APWH - Chapter 6 Key terms

Spanish American War

granted the US areas like Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines

Indentured Servitude

(continued) Many entered into this to pay for their transportation from a poor country to a wealthy one, others had to do so to pay off debts.

Slavery

(continued) Slaveries were still used in some part of Africa.

Culture System

(Economic Imperialism) A system that forced farmers to grow cash crops or work for no pay

Limited Liability Corporation (LLC)

A company similar to a joint-stock corporation but without the special eligibility requirements.

Chinese Immigration Act

1855 act passed in Victoria, Australia to limit the number of Chinese who could come ashore from each ship.

Sino-French War

1883, China loses Vietnam to French, French establish colony called French Indochina

Ghost Dance

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

Great Potato Famine (Ireland)

A large source of difficulty that pushed Irish immigrants out of Ireland

Ottomanism

An ideology developed by the Ottoman govt in order to strengthen their subjects' loyalty and solidarity. Focused on the idea the all subjects are equal (despite religious/ethinic/linguistic differences) and deserved equal rights (reinforced by Imperial decree of 1856).

Economics Motives

As the Industrial Revolution continued, powerful nations wanted more raw materials. They also needed more places to sell their manufactured goods. Treaties signed with leaders in India, East Africa, and East Indies give Europeans right to establish trading posts and forts there; major contributors are chartered companies: ● Ex. East India Company and Dutch East India Company

King Leopold II

Belgium king. Oversaw invasion of Congo in central Africa and owned the colony personally to exploit it economically - Congo Free State. Workers harvesting ivory and rubber were often beaten or killed if they did not meet quotas. In 1908 Belgium took over and conditions improved.

Anglo-Zulu War

Between the British and Zulu's that was caused by the Zulu refusing to sign treaty with Britain

Guano

Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century

Indian National Congress

British educated Indians established this as a forum to air grievances to the colonial government, evolves into forum calling for self-rule

Penal Colonies

British: convicts forcibly shipped to Australia and performed hard labor like road and railway building. French: French Guiana included Devil's Island which treated convicts harshly.

Contract Labor

Chinese and Indian workers were forced or tricked into servitude. Difficult and unjust work, seen as a substitute for slavery.

Boer Wars

Conflict between British and Afrikaners in South Africa from 1880-1881, 1899-1902. British army drove Afrikaners and Africans from their lands and into concentration camps where many died of starvation. Millions of Afrikaners and black African farmers displaced. Britain added the settler colonies into their empire.

The Scramble for Africa

European nations continue competing for natural resources in Africa

Berlin Conference of 1884

European powers meet in Germany and agree to divide Africa (no African representatives were invited)

Sepoys

Indian troops who served in the British army

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family.

Cherokee Nation

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

Aboriginal people

Native people of Australia

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Religious Motives

Protestant missionaries also impacted colonization, setting up schools and providing medical care while encouraging people to give up traditional beliefs like ancestor veneration. Leads to more colonization.

Propaganda Movement

Revolutionary group in the Philippines led by Jose Rizal; distributed magazines, pamphlets, and other publications that agitated for greater autonomy for the Filipino people from Spain

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

Economic Development

Technological Developments: ● Railroads ● Steamships ● Telegraph ● Compressed Refrigerator Agricultural Products: ● Cash Crops ● Canned meat ● Guano Raw Materials: ● Palm oil ● Rubber ● Diamond

Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II

The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II was an uprising of native and mestizo peasants with creole and mestizo support, led by indigenous caciques against the beneficiaries of the Bourbon reforms in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

Imperialism

establishing overseas empires through military, political, economic, cultural influence, driven by the following causes

Trail of Tears

forced migration of Native Americans

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Xhosa people killed their cattle and destroyed their crops, thinking that spirits would react and kick the British out. The famine resulted instead, killing thousands, and the British remained.

Chinese Exclusion Act

act that banned further Chinese immigration in the US. Repealed in 1943.

Social Darwinism

adaptation of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection used the "survival of the fittest" theory to argue that countries in power were justified in taking over colonies because they were stronger than the colonies

Boxer Rebellion

anti-imperialist group that killed Chinese Christians and Western missionaries, was encouraged by empress; humiliating defeat for empress and Qing Dynasty

Spheres of Influence

areas of exclusive trading rights and access to resources carved out for various European nations

Ethnic enclaves

clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country are created

New Zealand Wars

confrontations between the Maori and British troops over disputed land

Banana Republics

countries under the economic power of foreign based corporations, usually an unstable state with economy dependent on limited resource product like bananas or minerals

Letter from Jamaica

document written by Simon Bolivar, 1815 Bolívar explained his thoughts about the social and political situation of the Spanish America at the time, the power of the Spanish Empire and the possible future of the new nations that would be created after its collapse.

Superiority Ideologies

idea that taking over would "help" the colonized by introducing new languages, political structures, norms (ex. White Man's Burden)

Taiping Rebellion

made imperialism easier, was a failed uprising against the Qing Dynasty that weakened China

Colonial Service

managers for plantations or other colonial enterprises

Wounded Knee Massacre

mass killing by U.S. soldiers of as many as 300 unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1890

Demographic shifts / Change in gender role

more males migrated than females, which sometimes led to changes in women's role

Phrenologists

people who studied skull sizes and shapes and believed it proved that Europeans were biologically superior

White Australia Policy

policy of Australia to limit non-British immigration, remained in effect until mid 1970s.

Challenges in Ireland

political reasons, religious discrimination, the Great Famine (1845-1849)

Challenges in India

poverty and indentured servitude were largest factors

Challenges in China

poverty, famine, search for opportunities, instability (Taiping Rebellion, bubonic plague), indentured servitude largest factors

Challenges in Italy

poverty, political issues, organized crime

The Balkans

rebellions increase against Ottoman rule, Serbia and Greece win independence

Nationalism

sense of identity and loyalty to a state leads to push to take over other territories

Indian Rebellion of 1857/Sepoy Mutiny

sepoys were furious at what they saw as an attempt to convert them (mostly Hindu and Muslim) to Christianity through use of rifle cartridgges greased with mixture of cow and pig fat; led vuolent uprising that spread

Philippine Revolution

started in 1896, colonial people in full scale rebellion against Spain. State of truce by 1898

Monroe Doctrine

stated Europeans should stay out of affairs of countries in Western Hemisphere AKA we're taking this land so stay out!

corvee labor

unpaid labor required by a governing authority

Sino-Japanese War

war between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan

Opium Wars

war between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade, ended with the Chinese treaty to the British- the opening of 5 chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges