of the fighting, this signified the end of the war.

Battle of King's Mountain

(October 7, 1780) A force of American frontiersmen stopped a British invasion of North Carolina. Thomas Jefferson referred to this as the "turning of the tide."

Treaty of Paris (1763)-

)- signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.

Webster-Hayne debate

- a famous debate regarding protectionist tariffs

James Madison

- 4th President of the United States, member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights

Independent Treasury Act

- In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.

Department of War

- Executive department responsible for the operation and maintenance of the US Army

National Road

- First national road building project funded by Congress

John Calhoun

- First vice president during Jackson's presidency, staunchly pro-slavery vice-president, engineering the Compromise of 1850 and helping further split the nations

Roger Williams

- He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Federalists

- Led by Alexander Hamilton; believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing

Embargo Act of 1807

- act issued by Jefferson that forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Erie Canal

- an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie

Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania

- essays written by John Dickinson; acknowledged Parliament's power but said that the colonies were sovereign in their internal affairs; taxes for raising revenue were unconstitutional

Pinckney's Treaty

- established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Whiskey Rebellion

- farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem

Alien and Sedition Acts

- four laws passed by the Federalist Congress: Naturalization Act Alien Act, Alien Enemy Act, and Sedition Act

COURT CASES

...

OTHER VOCAB

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Trail of Tears

1,200 mile walk to the new Indian Territory after Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act. Thousands of Cherokees died along this path as they were forced to give up their lands and move.

Republicanism

1. Run by virtuous, educated elite who subordinate themselves to an ideal 2. Individual pursuit of self-interest, rapid economic expansion

John Winthrop

1588-1649 First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.

James Buchanan

15th President elected 1856-1861 (Democrat)

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress

Pueblo Revolt

1680, revolt of indigenous laborers led by shaman named Pope'. killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years

Dominion of New England

1686 King James II combined CT, Plymouth, MA, RI, NH, NY, NJ, into single entity ruled by royal governor; eliminated all representative assemblies, strictly enforced the Navigation Acts; eliminated in 1689 as a result of the Glorious Revolution

Abraham Lincoln

16th President elected 1860-1865 (assassinated) (Republican)

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States; was the president during the Civil War

Zenger Case

1734 newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of gvt. if factually true

Stono Rebellion

1739 in South Carolina; largest slave revolt during colonial period

Boston Tea Party

1773; enraged by monopoly of tea trade and English refusal to rescind tea tax, men boarded ships and emptied tea into harbor

When were the Articles of Confederation ratified?

1781

Abolition of Slavery in the North

1784- judges abolished slavery in MA •1784-94: every state north of DE abolished slavery •Recognized white property rights be forcing slaves to buy their freedom by years of extra labor •Even though they were legally free, the social norms of treating blacks horribly were still in place

Land Ordinance & Northwest Ordinance

1785 and 1787 respectively; LO created system by which western lands could be surveyed and sold (grid system); NO created northwest territory that could be eventually divided into 3 to 5 territories; new states legally equal to older states - slavery prohibited

textile machinery

1789, Samuel Slater left Britain and arrived in America with the plans in his head for a textile machine that would spin cotton. He contracted with a merchant-manufacturer in Rhode Island to build the machine, and in 1791, he created the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Federalist Party

1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans.

Neutrality Proclamation

1793, said US would remain neutral in world affairs and warned Americans to be impartial toward European conflicts

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831)

1802: Georgia gave up it's western land in return for a federal promise to get rid of Indian land in the state •Jackson gave support for Georgia, and when he became president, he got rid of the federal troops that protected Indians (also in Alabama and Mississippi) •Cherokees tried to make themselves and independent nation, but John Marshall denied their declaration •Supreme Court goes against the Cherokee

Louisiana purchase

1803 US purchase of vast land holdings that France claimed along west side of Mississippi River beginning in New Orleans and extending through heart of N. America to Canadian border (15 million $)

Louisiana Purchase

1803, doubled size of US; expansion of presidential power, increased power of Republicans: more land -> more farmers -> more Republicans

marbury vs. madison

1803. Chief Justice John Marshall (federalist) decides... 1. Jefferson should have delivered appointment 2. Declares 1801 Judiciary Act unconst.- no appointments 3. Claims power of judicial review

Lewis/Clark Expeditions

1804-1806 exploration of territory gained in Louisiana Purchase

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

missouri compromise (compromise of 1820)

1820- admitted Missouri to Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state as well as prohibited slavery in rest of Louisiana Purchase territory above 36 30 north latitude

erie canal

1825. Linked Hudson river with Great Lakes and gave farmers all along its route new ways to be part of a global economic system of trade Rochester, Syracuse, and Buffalo boomed. Cemented NY as nation's commercial center

What happened to the National Bank?

1832: Henry Clay and others tried to get the charter for the bank extended early, everything would work fine but Jackson wouldn't get on board •Jackson vetoed the rechartering bill •When Jackson was elected president in 1832, he appointed Roger B. Taney as head of the Treasury (Taney was highly opposed to corporate privilege) •Taney withdrew the specie (gold and silver) from the Second Bank and gave it to various states' banks •Second Bank's charter expired in 1836, and Jackson didn't renew it

William Howard Taft

27th President elected 1908-1913 (Republican)

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 •Didn't challenge the institution of marriage/home life, rather they challenged public and economic rights for women •70 women, 30 men •Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the convention •Issued a manifesto that extended the ideas of republicanism to women oHeavily modeled on the Declaration of Independence •Widely dismissed by men and women •Caused the women's rights movement to grow

Dred Scott decision

1857; supreme court case; slave moved to free state, claimed he was free; decision: man was not US citizen b/c no blacks could be a citizens; concurred that slaves were property, property protected in 5th amendment, therefore slaves could not be prohibited in territories (Missouri Comp. unconstitutional)

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

18th Amendment

James A. Garfield

20th President elected 1880-1881 (Died in office) (Republican)

Chester A. Arthur

21st President elected 1881-1885 (Republican)

Grover Cleveland

22nd President elected 1884-1889 (Democrat)

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President elected 1889-1893 (Republican)

Grover Cleveland

24th President elected 1892-1895 (Democrat)

1920

19th Amendment grants women's suffrage

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President elected 1876-1881 (Republican)

George Washington

1st President elected 1788-1793; 1792-1797

Herbert Hoover

31st President elected 1928-1933 (Republican)

James Monroe

5th President elected 1816-1821; 1820-1825 (Democratic-Republican)

John Quincy Adams

6th President elected 1824-1829 (Democratic-Republican)

Andrew Jackson

7th President elected 1828-1833; 1832-1837 (Democrat)

Northwest Ordinance 1787

A bill of rights for settlers, including freedom of religion and the right to jury trial; nominal prohibition of slavery; first national fugitive slave law; process by which residents could organize state governments and seek admission to the union.

Electoral College

A body of representatives appointed by states to cast their votes for president. The presidential candidate who receives the most Electoral College votes, regardless of how many popular votes he or she receives, becomes president. The framers of the Constitution created the Electoral College out of fear that the whimsical American masses might one day popularly elect someone "unfit" for the presidency.

Shakers

A group organized by Mother Ann Lee in Britain that showed religious enthusiasm among women. Mother Ann Lee later moved to America and Shaker groups developed in the countryside. This showed how the 2nd Great Awakening changed woman's religious roles.

Klu Klux Klan

A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremecy in the South after the Civil War.

"Letters from an American Farmer"

A series of letters written by French American writer Crévecoeur, that was first published in 1782. The letters cover many points, including the new aspect of American identity. This was not very popular in America, but it was extremely successful in Europe.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

George Fitzhugh

A social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the Negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. He went as far as to say that black slaves were in a much better situation than poor, freed blacks

The Great Compromise

A state's representation in the House of Representation would be based on population; Two senators for each state but they could vote seperately; all bills would originate in the house; direct taxes on states were to be assessed according to population

Tariff

A tax on imports (also referred to a "duty), taxes on exports are banned by the Constitution. A "protective" tariff has rates high enough to discourage imports

Political machine

A vote-gathering organization of politicians who loyally support a party boss and get the votes to support their party's candidates by fulfilling needs and providing services to constituents.

spoils system

A way of selecting people for government jobs based on idea that "to the victor belongs the spoils" The candidate's supporters are rewarded with government jobs

Marquis de Lafayette

A wealthy French nobleman known as the "French Gamecock," he was made Major General of the colonial army. He got commission on part of his family but nevertheless supplied America with invaluable help.

Sarah Grimke

A woman who published a pamphlet arguing for equal rights of women called "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women". She also argued for equal education opportunities

John Brown

Abolitionist who led the raid of 1859 at a federal arsenal in Virginia in hope of gaining weapons for a slave rebellion. Unsuccessful.

Thomas Paine

Advocate for American independence. Wrote "Common Sense" and "American Crisis" which encouraged Americans to revolt and create a republican government.

Dorothea Dix

Advocate for the improvement of public institutions. Set up charity schools, was an author, and an important public figure. Also changed the way people dealt with mental patients -> putting them in mental hospitals instead of jails.

Louisiana Purchase

After Jefferson sent James Monroe to negotiate an alliance with Britain, France sold the Louisiana area ($15 mil) because Napoleon was afraid America would try and invade Louisiana. This doubled the size of America and gave it a whole new western territory.

Dorr War

After a new constitution for Rhode Island was composed that favored white people (after residents became upset at the land requirements of citizenship), President Tyler sent an armed force to disband them.

Lafayette

After the Treaty of Alliance between France & American, this French military officer aided the American army during the Revolution.

American inventor of the telephone

Alexander Graham Bell

William Weatherford

Also known as "Red Eagle". He fought vs. Native Americans in the War of 1812.

Robert E. Lee

American officer who helped in the battles @ Cerro Gordo , Churnbrusco, & Chapultepec.

Walt Whitman

American poet between Transcendentalism and realism

Bunker Hill-

American post overlooking Boston allowed the Americans to contain General Gage and his troops and turn back British frontal assault; overrun when no more ammunition; strengthened American morale

Texas Revolution (1836)

American settlers proclaimed Texan independence; Sam Houston won independence (treaty rejected by Mexican legislature); texans wanted annexation by U.S.; not done b/c opposition from northerners and anti-slavery groups (fear sectional controversy)

Paul Revere

American spy during the American Revolution who was sent to spread the word of whether the British were coming by land or sea before the Battles at Lexington and Concord.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Nathaniel Greene

American who takes over the army. He recaptures the Carolinas from the British. This hurt the British terribly and led to them losing the Revolutionary War.

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Romanticism

An intellectual movement that stressed emotion, sentiment, and individualism. A reaction to rationalism and the classical revival.

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL

Andrew Carnegie

Salutary neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II; relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureaucrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Ft. Ticonderoga

British fort captured by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen to get equipments for war. Take cannons and force British to evacuate. Huge win for the colonists.

Elastic Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are

Continental Congress proposed this. When? What was the main fault of it?

Articles of Confederation in 1777. It weakened national government

How did the emerging industrial economy conflict with artisan republicanism? How did wage laborers respond to the new economy?

Artisans left their employers and made specialized shops •Divides the artisan class into self-employed craftsmen and wage earning craftsmen •Unemployment rose in the 1850s •Recession and Panic of 1857

John Adams

At the Continental Congresses, Adams acted as a delegate from Massachusetts and rejected proposals for self-governance within the British Empire. He served as vice president to George Washington and then as president.

federalists

Bankers, Merchants, etc. mostly in north BELIEFS: -farming is backbone, but we need factories to finish goods, manufacturing, and commerce -Bank of US, assumption of taxes, capitalism is good -Generally pro-biritsh (wanted to model US on Brit inst.) -New England, mild against slavery -Sponsor Alien and Sedation acts

Battle of San Jacinto

Battle between Texas rebels led by Sam Houston and the Mexican army led by Santa Ana. Texas became independent.

Battle of Lake Erie

Battle between the Americans and the British in the War of 1812. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeated British here.

Major Andre

Benedict Arnold's messenger between Arnold and the British. He got caught by the colonists and Benedict Arnold's plan was discovered.

Many states accepted ______ _______ in their constitution

Bicameral legislatures

early African American civil rights leader; established Tuskegee Institute; known for his "Atlanta Compromise" of 1895

Booker T. Washington

Carnegie's belief that the wealthy must serve as trustees for their wealth and the public good

Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth

Gibbon vs. Ogden

Case where Aaron Ogden tried to have a private steamboat passenger service. Marshall decided that this was unconstitutional and sided with Thomas Gibbons who had a federal license to transport goods & people. This gave national government jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

Election of 1896

Fletcher vs. Peck

Case where Marshall defined contract to include grants & charters made by state governments. This case involved when a grant of land made by Georgia to the Yazoo Land Company was cancelled. Marshall said that a legislative grant can't be changed. This safeguarded property rights & protects out-of-state investors. This helped the development of a national capitalist economy.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Case where Marshall established that the Constitution gives broad powers to the national government when the Maryland legislature tried to tax the national Second Bank to help state-chartered banks & said congress didn't have the power to charter a national bank.

Dartmouth College Case

Case where New Hampshire tried to change Dartmouth's charter est. by George III into a public university. Marshall & the Court decided that a royal charter couldn't be altered by state legislature.

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Charles Darwin

Fourierism

Charles Fourier (1777-1837) •French reformer •Created an 8 stage theory of social evolution that predicted the decline of individualism and capitalism •Men and women would work for the community (in groups called phalanxes) and would be its shareholders •Goal: social equality •Received best among farmers and craftsmen •Declined due to the absence of a charismatic leader/religious vision

Restoration Colonies

Charles II renewal of American Colonization (Carolinas, Pennsylvania) from 1660-85

5 civilized tribes

Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles established treaty agreements with US in late 1700s or early 1800s, lived in peace with their neighbors and adopted more of the ways of the whites than most Native Americans

Nez Perce Indian Cheif "I will fight no more forever"

Chief Joseph

1964

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passed/ Golf of Tonkin escalates of US involvement in Vietnam

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Sharecropping

Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South; received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who decided what and how much should be planted; landlord usually took half of the harvest.

Pennsylvania: Constitution in 1776

Complete overthrow of the aristocratic government •made it so that people didn't have to own property in order to vote •Created a unicameral legislature with complete power (no governor) •Alarming: too democratic •Caused Adams to come up with a 3-pronged approach to government (judicial, legislative, executive) that many supported Generated much support

Transcontinental railroad

Completed May 10, 1869 (golden spike in Utah) •Built by Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads not the government (there was government support) •Cut the time it took to travel across the US from a few months to a week •Fostered economic growth (trade opportunities) •Completed part of the American System (Republicans were pumped, Democrats weren't) •Could be funded by the government or private investors oUS chose the private approach oFederal government provided incentives (loans and land grants) to those who invested in the railroad oAlso funded by state governments •Leads to the rise of the corporation (could raise private funding) and the creation of time zones

Connecticut Compromise

Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators

Power of national government

Conduct foreign relations, mediate disputes between states, and borrow money.

Merrimac

Confederate Ironclad that fought in the Battle of Hampton Roads

Fort Sumter

Confederate bombardment and Union surrender that started the Civil War

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

Confederate general under Robert E. Lee

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

taking away the right to vote

Disfranchise

a decline in general price levels, often caused by a reduction in the supply of money or credit

Deflation

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876

Which of the following is NOT a check against presidential power in the Constitution?

Do: Congress can override a president's veto with a two-thirds vote. The House can impeach the president for "high crimes and misdemeanors". Congress has the authority to accept or reject some presidential appointments. Although the president appoints judges, they serve for life to ensure their independence. NOT: The House can remove the president from office after impeaching him.

Which of the following did states NOT do during the period when the Articles of Confederation governed the United States?

Do: They imposed their own tariffs. They printed their own money. They postponed debt collection. They held legislative elections in which candidates attacked creditors. NOT: They called out militias to stop forecloses on the homes of debtors.

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Farmers Alliance

James Madison

Father of the constitution, set forth the idea of checks and balances, a large diverse republic, at Constitutional Convention

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

John Marshall

Federalist Supreme Court chief justice who enforced judicial authority, supremacy of national laws, & traditional property rights. He passed the judicial review and dealt with many important cases such as the Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden.

Alexander Hamilton

Federalist who was a war hero & the first Treasurer of State. He designed a financial program that helped America get out of their financial debt. He enhanced national authority and favored financiers & merchants. He established a national bank & excise taxes/ revenue tariffs. He was extremely successful.

Hartford Convention

Federalists opposed war of 1812; advocation of nullification, proposed 7 amendments to Constitution to limit federal gvt. -> created perception Federalists had been treasonous and led to their collapse

trail of tears

Forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to Indian TErriroty in West; thousands of Cherokees died along the way

Develpoed the Frontier Thesis

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Douglass:

Freed slave •Became an influential abolitionist •Profound/moving speeches •Helped free slaves through the Underground Railroad •Significance: he knew the horrors of slavery from firsthand experience, so he could provide new insights and information to abolitionists

Citizen Genet

Frenchman who went to the USA to make an alliance with France. He attempted to get supporters -> him being deported.

Found Gold in Black Hills and forced Sioux out (Little Big Horn)

General George Armstrong Custer

Sherman's March to the Sea

General Sherman led a campaign of total war across Georgia, inflicting damage to Southern industry and civilian property

Horatio Gates

General who led the American army to a victory in the battle at Saratoga. Lost the Battle of Camden vs. Cornwallis's army.

Gen. William Howe

General who led the British army to defeat Washington & his army in the Battle of Long Island. This was a huge loss for the Americans, who lost more than 10,000 soldiers.

Labor unions/closed shop

Groups of workers who bargained with their employers •Goals: get better wages, have a 10 hour work day, and get better working conditions •Closed shop: said that if you weren't a union member, you couldn't get a specific job (they only hired union members) •Win 10 hour workday in the 1830s

Settlement house founded by progressive reformer Jane Adams in Chicago in 18889

Hull House

Whig ideology

Idea that concentrated power leads to corruption and tyranny; emphasis on balanced government where legislatures check the power of the executive.

Nullification

Idea that said a state convention could declare federal laws unconstitutional if they seemed to overstep Congressional powers.

Salutary Neglect

Idea that the colonies benefited by being left alone, without too much British interference

from 1865-1890, most immigrants came from northern western Europe ...after that from southern to eastern Europe

Immigration Patterns

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

In the spirit of the declaration of Independence declared that all men and women are created equal. One resolution demanded the ballot for women. This meeting launched the modern women's rights movement.

economic situation in which goods and services are more expensive, therefore causing a decline in the value of money; loss of purchasing power

Inflation

Macon's Bill No. 2

Issued by Madison, intended to stop Britain and France from attacking American ships during the Napoleonic Wars

Which of the following led directly to the formation of an organized political party opposed to the Federalist Party?

Jay's Treaty

Established seperate, segregated facilities in the south

Jim Crow Laws

George III

King during the Revolutionary War. He wanted the Americans to be repressed and under control. Completely against the Revolution.

Welcomed all workers: skilled/unskilled, black/white, male/female

Knights of Labor

General Cornwallis-

Led British forces during the American Revolution and surrendered at Yorktown

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)

Little communities (close-knit) that were super patriarchal

Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans.

Long Drive

Chapultepec

Mexico's military academy in Mexico City that Robert E. Lee attacked and won. Mexico still pays respects to the Niños Heroes, young boys who defended Chapultepec from Americans.

Andrew Jackson

Military hero of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend & the Battle of New Orleans. He later became president. He used the Spoils System to get his "Kitchen Cabinet". He created a stronger national government. He strongly disliked the Native Americans -> Indian Removal Act & the Trail of Tears.

Lexington & Concord

Militia and Royal infantry fought in Lexington and the colonial troops withdrew; Concord was suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry. Paul Revere and William Dawes detected movement of British troops.

1877 Supreme Court decision allowing state governments to regulate railroad rates

Munn v. Illinois

midnight judges

Name given to judges who were appointed by outgoing president John Adams after judiciary act of 1801.

religious establishment

Name givent to a state-church (or to the creation of an "established church") expects support and loyalty from all citizens

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

Paine wrote Common Sense, which was a pamphlet discussing how independence from Britain was the only option. Paine wanted to steer American anger towards English constitution.

Colonists objected to the Stamp Act because

Parliament passed the tax, not the colonists

Martin van Buren and the creation of the party system

Parties were originally thought as anti-republican •First parties were originally run by professional politicians

Black codes

Passed by state legislatures in 1865-1866; granted former slaves right to marry, sue, testify in court, and hold property but with significant qualifications.

the most devastating factor in their demise was the killing of the buffalo

Plains Indians

Andrew Johnson

President after Lincoln's assassination; presided over Civil War aftermath

Anti-Federalists

Primarily farmers and poorer Americans in the West, a group that strongly opposed ratification of the Constitution. The Anti-Federalists were suspicious of governments in general and a strong central government in particular. Rather, they believed that state legislatures should maintain sovereignty. Although they eventually lost the ratification battle, their protests did encourage the first Congress to attach the Bill of Rights to the Constitution.

Federalists

Primarily from the wealthier and propertied classes of Americans along the eastern seaboard, a group that supported ratification of the Constitution and creation of a strong central government. The Federalists eventually became a full-fledged political party under the leadership of John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. Adams was the first and only Federalist president, as the party died after Federalist delegates from the Hartford Convention protested the War of 1812 and were labeled traitors.

Northwest Ordinances of 1784

Proposed by Thomas Jefferson just a month after Virginia officially handed over western lands to congress, this ordinance established the process by which new lands would be divided into states, the process for surveying and sale, and the qualifications of new states to enter into Congress. This ordinance set the precedent to prohibit any attempts to colonize newly ceded lands.

1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery

Pullman Strike

Thomas Hooker

Puritan minister who led settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Mugwumps

Reform Republicans who didn't support James Blaine, the candidate in the election of 1884

South Carolina Exposition and Protest Nullification Crisis

South Carolina outlined the theory of nullification in 1828; written by Calhoun; states are final constitutionality of fed. laws

1929

Stock Market crash begins the Great Depression

the right to vote

Suffrage

Pequot War

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Hudson River School

The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. The paintings for which the movement is named depict the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area, including the Catskill, Adirondack, and the White Mountains; eventually works by the second generation of artists associated with the school expanded to include other locales in New England, the Maritimes, the American West, and South America. Thomas Cole... Frederick Church

Peggy Shippen

The Loyalist wife of Benedict Arnold who caused him to change sides.

Seneca Falls Convention

The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention.[1] It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman".[2] Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19-20, 1848. Attracting widespread attention, it was soon followed by other women's rights conventions, including one in Rochester, New York, two weeks later. In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women's Rights Conventions met in Worcester, Massachusetts.

1776

The United States declares independence from Great Britain

Popular Sovereignty

The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

7 years war also known as in America as

The french and Indian war

"Free soil"

The idea surfaced after the Mexican War that Congress had the authority to ban slavery in the newly acquired territories. It was embodied in the Wilmot Proviso. The advocates of "free soil" formed their own political party in 1848, and Martin Van Buren was their candidate for President.

Cult of Domesticity

The ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Antifederalists

They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican party.

Trafalgar

This battle was where the 3rd Coalition defeated Napoleon and ends the Napoleonic Wars which hurt American commerce.

Judicial Review

This gives courts the right to veto law by President if they see it's unconstitutional. This was controversial because the Democratic Republicans didn't want the Federalists to obtain more power by using the courts.

American Colonization Society

This group of people were strongly against slavery. They sent slaves back to Africa, but this was a fail because slaves had already adapted to being in America. This showed the growing support of abolition in America.

Electoral College

This group of selected men from each state voted the President into office.

All of the following European imports threatened the Iroquois existence except

religion

powerful and wealthy 19th century steel corporation founded by Andrew Carnagie and JP morgan

US Steel

American System

This was an integrated program of national economic development that was proposed by Henry Clay. This said that the Second Bank would regulate state banks and use tariff revenues to build roads and canals. This was popular among the West but disliked in the South.

Strict Construction

This was how Democratic Republicans led by Jefferson. Advocated state power and local control. Emphasized the 10th Amendment (any power not w/ central goes to the state). They were pro-French.

Loose Construction

This was how the Federalists led by Hamilton wanted to rule the government. They wanted a strong, central government. Focused on the elastic clause & promoted industry and was anti-French.

Log Cabin and Hard Cider

This was van Buren's campaign during the Election of 1840. It was first used to insult him but van Buren used it as a way to attract people in his campaign

Cerro Gordo

This was where Winfield Scott destroyed Santa Ana's army. Robert E. Lee, a military officer, helped fight in this battle.

railroad which extended from Omaha, Nebraska westward

Union Pacific

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

"Eaton Malaria"

When John Eaton (Jackson's secretary of war) married the popular Peggy O'Neal, the other Cabinet wives strongly disliked her. Jackson became angry and this split the Cabinet and hurt his term as president.

Panic of 1837

When President van Buren didn't re-charter the National Bank, money was spread among state banks. Cut from British funds, planters & merchants began to fall into debt and take out species from banks. Soon everyone wanted their money because of the economic crisis & lack of gold and silver. Banks didn't have enough money -> 900 banks failing.

Ft. McHenry

When the British invaded Washington DC during the War of 1812, they first passed this fort. Although they didn't claim it, they bombarded it. It was here that Francis Scott Key wrote the "Star Spangled Banner"

State Sovereignty

When ultimate political power resides in the state rather than the federal government

Nauvoo, Illinois

Where Joseph Smith relocated to (because he and the other Mormons faced hostility) •Largest utopian community in the 1840s •Strict, hostile toward others •Didn't follow Illinois laws

Abigal Adams

Wife of John Adams who spoke against slavery and advocated equal rights for women in marriage. This showed how women began to speak more and express their opinions as they became more educated after the Revolution.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

New Jersey Plan

William Paterson; favored small states; unicameral legislature with equal representation; expanded power of Congress to tax and regulate commerce

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs

Whigs (opposed Jackson = Webster, Calhoun, Clay) - fed. gvt aid economic development (American System), cautious of territorial expansion; Democrats (Jackson, Van Buren) - limit fed. gvt. power and protect states rights, suspicious of gvt. attempts to stimulate commercial/industrial growth, support territorial expansion

Olive Branch Petition

[1775] After Breed's Hill, this petition sent to King George III was the last appeal to stop violence. After George III ignored this, the Americans declared war on the British.

Bonhommie Richard

[1779] John Paul Jones captures this British ship in a navy battle. Huge conquest for the Americans.

Bill of Rights

[1780] The 10 amendments which were a safeguard of fundamental person rights. This was added by the Federalists to the Constitution. This helped lower some tension between the Federalists & Antifederalists.

Treaty of Paris

[1783] This treaty ended the American Revolution. It re-established trade between America & Britain. It also doubles the size of America by lengthening borders. Gives America Grand Banks. It also honored all debts before the Revolution. This helped smooth relations between Britain and America.

The delegates of the Hartford convention adopted resolutions that included a fall for

a constitutional admendent requiring 2/3 vote in Congress before war was declared

romanticism

a spirit that many of the nation's cultural leaders got from Europe; in literature, in philosophy, in art, and even in politics and economics, American intellections committed themselves to this idea of liberating the human spirit. (based on emotion/intuition)---led to a rise in transcendentalism

Bill of Rights

a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (first ten amendments

Great Compromise

accepted July 16, 1787; bicameral legislature (Congress) = senate (equal representation) and house of representatives (based on population)

The long range purpose of the Albany congress in 1754 was to

achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French Threat

14th Amendment

adopted 1868; defined citizenship as born in the USA or naturalized and prohibited state gvt. from infringing on equal rights of citizens (due process, equal protection, privileges/immunities clause); gave black Americans citizenship and legal equality; Confederates can not hold office

Mississippi Plan

advocated white Democratic Southerners must gain political power by any meant to end Reconstruction; decision to use as much violence as necessary to carry the state election; violence kept 60k black and white Republicans from voting in 1875

Mexican American War

after Mexican refusal to sell California-New Mexico region, Polk sent troops and it ended with Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Panic of 1819

after war there was decreased demand for American farm goods + land boom; state banks did not have money to pay back loans and closed down; results included depression until 1823, beginning of end of Era of Good Feelings, created divisions among Republicans -> elections of 1824

Mayflower Compact

agreement to obey laws created by community and profession of allegiance to the king; created consensual agreement between Separatists and non-religious

Freedmen's Bureau

aided former slaves through education, health care, and employment

what is the principle of virtual representation

all english subjects including those who are not allowed to vote are represented in parliament

The combination of Calvinism, soil, and climate in New England resulted in the people there possessing which of the following qualities

all of the above-energy, stuborness, self-reliance, resourcefulness

Men became conquistadores because they wanted to

all of the above-gain gods favor, escape dubious pasts, seek adventure, and satisfy need for gold

A revivalist preacher, Chalres Grandison Finney advocated

all of the above-opposition to slavery, a perfect Christian kingdom on earth, opposition to alcohol, public prayer by women

The Us victory in the Mexican war resulted in

all of the above-revewed controversy of slavery, a possible split in the whig and democratic parties, the cession by mexico of large amount of land, a rush of settlers to new american territory in California

Republicanism

all power comes directly from the people/sovereignty lies with the people; people play a role in selecting political leadership and with limits on power of govt.

Thirteenth Amendment

amendment that abolished slavery

Fourteenth Amendment

amendment that ensured rights to citizens on the state level; removed the three-fifths clause; ensured that the US would not pay Confederate debt; ensured loyalty of Confederate legislators

Fifteenth Amendment

amendment that ensures that race cannot be used as criteria for voting

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

amendment that states that slavery should be prohibited in any territory captured from Mexico (failed)

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Patrick Henry

an Anti-Federalist

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Nationalists

an advocate of national independence of or a strong national government

Joint-Stock Company

an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business

American System

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

In the immediate aftermath of independence, how did Congress justify its claim that at least some Indians had forfeited their rights to their lands?

because they had aided the British during the war

Mexican War (1846-1848)

began as disagreement between border (Nueces River and Rio Grande); was opposed by Whigs; result = acquisition of new territories pushed slavery to forefront of national politics

Civil War (1861-1865)

began in 1861 with bombardment of Fort Sumter; anaconda plan, gettysburg, Lee surrender at Appotomax; 600k casualties; legacy expanded federal power and destroyed agrarian south

Confederate military draft

began in 1862; first in US history; subjected all white males to service for three years unless substitute was provided or owned slaves; intense opposition; repealed 1863; reintroduced in 1864 and the allowed slaves to join

Exodusters

blacks that left South for Kansas in the late 1870s

Erie Canal

built in 1817, it created economic importance of NYC; accelerated growth of national market by reducing cost of transportation; tied north to west

Missouri Crisis & Compromise

by henry clay; missouri admitted as slave state, maine as free; purpose to maintain balance of power between free and slave slaves; slavery a national issue for first time

After the Penisula Campain, union strategy included all of the following except

bypassing the confederate capital at richmond

american public opinion b/t 1774-6

changed from a desire for reconciliation to a decision for independence

Tenskwatawa/"The Prophet"

charismatic religious leader/orator who inspired a religious revolt among Indians; unified many Indian tribes

Second Bank of the U.S.

chartered in 1816 although had ended in 1811; president had realized the need of an industry to create war time materials - why they almost lost; president twenty years had argued against its creation; powers to force states to issue only sound notes

With regard to the governmental authority, the Scots-Irish colonists

cherished no love for the British or any other government

Clara Barton

collected/distributed war supplies during civil war; important figure in nursing; founder of American Red Cross

Triangular Trade

colonies developed variety of trading products and partners; between mainland colonies, West Africa, Caribbean, Europe

Mercantilism

colonies served economic interest of mother country; nations grow rich at expense of other nations; export less and import less; develop manufacturing; gain colonies that have raw materials and a re market for finished goods; accumulate mineral wealth

Indentured Servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Loyalists

colonists who supported British during war; political officeholders, merchant, minorities, Indians, those who feared disorder & the common people; many exiled/harassed

Long drive

cowboys drove herds of cattle from Texas overland to railheads on the northern Plains

Georgias founders were determined to

create a haven for people imprisoned in debt

Judiciary Act of 1801

created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices; goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.

Treaty of Alliance (1778 )

created a defensive alliance between France and the U.S.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

created by Henry Clay; tariff gradually lowered -> protective tariff eliminated; South Carolina repealed nullification of tariffs

"American System"

created by Henry Clay; to knot together different US sections into unified economic system; create home market for factory/farm producers by raising protective tariff, strengthening national bank, and financing internal improvements

Independent Treasury

created by Van Buren administration; fed. gvt. place govt. fund in independent treasury; no private banks would have gvt.'s money or name to use as basis for speculation; fed. govt. and banks would be divorced

National Labor Union

created by William H. Sylvis; endorsed the 8-hr-day movement, end of convict labor, establishment of a federal dept. of labor, banking reform, higher wages, and restricted immigration.

Arthur St. Clair

defeated by Little Turtle

William Jennings Bryan

democratic party nominee, lost to McKinley. Advocated trust-busting, free silver. He was a peace advocate, a prohibitionist, an opponent of Darwinism, and one of the most prominent leaders of populism.

Treaty of Tordesillas

divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal

Federalism

division of powers

Lowell System

dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Mormon Migration to Utah

driven from New York b/c of persecution; Joseph Smith charged w/treason and killed; led by Brigham Young

Trail of Tears (1838)

during Van Buren presidency, used treaty to force Cherokees west to Oklahoma; many perished on the way

Albany Plan of Union

early attempt at forming a union of the colonies during the French and Indian War. Colonies rejected it because they didn't want to surrender their authority.

the greatest weakness of the south during the civil war was its

economy

The articles of confederation left congress unable to

enforce a tax-collection program

Some of the more advanced Native American cultures did all of the following except

engage in signifigant ocean voyages of discovery

Some of the more advanced Native American Cultures did all of the following except

engage in signifigant voyages of discovery

Antebellum Urbanization

enlarged population due to largest immigration in US history; migration to cities b/c native farming classes forced of land due to changes in agriculture and b/c immigrants; improved transportation, beginnings of industrialization

"The Federalist"

essays that generated support for Constitutional ratification

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was able to...

establish national control over land to the west of the thirteen states.

American Colonization Society

established 1817; challenged slavery w/o challenging property rights of Southerners: slaveowners would be compensated through private funds...blacks shipped to new country; too expensive/unsuccessful

National Bank Act

established national charters for banks and was used to fund the Union; not effective

Shakers

established over 20 communities in 1840s; practiced complete celibacy; all believers had to voluntarily join the faith; more women than men

Pendleton Civil Service Act

established the United States Civil Service Commission; ended the spoils system

Freedman's Bureau

federal gvt. aid that provided food, clothing, and medical care to war refugees (white and blacks; education; settlement of freed slaves on land (began in 1865)

Union Pacific Railroad

is the largest and oldest operating railroad network in the United States

Reconstruction (1863-1877)

issues included the status of former Confederate states in reunited Union and political, social, and economic postition/power of newly freed slaves/freedmen; ended with Compromise of 1877

The Iroquois Confederacy was able to menace its Native American and European neighbors because of

its military alliance, sustained by political and organizational skills

One of the positive aspects of the Bank of the US was

its promotion of economic expansion by making credit abundant

Marbury v. Madison

judicial review

"Know-Nothings" & the American Party

keep immigrants out, more restrictive naturalization laws, literacy tests -> declined in 1854 but aided in collapse of Second Party system

Immidiate purpose of Albany congress

keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the Brittish

American Federation of Labor

labor union; more effective than Knights of Labor; used political tactics.

Non-Intercourse Act

law that allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Fugitive Slave Law

laws that provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners

William Marcy Tweed

lead Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine

Jefferson Davis

leader and president of the Confederacy during the Civil War

John Winthrop

leader of Mass. Bay Colony; we shall be city upon a hill

Charles Finney

leader of Second Great Awakening; urban/city preacher; successful in burned over district of NY

The Sedition Acts of 1798

led Jefferson to argue that states, not the federal government, could punish seditious speech

the british response to the american claim of no taxation without rep. was that

members of parliament represented the interests of all people in the british empire

National Party Conventions

method of nominating presidential candidates; power would arise directly from people; Jackson against congressional caucus

Roger Williams

migrated from Massachusetts and founded Rhode Island; established disestablishment and religious toleration

Leisler's Rebellion

militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York during Britain's "Glorious Revolution"; reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored

Tecumseh & The Indian Confederation

more secular than brother Tenskwatawa; created unification of tribes to resist U.S. expansion

at the beggining of the civil war, the south seemed to have the advantage of

more talented military leaders

Frederick Douglas

most famous black abolitionist; former slave; advocated freedom from slavery and full citizenship rights for all blacks; wrote narrative in 1845; went to Seneca Falls

Second Great Awakening

most intense in late 1820s and 1830s; reaction against drop in traditional religious practice; rejection of skeptical rationalism of Deism and Unitarianism; emphasis on personal relgious conversion and rejection of predestination; humans achieve salvation through own efforts - unlike Edwards & 1st G.A.; led to growth of Baptists, converts, expansion of social reform

"War Hawks"

new, young generation of political leaders that were aggressive and impatient to conquer Florida and Canada and believed Britain lacked respect for US; Henry Clay and John. C. Calhoun; pushed for war with Britain

the House of Rep decided the 1824 election when

no candidate recieved a majority of the vote in the Electoral college

Election of 1866

non-presidential national election; despite vigorous and racist campaigning by Johnson, Republicans won overwhelmingly -> congressional reconstruction veto-proof

Free Soilers

northern political party, demanded to end slavery, urged congress to give western settlers free homesteads.

Carpetbaggers

northerners who settled in south after civil war; to plunder defeated south (gain political office)

Dorothea Dix

nurse and activist for the poor insane; created the first generation of American mental asylums

The Bank War: Why was Jackson opposed to a National Bank?

oCongress had no constitutional authority to charter a national bank oIt went against states' rights oToo risky that a monopoly will form oBritish aristocrats owned too much of the bank's stock

1820s-1830s sees expansion of:

oWhite male suffrage oCampaigning for office oUse of mass media in politics oParticipation in politics by more people oParty politics, machines, patronage/spoils system, caucuses, platforms

James K. Polk's Presidency (1845-1849)

objectives that were achieved included: reduction of tariff, re-establishment of Independent Treasury, Annexation of Texas, settlement of Oregon question, and acquisition of California

William T. Sherman & the March to the Sea

occurred in 1864; destroyed everything from Atlanta to Savannah (total war); "forty acres and a mule"

Anthony Burns Incident (1853)

occurred in Boston, mob attempted to stop return of fugitive slaves

Presidential Reconstruction plans (Lincoln & Johnson)

one man stated southern state gvt. could exist when 10% of southern voters pledged loyalty to U.S. and abolished slavery (keep readmission of Confederate states from aiding Democrats); the other was lenient to south and called for rapid readmission of Confederate states - allow former Confederates to have power (combination of other individual and wade-davis plan proposed by Congress)

election of 1876

one of the most disputed presidential elections; electoral votes awarded to Hayes in exchange for withdrawal of troops from the south

Anti-Federalists

opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states

Radical Republicans

opposed to slavery during the war, and after the war supported equal rights for freedmen

North and South Carolina Regulators

organized effort by backcountry settlers to restore law and order and establish institutions of local government

Ku Klux Klan

organized in 1866 by Nathan Bedford Forrest; secret society formed to control ex-slaves and not allow blacks to change basic political, social, and economic structure of south; used violence; weakened by force acts

Lewis and Clark Expedition-

overland expedition undertaken by the United States to the Pacific coast and back

Virginia Plan

plan of government in which states representatives in Congress based on their population

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Democratic-Republicans

platform was at first to keep federalist from creating Monarchy; beliefs - power lies in congress, hate debt, cut army, abolish excise tax, cut federal projects, strict constructionist view of government, wanted treaties approved by the house; supporters - farmers from South and West

Walt Whitman

poet of American democracy, Leaves of Grass; reflected unrestrained celebration of democracy/liberation of individual

Deep South

politically dominant; where majority of slaves were; where economic power had shifted to b/c of cotton

Amoung other views, The Federalist, written during the ratification debate, argued that it was

possible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory

Benjamin Franklin

practiced Enlightenment ideals; self-made man; most democratic founding father; advocate of religious toleration; need for scientific reserach/importance of education + middle class

Hudson Valley School of Art

pre-photography with no humans; focus on beauty of U.S. landscape -> pride in American nationalism in art

Standard Oil

predominant American integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company

YMCA

provided housing and recreation for country boys who had migrated to the city

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

purpose to reorganize Louisiana territory; existence of slavery determined by popular sovereignty; eliminated antislavery positions of Missouri Compromise; destroyed Whig party and gave rise to Republicans; led to bleeding kansas, lecompton controversy

McKinley Tariff

raised tariff rates for imports and protected manufacturing

Bill of Rights

ratified 1791 to preserve inalienable rights; secure freedoms of individuals from being violated by federal gvt.; 9th = rights listed in Constitution are not only rights of people; 10th = people and states would keep powers not given specifically to the federal gvt.

Reconstruction Southern State Governments

reality after Civil War; black held gvt. positions but never achieved dominance; corruption existed but no more than during Gilded Age; increased taxes and public debt - to pay for public schools; new constitutions of southern states - established free public school abolished property qualifications for voting/jury duty

Denmark Vesey Rebellion (1822)

rebellion in South Carolina discovered before it began; argued slavery violated Christianity and republicanism

Joseph Smith

religious leader who founded the Mormon Church

Joseph Smith

religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

English/British Empire

representative assemblies with diverse economy; larger population composed of transplation of families; business enterprises; more independent pol/econ/social practices

Dorr Rebellion

resistance to expansion of suffrage/vote; attempt to reform RI constitution (to expand electorate) was resisted by "old guard" (1840-1482); reform eventually took place

Sedition Acts

restrictions placed in freedom of the press

French Alliance

result of Battle of Saratoga; helped Americans ultimately win war

Quasi-War

result of XYZ Affair; undeclared naval war with France (1798-1800) and department of Navy created

New York City draft riot

result of congress passing national draft law; occurred 1863 - over 100 killed

Fries's Rebellion

resulted in a loss of support for Federalists in southeastern Pennsylvania

western land claims-

seven of the 13 original states had claims to areas in the West, and these "landed" states had a great potential advantage over the six "landless" states

Panic of 1819

severe depression that followed the economic boom of the post-War of 1812 years; the Second National Bank, trying to dampen land speculation and inflation, called loans, raised interest rates, and received the blame for the panic. All this helped divide commercial interests of the East from the agrarian interests of an expanding West

Anne Hutchinson

she disagreed with Mass. Church fathers over doctrine (believed one could directly communicate w/God and gain assurance of salvation); expelled from colony

Articles of Confederation

short-term central gvt.; created 1777 but did not go into effect until 1781; unicameral legislature; no separate executive/judiciary (no separation of powers); only request taxes from states; conduct wars/foreign relations; could not regulate/draft troops = weak central gvt; victory in revolution and creation of western land policy

Confederate Constitution

similar to U.S. Constitution, except in recognized sovereignty of states; specifically sanctioned slavery; president - 6 year term; banned international slave trade and protective tariff

"Free-Soil" Ideology

slavery was dangerous b/c of threats to whites; threat to right of all citizens to own property, control own labor; slave power wanted to extend slavery throughout nation and destroy North capitalism -> influenced Republican party; candidates in 1848, 1852

3/5 Compromise

slaves counted as 3/5 of a free person in determining representation and taxation

On the eve of the American Revolution, social and economic mobility decreased, partly because

some merchants made huge profits as military suppliers

Secession Crisis

south carolina left in 1860 and 6 other states followed -> formed Confederate States of America; Crittenden Compromise tried to solve this conflict and reestablish Missouri Compromise but rejected by both Republicans and Southerners

Scalawags

southerners who joined Republican party after Civil War; lots were yeoman farmers; attracted by Republican promises to rebuild South, restore prosperity, create public schools, and open isolated areas to the market with railroads

"Atlanta Compromise"

speech that said blacks should focus on economic gains and not political and social rights; implicit within the speech that blacks would no challenge segregation; given in 1895 by Booker T. Washington

Benjamin Franklin's Achievements

spread Enlightenment ideals; need for scientific ideals; importance of education; religious toleration; presided over Declaration, Treaty of Paris, and Constitution; anti-slavery advocate

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

state had the right to declare a law unconstitutional, or nullify a law, within its borders. These were written by Jefferson and Madison to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts

As a result of Pope's Rebellion in 1680

the Pueblo Indians destroyed every Catholic church in the province of New Mexico

The section of the US most hurt by the Tariff of 1828 was

the South

Anaconda Plan

the Union (Northern) plan devised by General Winfield Scott to blockade the south and restrict its trade to win the war.

Republican Motherhood:

the idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into exemplary republican citizens •Lack of education

Wounded Knee

the last armed conflict between the Great Sioux Nation and the United States of America and of the Indian Wars; 7th Cavalry opening fire indiscriminately from all sides

Enlightenment

the power of human reason to promote progress by revealing natural laws that governed both nature and society; decreased importance in organized religion; ideas of John Locke; deism

THe Force bill of 1833 provided that

the president could use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties

Gadsden Purchase

the purchasing of land from Mexico that completed the continental United States; It provided the land needed to build the transcontinental railroad.

Shay's Rebellion 1786

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Captain Daniel Shay in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes.

Shay's Rebellion

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Mayflower Compact

this document established the first bases in the new world for written rights

"Lost Cause" of the Confederacy

this southern post-reconstruction interpretation of the Civil War eliminated African-American freedom as a central feature of the Civil War and allowed post-Civil War unity between white North and white South to the exclusion of black rights

"Reedemers"

those who restored political power to white democrats in post-reconstruction south; corrupt, adopted policies of lower taxation, reduced gvt, spending and state spending; were political leaders of pre-Civil War period; southern white democrats

By the 1770s which of the followin issues helped bring about a crisis of imperial authority?

trade restrictions

Henry David Thoreau

transcendental intellectual; lived in Walden Ponds; individual is obligated to follow one's personal morality

Quasi-war

unofficial conflict with France

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal"

Bacon's Rebellion

uprising against colonial gvt.; caused by conflict between backcountry and indians; governor prevented westward expansion; Jamestown burned; Indians lose land; reduction of taxes for free

De Witt Clinton

while governor of New York he was largely responsible for construction of Erie Canal

Subtreasury plan

would allow easier credit for agriculture, thus breaking the power of the centralized eastern banks over farmers in the rural South and West

Ordinance of 1784

written by Thoman Jefferson. Said that when population equaled that of the smallest existing state, the territory would achieve full statehood.