AQT Yeezy Quran: Chapter 1

This quantity for a pure liquid and its value for a mixture are plotted against one another on a Dühring plot. The product of a variable i, molality, and the ebullioscopic constant is used in calculating the elevation of this quantity by adding a solute, which is a colligative property. The Leidenfrost effect occurs when a liquid encounters a region with a value above this quantity. This quantity is the temperature at which vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. For 10 points, name this temperature equal to 100 degrees celsius for water.

Boiling point

Establishing friendly relations with this group was the goal of the Timberlake Expedition, which visited the "Overhill" portion of this group. One member of this group's so-called "triumvirate" was Major Ridge, who led the "Treaty Party" faction of this group that was opposed by John Ross. Humorist Wiley Post was born in a territory controlled by these people, who signed the 1835 Treaty of New Echota that promised them territory in present-day Oklahoma. Sequoyah created the writing system of what Native American tribe that was forcibly relocated out of Georgia on the Trail of Tears?

Cherokee

Dall's Sheep inhabit this state's Chigmit Mountains, which lie in a protected area surrounding Lake Clark. A plain of fumaroles known as the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes lies northwest of this state's Mount Katmai. The northernmost dune field in the U.S. is found in this state's Kobuk Valley, which lies at the southwestern edge of the Brooks Range. This state contains a humpback whale sanctuary in Glacier Bay National Park, and another preservation area in this state is home to the highest point in North America. Denali and Gates of the Arctic are among the eight national parks of, for 10 points, what largest state in the U.S.?

Alaska

To prevent the creation of dams, this U.S. state's Buffalo River was declared the first National River in 1972. This state is not Louisiana, but it is the source of the largest bayou in the world, Bayou Bartholomew, which starts near Pine Bluff. The population of the northwest part of this state has grown recently due to the expansion of Tyson Foods in Springdale and Walmart in Bentonville. The town of Fort Smith is in this state on the border with Oklahoma. Name this state north of Louisiana and south of Missouri, whose capital and most populous city is Little Rock.

Arkansas

This figure was taken to the island of Avalon to recover following his final battle. A poisoned mantle was used to try to kill this figure, whose father disguised himself as Gorlois to seduce Ygraine. This man was fatally wounded at the Battle of Camlann by his son Mordred, and the Lady of the Lake notably gifted him a weapon. Identify this husband of Guinevere and wielder of Excalibur who was the king of Camelot.

Arthur

A Mennonite community lives in this country's landlocked town of Shipyard, within the sugar-growing Orange Walk District. The world's second largest barrier reef is named for this country. The Great Blue Hole lies off of this country's coast. Mexico's state of Quintana Roo lies north of this country once known as British Honduras. Name this English speaking Central American country governed from Belmopan.

Belize

Shortly after the release of her self titled debut album in 1990, this singer married Tommy Mattola, the CEO of Sony Music. This singer's 1993 album Music Box included the songs "Hero" and "Dream Lover." This singer blamed malfunctioning in ear monitors for a rough performance on New Year's Rockin Eve in 2016. Identify this pop singer known for her five octave vocal range and for the holiday hit "All I Want for Christmas is You."

Carey

A phragmoplast is needed to build this structure during cell division. Mycoplasma bacteria do not have this structure. The middle lamella connects these structures in sclerenchyma tissue, which contains a thick type of this structure reinforced with lignin. Turgor pressure can only be maintained in cells with this structure. Peptidoglycan in this structure is detected by Gram staining. In plants, wood is made of the "secondary" version of this structure. This structure is composed of chitin in fungi. Name this protective structure that, in plants, is made of cellulose and is outside the cell membrane.

Cell wall

The flux of this process is equal to its namesake constant times the rate of change of concentration with respect to distance, according to the first of Fick's laws for this process. On the atomic scale, this process is the result of Brownian motion. This process is contrasted with bulk motion, and it is driven by a so-called entropic force where random chance causes this process on a large scale. Identify this process where a substance moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Diffusion

This poem's author states "things are bad all over" and begs "Try to be true to me" to the title character of a work inspired by this poem. That work inspired by this poem was written by Anthony Hecht. This poem describes an entity "at the full" that "lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled" and that drones a "melancholy, long, withdrawing roar." "The eternal note of sadness" is heard by "Sophocles, long ago" on the Aegean in this poem, that ends with the description of a place where "ignorant armies clash by night." Identify this poem beginning "The sea is calm tonight" by Matthew Arnold.

Dover Beach

The change in this quantity over the change in specific volume is equal to the derivative of the coexistence curve on a phase diagram by the Clapeyron relation. The differential of this quantity equals dQ over t. It's not Gibbs free energy, but the sign of the universal change in this quantity can determine spontaneity. This quantity, which doesn't change in reversible processes, is equal to the natural log of the number of microstates multiplied by Boltzmann's constant. By the Third Law of Thermodynamics, this quantity is zero for a perfect crystal at a temperature of zero Kelvin. For 10 points, name this quantity which can never decrease in isolated systems, a measure of disorder.

Entropy

This author appears in the title of a Julian Barnes novel in which Geoffrey Braithwaite tracks down a stuffed animal that was on this author's desk. Felicité sees her pet parrot float above her deathbed in this author's short story "A Simple Heart." This author also wrote a novel in which Lheureux puts his rival Madame Lefrançois out of business. In that novel, the title character requests arsenic so she can "kill some rats" and attends a performance of Lucia di Lammermoor. The title character of this author's most famous novel marries the country doctor Charles yet has affairs with Léon and Rodolphe. For 10 points, name this French author of Madame Bovary

Flaubert

Topological orderings can be characterized by a type of these objects known as DAGs. Wagner's theorem claims if either one of them named for Petersen or K3,3 is a minor of one of these constructs, it cannot be planar. These entities are called regular if all their degrees are equal, and critical if any deletion would lower their chromatic number. One can find a smaller one of these entities called the minimum spanning tree from their weighted varieties. The lack of an Eulerian circuit in the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem was one of the first proofs in the theory of these things. For 10 points, name these colorable entities made up of vertices and edges.

Graphs

This leader's "Mansion House" address was delivered in response to German aggression during the Second Moroccan Crisis. This man's group of advisors was called the "Garden Suburb" and he resigned following an incident with Turkey dubbed the Chanak Crisis. The Balfour Declaration was issued by this leader who authored the "People's Budget" while serving as H. H. Asquith's Chancellor of the Exchequer. What "Big Four" representative at the Versailles Peace Conference was British Prime Minister at the end of World War I?

Lloyd George

In this opera, two men in armor perform a recitation to the tune of the Luther hymn "Oh God, look down from heaven". Emanuel Schikaneder premiered a role in this opera that sings the aria "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja". A group of priests in this opera sing the chorus "O Isis und Osiris". In this opera's most famous aria, "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen", the antagonist instructs her daughter Pamina to kill Sarastro. At the beginning of this opera, a serpent is killed by three attendants of the Queen of the Night. Name this opera by Mozart in which Tamino goes on a quest with a mystical instrument.

Magic Flute

In a 2002 book, W. Bradford Wilcox argued why this concept "mattered," because it is an important public good. The "walking" type of this practice is solely done by the Mosuo people of China, while the "ghost" type is practiced by the Nuer people of Sudan. This concept is held to be of highest importance when creating kinship systems in Claude Lévi-Strauss' alliance theory. Cases such as Pace v. Alabama and Obergefell v. Hodges dealt with specific state-level laws regarding this practice. For 10 points, name this social ritual that bonds two people, which can be ended with divorce.

Marriage

A character with this profession, Sebastiao Rodrigues, is told that Japan has "defeated him" in Shusaku Endo's novel Silence. A character with this profession proposes to Jane Eyre before travelling to India. In addition to St. John Rivers, other characters with this profession include a man who orders some villagers not to touch a building that they burn down anyway. That character is James Smith, the replacement of Mr. Brown, a character who served this role in Umuofia in Things Fall Apart. Identify these characters that bring Christianity to non-Western countries.

Missionaries

The south part of this country has a town noted for its camel market and colorful beads that are actually manufactured in Europe. That town is Guelmim. There are several theories as to why the walls are painted blue in this country's city of Chefchaouen, which is near the Rif Mountains. The four cities that have been the capital of this country are called its imperial cities; one such city is Meknes, which contains Bab al-Mansour. In the north part of this country, the Caves of Hercules are near Tangier. A cylindrical head covering made of felt is named for the city of Fez in this country. Name this home of the Berber people that contains the cities of Casablanca and Rabat.

Morrocco

Carl Jung said that the person who performed this role is "the matrix—the form into which all experience is poured". That statement occurs in his essay, "Psychological Aspects of "this role's" Archetype". Harry Harlow used wire and wood to create objects that performed this role for rhesus monkeys, leading to criticism from animal rights activists. According to Sigmund Freud's positive Oedipus complex, boys have an unconscious sexual desire for this person. Name this role that can be taken on by adopting a child or by giving birth.

Mother

One of these people wearing a black dress sits in front of a sheer white curtain in Berthe Morisot's most famous painting. In a painting subtitled The Flying Bed, Frida Kahlo shows herself failing to become one of these people. One of these people sits in a lime green boat rowed by a man in black in a non-Renoir depiction of The Boating Party, which was painted by an artist inspired by Japanese woodblocks to show an overhead view of one of these people washing a toddler's feet in The Bath. For 10 points, name these women who Mary Cassatt often portrayed with their children

Mothers

In a work by this poet, the advice "Keep the mid way, the middle way is best" is given by a god to Phaethon. According to this writer, the Silver Age followed the Golden Age when Saturn was "banished from above". Those are parts of a long work by this writer that begins "Of bodies changed to various forms, I sing." This person wrote "There is a god within us" in his poem about holidays, Fasti. The third book of one of this author's poetry series is titled "Now it is time to teach the girls." Name this ancient Roman poet who wrote Ars Amatoria and described the history of the world until the death of Julius Caesar in Metamorphoses.

Ovid

In one of her poems, Emily Dickinson mentions "the spectre of solidities whose substances" are like this substance, and in another poem Dickinson states "this brief tragedy of flesh is shifted like" this substance. In Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ozymandias", "Half sunk a shattered visage lies" on top of this substance, and the last line of the poem states that this substance is "lone and level" and "stretch[es] far away." In another poem, Robert Frost says that in this substance, the sea buries "the men she could not drown". Name this substance which, in Frost's poem, makes up dunes.

Sand

The Aztec goddess Chalchiuhtlicue is the god of childbirth and this thing. In Greek tradition, one god of this thing was the father of Pallas and fostered the goddess Athena in her youth; another is the monster Ceto who with Phorcys gave birth to Medusa and the gorgons. The walls of Troy were built by Apollo and a god of this thing who is also the god of earthquakes and horses. That god of this realm was the father of Polyphemus and brother of both Hades and Zeus, and he often acted by striking the ground with his trident. Name this realm that Triton and Poseidon ruled.

Sea

This figure was disguised as a princess in the court of King Lycomedes of Skyros, and he was infatuated with Polyxena. The horses Balius and Xanthus were owned by this man who killed Hector in a duel and was the son of Peleus and Thetis. Identify this mythological figure whose weakness was in his heel.

Achilles

During this person's presidency, the U.S. received an offer to repeal the Berlin and Milan Decrees in the Cadore Letter. That letter encouraged this president to resume the previous president's policy of Non·intercourse with Britain through enforcement of Macon's Bill Number 2. Congress soon demanded that England revoke the Orders in Council, and Henry Clay and the War Hawks supported this president's calls to improve the armed forces. Name this president during the War of 1812, who was known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights" and who led the country between Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe.

Madison

One artist from this movement depicted a bald, bearded man representing the fourth title figure in his painting Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time. In addition to Agnolo Bronzino, another artist from this movement created a Salt Cellar for Francis I, while another artist from this movement painted a Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror. That same artist from this movement depicted the elongated title figure holding a large baby Jesus in Madonna of the Long Neck. Identify this art movement associated with Benvenuto Cellini and Parmigianino.

Mannerism

Ibn Battuta met this leader's brother, Sulayman. The architect Al Sahili worked for this leader, who controlled the mines of Wangara. This man said he was bowing to Allah, not Sultan al-Nasir. This leader's general Sagmandia captured the neighboring city of Gao. This ruler constructed the Sankoré Madrasah and the Djinguereber Mosque in Timbuktu. This grandson of Sundiata depressed the value of Egyptian gold when passing through Cairo on the Hajj to Mecca in 1324. Name this extremely wealthy ruler of the Mali Empire, whose name means "King Moses".

Mansa Musa

Hone Heke led these people in the Flagstaff War after cutting down a gift to James Rusby. The location where these people first encountered a European became known as "Murderers Bay". In 1840, William Hobson used English and Te Reo to write a document outlining the status of these people in relation to the British Crown. That document is the Treaty of Waitangi, which was signed near the end of the Musket Wars. The first European explorer to contact these people was Abel Tasman. Name these indigenous people of New Zealand.

Maori

In one experiment, an atom of this element emitted light with energy equivalent to an electron colliding with it to show that atomic energy levels were quantized. It's not silver, but this element's chloride is reduced in a reference electrode used to determine pH; that compound is called calomel. This metal is bound to sulfur in thiomersal, which is used to preserve vaccines. Alloys of this metal called amalgams are commonly used to fill cavities. The pressure caused by a one millimeter tall column of this element is about 1 torr, which is why this metal was once used in barometers. For 10 points, name this toxic metal which is liquid at room temperature and has chemical symbol Hg.

Mercury

As a child, this character appeared on a TV show and claimed to want "100 kids" so "no one can say no to being my friend." This character gives laptop batteries to students instead of fulfilling his promise to pay their college tuition. An awkward dinner party leads to a fight between him and his girlfriend Jan. This character has a one-sided relationship with the temp Ryan, and hates the HR rep Toby. Jim and Pam work under this man at the Dunder-Mifflin Paper Company. "That's what she said" is a catchphrase of, for 10 points, what character played by Steve Carell on The Office?

Michael

Charles Hofling conducted an experiment in a hospital mirroring this experiment five years after its conclusion. A 1974 book written by its conductor describes conducting this experiment in different locations including the fictional "Research Associates of Bridgeport" to reduce amount of prestige connected to the university it was first conducted in. In this experiment, a confederate is instructed to memorize a pair of words, with the failure to do so resulting in a punishment. Testing the obedience of the Nazis during the Holocaust was the impetus behind what experiment?

Milgram shock experiment

In humans, Drp1 regulates the binary fission of this organelle. Diseases like MELAS and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy are caused by mutations in this organelle's genome, whose existence supports the idea that this organelle originated via endosymbiosis. This organelle contains complexes I through IV of the electron transport chain, which uses a proton gradient to synthesize ATP. The inner portion of this organelle is called the matrix and is surrounded by a membrane folded into cristae. For 10 points, name this organelle that produces energy.

Mitochondria

An orchestral piece by this composer opens with the descending dotted quarter-eighth note sequence "G, D" repeated twice, followed by the descending eighth notes "G, D" and an ascending "G, B, D". A piece by this composer has a coda that joins five different themes into a fugue. This composer's 21st piano concerto is nicknamed for being featured in the film Elmira Madigan. This composer wrote "Great" and "Little" G minor symphonies as well as a Jupiter Symphony, his 41st. Name this composer of Eine Kleine Nachtmusik.

Mozart

One section of this text differentiates between a "field" and the one who knows that field. This text ends with a chapter on action through renunciation. This text centers on three ways of being, or gunas: sattva, rajas, and tamas. This text, whose eighteen chapters are named for types of yoga, begins with one character hesitating to fight and kill his friends and relatives. This dialogue is the most famous section of an epic recounting the war between the Kauravas and the Pandavas. Arjuna is advised by Krishna in—for 10 points—what central section of the Mahabharata?

Bhagavad Gita

A politician from this country had the hand that he used to sign the Treaty of Nis chopped off by the IMRO. That politician founded this country's powerful Agrarian National Union. A ruler of this country died in suspicious circumstances days after he refused to deport Jews during a contentious meeting with Adolf Hitler. A leader of this country launched a hated "Revival Process" that forced ethnic Turks in this country to change their names. This country's independence from the Ottoman Empire was effectively secured by the Treaty of San Stefano. For 10 points name this country which Todor Zhivkov led for over 30 years from its capital of Sofia.

Bulgaria

In one story in this collection, an old man tells three characters that they can find death underneath an oak tree, where they find treasure instead. In another story in this collection, Nicholas tricks John into sleeping in a bath tub. The characters who tell these stories, the Pardoner and the Miller, are two of the pilgrims journeying to Thomas Becket's shrine in this work. What is this poetic collection of tales by Geoffrey Chaucer?

Canterbury Tales

A girl in one of this author's plays gives another character a medallion inscribed with a quote from one of that character's own books. This man included detailed statistics in a book of travel notes based on a visit to Sakhalin Island. In his works on dramatic theory, this man instructed readers to "remove everything that has no relevance to the story." In one of his plays, Konstantin shoots the title animal to impress Nina, but she loves Trigorin instead. This man argued that, if a gun is seen onstage, it must go off at some point. Madame Ranevskaya allows the destruction of the title estate in a play by—for 10 points—what Russian author of The Seagull and The Cherry Orchard?

Chekhov

Less commonly recognized functions of this organelle include a role in the innate immune response including, with the help of peroxisomes, synthesis of jasmonate as well as amino acid synthesis. TIC and TOC proteins facilitate transport across its membrane and both light and dark reactions take place within this organelle. Containing stroma filled stacks of thylakoid, what is this organelle found in plants that contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts

The "Seven synonyms for God" are outlined in a text written by the founder of this denomination. This denomination's founder suffered a spinal injury after falling on ice in Swampscott, Massachusetts and claimed to be repeatedly plagued by "malicious animal magnetism." Some members of this denomination choose to forgo medical treatment, and this denomination operates various "reading rooms" around the world. For 10 points, what Christian denomination that stresses "metaphysical healing" was founded by Mary Baker Eddy and publishes a newspaper known as its namesake "Monitor?"

Christian Science

A poem about this war depicts how "a savage servility slides by on grease" and how "a Sahara of snow" surrounds a monument. Another poem about this conflict describes headstones positioned "row after row with strict impunity." The protagonist of a novel set during this war is hit on the head with a rifle and meets characters like Wilson and the Tattered Soldier. The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial is discussed in a Robert Lowell poem addressed to those who died in this war. Henry Fleming sees the death of Jim Conklin during this conflict in Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage. For 10 points, identify this war discussed in Allen Tate's poem "Ode to the Confederate Dead."

Civil War

A speech by this leader compares its subject to Passover and to a "ring-bolt in the chain of your yet undeveloped destiny." One of this leader's publications bore a slogan ending "God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren." This leader fought "the snake" Edward Covey to a draw after learning how to read from Sophia Auld. This man declared that the title holiday is "yours, not mine" in his Fourth of July Speech. This leader, who gave a decisive speech in favor of the women's suffrage resolution at Seneca Falls, published the newspaper North Star. For 10 points, name this author of narratives like My Bondage and My Freedom describing his life as a slave.

Douglass

An infection of this body organ can cause a Bezold's abscess to form, and it can spread to the mastoid cells. This organ is tested using a Rinne test of bone conduction and a Weber test. This organ contains ceruminous glands, which produce a substance that both cleans and clogs these organs. Infections of this organ, which are relatively common, are often classified as otitis media and are caused by defects in this organ's Eustachian tube. Disorders with this organ can upset a person's balance. Name this organ that has inner, middle, and outer parts and is part of the auditory system.

Ear

In a poem by this author, the moon's hand "twists a paper rose, / that smells of dust and old Cologne." This author of "Rhapsody on a Windy Night" wrote a poem whose speaker considers the "purpose [of] disturbing the dust on a bowl of rose-leaves," illustrating a garden to demonstrate the abstract nature of time. That poem, "Burnt Norton," opens his Four Quartets. The speaker of one poem declares "there will be time to murder and create" and describes women who "come and go / talking of Michelangelo." Another poem invokes an "unreal city" and begins "April is the cruellest month." For 10 points, name this poet of "The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock" and "The Waste Land."

Eliot

Massless quasi·particles that are this kind of particle are found in semi·metals and are named after Hermann Weyl. Two such quasiparticles can be combined to form the common examples of these particles, which are named for Paul Dirac. Hadrons are in this group of particles, but mesons are not. Quarks and leptons are the elementary particles of this type. Two of these particles cannot have the same quantum state in the same system, a fact called the Pauli exclusion principle. Name these particles whose spin is a half-integer, which makes them not bosons.

Fermions

The diner waitress Mae sells a poor family a loaf of bread and is then tipped by two truckers in one of this novel's intercalary chapters. Connie leaves his wife Rose of Sharon after this novel's central family is forced to stay in a Hooverville. In this novel, Jim Casy dies in a migrant worker strike. The Joad family of Okies travels west during the Dust Bowl in what John Steinbeck novel?

Grapes of Wrath

In the biography Historia Augusta, this emperor is believed to have written a deathbed poem that ends "Your usual distractions no more shall be there..." After this man came to power, he executed Lucius Quietus. This man had a incestuous relationship with his half sister, Drusilla. This man's wife Vibia Sabina had an affair with this man's historian, Suetonius. This man put down the Bar Kokhba Revolt, and he created a cult for his drowned lover, Antonius. The third Good Emperor was what man who built a namesake "wall" in Britain?

Hadrian

The architect Senenmut designed this ruler's namesake Mortuary Temple, an expansion to the Deir el-Bahri complex that was later defaced. During this ruler's reign, 31 live myrrh trees were brought back from the Land of Punt, the first major Egyptian trade expedition to go beyond the Horn of Africa. She was the official co-regent of her stepson Thutmose III, who was only two when he came to power and destroyed many images of this ruler after succeeding her. After her husband's death, she often dressed like a man and wore false beards to lend credibility to her rule. For 10 points, name this 15th century BC pharaoh, the longest reigning woman in indigenous Egyptian history.

Hatshepsut

The first ruler of this kingdom banned poaching sandalwood trees by invoking a sacred taboo. This kingdom had a law stating that every woman, child, and elderly person should be able to safely lie on the side of the road, the Law of the Splintered Paddle. Its final ruler was forced to sign Lorrin Thurston's Bayonet Constitution, and this kingdom was succeeded by a republic led by Sanford Dole. This kingdom was annexed in 1898, after which settlers established sugar and pineapple plantations. For 10 points, name this kingdom ruled by Kamehameha and Liliʻuokalani, which then became the 50th U.S. state.

Hawaii

An alcoholic drink introduced in this book is made with one bottle of Ol' Janx Spirit. At the beginning of this novel, the protagonist lies down in front of bulldozers to prevent the destruction of his house. Vogon poetry is declared the "third worst in the universe" in this book. A character in this book advises to always carry around a towel and has a book with "DON'T PANIC" written on the front. In this novel, Ford Prefect rescues Arthur Dent from the destruction of Earth. For 10 points, name this Douglas Adams novel in which the Ultimate Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything is determined to be 42.

Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

In 2015, the species naledi was recognized as part of this genus. The earliest known member of this genus is often found with remains of the Oldowan industry. Species in this genus are noted for the expansion of Broca's area. This genus descends from Australopithecus, with the distribution of its largest species explained by the "Out of Africa" theory. Many important specimens of this genus have been discovered in Tanzania at Olduvai Gorge by the Leakey family. The hobbits of Flores island, habilis, and erectus were all members of this genus, as were the Neanderthals. Name this genus whose only living species is the modern human, or sapiens

Homo

This man's most famous book ends with a call to "commit to the flames" any book that does not exhibit the "experimental" method that his first book advocated for moral philosophy. This man called reason "slave to the passions," and attacked ethics that try to derive what "ought" to be from what "is." This philosopher proposed that our "ideas" can only come from sensory "impressions." Thus, this philosopher argued that only past experience, and not some law of cause and effect, tells us that one billiard ball will move another in his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. For 10 points, name this skeptical philosopher of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Hume

During this war, a rebellion was stopped at the Battle of Mello. That peasants' rebellion became known as the Jacquerie. Earlier in this war, the French navy was defeated at the Battle of Sluys. This war ended with the death of John Talbot during the French victory at the Battle of Castillon and the recapture of Bordeaux. That completed the Lancastrian phase of this war, which had started with French losses at Harfleur and Agincourt. English momentum was eventually stopped during the Siege of Orléans. Name this war in which the English tried to control France, and which lasted from 1337 to 1453.

Hundred Years'

Johannes Brahms spent his late teens as the touring accompanist for a violinist from this country. Countess Marie d'Agoult had a daughter named Cosima with a composer from this country. A dance from this country speeds up from a slow lassan section into a fast friska. A composer from this country wrote a set of 19 virtuoso piano pieces inspired by the Rakoczy March and a dance from this country called the csárdás. That composer from this country invented the symphonic poem and wrote 12 Transcendental Études. For 10 points—what Eastern European country names a set of Dances by Johannes Brahms and a set of Rhapsodies by Franz Liszt?

Hungary

In the Christmas episode of this TV series, the characters recall the time that all of them raced to the hospital except for the main character, who was in labor. That episode of this show also features five Santas even though only four characters dress as Santa, including William Frawley's character, Fred Mertz. One scene from this series involved the main character trying to wrap chocolates with her best friend Ethel. During this series, the protagonist often tried to get into performances at nightclubs where her husband Ricky Ricardo performs. Name this 1950s sitcom starring Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball.

I Love Lucy

In the Goldschmidt classification, species are grouped by whether their preferred host is rock, ores, gas, or this element. This element and a more dense one "rained out" of molten material during the "catastrophe" named for it, a key step in planetary differentiation. Siderophiles are named for their preference for this element, which is said to be "telluric" if it is found on Earth as not part of an ore. This element bonded to sulfur forms galena. Ores of this element include a specimen historically called lodestone and the reddish-brown hematite. Fool's gold, or pyrite, is an ore of this metal, which along with nickel is a major element of the Earth's core. Name this magnetic chemical element abbreviated Fe.

Iron

The Pali Canon is inscribed on stone tablets at a pagoda in a city along the banks of this river. This river is currently the site of the construction of the controversial Myitsone Dam and this river originates in the Kachin State with the confluence of the N'mai and Mali Rivers. Flowing into the Andaman Sea and passing the city of Yangon, is what river of Burma that is nicknamed "The Road to Mandalay?"

Irrawaddy

Surtsey is one of these things that was created naturally during the 1960s. Some locations can gain and/or lose their classification as this type of place, such as Mont Saint-Michel in France, which is sometimes called the "tidal" type of this kind of object. Seamounts sometimes grow to become these objects. Like coral reefs, some of these objects are on continental shelves, like most "barrier" ones, which are parallel to coastlines. Some of these objects are made of coral, including atolls and the ones that combine to form the nation of Maldives. Identify these land formations that are much smaller than continents and occur in bodies of water.

Islands

After his service carrying artillery shells in this country, the Syrian brown bear Wojtek lived out his life in Edinburgh Zoo. John P. Lucas led Operation Shingle to outflank the Winter Line in this country, which was also defended by the Gustav Line. Albert Kesselring primarily directed the defense of this country. The Allies bombed a historic Benedictine Abbey in this country during a drive to its capital. The invasion of this country included Operation Husky and involved the Battles of Anzio and Monte Cassino. For 10 points, name this former Axis power once led by Benito Mussolini.

Italy

This philosopher criticized historical and current religions by arguing that we must live like Christ in a "church invisible" in his book Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. Women are said to have feelings for the beautiful while men dwell on the sublime in another of this philosopher's works. This philosopher outlined his Transcendental Doctrine of Elements and his Transcendental Doctrine of Method in a book which uses the example that 5 + 7 = 12 to illustrate what he calls synthetic a priori judgments. What German Idealist philosopher wrote Critique of Pure Reason?

Kant

One lake primarily controlled by this nation sits just west of the Chalbi Desert. This nation has a dispute with its northern neighbor for control of the Ilemi Triangle. Millions of animals cross the southern border of this country in a yearly event known as the Great Wildebeest Migration. Most of Lake Turkana sits within this nation, which also controls the small northeastern corner of Lake Victoria. Africa's second highest peak shares its name with this country, whose largest port city is Mombasa. Tanzania is the southern neighbor of what east African country whose capital is Nairobi?

Kenya

Two times the time average of this quantity equals n times the time average of its counterpart according to the virial theorem. This quantity is equal to momentum squared divided by twice the mass. The change in this quantity is equal to the dot product of force and distance according to a theorem named for it and work. This quantity is conserved in elastic, but not inelastic, collisions. For translational motion, this quantity is equal to one-half mv squared. For 10 points, name this type of energy which is contrasted with potential energy.

Kinetic energy

This court decision supported the work of General John DeWitt, under whose recommendation the Rose Bowl was played in North Carolina one year. Justice Robert Jackson's dissent said that this case "has no place in law under the Constitution", and that phrase was repeated during a repudiation of this case in Trump v. Hawaii. Justice Frank Murphy said this decision "falls into the ugly abyss of racism". A third dissent to this case was by Owen Roberts, who at the time was the only Supreme Court justice not appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Name this Supreme Court case that upheld Executive Order 9066, justifying the use of internment camps for Japanese-Americans.

Korematsu

One king with this first name took part in an unsuccessful rebellion called the Praguerie against his father Charles VII and became known as the "Universal Spider". Two kings with this first name were advised by Abbot Suger, who chronicled their reigns; one of them was the first husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine. Another king with this first name appointed Jacques Necker as his finance minister and was executed along with his wife Marie Antoinette during the French Revolution. Give this first name of many French kings, including the ruler from 1643 to 1715 who was nicknamed the "Sun King".

Louis

This man's forces acquired Luxembourg after defeated the forces of Charles II in the War of the Reunions. This ruler was forced to sign the Treaty of Ryswick with William III of Orange at the end of the War of the League of Augsburg, thus ceding Catalonia to Spain. Cardinal Mazarin served as an advisor to this monarch who revoked the rights of Huguenots in his country when he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau. Anne of Austria served as regent to this longest reigning French monarch who built the palace of Versailles and was known as the "Sun King".

Louis XIV

In the background of this painting, a woman wearing black gloves places her hands on her face as Eugene Lestringuez and Paul Lhote flirt with her. This painting shows the siblings Louise-Alphonsine Fournaise and Alphonse Fournaise Jr. wearing straw hats in the background while sitting under a white and orange striped awning. A model who was supposed to pose for this painting was replaced by Aline Charigot, who would later become the artist of this painting's wife. Identify this Impressionist painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

Luncheon of the Boating Party

This composer wrote two versions of a cadenza for one of his concertos, one of which is referred to as the "ossia" cadenza. Ottorino Respighi orchestrated a set of pieces by this composer and gave them titles such as "The Sea and the Seagulls"; that set of pieces were from this composer's Études-tableaux. This composer wrote a symphonic poem based on Arnold Böcklin's painting Isle of the Dead, and wrote a set of 24 variations on another composer's 24th Caprice for violin. Name this Russian composer of four piano concertos and the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.

Rachmaninoff

During this conflict, the cruiser Novik was wrecked at the Battle of Korsakov. The Gromoboi suffered heavy damage during the Battle of Ulsan in this conflict. One side in this war fired on British fishing vessels at Dogger Bank. General Kuropatkin was defeated at the Battle of Mukden during this conflict, which followed a siege of Port Arthur by General Tojo. This conflict, concluded by the Treaty of Portsmouth, ended with the destruction of the Baltic Fleet at Tsushima Straits. For 10 points, name this 20th-century conflict fought over imperialism in Manchuria and Korea that resulted in an Asian nation's victory over Nicholas II.

Russo-Japanese War

A series of paintings by Ben Shahn depicted the "Passion" of these two figures. In 1977, Governor Michael Dukakis ordered a day of remembrance for these individuals, but did not pardon them of their crime. ACLU lawyer Fred Moore defended these individuals in court in a trial that was overseen by Judge Webster Thayer. These men for convicted for their role in an event that led to the death of Frederick Parmenter in Braintree, Massachusetts. Identify this pair of Italian anarchists who were executed in 1927.

Sacco and Vanzetti

A spectroscopic technique that relies on this process may be aided by surface plasmons caused by adsorbed nanoparticles in a "surface enhanced" version. This central process of DLS has a subtype that can be classified as either Stokes or anti-Stokes. A form of this process with low wavelength dependence is named for Mie, while another form is named for Raman. A correlation with the inverse fourth power of wavelength appears in the elastic Rayleigh form of this process that is responsible for the sky's blue color. For 10 points, name this process in which particles are deflected by other particles in their path.

Scattering

This building was constructed at about the same time as Central Saint Giles, which is by the same architect and in the same city. The 68th floor of this building is a viewing platform called Cloudscape, and the 72nd floor is an open-air observation deck. This building has been criticized for not fitting into its old neighborhood, which includes Southwark Cathedral. Renzo Piano designed this building with an irregular pyramidal shape, and the glass panels at its top do not touch each other. Name this tallest building in the European Union that was completed in 2012 and is located near London Bridge.

Shard

A valine being substituted for a gluctamic acid in a certain protein leads to this disease that can have its symptoms treated with hydroxyurea. People that carry the gene for this disease are resistant for malaria. Blood vessels can become clogged as a result of what disease that refers to the shape that red blood cells present?

Sickle cell

Thanks to John Ryle, the creation of this product was a prominent industry in Paterson, New Jersey. To start production of this product in the Byzantine Empire, Justinian I had two monks steal raw materials from another country. In 19th-century France, the production of this good was wiped out by the infectious disease pébrine. An alternative name for the Eurasian Land Bridge refers to this product, calling that bridge a successor to another route named for this good, which facilitated European trade with the Mongol Empire. Name this material produced by the Bombyx mori worm, a luxurious fabric.

Silk

This country supposedly began to use its present name after a battle in which Arnold Winkelried sacrificed himself. In a sermon "Regarding the Choice and Freedom of Foods," an inhabitant of this country defended eating sausages during Lent. That man from this country argued that Christ was not present in the Eucharist at the Marburg Colloquy. Napoleon reorganized this country into the Helvetic Republic. In this home of Ulrich Zwingli, the Institutes of the Christian Religion were published by John Calvin, whose religious reforms led to wars between its cantons. For 10 points, name this country that has been officially neutral since 1815.

Switzerland

Optimal surfactant doses can be determined using one type of this technique relying on the instability of colloids near the point at which zeta potential is insignificant. This technique is used in the Winkler test to study water samples, and its "redox" type uses potassium permanganate. One variant of this process innovated by Karl Fischer is used to detect small quantities of water. In this process, starch and methyl orange are examples of indicators used to determine the equivalence point of a chemical reaction. Name this technique performed with a burette which is used to find a solution's concentration.

Titration

The ratio of this quantity to the maximum shear stress on a beam is equal to the polar version of an another quantity. In a magnetic dipole, this quantity is equal to the cross product of the dipole with the magnetic field, and in a loop of wire this quantity equals the product of current, magnetic field, and the area of the loop. In a lever in equilibrium, this quantity has a net value of zero. This quantity is equal to moment of inertia times angular acceleration and is also the time derivative of angular momentum. In a pulley, this quantity is equal to the tension of the rope times the radius of the disk. Name this quantity that is the rotational analog of force.

Torque

A portrait by this artist shows a man resting his head against his right hand, sitting at a table with a fox·glove plant. This artist discussed one of his paintings by saying "I have tried to express the terrible passions of humanity by means of red and green." This painter of Portrait of Dr. Gachet showed red walls with a green ceiling in a room where a man stands next to a billiards table in The Night Café. This artist painted the view from his asylum room in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Name this Dutch artist of The Starry Night and Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear.

Van Gogh

This poem states "It is thine alone, with awful sway, to rule mankind, and make the world obey." Those words are spoken in the underworld by the spirit of this poem's protagonist's father. This poem's protagonist's wife Creusa dies, and her spirit then says to head West and take care of Ascanius. In this poem, Amata kills herself when she thinks that Turnus has died because she wanted Turnus to marry her daughter Lavinia. The hero of this poem has a love affair in Carthage which ends with Queen Dido killing herself. Name this epic about the founding of Rome written by Virgil.

Aeneid

The Botocudo people, or Aimoré, lived in this country before being nearly eliminated by its colonizers. The earliest known paintings in the Americas are at Painted Rock Cave in this country, where terra preta was used by the Marajoara culture. Swidden agriculture was introduced to this country's​ Yanomami tribe as a result of European contact, which began with Pedro Cabral. This country's cities of Belém and Manaus profited from a rubber boom that dispossessed land held by several forest-dwelling tribes. Name this country in which the Portuguese Empire displaced indigenous peoples living in the Amazon rainforest.

Brazil

An automaton designed to do this activity kills his title creator in a rage in Ambrose Bierce's story "Moxon's Master." Waverly Jong wins a national championship of this activity in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club. The second section of T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" is named for "A Game of" this activity. Identify this game, pieces of which come to life in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass, including the White Queen and her pawns.

Chess

An Amy Lowell poem about these events evokes the image of poplars that feel "the rain and then straightway Reverse their leaves." John Berryman created the character Henry in a collection of poems named for songs of these events. A poem about one of these events asks questions like "Does it explode?," "Does it stink like rotten meat," and "Does it dry up like a raisin the sun?" Langston Hughes' poem "Harlem" asks about the fate of what type of deferred event?

Dreams

Fifty players from this country participated in the 2018 World Cup, surpassing all other countries by 22. A left-back from this country scored with a long range volley from outside the penalty area to secure his team's victory in a Round of 16. At one World Cup, players from this country went on strike by refusing to practice and staying in the team bus. Karim Benzema and Benjamin Pavard are footballers from this country, which, with the help of a 25 yard strike by Kylian Mbappe, won the 2018 World Cup Finals against Croatia. For 10 points, name this European country, whose national football team is known as Les Bleus.

France

This man was victorious at the Battle of Bezzecca while leading a special military corps known as the Hunters of the Alps. This man aided the losing rebel forces during the 1835-1845 Ragamuffin War. This man's command of a legion during the Uruguayan Civil War led him to be dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds." Despite his negative relationship with Count Cavour, this man conquered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies at the behest of Victor Emmanuel II. Identify this leader of the Redshirts who led the Expedition of a Thousand during Italian unification.

Garibaldi

Michael Shaara's The Killer Angels immortalizes one side's actions at this battle, during which John Reynolds was killed while organizing the Iron Brigade. Daniel Sickles' advance into an exposed position may have inadvertently turned the tide of this battle, during which Lewis Armistead's brigade failed to hold a stone wall known as "The Angle" at what has been referred to as the "high water mark of the confederacy." For 10 points name this battle where Pickett's charge led to the utter defeat of the Confederate army in Pennsylvania, the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War.

Gettysburg

The continued fractional representation of this number consists only of ones. The symbol representing this number is named for the architect who designed the Statue of Zeus at Olympia. This number is approached by the ratio of successive terms in the Fibonacci sequence and it is frequently used in art and architecture. This number is the solution to the equation x squared minus x minus one equals zero. Identify this irrational number, symbolized phi, which equals one plus radical five over two, or about 1.618.

Golden Ratio

One method for determining the amount of damage to this organ measures the amount of the misleadingly named brain natriuretic peptide. Another test of this organ has a J-point between the QRS complex and the ST segment. People who have had trouble with this organ take medicine such as ACE inhibitors, digitalin, or betablockers. A lack of blood flow to this organ's muscles causes angina, and those symptoms can be caused by arrhythmia in this organ. Problems with this organ are the leading cause of death. Name this organ that is measured during an electrocardiogram.

Heart

In an attempt to please a girl in this novel, one character presents her with a rug made from her dead dog Barrabas. At the Red Lantern, one character befriends the prostitute Transito Soto, who later saves that character's granddaughter from jail and torture at the hands of his illegitimate son. At this novel's beginning, Rosa's death by poisoned brandy is predicted by her green-haired sister Clara. What novel chronicling the lives of the Trueba family was written by Isabel Allende?

House of the Spirits

This author claimed "when man awakes in a world that is newly created, poetry awakes with him" in the preface to one of his plays which outlines his Romantic ideals. In another play by this author, Ruy Gomez is betrothed to the title character, who attempts to help his lover Dona Sol run away from the court of Don Carlos. This author of Cromwell and Hernani wrote a novel in which the title character is crowned the Pope of Fools and saves Esmeralda from the gallows. What French author wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame?

Hugo

He's not Friedrich Nietzsche, but this thinker argued viewers enjoy tragedy because they realize the dramatic events are fictional. This thinker asserted private property would be an "idle ceremonial" without scarcity. In addition to coining the phrase "constant conjunction," this thinker argued reported miracles are not evidence for God's existence. This thinker's "is-ought" problem is also known as his namesake "guillotine," and he also developed a "fork." This thinker used the example of a "missing shade of blue" and also woke Immanuel Kant from a "dogmatic slumber." Name this Scottish philosopher behind An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

Hume

One novel by this author involves the shooting of the film Shoola and the Sea Lion and a failed attempt to build a theme park in Kuinak, Alaska. This author of Sailor Song appears as a character in a nonfiction book that starts at his house in La Honda, California, but moves around after this person buys a bus. In that book, this person is the head of the Merry Pranksters. In a novel by this author, "Chief" Bromden tells the story of Randle Patrick McMurphy in a hospital ward overseen by Nurse Ratched. Name this character in Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test who wrote One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

Kesey

This nation's highest point is technically the stratovolcano Mount Scenery, which overlooks a town fittingly called "The Bottom." Many residents of an archipelago owned by this country speak the creole language Papiamento. This country's islands of Saba and Sint Eustatius lie south of a Leeward Island that this country shares with France. This nation's Caribbean possessions include Sint Maarten and Bonaire, which is one of its ABC Islands along with Aruba and Curacao. For 10 points, name this European country whose overseas territories are administered from Amsterdam.

Netherlands

A piece of this type featuring a quartet of brass bands commemorates soldiers who died during the July Revolution and was composed by Hector Berlioz. A work of this type by Giuseppe Verdi honoring Alessandro Manzoni includes four offstage trumpets in its "Tuba Mirum" section. A solo soprano sings the Pie Jesu section of a work of this type by Gabriel Fauré. The Dies Irae of an unfinished piece of this type, which was finished by Franz Sussmayr, breaks off eight bars into the famous Lacrimosa section. Mozart died before he could complete a piece in this genre in D minor. For 10 points, identify this type of Catholic mass for the dead.

Requiem

A megger is used to measure large values of this quantity. This quantity is added to reactance times the imaginary unit to calculate a quantity symbolized Z. This quantity can be calculated by multiplying a related quantity rho times length over cross-sectional area. Power is equal to the product of this quantity and current squared. Wheatstone bridges are rudimentary devices for measuring this quantity, which is the reciprocal of conductance. Voltage divided by current gives, for ten points, what electrical quantity measured in ohms?

Resistance

A player with this first name is the only one to have played on both sides in both the El Clásico and Milan rivalries. That player with this name scored one of his two goals in the 2002 World Cup final after a teammate's shot was improperly saved by Oliver Kahn. A player with this last name infamously winked at his manager after a teammate was dismissed. A striker nicknamed "the Phenomenon" shares this name with a player whom Kathryn Mayorga has accused of sexual assault. In 2018, that player with this name moved to Juventus after winning three straight Champions League titles with Real Madrid. For 10 points, give this last name of Lionel Messi's Portuguese rival.

Ronaldo

Lord Byron's long poems inspired a poem in this language whose first section ends with the lines "There are very many contradictions, / But I don't want to fix them." The cycle The Swan's Camp was written in this language by a woman poet of its early 20th-century Silver Age. The title man rejects a girl who writes him an effusive love letter in a poem in this language that uses numbered stanzas in the sonnet-like "ABAB CCDD EFF EGG" rhyme scheme. In a poem in this language, the title man flirts with the wrong girl at a name-day ball, causing him to kill his neighbor in a duel. For 10 points, name this language of Marina Tsveta·eva and Alexander Pushkin.

Russian

This compound is used in the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride to make benzyl alcohol. The combination of sodium sulfide, water, and this compound form white liquor, which is used to make wood pulp in the kraft process. This compound is the first chemical combined with aluminum oxide in the Bayer process. Chlorine, hydrogen, and this compound are produced by the chlor·alkali process when brine is used. This compound combines with hydrochloric acid to produce water and table salt. Name this compound that is sold as caustic soda or lye.

Sodium hydroxide

In Heroes of the Storm, the Lost Vikings can choose a talent at level one that gives Erik this attribute. It's not speed-related, but the SSV Normandy from the Mass Effect universe uses a device called a Tantalus Drive to gain this ability. In Brood War, this ability is granted within a small radius by Arbiters. Like burrowing, this ability can be negated by Overseers and Ravens. Dark Templars and Ghosts have this ability. In Overwatch, Sombra cannot interact with objectives while using this ability. For 10 points, name this ability of units that can't be detected visually.

Stealth

This country is home to Chillon Castle, which was used as a prison in the 16th century by the Dukes of Savoy. Europe's largest waterfall, the Rhine Falls, are located in this country that is also the site of Lake Geneva. Romansh is one of four official languages of this nation that divides into subdivisions known as cantons. The North face of the Matterhorn is located in what historically neutral country with capital at Bern?

Switzerland

The highest point in this nation is Doi Inthanon, which is located in the Chiang Mai Province. This nation is the location of the Isthmus of Kra, which is located near its western border on the Andaman Sea. This nation is bordered to the North by Myanmar and Laos and to the South by Malaysia and a namesake gulf. Identify this Asian nation formerly known as Siam that has its capitol at Bangkok.

Thailand

Edward Frankland discovered the first compound based on hydrocarbon constituents and this element which he dubbed a "stannane". Alongside antimony, this material is the main component of the alloy pewter and this substance is primarily extracted from the mineral cassiterite. This element has two allotropes referred to as alpha or beta based on whether the material's color is white or gray. With atomic number 50, what is this metallic element with symbol Sn?

Tin

Daniel Pearl was working for this newspaper when he was captured and beheaded in Pakistan. Kimberley Strassel and Peggy Noonan currently (As of 2019) write for this paper, and its Opinion Editor is Paul Gigot. Sarah Ellison wrote a book about the Bancroft family selling control of this paper in 2007; this newspaper is now run by the same organization as Barron's. This major newspaper is published by Dow Jones & Company, which is owned by News Corp. Identify this newspaper focused on financial reporting and named for the financial district in New York City.

Wall Street Journal

During one conflict in this country, one side claimed that 12,000 Muslims had been killed during the Philippeville Massacre. A civil war broke out in this country after the Islamic FIS party won a majority in the 1990 election. In World War II, during Operation Catapult, this present-day country's port of Mers-el-Kebir was preemptively attacked by the British fleet to prevent the Vichy government from using the French fleet. For 10 points, name this former French colony that won its independence after the Évian Accords were signed by Charles de Gaulle and the FLN, a North African country with a capital at Algiers.

Algeria

A concentration of this bodily molecule can be lowered by inhibiting the PCSK9 enzymes from blocking receptors that remove it from the blood. More common ways of lowering this substance include blocking the Niemann-Pick cells in the intestines from absorbing it or by blocking the HmG-CoA reductase from synthesizing it in the liver. What is this bodily molecule that aids in membrane fluidity whose good and bad forms are known as HDL and LDL respectively.

Cholesterol

In this work, the Count of Antwerp goes into exile in England and is delighted to see the success of his children. This work's character of Gillette of Narbonne and her love for Bertrand serve as the basis for Shakespeare's play All's Well that Ends Well. A Jew named Abraham is convinced Christianity must be the true religion due to its success despite all of the Church's corruption in the first section of this work. Pampinea organizes a group of people in this work who hide in a basilica in order to escape the plague. Identify this Italian collection of stories by Giovanni Boccaccio.

Decameron

This system of mythology's "first occasion" refers to the sun's initial rise from the sea. A creation god from this mythology named Tatenen wears a crown with goat horns and ostrich feathers. Two gods from this mythology were sneezed into existence by the sun god Atum; those gods are a couple, Shu and Tefnut. One god from this mythology was revived with a sacred name after his brother Set killed him. Name this myth system in which that god of death fathered the hawk-god Horus with Isis.

Egyptian

Although they play on English clubs, this country's national soccer team has included Shkodran Mustafi and Leroy Sané. Angelique Kerber plays tennis for this country, as did a player married to Andre Agassi who achieved a Grand Slam and Olympic gold in 1988. After failing to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, a man from this country was fired as head coach of the U.S. national soccer team. Miroslav Klose made a goal allowing this team to win the 2014 World Cup. A power forward from this country has played 21 seasons with the Dallas Mavericks. For 10 points, name this home country of Dirk Nowitzki and FC Bayern Munich.

Germany

In a play titled for these beings, one character falls in love with Regina, who happens to be his half-sister. In that play titled for these beings, Pastor Manders burns down an orphanage and advises Helen to stay with her syphilitic son Oswald. Peter Quint and Miss Jessel are two of these beings in The Turn of the Screw. In a book divided into "staves," one of these beings named Jacob Marley warns Ebenezer Scrooge about three more of these creatures. For 10 points, identify these supernatural beings that title a Henrik Ibsen play and haunt characters in A Christmas Carol.

Ghosts

During the Hindu month of Ashadha, the Purnima—which is the day of the full moon—is named for these people. According to the Upanishads, the word for these people is about their ability to dispel darkness. Gobind Singh, who started the Five K's, was considered one of these people, and he wrote a text that is considered to be an "eternal" one of these people: the Granth Sahib. Sikhs recognize ten of these people, the first of whom was Nanak. Give this Sanskrit term that commonly means "guide" or "teacher".

Guru

While living in Boston, this man claimed to have worked as a baker at the Parker House Hotel. This man's forces won a decisive battle that led to the passage of 1954 Geneva Accords. Woodrow Wilson and other delegates ignored this man's eight-point plan at the Versailles Conference. After his country suffered a catastrophic famine, this man convinced emperor Bao Dai to abdicate. This man defeated the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu with the help of general Vo Nguyen Giap during the First Indochina War. For 10 points, name this leader of the Viet Minh and founder of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

Ho Chi Minh

These animals lost much of their iliac flare at the same time as they drastically decreased their degree of sexual dimorphism. These animals gradually evolved smaller teeth and weaker jaws while their foramen magnum shifted dramatically forward. A group of these animals that were discovered in Russia in the late 2000s were dubbed "Denisovans." Remains of several species of these animals were discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge. A 3-million-year-old one of these animals of the species A. afarensis was nicknamed "Lucy." Neanderthals were—for 10 points—what apes that evolved into the species Homo sapiens?

Hominids

One poem by this writer includes the advice "Give pearls away and rubies, but keep your fancy free." The narrator of that poem by this writer decides the advice was good, but not until a year later. Another poem by this writer tells its subject "Now you will not swell the rout of lads that wore their honors out." In that poem, this author contrasts two ways of being brought home "shoulder-high". This writer began that poem with the line "The time you won your town the race we chaired you through the market-place." Name this British poet whose collection A Shropshire Lad includes "When I Was One-and-Twenty" and "To an Athlete Dying Young".

Housman

This quantity used to be measured by putting tension on human hair or by using a chilled mirror. More recently, this quantity has been measured by using two thermometers to make a psychrometer or by measuring two different air masses. Instruments to measure this quantity are also called hygrometers. The relative version of this quantity, which is used often, compares a partial pressure to the equilibrium vapor pressure. This quantity is combined with temperature to calculate the heat index. Name this measure of water vapor in the air.

Humidity

This disease has a similar etiology and set of symptoms to hemiballism. Sydenham's syndrome can cause a condition similar to the main symptom of this disease. This condition's early-onset form is its "Westphal" variant. No effective treatment exists for this disease, which manifests earlier with each successive generation. This condition causes damage to the striatum in the basal ganglia and is caused by repeats of the trinucleotide sequence CAG. This autosomal dominant disease manifests as a namesake "chorea." For 10 points, name this disease that causes uncontrolled, jerky movements, which is often contrasted with Parkinson's syndrome.

Huntington's

This author wrote about the practice of voodoo in Jamaica and Haiti in her book Tell My Horse. A dispute over the rights to the play Mule Bone caused this woman to argue with her coauthor, Langston Hughes. In a novel by this author, the store owner Jody Starks becomes the Mayor of Eatonville. What author wrote about Tea Cake's marriage to the older Janie Crawford in her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God?

Hurston

This good is being carried by the ship Ibis in a trilogy written by Amitav Ghosh. This substance is discussed in all three parts of The English Mail-Coach, and the book Suspiria de Profundis was a sequel to a book about this substance. The narrator of a book about this substance is saved by a teenage prostitute named Ann. This substance titles the best-known book by the author of "On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts" and "The Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth." Samuel Taylor Coleridge was a heavy consumer of a liquid preparation of this substance called laudanum. Thomas De Quincey wrote the Confessions of an "eater" of—for 10 points—what drug?

Opium

The action of this bodily substance is inhibited through the blockade of glycoprotein two B three A receptors, blocking the action of the ADP receptor P two Y twelve. When low levels of this substance are of undetermined cause, a person may be diagnosed with ITP. Low levels of this substance is one of the 4 T's investigated in patients with a suspected heparin allergy. Derived from megakaryocytes, what is this bodily substance that aggregates to initiate blood clot formation?

Platelets

Around 1430, the ruler of this country wrote a book on the skills of medieval knights, called Book on Horsemanship. That leader of this country gave his brother as a hostage to the Marinids, and the brother eventually died in captivity. Tristão Vaz Teixeira was one of the founders of Madeira, which is now an autonomous part of this country. Another explorer from this country was the first European to round the Cape of Good Hope. This country's House of Aviz had an "Illustrious Generation" that included Prince Henry the Navigator. Name this country that sent out the explorers Bartolomeu Dias and Pedro Cabral, who started the colonization of Brazil.

Portugal

The discipline of cultural history was pioneered by a book about this century by Johan Huizinga. During this century, the Commentaries were written by Pius II, the only pope to write an autobiography. Lucretius' De rerum natura was rediscovered in this century, during which 900 theses were defended by a 23-year old scholar. The Donation of Constantine was proven to be a forgery during this century, in which Oration on the Dignity of Man was written and a "Platonic Academy" was founded in Florence. Erasmus was born in this century. Humanism flourished after Byzantine scholars fled the fall of Constantinople in—for 10 points—what century before the Reformation?

15th

During this decade, the exhibit New Documents highlighted the "snapshot-like" photography of Lee Friedlander and Garry Winogrand. In this decade, Vogue began to focus on "Youthquake" culture after Diana Vreeland took over. Square photographs like Identical Twins, Roselle, New Jersey and Child with a Toy Hand Grenade were taken in this decade by Diane Arbus. In this decade, a band put a collage of historical figures and celebrities on one album cover, and then had pop artist Richard Hamilton create a pure white cover for their next album. For 10 points, name this decade in which Richard Avedon photographed the Beatles.

1960s

This function is used on two variables in the simplest formula to calculate the y-coordinate when going from spherical to rectangular coordinates. The graph in spherical coordinates of rho equals this function of the zenith angle generates a finite torus. In polar coordinates, graphing r equals this function of theta creates a circle whose lowest point is at the pole. In Cartesian coordinates, this function's graph has the same x-intercepts as the tangent function and has an amplitude of 1. Name this function that, for an acute angle in a right triangle, can be defined as "opposite over hypotenuse".

Sine

This character describes himself as "too old" rather than "too proud to fight," and his habit of walking to and from his office four times a day is noted with the remark that, in his hometown, going for a walk "with no definite purpose in mind" was considered a sign of mental disability. This man justifies his nickname of "one-shot" by killing a rabid dog. One of this character's statements is clarified by noting that certain animals "don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy." This lawyer says that the title action of the novel is "a sin," although it's fine to "shoot all the bluejays you want." For 10 points, name this father of Jem and Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird

Atticus

On his way to Australia, this person got in a dispute with Captain Joseph Short and sent Short back to England. This person was arrested by Major George Johnston—a military officer serving under him—and detained for a year, leading to military control of New South Wales. This person tried to portray that 1808 dispute as being over rum. A few years earlier, in 1789, this person led his supporters 4,000 miles to Timor in an open boat after they were set adrift by Fletcher Christian. Name this unpopular officer of the British Royal Navy who was the target of the mutiny on the Bounty

Bligh

The application of this technology to metal has recently become more affordable with products from startups such as Mark·forged. A major project to make this technology widely available and replicatable is RepRap. This technology commonly uses a heated thermoplastic filament in a process called "fused deposition modeling". This process can be accomplished in thin layers with the powder bed and inkjet head method. A major controversy arose when CodyWilson, the founder of Defense Distributed, posted instructions for using this technology to create guns. Name this computer-guided manufacturing process that can create objects out of plastic.

3D printing

In addition to the USS Lexington, this was the name of the other warship that assisted in the Union victory at the Battle of Shiloh. One man with this surname was killed at Smithfield by London mayor William Walworth during a meeting with King Richard II. During the tenure of a U.S. President with this surname, the Webster-Ashburton Treaty ended the Aroostook War. The primary leader of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England had this surname, which also identifies the president nicknamed "His Accidency." Give this surname of the president who succeeded William Henry Harrison upon his 1841 death.

Tyler

Having too little of this substance can cause a high BUN-to-creatinine ratio. Having too much of this substance can cause hyponatremia, which can lead to brain swelling and seizures. One method to diagnose whether a person has the right amount of this substance is to monitor pulse and blood pressure while lying down and then a minute after standing up. Another symptom of having too little of this substance is that urine turns dark yellow. According to the eight-by-eight rule, you should take in eight ounces of this substance eight times each day. Name this substance that makes up about 60 percent of body weight.

Water

Eduard Buchner won a Nobel Prize for breaking down these organisms to get zymase. Candida is a genus of these organisms that causes infections in humans, including thrush. Di·morphic organisms can exist as either these organisms or molds. The presence of these organisms explains why oxygen causes increased cell growth and decreased fermentation in the Pasteur effect. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the version of this type of organism used by bakers. Name these single-celled fungi that convert sugars into carbon dioxide during the baking of bread.

Yeast

This action began earlier than planned when Ma Yuanyi was betrayed and his body torn to pieces. One of his allies, Zhang Mancheng, led troops who killed Chu Gong, the governor of Wancheng, early during this event, around the same time that Zhu Jun was being forced from Changshe by Bo Cai. The brothers who led this action called themselves Lord General of People, Lord General of Earth, and Lord General of Heaven, and they were led by Zhang Jue. Name this 184 CE rebellion by Taoists against the Eastern Han dynasty, named for the colored cloths the rebels wore on their heads.

Yellow Turban Rebellion

According to Ovid, one woman suffered this fate after the braying of a donkey saved her from being raped by Priapus. Adonis' mother suffered this fate after the discovery of her incest with her father Cinyras. Dryope suffered this fate after blood fell on her hand while picking a flower. This fate of Myrrha ultimately befell another nymph after Cupid shot her with a lead arrow. While grieving for their brother Phaethon, the Heliades underwent this process and had their tears turned into amber. For 10 points, name this transformation into a certain plant, exemplified by Daphne being turned into a laurel while fleeing from Apollo.

Being changed into a tree

This poet introduced some of his poems with a work that begins "Hear the voice of the Bard." In that collection, this writer included two poems about a girl who is found by her parents when a lion leads them to find the girl sleeping among tigers. In addition to those poems about Lyca, this poet wrote about a boy whose parents "are both gone up to the church to pray." That work is one of two poems by this writer titled "The Chimney-Sweeper". This poet asked "What immortal hand or eye dare frame thy fearful symmetry?". Name this poet who asked that question in "The Tiger".

Blake

Operation Verano was launched against the forces of this man who were hiding in the Sierra Maestra Mountains after returning aboard the Granma Yacht. This man led a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks, after which he gave a speech in which he stated that "History will absolve me." This man overthew the government of the US backed Fulgencio Batista and ceded power in 2008 to his brother Raul. Identify this longtime communist leader of Cuba.

Castro

The earliest attempts to perform this action were photographed and filmed by John Noel. The first successful attempt of this action was overseen by John Hunt. An attempt to do this in 1933 resulted in the discovery of an axe belonging to Andrew Irvine, who died while trying to perform this action alongside George Mallory, whose body was discovered in 1999. It was first successfully performed in 1953 by a duo that included the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay. Name this feat first accomplished by Sir Edmund Hillary.

Climbing Everest

William Elliott first imported a strain of this crop named for the Sea Islands. Mass unemployment and starvation occurred in Lancashire, England because a naval blockade prevented shipments of this crop. Samuel Slater memorized the designs for the first American factory to process this crop. Production of this good quintupled in Egypt during the American Civil War. Europe's dependence on this crop gave it the nickname "King." This crop's production greatly increased due to an invention by Eli Whitney. For 10 points, name this cash crop integral to the South's economy that slaves picked with a type of gin.

Cotton

When this operation is applied to the natural log of the gamma function, the result is the digamma function. If this operation repeatedly generates continuous functions, then the original function is called smooth. Repeatedly applying this operation to a function at zero, multiplying by powers of x, and dividing by factorials generates the terms of a Maclaurin series. The chain rule explains how to do this operation on a composite function. Applying this operation to 𝑥 to the power 𝑛 gives 𝑛𝑥𝑛 to the −1. Name this operation used to find the slope of a line tangent to a function's graph.

Differentiation

At the beginning of a novel by this author, the protagonist says that a captain "died of brain-fever in dreadful agony" and then says that he was betrothed to Mercedes. Another novel by this author opens at the Jolly Miller hostel, where an old man gets into a fight after insulting the color of the protagonist's horse. During the fight, the protagonist loses a letter addressed to Monsieur de Trèville. One of this author's protagonists takes revenge on Danglars after being wrongly imprisoned. Name this French author who wrote about Edmond Dantèsin The Count of Monte Cristo and wrote about d'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers.

Dumas

Common models that attempt to explain this process include the Moran model, Kimura's neutral model, and the Wright-Fisher model. When this happens naturally, such as due to a natural disaster, it is known as the bottleneck effect and when it occurs due to human decision to form an isolated new population, it is known as the Founder effect. What is this variation in relative allele frequency due to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce?

Genetic drift

According to Aesop, this god gave intelligence to the human race, resulting in short people being the wisest. This god disguised himself as a Cyclops to scare the Oceanids. In another story, this god describes the motions of a crow and an eagle while testing the prophetic abilities of Tiresias after this god stole a group of Tiresias's cattle. This son of Maia more famously stole the cattle of his half-brother Apollo. This god later gave Perseus the ability to fly by lending Perseus his winged sandals. Name this Greek messenger god.

Hermes

The square of a quantity named for this man is multiplied by three in the numerator of the formula for the critical density. The observable universe occupies a sphere named for this man beyond which interstellar objects are receding faster than the speed of light. His namesake parameter takes units of kilometers per second per megaparsec, and lenticular galaxies lie at the junction of his tuning fork diagram. The Pillars of Creation image was captured using a device named for this man. For 10 points, name this American astronomer who lends his name to a space telescope.

Hubble

A modern instrument used in this country is often played cross-legged, with the scroll resting on the player's feet. An alapa begins a type of music from this country that gradually crescendos and can last over thirty minutes. Traditional music from here features a repetitive drone often played by the stringed tanpura. In its north, musicians play a set of two tabla drums, which often accompany a harmonium. Scales called ragas form the foundation of this country's classical music. In 1968, the Beatles visited this country and were taught by a Hindustani musician. For 10 points, name this country where Ravi Shankar mastered the sitar.

India

Davy Crockett's opposition to this policy was the reason why he was voted out of the Tennessee legislature. John Ross opposed the signing of an agreement that supported this policy, the Treaty of New Echota. The quote "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it" refers to the Supreme Court's ruling that this policy was illegal in Worcester v. Georgia. Andrew Jackson implemented this policy in an 1830 act which led to thousands of people dying on the Trail of Tears. For 10 points, name this policy which resulted in the Five Civilized Tribes making homes west of the Mississippi River.

Indian removal

In one work by this man, an enthroned figure in a purple toga stares stonily towards the viewer as a goddess imploringly strokes part of his mane-like hair. Other than Jupiter and Thetis, he painted a tondo that reuses his portraits of a Woman with Three Arms and The Valpinçon Bather to depict nude women at a harem, The Turkish Bath. His most famous work was lambasted by critics for rejecting anatomical accuracy, specifically with respect to what appear to be five extra vertebrae in the spine, and features a reclining woman who grasps a blue curtain and a peacock fan. For 10 points, name this French neoclassical painter of La Grande Odalisque.

Ingres

One character in this play says that he is "twelve or fourteen moon-shines" behind another character and disparages the "plague of custom." A character in this play returns from exile disguised as Caius, and another is described as "The argument of your praise, balm of your age." After being framed for a murder plot, one character in this play disguises himself as Tom​ O'Bedlam and encounters a man wandering around in a storm after being abandoned by all but Kent and his Fool. In this play, Edmund frames Edgar and the title monarch divides his assets among Regan and Goneril, snubbing Cordelia. Identify this Shakespearean tragedy about the title monarch.

King Lear

This composer instructed for all instruments to sound "like ghosts" in a composition that was inspired by a Wilhelm von Kaulbach painting of the same name, Hunnenschlacht. "Aimer, aimer voila" is an aria sung in this composer's only opera about Elzire and the title character entitled Don Sanche. This composer included "The Dance in the Village Inn" as the first work in a set of waltzes called Mephisto, and he transitioned from a lassan to a friska in one of his most famous works. What composer created the Hungarian Rhapsodies?

Liszt

One member of this group, Melba Patillo, wrote Warriors Don't Cry about her experiences with this group. This group's arrival to the institution with which they are associated with was preceded by a controversial plan proposed by superintendent Virgil Blossom. The National Guard was deployed by Governor Orval Faubus to block this group from entering a namesake institution after which this group was escorted by the US Army on the orders of Eisenhower. Identify this group of students whose presence desegregated a namesake Arkansas high school.

Little Rock Nine

One fragment of a lost painting by this artist called The Enchanted Pose was found under his painting, God is not a Saint. This artist was inspired by the English landscape artist John Atkinson Grimshaw to do a series of three paintings in which the central scene is lit by a single lamp post while blue skies and white clouds appear above. This artist of The Empire of Light was commissioned by Edward James to create a painting originally called "Ongoing Time Stabbed by a Dagger." That painting shows a clock sitting on a mantle as a locomotive emerges from a fireplace. Identify this Belgian surrealist painter of Time Transfixed.

Magritte

The individual rights of residents of this colony were protected by the Body of Liberties. In this colony, John Wheelwright advocated for a "covenant of grace" during the Antinomian Controversy. Smallpox inoculation was encouraged in this colony by Cotton Mather. Its first governor, John Winthrop, called it a "city upon a hill" in a sermon. Due to her religious views, Anne Hutchinson was expelled from this colony, leading her to move to Rhode Island. Hundreds of people were accused of being witches in its town of Salem. For 10 points, name this New England colony where many Puritans settled in Boston.

Massachusetts Bay

Vladimir Nabokov analyzed the meaning of this story's use of the word Ungeziefer in its opening sentence. The protagonist of this story clings to a picture of a woman in furs after furniture is moved out of his room. Near the end of this story, a group of lodgers are chased away by a character attracted to the violin playing of his sister Grete. That character is permanently hurt after his father throws apples at him. After waking up from "uneasy dreams," a traveling salesman in this story discovers he is a "monstrous vermin." For 10 points, name this story by Franz Kafka about Gregor Samsa, who turns into a bug.

Metamorphosis

During this conflict, the territorial governor Charles Bent was scalped in the Taos Revolt. This war began after a skirmish involving troops led by Seth Thornton. The Mormon Battalion fought in this war, during which John Riley led a unit of Irish immigrants known as Saint Patrick's Battalion. In this war, the six "Boy Heroes" defended Chapultepec Castle after the Battles of Contreras, Churubusco, and Cerro Gordo. Name this war in which Winfield Scott landed at Veracruz.

Mexican American

In one novel set in this country, a doctor says in broken English that he wishes he had convinced a consul to get treated for alcoholism. In that novel set in this country, Yvonne is trampled by a horse while searching for her lover, Hugh. Another work set in this country involves an old writer falling in love with the tutor Harriet Winslow, who has an affair with Tomás Arroyo. The author of that work also wrote about a newspaper owner and land baron from this country who is on his deathbed. Name this setting of Under the Volcano that was the home of the author of The Old Gringo and The Death of Artemio Cruz, Carlos Fuentes.

Mexico

The monoplacophorans are a group within this phyla thought to be extinct until was found off the coast of Costa Rica in 1952. One bottom dwelling member of this phyla, H. Brasiliana gives off bright green bioluminescent light from its shell when threatened. The ribbon of teeth known as a radula is associated with this phyla, which includes bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods. Second in size among invertebrate phyla to arthropods, what is this phyla that includes snails, clams, squids, and octopi?

Mollusca

Immune attack on these cells results in a disease in which an LP shows albuminocytologic dissociation, called Guillain-Barré syndrome. These cells are produced throughout life in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone. The disordered protein alpha-synuclein can aggregate inside these cells. Oligodendrocytes produce a fatty substance which covers these cells. Glial cells provide support for these cells. These cells release glutamate, GABA, and many other neurotransmitters at their synaptic terminals. For 10 points, name these cells containing dendrites and axons, which make up the nervous system.

Neurons

The existence of these things was accidentally revealed by Alexander Butterfield. Some of these things were stored at a facility in Yorba Linda, California, and not released to the public until 2013. One rejected compromise involved making Senator John C. Stennis the only person allowed to review these things. Political cartoonists made fun of the so-called "Rose Mary​ Stretch," an awkward posture supposedly used to accidentally destroy parts of one of these things. That stretch resulted in an 18-and-a-half minute gap in them. The Saturday Night Massacre followed Archibald Cox's insistence on receiving these secretly-made objects. Name these audio records of a president who resigned during the Watergate scandal.

Nixon tapes

This person traveled to France with JohnLaurens in 1781 to help Benjamin Franklin get money and naval support for the American Revolution. This person was forced to quit his position as secretary to the Committee of Foreign Affairs after he criticized Silas Deane. In response to Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, this person criticized hereditary government in Rights of Man. This person wrote "These are the times that try men's souls" to begin The American Crisis, his pamphlet series. Name this writer who inspired the American Revolution with his pamphlet Common Sense.

Paine

This artist designed the emblem to the First International Peace Conference, which was one of his many drawings of doves. He painted a brooding portrait of his friend, the poet Gertrude Stein. This artist painted in the "synthetic" style of an art movement to depict a harlequin holding a guitar in Three Musicians. African masks inspired the appearance of five women in his painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. This man, who co-created an art movement with Georges Braque, made a large painting that depicts the chaos of a town bombed during the Spanish Civil War. For 10 points, name this artist of Guernica and pioneer of Cubism

Picasso

This shape is not a circle, and a curve's tangent and normal vectors define the "osculating" example of this shape at a given point. If a graph can be drawn without edges crossing each other,it is given an adjective named for this shape. When two of these shapes intersect, they form a dihedral angle. The equation for this shape is linear in three variables, with coefficients that are the components of this shape's normal vector. Two intersecting lines can define this shape, as do two parallel lines or three non-co-linear points. Give this term for an infinite, flat, two-dimensional surface.

Plane

This kind of place owned by Rufus Weylin is the destination of Dana's time travelling in Octavia Butler's novel Kindred. At one of these places, Sophia Auld teaches the central character of another work the alphabet, though after a fight with Mr. Covey, that character is transferred to a different location of this type. In another novel, Rhett Butler and Scarlett O'Hara struggle to maintain one of these locations, called Tara. Frederick Douglass was forced to work at what type of location, whose slave labor was largely lost after the Civil War as depicted in Gone With the Wind?

Plantation

In one poem, this person wrote "They had to. . . pick the worms off me like sticky pearls." Earlier in the same poem, this writer stated "And I a smiling woman. I am only thirty" and wrote that of her "nine times to die," "this is number three." In another poem, this author wrote "If I've killed one man, I've killed two." She ends that poem by telling the person it is addressed to "you bastard, I'm through." In that poem, this person states, "I think I may well be a Jew" and tells a family member, "I thought every German was you." Name this author of "Lady Lazarus" and "Daddy".

Plath

This country's African territories are detailed on the Pink Map. The groups UNITA and MPLA rebelled against this European country. One explorer from this country gave low quality gifts to the king of Calicut. This country is the origin of a slender and fast ship called a caravel. It received the western portion of the land given in the Treaty of Tordesillas. An explorer from this country who rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India was named Vasco da Gama. For 10 points, name this home country of Pedro Cabral, who became the first European to discover Brazil.

Portugal

In a book named for one of these locations, "traditionals" are contrasted with "organic" intellectuals who speak for the interests of a specific people group. That work, which coined the term "cultural hegemony", is a series of essays entitled this place's "Notebooks" by Antonio Gramsci. At a model of one of these locations, John Wayne punished a man named 416 for refusing to eat sausages. A semicircular building of this type that would allow a person to observe all others was criticized in Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish. Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon is an example of, for 10 points, what type of institution, the subject of a famous Stanford experiment?

Prison

Lev Landau showed that, under certain conditions, the cyclotron motions of charged particles have this property, a fact which allows resistance to be written in terms of the von Klitzing constant. A sharp peak at 254 nanometers corresponding to 4.9 electron-volts implied this result in an experiment that fired electrons through a vapor of mercury and was run by Franck and Hertz. When deriving his law of blackbody radiation, Max Planck arbitrarily assumed that energy has this property. Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by proposing that light is a particle, and thus has this property. Name this property where at small scales, quantities become discretized, which names a subfield of physics involving wavefunctions and randomness.

Quantization

This composer, who entered a competition with his ​Sonatine​, dedicated each of five movements of one work to fellow "Hooligans," such as "Sad Birds" and "A Boat on the Ocean." One work by this composer frequently requotes a melody beginning with a sustained high C followed by "B C D C B A C." Each of six movements of a piano suite by this composer honors a different​ soldier. He's not Russian, but this composer orchestrated Pictures at an Exhibition. This composer of Miroirs and Pavane for a Dead Princess wrote a piece for Ida Rubinstein which begins with a flute playing over a snare drum ostinato. Name this French composer who wrote Boléro.

Ravel

This man discussed corruption within American labor groups in his book The Enemy Within. While running for a Senate seat against Kenneth Keating, this man was accused of being a carpetbagger since he had just moved to New York. This man delivered an impromptu speech in Indianapolis where he announced that Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated. While campaigning for the 1968 Democratic Presidential nomination, this man was assassinated in Los Angeles by Sirhan Sirhan. Identify this man who served as Attorney General in the administration of his brother John.

Robert Kennedy

A disembodied hand reaches for a woman wearing a diadem with an eye in one work of this type. Isabella Brant sits next to a man with orange stockings in one work of this type titled ​The Honeysuckle Bower​. The right side of one of these works features an unfinished version of the artist's later work ​The​ Merry Trio. In one work of this type by Artemisia Gentileschi, a woman wearing a golden chain leans toward the viewer in front of a maroon background. Judith Leyster raises a paintbrush to the canvas with a laughing fiddler in, what type of work of which nearly one hundred were created by Rembrandt van Rijn?

Self portrait

Hall of fame members from this team include Mel Blount, Lynn Swann, and "Mean" Joe Greene. This team's coach from 1969-91 played college football at the University of Dayton and won four Super Bowl championships in the 1970s. Besides Chuck Noll, this team has been coached by a man nicknamed "The Chin" who currently serves as a CBS analyst. Bill Cowher and Mike Tomlin have coached what NFL team whose players include Antonio Brown and Ben Roethlisberger?

Steelers

In this composition, six princesses are shown to a young prince in the "Entrance of the Gusts and Waltz," and several characters return to a lake of tears each night. Benno takes one character hunting with a new crossbow in this composition which also see the tutor Wolfgang become drunk at a party. Petipa and Ivano revived this ballet in the late 1890s. In this ballet, Odile is turned into a look-alike of the female protagonist by the evil wizard, Von Rothbart. Identify this ballet about Prince Siegfried and Odette, which was composed by Pyotr Tchaikovsky.

Swan Lake

The Vendidad states that one of these entities is found with the bird Sinamru at the center of the sea Vourukasha, which is also home to an object of this type known as the white Haoma. After the churning of the ocean, Indra obtained a wish-granting object of this type which he placed at Mount Meru. A spring found below one of these entities is stated to be the source of "many rivers" and is one of the three wells found below that object of this type. Odin hung himself from an object of this type in order to gain knowledge of the runes; that object of this type connects the nine worlds in Norse myth. Yggdrasil is an example of—for 10 points—what kind of large plant?

Tree

Though many of Alexandre Guilmant's compositions are for organ, his Morceau Symphonique is for this instrument. This is the solo instrument in Jan Sandström's A Motorbike Odyssey, which was premiered with a performance by Christian Lindberg. In addition to writing a Piano Concerto, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov wrote a concerto for this instrument and military band. This instrument and its bass variant are in the brass section of a standard orchestra, along with the trumpet, French horn, and tuba. Name this instrument that uses a slide mechanism.

Trombone

This author created a character who marries the Indian princess Aouda after rescuing her from being burned alive. Many of this author's novels were adapted into early movies by George Méliès. In a novel by this author, a bet made by the Reform Club causes the protagonist to travel with the valet Passepartout. This author wrote about Captain Nemo piloting the submarine Nautilus and Phileas Fogg's attempt to circumnavigate the globe. For 10 points, name this French science fiction author of Around the World in 80 Days and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.

Verne

In Bosch's The Haywain Triptych, these individuals appear three times beneath a shower of people transforming into insects. A parrot perches on a branch held up by one of these figures in an engraving by Albert Dürer. They appear in a fresco in the Brancacci Chapel to the left of The Tribute Money and are depicted under a red robed figure with a sword. These two people occupy the niches in the outer panels of the Ghent Altarpiece where they are depicted holding a fig leaf and fruit. For 10 points, name this biblical pair who are depicted flanking God in The Garden of Earthly Delights, after one is created from the other's rib.

Adam and Eve

This thinker used the example of a sea battle to claim that future contingents are neither true nor false. In another work, this thinker distinguished between potential and actual infinities before ruling out actual infinity to refute Zeno's paradox. This thinker wrote De Interpretatione and a work that claims the highest goal of human life is eudaimonia and argues that virtue is the balance between extremes. This author of Nicomachean Ethics defined tragedy in Poetics. Name this ancient Greek student of Plato.

Aristotle

In one scandal, this person framed James Saville for planning to assassinate him. Manuel Melendres filed suit against this elected official in 2007. Donald Trump claimed the timing of one event surrounding this person was intended to provide "far higher" television ratings. This man is primarily known for his work in​ Maricopa County, where shoes were reported to be melting in a "Tent City." This contender for Jeff Flake's Senate seat is perhaps best known for his controversial self-described concentration camps, and in 2017, President Trump pardoned him. Name this law enforcement officer and political candidate from Arizona, sometimes called "Sheriff Joe."

Arpaio

These objects are the result of the function "explode" in php. The distance in memory between entries in these objects is known as its "stride." A lack of bound checking of these objects can cause overwriting of memory addresses. These objects can be dynamically resized to allow​ retrieval time to remain the same. Maps and dictionaries are considered associative forms of these objects, and one-dimensional versions of these objects can be considered linear. In most languages, these objects' indices start at zero. Name these objects whose two-dimensional forms are known as matrices.

Array

This novel's protagonist has a "chokecherry tree" on her back. A character in this novel is called "starved for color" and owns a quilt that's colorless except for two orange squares. The first appearance of this novel's title character begins: "A fully dressed woman walked out of the water"; later in this novel, she coerces a man with a "tobacco tin lodged in his chest" to have sex with her. That man is one of three Pauls who live at Sweet Home with this novel's protagonist. This novel is set in a haunted, "spiteful" house in Cincinnati, 124 Bluestone Road. Sethe drowns the title character as a baby to prevent her from becoming a slave in—for 10 points—what novel by Toni Morrison?

Beloved

In one scene, a character with this surname looks up from his reading to exclaim that he wishes a young man "sprained in his ankle in the first dance" that evening. One character with this surname is called one of "the silliest girls in the country" for her obsession with Captain Carter, and another interrupts a reading from Fordyce Sermons​. Collins proposes to a character with this surname but eventually marries​ Charlotte Lucas instead. Colonel Wickham elopes with a character with this surname, Lydia, while another ends up with Mr. Darcy. Identify this last name of Kitty, Jane, Mary, and Elizabeth, a group of sisters described by Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice.

Bennet

This composer used an aria from an opera he had abandoned to write the Oraison funèbre, or Funeral Oration, which is the second movement in one of his symphonies. That symphony, whose other two movements are a "Funeral March" and an "Apotheosis", is Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale. This composer introduced the idée fixe as a musical concept, which he used to represent the artist's beloved in a symphony that starts with "Reveries—Passions". That artist dreams that he kills his beloved in this composer's "March to the Scaffold" movement. Name this French composer of Symphonie fantastique.

Berlioz

One research project led by this thinker led to publication of work on the decorative art of the Amur tribes. This thinker often worked with the Canadian-born George Hunt, including when preparing to create a model village in Chicago. This author of "The Study of Geography" was once told, "Let the​ white man observe his law; we shall observe ours" while researching a gift-giving feast in the Pacific Northwest called a potlatch. This man wrote The Mind of Primitive Man and taught future anthropologists like Margaret Mead while working at Columbia University. Identify this father of American anthropology.

Boas

This painter depicted three gluttons under a tree in The Land of Cackaigne. He depicted ice skaters in the background of a work whose foreground shows three men leading a pack of dogs back toward town. In a work often attributed to him, a plowman does not see legs flailing in the sea beneath falling feathers. Name this Flemish artist of Hunters in the Snow and Landscape with the Fall of Icarus.

Bruegel

Important molecular markers linked to this condition include NFAT1 and NFAT5, transcription factors that increase motility in the body. Inactivating ER-alpha overexpression with tamoxifen can effectively treat the Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes of this condition. The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells differentiates two forms of a type of this condition. Those cells, combined with a mutation of the "guardian angel of the genome," the p53 gene, can cause the Hodgkin's subtype of this condition. For 10 points, name this condition characterized by tumors that is often treated with combinations of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Cancer

This character is told that the English often shoot admirals "to encourage the others" after seeing an execution inspired by the death of John Byng. After being found with his lover, this man kills the Jew Don Issachar and then the Grand Inquisitor. This man is told that "all is evil" by the scholar Martin. This man only finds one of the 100 treasure-laden "red sheep" he loses after meeting some Inca nobles. This character is taught "metaphysico-theologo-cosmolo·nigology" while growing up in the castle Thunder-ten-Tronckh. This man says "we must cultivate our garden" after losing his optimism. Pangloss tutors—for 10 points—what title character of a satire by Voltaire?

Candide

The northernmost peak in this range is located at the confluence of the Fraser and Thompson Rivers and is known as Lytton Mountain. The southernmost volcanic mountain in this range erupted over 400 times between 1914-1921 and is known as Lassen Peak. Crater Lake is located in this mountain range and was formed from the collapse of this range's Mt. Mazama. Spirit Lake is located on the north side of a mountain in this range where David Johnston was killed following a 1980 volcanic eruption. Mt. Rainier and Mt. St. Helen's are located in this volcanic mountain range of the Pacific Northwest?

Cascades

This man described Skaya in his book ​My Trip Abroad​, and later featured her in ​A Countess from Hong Kong​. One work by this man, in which the main character learns of a Viennese man's blindness cure, repeatedly uses the song "La Violetera," which is about a flower girl. Larsen wreaks havoc for two of this man's characters, Jim and the Lone Prospector, in ​The​ Gold Rush. In one work, this man played an assembly line worker in his "Tramp" persona, while in another, he used the fictional country of Tomania to satirize Adolf Hitler. Often wearing a bowler hat with a cane, name this filmmaker behind City Lights, Modern Times, and The Great Dictator, a star of silent film.

Chaplin

A peace treaty between this man and Nikephoros I allowed for the de facto independence of Venice. He created a buffer zone known as the "Spanish March" between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River. This man ordered the beheading of 4500 pagans during a thirty-year campaign to convert the Saxons to Christianity in what is now known as the Massacre of Verden. Alcuin of York, a leading scholar of this man's court in Aachen, spearheaded a "Renaissance" that shares its name with his dynasty. For 10 points, name this Medieval Frankish ruler who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III.

Charlemagne

A D-flat piece by this composer opens with a trill on A-flat and follows with the rapid eighth notes G-natural, A-flat, C, B-flat. In the 15th of his set of 24 preludes, this composer used a repeated A-flat to represent raindrops. 16th-note triplets on the black keys are played in the right hand in a G-flat major piece by this composer. This composer wrote a piece inspired by a dog chasing its own tail as well as a furiously fast piece inspired by a national uprising, the Revolutionary Étude. This composer is known for his polonaises, nocturnes, and mazurkas. Name this Polish-born piano composer of the Minute Waltz

Chopin

Some members of this phyla can induce a syndrome of catecholamine excess in their victims after releasing venom into them. Classes within this phyla include Staurozoa, Cubozoa, the sessile Anthozoa, and the diverse Hydrozoa that includes the Portuguese Man o' War. Members of this phyla possess stinging structures called nematocysts. Animals in this phyla have two body forms, the medusae and the polyps, both of which have a single orifice for digestion and respiration. Named for its barb like stinging cells, what is this aquatic, radially symmetric phylum that contains coral, anemones, and jellyfish?

Cnidaria

The 1926 General Strike in Britain was called after a dispute involving workers who produced this commodity. The Battle of Orgreave took place during a 1984 strike of workers who produced this commodity that was led by Arthur Scargill. This commodity was plentiful in the Ruhr Valley, and Humphry Davy helped make the extraction of this commodity easier with his namesake lamp. Robert Schumann issued a declaration in support of an organisation partially named for this commodity and steel, the predecessor to the European Union. For 10 points, name this black rock that was burned as fuel.

Coal

An alternative to these constructs that preserves control flow is known as "predication." In standard flowcharts, these constructs are represented by a rhombus. In C-like languages, a combination of a question mark and a colon is used as an operator for these constructs. A common type of these constructs can lead to fallthrough when the keyword break is not present at the end of a "case"; that type of this construct is known as a switch statement. These constructs typically begin by determining whether a Boolean expression is true. For 10 points, name this type of programming structure that selects between two or more blocks of code, exemplified by "if...else" statements.

Conditional statements

When the Lagrangian is independent of one of these quantities, that one of them is called "cyclic." In advanced formulations of mechanics, the "generalized" type of these quantities are usually denoted by the letter Q. Transformations in which these quantities change are called "passive," while those that change a physical system are called "active." In general, they are the coefficients of a vector's decomposition in terms of basis vectors. In two dimensions, a radial distance r and an angle "theta" comprise a "polar" set of these numbers. Three numbers x, y, and z comprise the "Cartesian" system of—for 10 points—what numbers used to describe an object's position?

Coordinates

One of this composer's orchestral works begins with an eleven-note chord that leaves out a C-sharp from the tone row. This composer of ​Inscape​ and ​Piano Variations​ used two movements linked by a cadenza in a work for strings, harp, piano, and the soloist, a clarinet. In another work, woodwinds and brass underscore a narrator who reads, "We cannot escape history." This composer was inspired by a Henry A. Wallace speech to write one work for brass and percussion to honor American soldiers, and he also wrote the Lincoln Portrait. Name this American composer of Fanfare for the Common Man, as well as the ballets Rodeo and Appalachian Spring.

Copland

One section of this ballet opens with the strings playing a repeated short-short-long rhythm on the notes A, low-A, back up to A, then the notes A, C-sharp, A. In this ballet, four women dance in circles around a preacher. The set design for this ballet was created by Isamu Noguchi. The plot of this ballet concerns newlyweds setting up a farmhouse in the wilderness. The ending of this ballet consists of variations on the Shaker song "Simple Gifts". Name this American ballet created for Martha Graham and written by Aaron Copland.

Copland

This composer wrote his Sextet for Clarinet, Piano and String Quartet when he had trouble convincing conductors to perform his 2nd Symphony, which was known as the Short Symphony. The composer Serge Koussevitzky encouraged this composer to write his first symphony, which was Symphony for Organ and Orchestra. This composer's third and last symphony has a movement based on his Fanfare for the Common Man. Name this composer who also wrote several ballets with American themes, including Appalachian Spring, Billy the Kid, and Rodeo.

Copland

For most of his life, Vladimir Ilyushin claimed without evidence to have worked as this kind of person. The refusal to acknowledge that Valentin Bondarenko died of severe burns while training for this profession fueled conspiracy theories concerning "Lost" holders of this job. Members of this profession typically traveled through Baikonur, a facility in southern Kazakhstan. Textile worker Valentina Tereshkova was the first female member of this profession, which was referred to in the Soviet Union by a term meaning "universe sailor." For 10 points, name this profession that was pioneered in 1961 when Yuri Gagarin rode into space in Vostok 1.

Cosmonaut

This politician wrote an amicus brief to accompany the Supreme Court Case D.C. v. Heller while serving as Solicitor General from his home state. This man stated that he was willing to speak until he could "no longer stand" prior to reading Green Eggs and Ham during a lengthy filibuster over passage of the Affordable Care Act. This incumbent narrowly defeated his Democratic opponent in a 2018 Senate election, leading that opponent to declare his intention to seek the 2020 Democratic Presidential nomination. This opponent of Beto O'Rourke was accused of being the Zodiac Killer in a popular meme from 2015. Identify this junior Senator from Texas (As of 2019).

Cruz

An orchestral piece by this composer is written in three parts, the third of which depicts "the morning of a festival day". This composer wrote a set of pieces that includes "The Girl with the Flaxen Hair" and "What the West Wind Saw". Ibéria is the second of this composer's Images for Orchestra. The score to an orchestral piece by this composer was published with a reproduction of Hokusai's Great Wave Off Kanagawa on the front cover. This composer used a descending chromatic flute solo to open his Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, and he wrote La mer. Name this French composer of Suite bergamasque, which includes "Clair de lune."

Debussy

In an old Western fable sometimes attributed to Aesop, one of these animals has its heart eaten by a fox after it is killed by a lion. A character who claims that he tried hunting these animals, but against his will, was given a ride by one of them over the ridge of Gendin, and he is told by his mother that he is lying. That story is told to Aase at the beginning of Henrik Ibsen's Peer Gynt. Narnia's Golden Age ended after an unsuccessful attempt to hunt one of these animals near the lamppost in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Name these animals such as Robert Lewis May's Rudolph and Felix Salten's Bambi.

Deer

In one novel by this writer, Stanton Mick turns out to be a bomb that appears to kill the leader of a prudence organization, and the half-lifer Ella Runciter receives messages from her dead husband, Glen Runciter. Another novel by this author features a friendship between John Isidore and Pris Stratton, the latter of whom is not human and is killed by the bounty hunter Rick Deckard. In a short story by this author, John Anderton heads the Pre·crime Division, which uses precogs to predict the future. Name this author of Ubik, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, and "The Minority Report".

Dick

People with this condition are both 500 times more likely to develop acute megakaryocytic leukemia and 1/10 as likely to develop solid-tumor cancers. Many people with this condition have Brushfield spots in their irises. Spina bifida and this condition are often recognized by high alpha-fetoprotein levels in a triple screen during pregnancy. About half of babies with this condition require heart-defect surgery. People with this condition tend to have a single palm crease, slanting eyes, and a flattened face. Name this syndrome caused by inheriting three copies of chromosome 21, and marked by slowed growth and intellectual disability.

Down syndrome

Wilhelm Stekel used analysis of these things to argue that everyone has an inner artist. According to Carl Jung, the formation of a "day residue" is crucial to the development of these things. One theory about these things describes them as the products of condensation, displacement, and/or representation. That theory describes these things, including one​ about Otto giving the title woman a propyl preparation which is called Irma's Injection, as a form of wish fulfillment and was developed in a book about the interpretation of them. Name these things analyzed by Sigmund Freud which people experience while asleep.

Dream

In a square in this city, there is a bronze sculpture in which a man stands on the body of a dead woman, holding her head in his left hand and a sword in the other; that sculpture is Perseus with the Head of Medusa. The same square in this city also contains Donatello's Judith and Holofernes and a huge marble statue of Neptune. Benvenuto Cellini mostly worked in this city, where the Galleria dell'Accademia has a statue of a man standing contrapposto, holding a sling on his shoulder. Michelangelo's David is displayed in this city. Name this Tuscan city whose cathedral is topped by a dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi.

Florence

This person's father marketed pectin for Opekta and left Germany when his company expanded its operations. This person wrote "Yet I keep my ideals, because in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart." This person's sister Margot died of typhus around the same time that this person died. Miep Gies is responsible for preserving this person's writing. A bookcase concealed the Secret Annex where this person lived, which was in Amsterdam. Name this girl who died at the age of 15 in the Holocaust and who documented her life in hiding by writing a diary

Frank

This character spends one winter collecting firewood for his neighbors, who don't see him for many months. This character overhears passages of Ruins of Empire being read to Safie, which is how he learns English. This character intentionally plants a picture of Caroline in Justine's dress, thus framing her for this character's strangling of William. This character witnesses the destruction of his potential wife by his creator, leading him to kill Henry Clerval and Elizabeth Lavenza. Identify this character created at Ingolstadt by the title scientist Victor Frankenstein in a horror novel by Mary Shelley.

Frankenstein's monster

This thinker argued that society's laws and punishments cause friction with the individual's instinctive wish for freedom, which prevents us from reaching the greatest possible happiness. In an earlier work, this thinker distinguished between the manifest and latent content of the central concept and introduced the idea that children have an unconscious sexual desire for one of their parents. This author of Civilization and Its Discontents introduced the basis of the Oedipus complex in The Interpretation of Dreams. Name this founder of psycho·analysis who divided the psyche into the id, ego, and superego

Freud

One type of receptor for this molecule is blocked by bicuculline. When this molecule binds to its Type A receptors, chloride ion channels open, resulting in the hyperpolarization of affected neurons. This molecule is produced by both Purkinje cells and basket cells via decarboxylation of glutamate. Agonists of this molecule include diazepam and lorazepam. This molecule and glycine have similar neural effects. Its receptors are targeted by barbiturates and benzodiazepines to treat anxiety disorders. For 10 points, name this most important inhibitory neurotransmitter, whose name is normally abbreviated to four letters.

GABA

These artworks are divided into four quadrants in the Persian and Mughal charbagh. In the seventeenth century, embroidery-like and "knot" designs were often made in symmetrical, highly geometrical artworks of this kind called "parterres." Shah Jahan used red sandstone to frame one of these artworks called "Shalimar" in Lahore. André le Nôtre designed 50 fountains for a highly geometric set of these artworks at the Palace of Versailles. East Asian examples of these artworks often integrate rocks, and a Zen Buddhist variety is primarily made of raked sand. For 10 points, name these outdoor artworks designed by landscape architects

Gardens

A recent restoration of this painting revealed two spiderwebs behind the two donors in it and proved that the wood used for the hermit panel was the same as its others. This painting was rescued from an Austrian salt mine shortly before the mine was blown up by the Nazis. Equestrian portraits of men such as Philip the Good are included in a panel of this painting called ​The ​Just Judges that was stolen in 1934. The man who completed this painting called himself "second in art" to his deceased brother. When closed, this work shows grisaille statues of saints below an Annunciation scene. When opened, it reveals a panel of a large procession gathering around a lamb about to be sacrificed. Name this master altarpiece of Jan Van Eyck.

Ghent

In one text, this figure asks his companion whether he saw in the underworld "him who had one son," "him who had two sons," and "him who had seven sons." In another work, that figure cuts down 300 wooden poles in order to cross the waters of death, having mistakenly killed the Stone Things that would have ferried him across. This son of the goddess Ninsun sought the plant of immortality from Utnapishtim after his closest friend passes away. That friend earlier accompanies him to the Cedar Forest to slay the giant Humbaba. For 10 points, name this companion of Enkidu and king of Uruk, the hero of a namesake Akkadian epic.

Gilgamesh

This bodily pathway is initiated by the action of a hexokinase but only continues after the action of phosphofructokinase, which is allosterically regulated by ATP to avoid overproduction. This reaction will occur independently of the presence of oxygen. This reaction has a net gain of 2 ATP molecules because even though 4 new ATP molecules are made, 2 ATP molecules are expended to start this reaction. What is this pathway that forms two pyruvate molecules for every one glucose molecule, the first step in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

In Helsinki, a member of this politician's administration described one policy as "every country decides on its own which road to take." This politician ran for one office as an independent in 1996 and also met with one world leader at the ​Höfði​ House in Reykjavik, though the successes of that summit were limited by the Strategic​ Defense Initiative. According to this politician, "what we need is Star Peace and not Star Wars," and his tenure saw the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan. This politician's policies of governmental transparency and political reform were known as glasnost and perestroika. Name this last leader of the Soviet Union.

Gorbachev

At the end of a work by this man, a strawberry-shaped birthmark miraculously vanishes from a preacher's cheek. In that novel, Sarah leaves Maurice Bendrix when a V-1 rocket destroys his flat. One of this man's characters meets the beautiful Phuong at a dance at the Arc-en-Ciel. In that work, Alden Pyle is killed in a plot involving the journalist Thomas Fowler. One of his characters learns Morse Code from Coral Fellows and looks for his daughter Brigida; that work is set in a state where religion is illegal and sees the mestizo betray the "whiskey priest" to the Lieutenant. For 10 points, name this author of The End of the Affair, The Quiet American, and The Power and the Glory.

Greene

The shortest-lived of these people served only two years before uttering the words "Baba Bakale" and dying of smallpox. A book organized according to musical modes begins with a prayer written by one of these people, called the Japji. That book was finished in the Gurmukhi language by one of these people who commanded a group of followers to wear an iron bracelet and cotton undergarment, carry a comb and a dagger, and not cut their hair. One of these people created the Khalsa and gave this status to the book Adi Granth Sahib. Gobind Singh was one of—for 10 points—what spiritual leaders of Sikhism?

Gurus

Sean Wright's Enter the Lion inspired two novels about a man with this last name by Kareem Abdul Jabbar and Anna Waterhouse. In one story, a character with this surname who earlier co-founded the Diogenes Club helps track down the Bruce-Partington Plans. A character with this last name was resurrected in "The Adventure of the Empty House" after public dismay with his apparent death at the Reichenbach Falls in "The Final Problem"; That character began working alongside a veteran of the Second Anglo-Afghan War following his move to 221B Baker Street. For 10 points, give this last name shared by Mycroft and Sherlock in the detective stories of Arthur Conan Doyle.

Holmes

One of these animals steps on a snake in a sculpture located in Senate Square by Étienne-Maurice Falconet. Two funerary monuments created by Paolo Uccello prominently feature these animals. A Roman statue pairing Marcus Aurelius with one of these creatures inspired Donatello to depict Erasmo da Narni atop one of these animals in the sculpture Gattamelata. Frederic Remington depicted a bronze cowboy struggling to hang onto one of these animals in Bronco Buster. For 10 points, name these hoofed creatures that are depicted being ridden in equestrian statues

Horses

An author from this country wrote a novel whose unnamed protagonist describes Mahood, who has no limbs and lives in a jar, and which ends with the phrase "You must go on. I can't go on. I'll go on." That author from this country wrote a play in which Nagg and Nell have no legs and are confined to live in trash cans; that play is Endgame. The protagonist of a novel from this country is shaken by a sermon about hell given by Father Arnall. In a novel set in this country on June 16, Leopold Bloom encounters Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist of its author's earlier Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. For 10 points, name this home of Samuel Beckett and James Joyce

Ireland

This philosopher wrote a chapter whose title was later adopted by G.E. Moore for his "Refutation of Idealism." This philosopher conducted one deduction by contrasting "Axioms of intuition" with "Analogies of experience" and two other types of principles. This philosopher updated Aristotle by deriving twelve categories in a book that contrasts phenomena with the noumenon, or the "thing in itself." This man distinguished between analytic and synthetic propositions in order to prove that synthetic a priori truths are possible. This man's moral philosophy centers on the categorical imperative. For 10 points, name this German philosopher who wrote Critique of Pure Reason

Kant

This man's sister Anne married future Supreme Court Justice Roger Taney, and in 1833, this man was appointed Attorney General. This man was temporarily imprisoned aboard the HMS Tonnant during the War of 1812, and while there, he wrote a poem that was set to the tune "To Anacreon in Heaven." That poem by this man was inspired by the bombing of Fort McHenry . Identify this man who wrote "The Star Spangled Banner."

Key

At the end of one story by this author, a character sings a version of the hymn "The Son of God Goes Forth to War" before being taken to an asylum and dying of sun·stroke. Earlier in that story by this author, Peachey Carnehan described how he and Daniel Dravot had gained power in Kafiristan. In a novel, this author wrote about an attempt to find the River of the Arrow, which is helped by an Irish orphan living in India. This author of "The Man Who Would Be King" and Kim also wrote a book in which Bagheera and Baloo help a pack of wolves raise a human named Mowgli. Name this author of The Jungle Book.

Kipling

This scientist used a guinea pig in his experiments to demonstrate that respiration was a slow form of combustion. He completed that experiment using a very early form of an ice calorimeter he had built with Pierre-Simon Laplace. This scientist abandoned the idea that there were four elements of nature and created a new chemical classification system of 55 compounds. This scientist helped disprove phlogiston theory in favor of the existence of oxygen. Name this "father of modern chemistry" who helped discover the law of the conservation of mass.

Lavoisier

In a four-line poem by this writer, the narrator lifts his head to see the moon, then lowers his head because he misses home. Another poem by this writer ends with the line "When my song was over, all my senses had gone." In that poem, the speaker has no labors or cares, spending the day drinking wine. This author of "Quiet Night Thought" and "Waking from Drunkenness on a Spring Day" wrote "Departing from Baidi in the Morning" shortly after being pardoned during the An Lushan rebellion. Name this Tang dynasty poet who was the subject of several poems written by his friend Du Fu.

Li

At the end of this novel, two Japanese government officials interview the protagonist in a hospital. After temporarily going blind, a Frenchman tries to eat a character in this novel. Meerkats live on a carnivorous island in this novel, whose title character practices Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. That character moves from Pondicherry to Canada with zoo animals owned by his father. Near its end, Richard Parker disappears into the jungle after a lifeboat washes up on the shore of Mexico. For 10 points, name this Yann Martel novel about an Indian boy stranded on a boat with a tiger.

Life of Pi

In one novel by this author, the title character believes that the boy Mit-sah is a god, and he stops a fight when several boys attack Mit-sah. This author portrayed that title character working for Grey Beaver, Beauty Smith, and Weedon Scott. The protagonist of another novel by this author starts out at Judge Miller's place in the Santa Clara Valley. This author wrote about that protagonist attacking a man in a sweater while being shipped to Dawson in Canada, and that protagonist was named Buck. Name this American author who used the Klondike Gold Rush as the setting for his novels White Fang and The Call of the Wild.

London

This queen turned down an offer of increased power from Lord Danby. This queen took power with the Declaration of Right, and her lady-in-waiting Elizabeth Villiers was supposedly her husband's only mistress while in power. Due to worries about the influence of Sarah Churchill on her sister, this queen was the first to have the Duke of Marlborough dismissed. The English Bill of Rights was adopted under this queen after her husband won that Battle of the Boyne. This sister of Queen Anne took power in the Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, name this daughter of James II who ruled with her husband William III.

Mary II

In this city, a woman ran seven times between two small hills called Safa and Marwah before her child kicked the ground and water came out. In this city, people throw stones at a pillar at the Jamaraat Bridge in the neighborhood of Mina. The Zamzam Well is in this city. A house of worship in this city is believed to have been built by Abraham and Ishmael. A black and gold curtain called the Kiswah covers a building in this city in which a black stone is embedded in a wall, the Kaaba. Name this most sacred city in Islam, the destination of the pilgrimage called the hajj.

Mecca

When the city of Absoros was infested with snakes, this figure confined them in her brother's tomb. This figure consummated her marriage in the cave of Macris to obtain protection from King Alcinous. On Crete, this figure removed the nail from the vein of the bronze giant Talos, causing him to bleed to death. This figure's gift of a poisoned robe caused Creusa to burst into flames. After sending that gift, this woman murdered her children and flew away in a dragon-pulled chariot provided by her grandfather Helios. This princess of Colchis assists a man in obtaining the Golden Fleece. For 10 points, name this enchantress, the wife of Jason.

Medea

S. pombe lacks a structure once thought to be key to this process. That structure consists of parallel lateral elements bound to central elements by transverse filaments. During the pachytene stage of this process, bivalents form. During this process, the synaptonemal [["sin-app-toe-nee-mul"]] complex forms. In females, this process results in the formation of three polar bodies. The formation of chiasmata in this process precedes crossing over. This process consists of two sequential cell divisions which halves the number of chromosomes. For 10 points, name this process that produces gametes in sexually reproductive organisms.

Meiosis

One indicator of severe cases of this condition is a rapidly-evolving petechial or purpuric rash. AIDS can be diagnosed based on the presence of the cryptococcal form of this condition, and HIV itself can cause an aseptic form. Like gonorrhea, one form of this condition is caused by bacteria of genus Neisseria. Patients with this condition typically present with a characteristic "stiff neck." This condition can be caused by bacteria or fungi, but is most commonly viral, and it is diagnosed via spinal tap. For 10 points, name this condition, the inflammation of the brain's protective membrane.

Meningitis

In this country's native language, "the beast" is the colloquial term for freight trains that are used as an illegal means of transportation. The governor of a state in this country accused its president of treating a January 2019 gasoline shortage as a "matter of publicity." A coalition led by the MORENA party won this country's most recent presidential elections, leading to the December 2018 inauguration of a man known by the initials AMLO. In January 2019, this country announced that it would offer fast-track visas to people who leave caravans crossing it on foot. For 10 points, name this country on whose border Donald Trump wants to build a wall

Mexico

This architect died before completing his Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library in Washington D.C. This architect created a three-story villa with a translucent onyx wall for Fritz and Grete Tugendhat which also contains his Brno Chairs. This architect designed a house in Plano, Illinois with floor-to-ceiling glass windows that rests on stilts. This last director of the Bauhaus collaborated with Philip Johnson on a building that allows for three window blind positions located on Park Avenue. For 10 points, name this International Style German architect of the Farnsworth House and the Seagram Building who is famous for the aphorism "less is more."

Mies van der Rohe

Robb Mitchell used one of this thinker's concepts to design a teaching technique involving "cyranoids." This thinker investigated the relationship between antisocial behavior and watching television and tested whether letters found by passersby would be mailed to the "Friends of the​ Nazi Party." Omaha residents' attempts to send mail to a Boston man led to this thinker's "six degrees of separation" theory. This developer of the small-world experiment led an experiment at Yale University in which participants were told to administer increasingly severe shocks to a "learner." Identify this psychologist whose namesake experiment tested obedience to authority.

Milgram

Karl Marx elaborated on his theory of non-alienated labor in a book criticizing a philosopher with this surname. That man who wrote The History of British India was the father of another philosopher with this surname who addressed the problem of stagnating technology in the economy in his Principles of Political Economy. With his wife Harriet Taylor, that philosopher with this surname argued for the enfranchisement of the title group of people in his book The Subjection of Women. A student of Jeremy Bentham with what surname advocated the use of the harm principle when judging speech in his book On Liberty?

Mill

One former leader in this industry was imprisoned for his role in the Upper Big Branch disaster, thus causing him to label himself a political prisoner of the Obama administration. The 2012 Marikana massacre ended a strike of workers in this industry in South Africa, where this activity takes place near the towns of Rustenburg and Kimberley in the Witwatersrand formation. The 2010 Copiapo Accident caused 33 Chilean workers in this industry to be trapped in an underground tunnel. For 10 points, name this industry concerned with extracting precious metals like gold and silver.

Mining

This organelle's function can be disrupted by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors resulting in lipodystrophy and lactic acidosis. This occurs due to the disruption of the beta oxidation and cellular respiration processes that are facilitated by this organelle. That disruption occurs when a drug mistakenly incorporates itself into this organelle's DNA, the existence of which supports the endosymbiotic theory that this organelle may have once lived as an independent organism. What is this organelle with an inner membrane called the "cristae" that serves as the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria

This national leader is opposed by the United Progressive Alliance, which will try to weaken his power in 2019 elections. During a July 2018 no-confidence debate, the leader of the UPA hugged this leader. This national leader was criticized by Thomas Isaac for rejecting an offer of 100 million dollars in aid from the United Arab Emirates during a massive 2018 flood in Kerala. This person gained power after his party did very well in 2014 elections for the Lok Sabha, which is his country's lower house of parliament. Name this former leader of Gujarat who led the BJP to power and is now the Prime Minister of India.

Modi

The word for "look-alike" in this author's native tongue originates from his adaptation of Plautus' play Amphitryon. The protagonist of a play by this author hires tutors for disciplines including fencing and philosophy. A character created by this author mocks a bailiff delivering their eviction note for being named "Loyal." The title man of that play by this author steals a box of incriminating letters. In that play by this author, Damis sees the title man seduce his sister Elmire, but is disbelieved until another attempt is seen from under a table by his father Orgon. For 10 points, name this 17th-century French playwright who wrote comedies like The Bourgeois Gentleman and Tartuffe.

Moliere

During larval development, a class in this phylum undergoes torsion, sometimes causing fouling. One member of this phylum exhibits the gill-and-siphon reflex; that organism, which was studied by Eric Kandel, is Aplysia californica. Members of one class in this phylum possess a rostrum, or two part beak; that class includes a venomous species named for its blue rings and is considered the most intelligent class of invertebrates. Members of this phylum possess tongue-like radulas and a mantle-secreted structure that is weakened by ocean acidification. Bivalves and cephalopods are part of, for 10 points, what shelled phylum including squids and snails?

Mollusca

The osphradium is a sensory organ in members of this phylum, and conchiolin is secreted by epithelial cells in members of this phylum to form the periostratum. They're not arthropods, but members of this phylum use hemocyanins to transport oxygen. A structure in members of this phylum consists of the​ odontophore and cuticula and is used for feeding. That structure is the ​radula. Members of this phylum can use their mantle cavity for breathing and movement, and they have a muscular foot. Cephalopods and bivalves are classes in this phylum. For Name this phylum including snails, mussels, and octopuses.

Mollusca

This artist experimented with passage in two depictions of a light blue ceramic jar in Still Life with Gingerpot. This artist's admiration for framing paintings in ovals can be seen in the subtle ovular shape of his Gray Tree. In later works, he substituted paper tape for paint, eventually leading him to tack large placards on his studio walls to cover flaws. He tilted canvases 45 degrees in his "lozenges," but used fewer diagonal lines than his contemporary Theo van Doesburg. For 10 points, name this De Stijl artist who often used rectangles of primary colors in paintings like Broadway Boogie-Woogie.

Mondrian

This country's sacred Tuul River passes through its Gorkhi-Terelj National Park before flowing through its capital. This country is home to the only known variety of horse that has never been domesticated, Przewalski's horse. Khalkha is the predominant dialect of this country's official language, whose native script is read vertically. This country lies north of an autonomous region known as "Inner [this country]." Yurts are a common form of housing among the nomads of this country, which shares the Gobi Desert with China. For 10 points, name this sparsely-populated Asian country with capital Ulaanbaatar.

Mongolia

A book about one of these people analyzes "stock phrases and self-invented cliches" that were used as well as adherence to Kant's categorical imperative. 32% of letters addressed to the "Friends" of this group of people were opened in Stanley Milgram's Lost Letter experiment. A book subtitled "A Report on the Banality of Evil" studied the trial of one of these people, who claimed to be simply doing his job. Identify these people, one of whom Hannah Arendt studied while at a trial in Jerusalem.

Nazis

This composition ends with an Allegro con fuoco E-minor movement and its third movement scherzo was inspired by indigenous peoples' celebrations. Neil Armstrong took a recording of this symphony to the moon while on Apollo 11. This symphony was completed in a building now called the Bily Clocks Museum which is located in Spillville, Iowa. A theme from this symphony was inspired by the William Arms Fisher spiritual, "Goin' Home." Identify this Ninth Symphony by Antonin Dvorak

New World Symphony

This was the home state of the Federalist Party's final presidential candidate, Rufus King, who lost to Monroe in the election of 1816. One colonial governor of this present-day state was William Cosby, who notably arrested journalist John Peter Zenger for libel. George Washington's first inauguration was held at this state's Federal Hall. In 1817, Governor DeWitt Clinton initiated construction on a canal through this state that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie. Name this state in which the Erie Canal connected the cities of Albany and Buffalo.

New York

In 1958, a finance minister in this country taxed alcohol, tobacco, and gasoline in what became known as the Black Budget. This country is home to the youngest female head of state in the world, 37-year old Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. Tribal boundaries in this country were altered in the early 19th century in a series of conflicts known as the Musket Wars. This country's indigenous people signed over control of the nation to the British with the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. Identify this southern hemisphere nation that is home to the Maori people.

New Zealand

California has banned some air purifiers which used this gas because it is a lung irritant, but this gas is sometimes used to purify water because it is better than chlorine at killing protozoans. The Chapman cycle describes the creation of this compound, while the reverse reaction is catalyzed by bromine and chlorine atoms. Though polar air usually has more of this compound than tropical air, in the 1980s scientists noticed that this compound was being depleted over Antarctica, a discovery that led to the Montreal Protocol decreasing the use of chloro·fluoro·carbons. This compound absorbs ultraviolet light in a layer in the stratosphere. Name this three-atom allotrope of oxygen.

Ozone

This musician performed on Jazz at Massey Hall playing a plastic Grafton instrument. This musician's trademark version of the blues consists of a series of ii-V chord progressions and was used to write his standards "Confirmation" and "Blues for Alice". This musician's contra·facts based on older jazz standards include his songs "Donna Lee" and "Ko-Ko". This musician is best known for leading other musicians in the development of the bebop style. New York City and Kansas City both have annual festivals named for this person. Name this jazz saxophonist who wrote "Ornithology" and who was nicknamed "Bird".

Parker

This deity once turned a guard to stone after he failed to keep a demon from entering another god's chambers. This deity was able to calm down that god when he was violent and performing his Tandava dance by performing the slower Lasya dance. This deity, a reincarnation of the deity Sati, created one god out of tumeric paste in order to guard her while she took a bath. Her two children once had a race around the world, but this goddess and her consort were instead walked around by the elephant-headed winner. That winner was Ganesh. Name this wife of Shiva, the Hindu goddess of love.

Parvati

Traditional songs sung on this holiday include "A Dir Hu" and "Chad Gadya." In a song associated with this holiday, people repeat, "It would have been enough." People who celebrate this holiday place ten drops of wine on their plates with a finger or small spoon. Before this holiday, adherents cleanse their homes of chametz. During this holiday, the youngest child traditionally asks, "Why is this night different from all other nights?" This holiday's English name is derived from the action that the Angel of Death did due to smears of lamb's blood. Name this Jewish holiday that celebrates the passage of the Jews out of Egypt.

Passover

In one work, a character says this ​author​'s will is held by "adamantine chains." In addition to "My Secret Book," this author wrote a "Letter to Posterity," included in his collection ​Seniles​. This author recounts spontaneously climbing a French mountain with his brother in one work, and he was inspired by Plutarch's Parallel Lives​ to describe figures like Romulus and Heracles, examples of the title​ Illustrious Men. Scipio Africanus plays a major role in this author's Africa, and he wrote 366 poems alternately titled as a "songbook" or a set of "scattered rhymes" dedicated to Laura. Name this Italian poet of the Renaissance, the author of Il Canzoniere.

Petrarch

Nicolas tells Nicky that the soldiers "don't like [him] either, my darling" in this writer's play ​One for the Road​. This writer of "memory plays" including ​A Kind of Alaska​ created a character who speaks of his love for Irish sunsets and police, and he also wrote a play which uses reverse chronology to explain the past of​ Jerry and Emma. In one work by this writer, Meg gives Stanley a toy drum before he tries to rape LuLu and is taken by Goldberg and McCann. Two characters in another of this writer's plays argue about the meaning of "light the kettle," but then Ben learns he must kill Gus. Name this British playwright behind The Birthday Party and The Dumb Waiter.

Pinter

One class within this phylum, homoscleromorpha, unusually has basement membranes. Members of this phylum use grey cells for immunity. These organisms use choanocytes to move food past microvilli, which absorb nutrients in the process of filter-feeding. These organisms use calcium-carbonate containing spicules for structural support, and their bodies contain a gelatinous matrix called a mesohyl. They lack symmetry and internal organs. For 10 points, name this phylum of simple sessile, aquatic organisms.

Porifera

HELLP syndrome exclusively affects people with this condition and people with this condition may be treated for the presence of bacteria in their urine even if asymptomatic. Elevated blood pressure and proteinuria comprise pre-eclampsia, a disorder that can afflict someone with this condition that if severe enough can cause this condition to become ectopic. Tested for by measuring hCG levels, what is this condition usually lasting three trimesters where a female is carrying a developing embryo or fetus in her uterus?

Pregnancy

A gigantic sea stack named for this shape is located 20 miles off Lord Howe Island. One of these shapes named for a Dutch explorer provides an alternate title for Puncak Jaya. A San Francisco skyscraper named for this shape once housed the Transamerica Corporation. This shape appears in the name of a model that uses back-to-back histograms to map the age and sex distribution of a population. One of these structures known as "El Castillo" is the center of the Mayan site of Chichen Itza. For 10 points, give this shape also taken by many Ancient Egyptian burial structures, including a "Great" one located at Giza

Pyramid

During this dynasty, an argument over the cost of bamboo poles led to a Muslim uprising in the Dungan Revolt. In this dynasty, households were divided into systems of eight banners maintained by the descendants of Nurhaci. A country's "Century of Humiliation" began after this dynasty was forced to sign a series of "unequal treaties." Its rule ended after the three year old emperor Puyi was forced to step down. The British fought two wars with this dynasty over opium. It came to power after Manchus overthrew the Ming in 1644. For 10 points, name this last ruling dynasty of China.

Qing

Error correction in these devices can use sign flip or bit flip codes. These devices use unitary operations to create reversible gates. The "size" of these devices are limited by decoherence, which occurs when their fundamental units interact with the environment. These devices can factor integers in linear time using an algorithm named for Peter Shor. These devices use fundamental units that can exist in a superposition of "zero" and "one" states. For 10 points, name these devices that use qubits to conduct calculations quickly.

Quantum computers

These numbers are used to calculate Bowley skew-ness. These numbers are sometimes called Tukey's hinges, and Tukey's method for identifying outliers adds or subtracts a value from some of these numbers. The second of these numbers equals the median of a set. The first of these numbers is the median of the numbers between the minimum and the median. The IQR is the difference between the third and first of these numbers. These numbers are part of the five-number summary, and they are indicated by the ends of the rectangles in a box plot. Name these numbers that divide a set into four equally-sized parts.

Quartiles

A so-called "thermometer" made of this substance induces the heat shock response in E. coli. Carl Woese proposed a pre-cellular "world" dominated by this substance. The discovery of this substance's interference with nematode genes earned Andrew Fire and Craig Mello the 2006 Nobel Prize. One form of this molecule is usually depicted as a cloverleaf, while another requires a 5′ cap, a poly-A tail, and the splicing of exons to be functional. This molecule serves as the genetic material for retroviruses. It contains the base uracil instead of thymine. Codons occur on the messenger form of this molecule. Name this single-stranded molecule that is complementary to DNA.

RNA

In one poem, this author describes how "you walked under an open window" when "a violin yielded itself to your hearing." Another poem describes a "Lament" who dons "pearls of grief" and "fine veils of suffering." In another poem by this author, the title figure "glisten[s] like a wild beast's fur" and "burst[s] like a star"; that poem's final stanza declares "you must change your life." A poem from his most famous collection asks "Have you remembered / Gaspara Stampa sufficiently yet?" and begins "Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the Angelic Orders?" For 10 points, name this German poet who wrote "Archaic Torso of Apollo" and The Duino Elegies.

Rilke

The first part of this work begins with 136 measures of a four-minute long E-flat major drone. In the last part of this work, a rope breaks without warning, and in an earlier part, dragon's blood allows the protagonist to read the dwarf Mime's thoughts. The "Death Curse" motif is first heard in this work following the theft of the helmet Tarnhelm. In this work, Waltraute begs Brunnhilde to return the title object which was crafted by Alberich. This work, which features the "Ride of the Valkyries," ends with the burning of Valhalla and includes over 170 leitmotifs. For 10 points, name this series of four operas including Götterdämmerung and Siegfried, by Richard Wagner.

Ring Cycle

The motion of these objects is governed by an equation named for Tsiolkovsky which takes into account these objects' significant decrease in mass as they move. Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine can be used as a propellant for these vehicles. These vehicles are often powered by hypergolic propellants such as a mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide and hydrazine, but they can also use liquid propellants with oxidizers like liquid oxygen. Saturn V is an example of what type of vehicle used to reach outer space?

Rocket

This sculptor responded to criticism of one of his pieces by creating a larger-than-life sculpture of Saint John the Baptist Preaching. This sculptor worked closely with a fellow sculptor he had an affair with, Camille Claudel. Three figures lean down and touch hands at the top of a large work by this sculptor that is based on the writings of Dante. This man was accused of casting from a live model for his piece The Age of Bronze, and his work The Kiss is adapted from part of his larger creation The Gates of Hell. Name this French sculptor of The Thinker.

Rodin

After learning of both Oliver's and this character's death, Aude dies of grief. This character gives an apple to a king that represents the crowns of every king on Earth. This figure is betrayed when his stepfather gives away his position to Marsilla's army. After finding Angelica's and Medoro's names carved into a tree, this character goes insane in a Ludovico Ariosto poem. In a poem titled for this figure, Ganelon is torn apart by horses after Pinabel is defeated. This wielder of Durendal calls for help by blowing his oliphant horn so hard that he bursts his temples. For 10 points, name this nephew of Charlemagne who dies at Roncevaux Pass in a French epic titled for his "Song."

Roland

This man remarked "if you had not plowed with my heifer, you would not have solved my riddle," before killing thirty men for their linen garments. That episode occurs after his lover gets him to divulge the meaning of "out of the eater something to eat, out of the strong, something sweet" - which the Philistines are at a loss to answer. After a disastrous first marriage attempt, this man destroys his enemies' crops with 300 burning foxes and kills 3000 more Philistines with the jawbone of an ass. For 10 points, name this extremely strong judge of Israel who was blinded and captured after Delilah cut his hair in his sleep.

Samson

A character in this novel is spotted kissing a lock of hair from a woman he met after she twisted her ankle while staying with her family in Barton Cottage. Mrs. Palmer introduces one character in this novel to Lucy Steele, who is holding Edward Ferrars in a loveless engagement. In this novel, John inherits Norland estate from Henry, where his spiteful wife Fanny sends away the sisters, Margaret, Elinor, and Marianne, the latter of whom marries Colonel Brandon. Identify this novel about the Dashwood sisters that was written by Jane Austen.

Sense and Sensibility

One poem by this writer ends "If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved." Another poem by this writer states "Love is not love which alters when it alteration finds." That phrase follows the sentence "Let me not to the marriage of true minds admit impediments." Those poems were published in this writer's collection that ends with "A Lover's Complaint", which in turn follows works addressed to the Dark Lady, including a poem beginning "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun." Name this poet who asked "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" in one of his many sonnets.

Shakespeare

A figure on this TV show is known for his use of demoralizing phrases such as referring to people as "the little cockroaches they are." That man was given the sarcastic nickname "Mr. Wonderful." Another man on this show, who was involved on this show in companies such as Twenty One Productions, is the current owner of the Dallas Mavericks. The most successful venture from this show is Scrub Daddy, which Lori Greiner bought a 20% stake in for $200,000. For 10 points, name this reality television show where companies pitch investment opportunities, whose stars include Barbara Corcoran, Kevin O'Leary, and Mark Cuban.

Shark Tank

The Mapuche people began making clothing accessories out of this material in the 18th and 19th centuries. This good was produced at Joachimsthal, which gives its name to Thalers made of this good. This good was produced with the aid of a different material found at Huancavelica. This good was brought from Acapulco on Manila galleons. The British pushed opium after finding it hard to buy tea due to Chinese hoarding of this good. This good was mined in modern-day Bolivia at Potosí. This was the less valuable of two goods whose influx caused the "price revolution," and it was used to make the original Spanish Dollars. For 10 points, name this precious metal.

Silver

This figure seduces his niece Tyro, who kills their children when she learns of his ruse to kill his brother Salmoneus. To solve his city's water shortage, this figure receives a spring from a river god in exchange for the information that his daughter Aegina is one of Zeus's lovers. This figure orders his wife to prepare his body without funeral rites such as placing a coin under his tongue; that wife, Merope, obeys, and Charon sends him back to the world of the living. In another of his ruses, this man tricks Thanatos into his own chains, preventing all living beings on earth from dying. For 10 points, name this crafty king of Corinth, condemned to push a boulder up a hill for all eternity.

Sisyphus

The acronym CLORPT can be used to remember the factors affecting the development of these materials, as per a state equation formulated by Hans Jenny. Edaphic endemics are organisms only found near one type of these materials. Components of these materials which are transported to different parts of them, sometimes forming cutans, are known as​ illuvium. These materials formed by pedogenesis have layers called horizons and, when scattered by the wind, is called loess. A major component of these materials is humus and consists of decayed organic matter. Name this material which can be sand, silt, or clay, and is colloquially called dirt.

Soil

This substance is described by the T value and the equation A = RKLSCP, called the RUSLE. Gelisols are one order of this substance, which are poorly drained when hydric. This substance can be described as platy, prismatic, columnar, or massive and is classified using a texture triangle. Leaching can occur in this substance, which has a type called loam and is divided into horizons. This substance includes humus and can undergo liquefaction during earthquakes. The pH of this substance can be indicated by the color of hydrangea flowers. For 10 points, name this combination of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter that plants grow on.

Soil

The Reynolds number is calculated by multiplying length times this scalar quantity and dividing by viscosity. The drag force is proportional to the square of this scalar quantity. Ratios of two values of this scalar quantity are used to calculate both the Mach number and, in a very different context, an index of refraction. An object's kinetic energy equals half its mass times the square of this quantity. This scalar is the magnitude of velocity. Name this quantity equal to distance traveled divided by time elapsed.

Speed

This celestial body's "Cool Loops" can be observed near the edges of this body and were studied by Foukal in 1976. This body's temperature over time is the subject of the theoretical "faint young" paradox. This star is believed to be the sibling of two stars in the Pavo and the Hercules Constellations. This G-type main sequence star's surface has areas darker than their surroundings which are called this body's namesake "spots." This body consists almost entirely of hydrogen and helium. Identify this celestial body around which all the planets orbit.

Sun

Legitimate examples of these events are often confused with outburst events from LBVs. One of these events typically follows photodisintegration-driven silicon burning processes, though the progenitor of those events must belong to Population III. These are the most energetic events during which the r and p processes occur. These events can proceed through pair-instability or core-collapse mechanisms. The type IA class of these events can occur when white dwarves accrete enough matter to exceed the Chandrasekhar limit. For 10 points, name these violent explosions observed in stars.

Supernova

The tolling of a funeral bell accompanies a heavy tuba motif in this work that begins E-flat D E-flat C. This work's third movement contains a theme from the same composer's unsuccessful Messe Solennelle. That movement, which ends with four timpani imitating thunder, calls for a cor anglais and offstage oboe to evoke an exchange between two shepherds. In this work, pizzicato notes follow a sforzando chord representing a beheading shortly after the clarinet plays the idée fixe. That movement in this work depicts a March to the Scaffold after a Witches' Sabbath. For 10 points, name this symphony chronicling the life of an opium-addled composer, by Hector Berlioz.

Symphonie Fantastique

Suffixing the equivalent of this letter to a verb in Georgian changes first- and second-person singular to plural. The feminine gender is typically formed with some version of this consonant in Semitic languages. In American Sign Language, this letter is signed as a fist with the thumb between the index and middle fingers. This is the first letter in the English digraph for dental fricatives. Every demonstrative pronoun in English begins with this letter. The voiced counterpart of this consonant is "d," which is also produced by putting the tongue just above the teeth. For 10 points, name this most common consonant in English, which is derived from the Semitic taw.

T

The Battle of Beshbalik was a devastating defeat for this dynasty, as was King Trisong Detsen's destruction of its capital. Both empires of the Gokturks were defeated during this dynasty, and Hou Junji conquered the Tarim Basin for this empire. A rebellion by nobles of this dynasty was crushed by its usurper, ​Empress Wu Zetian. The Battle of Talas River was an Abbasid victory against this empire, ending its domination of Central Asia. An Lushan, a general of this dynasty, rebelled against it and caused its emperor to flee from Chang'an. Succeeding the Sui dynasty, name this Chinese dynasty from 618 to 907, sometimes called a "golden age."

Tang

This work's protagonist rushes out of a dining room after sermonizing that ill humor is a crime. That character observes a woman cutting bread for her eight siblings, who later exclaims "Klopstock!" as they look out the window after a storm. This novel ends by relating that no priest attended the burial of a character under two linden trees, where he loved to read Homer and Ossian. That character requests a loan of two pistols "for a journey," heartbroken by his love interest's marriage to Albert. For 10 points, identify this Sturm und Drang novel centering around a young man who commits suicide over his love for Lotte, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

The Sorrows of Young Werther

The redrawing of this city's boundaries to disenfranchise African-Americans led to the 1960 Supreme Court case Gomillion v. Lightfoot. To provide training for World War II servicemen, Moton Field was established near this city. Peter Buxtun revealed the existence of a covert initiative in this city that claimed to be treating six hundred individuals for "bad blood"; that initiative was a forty year syphilis experiment carried out in collaboration with this city's historically black college. A group of African-American pilots who served in World War II were known as this city's "airmen." Name this Alabama city where Booker T. Washington founded a namesake "institute."

Tuskeegee

This man sponsored the creation of the first female-owned Wall Street brokerage firm by the Claflin sisters. William Walker stalled the operation of a Nicaraguan alternative to the Panama Canal run by this man's Accessory Transit Company. This man served as a business manager for Thomas Gibbons before clashing with Daniel Drew over use of the Hudson River. He ordered the construction of Manhattan's Grand Central Depot after consolidating a rail network that connected New York City and Chicago. "The Commodore" was the nickname of, for 10 points, what steamboat-turned-railroad tycoon who names a university in Nashville, Tennessee?

Vanderbilt

In this novel, one character's family wants him to marry a half-Jewish orphan named Miss Swartz. One character in this novel wraps green yarn around a man's arms while making a purse, and this novel includes the question, "Which of us is happy in this world?" The main character in this novel, which is framed by a puppet show, probably kills Jos for life insurance at its end. In this novel,​ Dobbin survives war but George Osborne dies just before the Battle of Waterloo after impregnating Amelia Sedley, a former student of Miss Pinkerton's Academy and a friend of the anti-heroine, Becky Sharp. Name this best-known novel by William Makepeace Thackeray.

Vanity Fair

A goddess of one of these features locked herself in a hut and set it on fire in order to prove to another god that his children were legitimate. One of these things was created after Magayon and her lover Panganoron were buried together in death. After the death of Izanami, Izanagi cut up his son Kagutsuchi to create eight of these features. A notable goddess of one of these features challenged the snow goddess Poliahu to a sled race on Mauna Kea, although in some legends she also fights her sister Namaka on Kilauea. Hephaestus and Pele govern over, for 10 points, what geological features that periodically erupt?

Volcanoes

A series of rebellions during this war were supported by Bishop John Morton, who was held at Brecon Castle and was able to coordinate with Margaret Beaufort and Elizabeth Woodville. That failed attempt to overthrow the king near the end of this war is now called Buckingham's Rebellion, and took place shortly after the death of Edward IV, who was victorious in this war's Battle of Tewkesbury. This war ended soon after the Battle of Bosworth Field, when Henry VII married Richard III's niece, Elizabeth of York. Name this 15th-century English war between the Houses of Lancaster and York, and named for their floral symbols.

War of the Roses

This man was aided by the Mingo chief Tanacharison at the Battle of Jumonville Glen and exclaimed "It's a fine fox chase my boys!" during the Battle of Princeton. This man declared that he had grown "almost blind in the service of my country" in a speech that ended the Newburgh Conspiracy, and he was the target of the Conway Cabal. This man led 13,000 militiamen to put down the Whiskey Rebellion. This man routed Johann Rall's Hessian mercenaries to win the Battle of Trenton, and he established a camp at Valley Forge. For 10 points, name this commander-in chief of the Continental Army and first U.S. president.

Washington

A prayer for this substance, or geshem, is the focal point of Shemini Atzeret. This substance is distributed using an aspergillum. In a modern Passover tradition, some of this substance is set aside for Miriam, corresponding to a similar offering for Elijah. Bread is dropped into this substance in tashlikh. The ritual of netilat yadayim uses this substance, which is contained in a mikvah. A ritual involving this substance is often celebrated around Epiphany. This substance is produced from Zamzam in Mecca. This substance is used in wudu before Islamic prayer. For 10 points, name this substance used to perform baptisms.

Water

This idea is the first thing that al-Ghazali accuses philosophers of being unable to prove in The Incoherence of the Philosophers. One argument for this idea was attacked in a thought experiment about a perfect island by Gaunilo. That argument for this idea focuses on the necessary properties of the greatest conceivable thing, and was put forth in the Proslogion by St. Anselm. Pascal's wager asserts that it is in people's best interests to hold this position. This position, which is asserted by the ontological argument, is supported by the analogy of the watchmaker. For 10 points, name this philosophical position stating that there is a higher being, rejected by atheists.

Existence of god

One species of this animal that has been introduced to California, Xenopus, threatens the unarmored three-spine stickleback with extinction. It is not a sheep, but this animal was the first vertebrate organism to be cloned. A gray crescent forms when this animal's eggs are fertilized. A chytrid fungus epidemic is decimating populations of this animal around the world. The African clawed species of this animal is used as a model organism in embryology. Most males of this animal produce mating calls using an extendable vocal sac. Natives of South America have long used the toxins secreted by the colorful poison-dart species of this animal. Name this group of long-legged, tailless amphibians that develop from juvenile tadpoles.

Frogs

In this novel, the Eldorado Expedition sets out to explore the central region but all of their donkeys die. One central character of this novel had painted an image of a blindfolded woman holding a torch, perhaps representing his Black mistress. In one scene in this novel, a steam whistle scares away spearmen attacking a boat. The depiction of natives in this novel was called racist by Chinua Achebe in "An Image of Africa." The protagonist of this novel lies to the Intended about "The horror! The horror!" being the last words of the ivory trader Kurtz. Name this novel about Charles Marlow's journey through the Congo, by Joseph Conrad.

Heart of Darkness

This element bonded to hydrogen forms the strongest known acid as measured by proton affinity. All four decay chains produce this element. On Earth, this element is mainly produced by the decay of thorium and uranium. Below its lambda point, this element has infinite thermal conductivity and forms a superfluid that creeps up the sides of containers. The nucleus of this element is identical to an alpha particle. This element is the second-most abundant element in the universe and is formed by the fusion of two hydrogen atoms. Name this second element on the periodic table.

Helium

Bourdon tubes, which are designed to measure pressure, are responsive to this law. Cauchy expanded upon this law in order to ensure that it can be applied in multidimensional space. This law is used to determine frequency if friction and mass are neglected and this law is no longer valid if a material goes past its elastic limit. This law states that the restoring force is equal to the negative product of a stiffness constant, denoted "k", and displacement. Identify this law named for an English scientist which governs springs.

Hooke's Law

Electrons are modeled as these substances in the free electron model. These substances have a compressibility factor of 1 and a per molecule average kinetic energy of three-halves times Boltzmann's constant times temperature. Monatomic ones have an adiabatic index of five-thirds. These substances undergo only elastic collisions and their particles have negligible volume. These substances experience no interparticle forces, unlike their "real" counterparts. For 10 points, name these substances which obey the relation PV = nRT, according to a namesake law.

Ideal gas

Some tests distinguish between two versions of this concept theorized by Raymond Cattell: crystallized and fluid. In addition to the specific s factor, Charles Spearman proposed the general g factor in a two-factor theory of this concept. Musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, and verbal-linguistic are among the multiple types of this concept that Howard Gardner proposed. The Binet-Simon Scale was used to measure this concept and was adopted by Lewis Terman into the Stanford-Binet test for it. This quantity is often measured using a "quotient" whose average value is set at 100. Name this ability to learn and understand.

Intelligence

The 1833 ascension of a ruler of this name to the throne provoked the Carlist Wars. Another ruler with this name conspired with Roger Mortimer to depose her husband Edward II and was nicknamed the "She-Wolf of France." A third ruler with this name issued the Alhambra Decrees, expelling Jews from her country, and conquered the Moorish kingdom of Granada, ending the Reconquista and leading to the unification of Spain. For 10 points, give this name of a queen from Castile who sponsored Christopher Columbus' voyages with her husband Ferdinand.

Isabella

Adherents of this religion celebrate a day of silence and meditation called Mauna Agaryas. In this religion, objects belong to a dravya and adherents to this religion believe that reality is made up of seven or nine tattvas. According to this religion, after death, the soul is reincarnated into one of​ four kingdoms: celestial, human, animal or plant, and infernal. Monks and nuns in this religion may wear mouth covers and carry brooms with them. The adherents of this religion believe in a series of 24 tirthankaras. Name this religion whose adherents practice ahimsa and whose founder was the Mahavira.

Jainism

An artist from this country who creates paintings by punching canvases with gloves dipped in ink was the subject of the documentary Cutie and the Boxer. Another artist from this country sold $2 mirrored spheres at the 1966 Vienna Biennale. This country is home to the founder of the Superflat movement who designed the artwork for Kanye West's album Graduation. One artist from this country is known for her obsession with polka dots and filled rooms with mirrors to create her Infinity Rooms. For 10 points, name this home country of the manga-inspired Takashi Murakami and Yayoi Kusama.

Japan

This person successfully sailed through the Symplegades by using Phineas's advice to release a dove and see if it came back safely. This man was the son of the rightful king of Iolcus and went on a voyage to take the throne from Pelias. This man's most famous journey involved retrieving an object owned by King Aeëtes of Colchis by sowing the teeth of a dragon and yoking fire-breathing oxen. This man's wife killed her brother Absyrtus to distract her father, allowing this man and Medea to escape onto the Argo, whose crew he led. Name this person who led the quest for the golden fleece.

Jason

In the epilogue of this book, 153 fish are caught. In one episode from this book which takes place at the Pool of Siloam, a man is cured of blindness, and one figure in this book is told, "Here is your mother." In this book, one apostle denies being Elijah. Chapter 11, verse 35 of this book, which features seven​ signs including the healing of a paralytic, is the shortest Biblical verse, which reads, "Jesus wept." This book declares, "God so loved the world, that he gave his one and only son," and it opens, "In the beginning was the Word." Name this last Gospel which comes after Matthew, Mark, and Luke

John

While working under Eugen Bleuler at a schizophrenia hospital, this man developed his concept of a "feeling-toned complex" after conducting his "word association" experiment. One concept developed by this man describes events with no causal connection that seem meaningfully related. He identified the "eternal child" and "wise old man" as shadow archetypes, a term he also used to describe the animus and anima in his theory of the collective unconscious. His description of the Electra complex built off of the ideas of his former mentor Sigmund Freud. For 10 points, identify this Swiss founder of analytical psychology.

Jung

In one story by this author, a man is given a pair of rusty scissors by a group of animals that later devour a camel while being whipped. In another story by this author of "Jackals and Arabs," a character is instantly teleported after receiving a team of horses from the Groom. In addition to "A Country Doctor," this man wrote a story where Grete plays the violin for three bearded boarders. That work's protagonist tries to save a gilt-framed picture of a woman in furs and becomes paralyzed after his father throws an apple into his back. For 10 points name this Czech-German author who wrote about Gregor Samsa's transformation into a giant insect in "the Metamorphosis."

Kafka

One character created by this author gets his name from a bullet wound on his cheek and delivers the title account of how he began imitating human speech. In addition to that story about Red Peter, "A Report to an Academy," this author wrote a story in which a torture apparatus inscribes criminals with their crime. In a novella by this author, a spread of rotting fruit, cheese, and nuts is brought to the protagonist after he cannot stomach milk. In that novella by this author, Gregor scares guests with his sudden transformation into a giant bug. Identify this author of "In the Penal Colony" and The Metamorphosis.

Kafka

The casting of Fanny Salvini-Donatelli as this operatic character elicited scorn due to the singer's age and weight. This character says goodbye to past happy dreams in the aria "Addio del passato" as she reads a letter from her lover's father. In the aria "Questa donna conoscete," this character's ex-lover denounces her and throws gambling winnings at her feet; at that party, Baron Douphol refuses to give a toast. Giorgio demands this character to end her relationship with his son to save his daughter's engagement. This character asks Alfredo to always love her before dying of tuberculosis. For 10 points, name this character, the title "fallen woman" in an opera by Giuseppe Verdi.

La Traviata

In what is now this country, there was once an empire known as the Kingdom of a Million Elephants Under the White Parasol. The architectural styles in this country's city of Luang Phabang were strongly influenced by French colonialism. The Plain of Jars in this country is an archaeological site containing numerous Iron Age artifacts. The Mekong River forms this country's border with Thailand, while the Annamite Mountain Range traverses this country's eastern border with Vietnam. Name this small southeast Asian country whose capital is Vientiane.

Laos

In a story by this author, Elizabeth visits the Rigleys to discover that her husband died of asphyxiation in a coal mine. In another story by this author, Paul dies of brain fever after picking Malabar to win the Derby. The protagonist of a work by this author of "Odour of Chrysanthemums" rejects Miriam and Clara Dawes and gives his mother Gertrude a lethal dose of morphine. This author discussed the relationship between Constance Reid and the gamekeeper Oliver Mellors following Clifford's paralysis. For 10 points, name this author of "The Rocking-Horse Winner," Sons and Lovers, and Lady Chatterley's Lover

Lawrence

African-Americans with this trait were supported by Barbara Smith's Combahee River Collective in the 1970s. A musical uses a "ring of keys" as a metaphor for this trait, which allows a woman to relate to her antique-loving father before he commits suicide. Rubyfruit Jungle author Rita Mae Brown reclaimed Betty Friedan's term for people with this trait, the "lavender menace." Alison Bechdel's graphic novel Fun Home describes her realization that she possessed this trait. People with this trait often characterize themselves as "femme" or "butch." For 10 points, name this trait exemplified by women who love women.

Lesbianism

This vector quantity is crossed with a particle's velocity times the particle's charge to find the Lorentz force. This quantity's divergence is zero according to Gauss' law if monopoles don't exist. The line integral of this vector field around a loop is proportional to the current inside it, according to Ampere's Law. Name this field measured in teslas that affects iron.

Magnetic

This author began a four-novel collection by writing "Deep is the well of the past. Should we not call it bottomless?" Though that collection begins with a section describing a lone tree and named for Ishtar, it is about Joseph and his brothers from the Bible. Another book by this author is about an author who considers travel a "hygienic necessity" and begins with the fictional author taking a walk in Munich. When that author learns of a cholera epidemic, he hopes that it kills everybody but Tadeusz. Name this 20th-century German author who wrote about Gustav von Aschenbach in Death in Venice.

Mann

An early democratic response to this event was led by Jules Brunet and called the Republic of Ezo. The motto of this event was a two word phrase that means "Rich Country, Strong Army". This event led to the end of the han system governing land ownership. A military victory over Russia 37 years after this event was used to vindicate it. Rudolf von Gneist helped write a constitution during this period, which began with the publishing of the Charter Oath. This event was partly precipitated by an American fleet under Matthew Perry. Name this reform movement in Japan that returned power to the emperor.

Meiji

Following this country's July 2018 election, its legislature went from having over 100 more men than women to having only 11 more men than women. Claudia Sheinbaum is becoming the Head of Government of the Federal District, which is equivalent to being the mayor of this country's capital. The MORENA Party won this country's election with a candidate who had lost elections while running with the PRD; that victory meant Andrés Manuel López replaced Enrique Peña Nieto as this country's president. Name this country which has had disagreements with President Trump over a border wall.

Mexico

In this state's most recent gubernatorial election, an Indian-American immigrant spent 10 million dollars of his own money to take third place in the Democratic primary behind public health official Abdul El-Sayed. This state's outgoing governor declined to endorse the man who beat his lieutenant governor, Brian Calley, in the primary. In November 2018, Debbie Stabenow retained her Senate seat in this state, which elected the first Palestinian-American woman to the House. Rashida Tlaib is a freshman representative from—for 10 points—what state in which Gretchen Whitmer succeeded Rick Snyder in the governor's mansion in Lansing?

Michigan

One of this country's cities contains the busiest marketplace in Africa, a square called the Jemaa el-Fnaa. A mosque in this country, which was designed by Michel Pinseau, has the highest minaret in the world and was constructed by its former king Hassan II, a member of its ruling Alaouite Dynasty. This country's city of Marrakech is found north of the Atlas Mountains, and it claims control over the disputed region of Western Sahara. Name this North African country, home to Casablanca, that is located directly south of Spain.

Morrocco

In one novel by this author, a boy looks at a picture of his sister wearing a "red floral-print one-piece" and himself wearing "some baggy old blue trunks" while they stand on the beach long ago. In that novel, this author also tells the story of a person who becomes friends with a truck driver who learns to speak with cats. In another novel by this author, Tengo is told to work on the manuscript Air Chrysalis. In that novel, the Dowager pays Aomame to kill abusive men. Name this contemporary Japanese author of Kafka on the Shore and 1Q84.

Murakami

This leader threatened to invade Greece after a general was murdered while surveying the Albanian-Greek border during the Corfu Incident. This leader of the Republic of Salo was rescued by Otto Skorzeny in the Gran Sasso Raid. His rise to power was aided by the Acerbo Law. This man was hanged from meathooks, along with his mistress Clara Petacci . This man recognized the independence of Vatican City when he signed the Lateran Treaty with Pius XI. Victor Emmanuel III was unable to prevent his man from taking power following the March on Rome with his Blackshirts. For 10 points, name this fascist leader of Italy during the World War II.

Mussolini

Nicomachus's theorem shows how to generate all perfect cubes using consecutive values of these numbers, starting with the first one, then the next two, then the next three, etc. A graph has an Eulerian circuit if only zero or two of its vertices' degrees are this type of number. If you add the first n positive numbers of this type, the result is 𝑛 to the 2nd power. Every prime number except the smallest prime is this type of number. Give this term for a number that is not divisible by 2.

Odd

Within a given field, this letter with a superscript of one defines a line with a point at infinity. A type of series named for this letter takes the form of "the infinite sum of 'n raised to a negative integer'" and converges when that integer is greater than or equal to two. When this letter precedes a variable in parentheses, it denotes the probability that an event will occur. In geometry, a value symbolized by this letter equals the sum of the side lengths of a polygon. For 10 points, name this letter of the alphabet used to represent perimeter.

P

This country's "Vladi‐videos" scandal led to the chief of its intelligence service being imprisoned in a facility of his own design. During the 1990s its state‐sponsored Grupo Colina death squad targeted the Marxist Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and the Maoist Shining Path. The ethnically Japanese president Alberto Fujimori won a 1990 election against author Mario Vargas Llosa in what Andean country?

Peru

This country's current (As of 2019) constitution replaced Proclamation Number Three, and some people from this country joined the BUDC during the Hukbalahap peasant insurgency. A movement in this non-U.S. country is sometimes named for yellow ribbons displayed after one leader of the LABAN party in this country returned from self-exile in 1983 and was assassinated at an​ airport. In this country, after the surrender of the fortress of Corregidor, thousands of troops went on a "death march" through Baatan. In this country, Corazon Aquino led the People Power Revolution to replace Ferdinand Marcos. Name this Southeast Asian island nation with capital at Manila.

Phillipines

In 2018, Chinese scientists used quantum entanglement to code 18 qubits onto six of these particles. A dark form of this particle is hypothesized to be a force carrier that can interact with dark matter as part of a fifth fundamental force. The close relationship between these particles and W and Z bosons was established with electroweak unification. These particles can cause electrons to increase in energy level, and they are created when electrons decrease energy levels. Name these carriers of the electromagnetic force that are also the most basic units of light.

Photons

In a novel, the skull of one of these animals is placed underneath a flag beside a gun in the presence of Minimus. One of these animals describes his mother teaching him a song with a tune somewhere between "Clementine" and "La Cucaracha." A fictional animal of this type dons a bowler hat after winning the Battle of the Windmill and begins to sing the hymn "Beasts of England." At the end of one novel, these animals are found to be "more equal" than the others and become indistinguishable from Mr. Jones. For 10 points, name this type of animal exemplified by Squealer, Snowball, and Napoleon in George Orwell's Animal Farm.

Pigs

One infectious agent that can cause this disease was formerly name P. carinii prior to being renamed P. jirovecii after it was discovered to be a human-specific pathogen. This disease can be sub-classified as hospital-acquired, community-acquired, or viral depending on presentation prior to diagnosis. Atypical organisms, H. influenza, and a namesake streptococcus species are the most common agents that cause this infection that results in lung inflammation.

Pneumonia

A man complained that this position's "moments of ecstasy would be ransomed by years of torment and hatred". Arthur Schlesinger argued that the modern form of this position had become "imperial". One candidate for this position faced questions about his eligibility because he was born in the Panama Canal Zone. Because she was born in Czechoslovakia, Madeleine Albright was never selected as a designated survivor to replace the holder of this position. The first person to hold this position without being directly elected to it was John Tyler. Name this position that has only been resigned once: by Richard Nixon.

President

This quantity tends to be high where the Hadley and Ferrel cells border each other, and it tends to be low where the Ferrel and Polar cells border each other. This quantity tends to be high at 30∘ north or south, explaining the horse latitudes, which are also characterized by low precipitation. One way to measure this quantity uses an aneroid cell and uses the same principle as instruments used to approximate altitude. This quantity can be measured in millimeters of mercury, pascals, or atmospheres. Name this quantity measured with a barometer.

Pressure

In one myth, this deity calls into existence eight Infinite Ones to support his granddaughter as she carries him into the heavens in the form of a cow. That event happens after this god pours beer mixed with red ochre over the land of Egypt in order to appease Sekhmet, whom he created from his eye. He's not Horus, but this god was often depicted with the head of a falcon. The serpent Apep tries to swallow this deity during his nightly journey through the underworld. Heliopolis was the cult center of, for 10 points, what ancient Egyptian sun god?

Ra

The languages Iyaric and Livalect are used by some members of this religion, which was preached by Joseph Hibbert. Grounation day and Coronation day celebrate one leader of this religion who visited some of its practitioners in 1966. Members of this religion adhere to the Ital diet and are organized into mansions including the Twelve Tribes of Israel and Bobo Ashanti. Haile Selassie is worshipped in what religion popular in Jamaica, whose practitioners regularly smoke ganja?

Rastafarianism

This faith's practitioners play drums during nyabinghi gatherings. This religion's concept of "livity" stresses righteous living, partially through adherence to a dietary system called I-Tal. A work by Robert Athlyi Rogers called the Holy Piby is one of this religion's sacred texts. In this religion, communities causing "downpression" are referred to as Babylon, in contrast with religious "Zion" communities. Adherents of this religion refer to God as "Jah" and venerate Haile Selassie. For 10 points, name this religion popular in Jamaica which values smoking ganja.

Rastafarianism

This composer made use of the then newly-invented lutheal in L'enfant et les sortileges and a work dedicated to Joseph Joachim's great niece, Jelly d'Aranyi. This composer of Tzigane dedicated a solo piano work to his teacher, Gabriel Faure, called Jeux d'eau. The English horn and piano conclude the "Adagio assai" second movement of a work that opens with a whip crack, this composer's Piano Concerto in G Major. Ida Rubinstein commissioned this composer's most famous work which was initially supposed to be a ballet; that work opens with a 3⁄4 ostinato rhythm. What French composer wrote Bolero?

Ravel

A type of rainbow that is more unusual than a secondary rainbow, and that intersects a regular rainbow at the horizon and has a higher arc, is named for this phenomenon. This phenomenon can be classified as specular or diffuse, the former of which occurs with smooth surfaces. This phenomenon does not occur at all at the polarization angle, which is also known as Brewster's angle. If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, then the "total internal" type of this phenomenon occurs instead of refraction. Name this phenomenon in which a wave bounces, as light does when it strikes a mirror.

Reflection

Hermann von Helmholtz built objects named for this phenomenon that were mostly round but had a hole on one side and a raised hole on the other, and which were used to break down musical sounds. This phenomenon occurs in an electrical circuit when frequency equals 1 over the square root of inductance times capacitance. The orbital form of this phenomenon explains why orbital periods of bodies orbiting the same object are in small-integer ratios. This phenomenon allows small driving forces to create large oscillations. Name this phenomenon in which an object vibrates at its natural frequency, often leading to large standing waves.

Resonance

This composer wrote an opera in which the title character wins his fortune by catching three golden fish and marries Volkhava in the realm of the Sea-King. Five cadenzas open the fourth movement of another piece by this composer of Sadko. Another work of his contains references to the Obikhod and is titled Russian Easter Festival Overture. The title character declares her love to Mizgir and dies at the end of his opera The Snow Maiden. "The Sea and Sinbad's Ship" is a movement from his Arabian Nights inspired suite Scheherazade. For 10 points, name this Russian Mighty Five composer of "The Flight of the Bumblebee."

Rimsky Korsakov

This artist painted a series of works that depicts a child born in a plant bulb and supported by two plowshares, which also depicts a stamping press inspired by the creation goddess Coatlicue. Another work by this artist features a woman holding up a yin yang symbol behind a self-portrait of the painter, who holds hands with a catrina wearing a feathered boa scarf. Other than Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park, this painter of the Detroit Industry Murals created a controversial portrait of Vladimir Lenin that led to its destruction by Nelson Rockefeller. For 10 points, name this Mexican painter of Man at the Crossroads.

Rivera

The title character of this novel says "If you come near the boat I'll shoot you through the head" when he escapes slavery and throws Moely overboard. Soon after that, another character in this book says "He eat me at one mouth" when told to kill a lion. That character, who is sold to a captain of a Portuguese ship, is Xury. Another character in this novel is joyfully reunited with his father after being taught to refer to the title character as "Master". In this novel, Friday helps the title character on a stranded island. Name this novel by Daniel Defoe.

Robinson Crusoe

A man wearing a yellow tie stands beside three sticks tied together in one work by this artist, and in another, three black-suited men decide to cancel an event due to rain. This artist, whose namesake museum is in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, painted a young boy and a woman praying in a ​restaurant in Saying Grace. A word scrawled on a wall provides the backdrop to this artist's depiction of a young girl being escorted down the street by military men, The Problem We All Live With. A man in a blue plaid shirt talks in a town meeting in this artist's Freedom of Speech. Name this American artist whose work for The Saturday Evening Post included The Four Freedoms.

Rockwell

A song about one these objects likely uses them as a metaphor for Emily West, a woman who legendarily slept with Santa Anna during the Battle of San Jacinto. The Cherokee widely distributed their namesake variety of these objects, a Georgia state symbol. An annual "Tournament" of these objects runs in​ Pasadena, California. A double-overtime Georgia win occurred in a horseshoe-shaped stadium named for these objects, which holds the oldest college football game called its "bowl." Name this U.S. national flower whose "water" is often used to flavor food, often given to loved ones on Valentine's Day.

Rose

A ballet from this country uses a series of fifteen timpani strokes to signal the death of a character. That ballet from this country includes the "Dance of the Knights" and features a famous balcony scene. The "Rose Adagio" is from another ballet from this country in which the title character pricks her finger on a spindle gifted to her by Carabosse which releases a curse of sleep. This country is home to the composer of Romeo and Juliet a composer who wrote a ballet in which Clara awakens with a crown in her hand following the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy." For 10 points, name this country in which Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker were written by Peter Tchaikovsky.

Russia

For this building, Etsuro Sotoo designed doors laid with aluminum plants and insects. This buildingʹs exterior contains a 4x4 magic square. Its four central pillars, which resemble trees, are set with jewel‐like stones representing the Four Evangelists. This building's austere Passion Facade was decorated by Josep Subirachs. Its Glory Facade and ten of its 18 planned towers are still under construction, which began in 1882. Name this Barcelona church designed by Antoni Gaudí.

Sagrada Familia

On this man's last day in office, he issued a controversial pardon to Esteban Nunez, the son of a longtime political ally. This man defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante and felllow Republican Tom McClintock to win his state's governorship in 2003 and in 2013 he discussed a presidential run despite not being born in the United States. This man's ex-wife Maria Shriver was the niece of John F. Kennedy. Identify this man succeeded by Jerry Brown as governor of California who may be best known for his role in the Terminator films.

Schwarzenegger

In C. elegans, this process is regulated by the XOL‐1 Switch protein. In Drosophila, it is regulated by alternative splicing of the Transformer mRNA. A feedforward loop of Sox9 is required by one form of this process. In reptiles, temperature‐dependent changes in the activity of aromatase govern this process. This process occurs when the SRY gene produces TDF, causing Wolffian ducts to form the vas deferens. Name this process by which a zygote becomes male or female.

Sex determination

The religious practices of these people were documented by Helmold of Bosau. It is believed that these people worshipped a deity whose name means "white god," who served as a contrast to a recorded deity whose name means "black god." The introduction of Christianity to these people resulted in a syncretic religion whose name means "double faith." The Primary Chronicle mentions how a leader of these people built a temple dedicated to gods like Perun and Dazhbog. Chernobog was a deity of these people, who also believed in a witch who lived in a hut with chicken legs. Baba Yaga appears in the folklore of —for 10 points—what Eastern European peoples?

Slavs

"Animal Spirits" which disturb this concept are compared to the nervous system in a book compiled as responses to Elisabeth of Bohemia. That book, which defines the first title concept as "perceptions" or functions of this concept, is entitled Passions of [it]. Descartes argued that the difference between humans and animals was that the latter lacked one of these constructs, which he hypothesized was near the pineal gland. What incorporeal construct is said to transmigrate through to different people according to Plato given its immortality?

Soul

This author created a suitor who tells his love interest that women are the weaker sex because they have smaller brains. In a work by this author, Iyaloja allows the protagonist to marry her son's fiancée; that protagonist is told a story about a death-bringing bird that is warded off by saying "Not I." In another play by this author, Lakunle refuses to pay a bride price, so Sidi becomes a wife in Baroka's harem. This author wrote about Simon Pilkings' failure to stop the suicide of Elesin Oba, who strangles himself with chains after seeing the body of his son Olunde. For 10 points, name this Nigerian author of The Lion and the Jewel and Death and the King's Horseman.

Soyinka

This value was measured by the Fizeau experiment, which appeared to support Fresnel's drag hypothesis. An object's Schwarzschild radius is inversely proportional to the square of this constant. The Lorentz factor is given as one minus velocity squared over this value squared, all to the power of negative one-half. An experiment used an interferometer to disprove the existence of luminiferous aether, a hypothetical medium in which this constant would differ from a vacuum; that experiment was the Michelson-Morley experiment. Energy is given as mass times this constant squared. For 10 points, name this constant, approximately equal to 300 million meters per second.

Speed of light

In one book about this man, the narrator wryly comments "God has his mysteries which none can fathom. You, perhaps, will be a king." This man's birth is foretold when his father meets a hunter/soothsayer while sitting under a silk-cotton tree. A "Hymn to the Bow" is composed when this character accidentally makes a bow by bending the massive iron rod that he uses to walk for the first time at the age of 7. This son of a "Buffalo Woman" is called a "lion child." At the Battle of Krina, this man defeats the sorcerer-king Soumaoro Kanté and takes the royal title of "mansa." Storytellers called griots tell the "Epic" of—for 10 points—what founder of the Mali Empire?

Sundiata

The Norrland terrain is mostly within this biome which contains krumholtz vegetation at its northern boundary. Acid-tolerant plants thrive in this biome's podzol, and many plant species in this biome are pioneers because of its high-intensity crown fires. In a notable phenomenon in this biome, ​Picea mariana cease to stand​ vertically and are thus called "drunken trees." Animals which live in this biome include wolverines, lynxes, and reindeer, and at the tree line, it meets the tundra. Name this chilly biome sometimes known as snow forest.

Taiga

The busy beaver function, which grows asymptotically faster than any computable function, gives the maximum number of steps taken by a certain device named for this mathematician. This mathematician co-names, with Church, a "thesis" about computable functions. A device named for this mathematician consists of a reader which reads an infinitely long tape divided into cells. Identify this British mathematician who invented an abstract "machine" capable of performing any computer algorithm, who is also known for breaking the German Enigma code.

Turing

The lines "Your presence is foreign, as strange to me as a thing" and "Who are you? Who are you?" are found in this collection's poem "Thinking, Tangling Shadows." One poem in this collection describes "the hour of departure, the hard cold hour which the night fastens to all the timetables" and opens with the line "The memory of you emerges from the night around me." This collection's penultimate poem opens with the narrator presenting "The night is starry and the stars are blue and shiver in the distance" as one of the "saddest lines" that he can "write tonight." Identify this collection of poems by Pablo Neruda.

Twenty Love Poems

Undine Spragg attempts to blend into New York City society in this author's novel The Custom of the Country. In another novel by this author, Lily Bart dies of a sleeping pill overdose. Another character created by this author attempts to cheat on his wife May Welland with his wife's cousin, Ellen Olenska. That character created by this author is Newland Archer. Identify this American author of The House of Mirth and The Age of Innocence.

Wharton

A music video for this song ends by interspersing images of a burning book with a librarian's broken glasses. The singer of this song notes he wants "to cure what's deep inside" and is "frightened of this thing that I've become." Another version of this song was released with a cover image of only a tweet; that music video replaces Rivers Cuomo with "Weird Al" Yankovic. The chorus of this song notes that "there's nothing that a hundred men or more could ever do." For 10 points, name this song originally performed by Toto and covered by Weezer, in which the singer says he will "bless the rains" in the title continent.

Africa

After suppressing a revolt in this city, Diocletian erected a 67 foot column that is now erroneously called Pompey's Pillar. The Neoplatonist scholar Hypatia was murdered in this city by a Christian mob. The official seat of the Coptic Church is in this city. Its citadel of Qaitbay stands on the former site of a lighthouse called the Pharos. A great library once existed in what coastal Egyptian city?

Alexandria

A Kehinde Wiley painting named for this location shows a camouflage-clad African man in front of red French drapery. A J.M.W. Turner painting set in this location uses an enormous black cloud to suggest the title Snow Storm. The names "Karolus Magnus" and "Hannibal" are inscribed on rocks in the lower left of another painting set in this geographical formation. A cannon appears in the background of that painting, which shows a yellow cloak billowing around the namesake French general. Jacques-Louis David painted an equestrian portrait of Napoleon crossing, for 10 points, what mountain range that runs through France and Italy?

Alps

A poem about this conflict exclaims "green by the graves where her martyrs are lying!" In another poem set in this war, "meeting-house windows, blank and bare, / Gaze at [the title figure] with a spectral glare." "Embattled farmers" stand in another poem about this war, in which "their flag to April's breeze unfurled." The author of such poems as "The American Soldier" and "The Indian Burying Ground" was called the "poet of [this war]." A poem describing this conflict begins "listen my children and you will hear," and describes a hero who warns his countrymen that their enemies are coming by sea. For 10 points, "Concord Hymn" and "Paul Revere's Ride" are set in what war?

American Revolution

In this region, Antu, Kueyen, Melipal, and Yepun are indigenously-derived names for the four components of the Very Large Telescope Array. Hills called lomas in this region receive most of their moisture from a moist fog called garúa. The climate of this region is created by the interaction of a high-pressure oceanic anticyclone with the Humboldt Current. This desert is dotted by nearly 200 ghost towns where nitrate was once mined, and control of its saltpeter reserves has been the source of border disputes between Bolivia and Chile. The Andes mountains border—for 10 points—what driest non-polar desert in the world?

Atacama

Ceremonial bora sites in the southeastern part of this country honor the creator god Baiame. In this country's mythology, spirit beings created songlines by walking across the land during creation. The indigenous people of this country believe that its land was shaped by the motion of the Wagyl, a deity that travels between watering holes in the form of a "Rainbow Serpent". This country's creation myths take place during a period known as the Dreamtime. For 10 points, the Aborigines of what country tell legends featuring animals like the kangaroo?

Australia

For the funeral of Johann Heinrich Ernesti, this composer wrote a motet whose title translates as "The Spirit gives aid to our weakness". Other motets attributed to this composer have been difficult to verify as his, though there are several others believed to be written by him in Leipzig. For Good Friday performances, this composer wrote both the Saint John Passion and Saint Matthew Passion. This composer's set of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys is The Well-Tempered Clavier. Name this German Baroque composer of the Goldberg Variations and Brandenburg Concertos.

Bach

In this city, a certain object created by Mary Pickersgill was interpreted as an insult to British forces. It's not Charleston, but what are often considered the first deaths of the Civil War occurred in this city during the Pratt Street Riots. Robert Ross died at one battle in this city which featured conflict at Hampstead Hill and North Point. In response to one​ imprisonment in this city, Chief Justice Taney ruled that only Congress may suspend habeas corpus in Ex parte Merryman. Part of a War of 1812 battle in this city at Fort McHenry inspired Francis Scott Key to write the lyrics for "The Star-Spangled Banner." Name this largest city in Maryland

Baltimore

By combining yttrium [IT-ree-um], indium, and manganese, Oregon State chemists created a new pigment of this color in 2009. Cesium produces this color in a flame test. A common methylene dye of this color is used to treat poisoning by cyanide, whose own name comes from a "Prussian" pigment of this color. Solutions of copper(II) ion have this color. The addition of cobalt turns porcelain and glass this color. This color occurs when litmus paper is exposed to a base. Name this color between green and indigo on the visible spectrum.

Blue

This action is omitted during a Janazah. This action must be performed after mistakes of forgetfulness, in the ritual of sahwi. This action is indicated by a keyhole-shaped symbol above the last verse of Sura 7 and about a dozen other verses of the Qur'an. This action names a division of the Qur'an larger than a verse but smaller than a sura. Performing this action before another person or idol is considered shirk. This action is performed at the end of each raka and it alternates with standing up during salat. Prayer rugs are required due to Islam's extensive use of—for 10 points—what action that, in Islam, involves placing your palms and forehead on the ground?

Bow

During a tour in this novel, half a dozen nurses set up bowls of roses and then are told to "set out the books." Soon after that, a character in this novel says "They'll be safe from books and botany all their lives." That statement, made after infants experience loud noises and mild electric shocks, occurs in this novel's Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, where the infants were all dressed in khaki because they were deltas. Part of this novel is set on the New Mexico Savage Reservation, which is home to people who were not mass-produced. Name this dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley.

Brave New World

This person is credited with ending the Warlord Era by conquering rural areas and expelling Soviet advisors in an operation called the Northern Expedition. This person promoted the New Life Movement while chairman of the National Government of China. While captured by subordinates in Xi'an in 1936, this person agreed to a united Chinese front against Japan. He began the so called "White Terror" while in exile, which enforced martial law and suppressed those he deemed in opposition to the Kuomintang. Name this nationalist Chinese leader who ruled the Republic of China from Taiwan after losing to Mao Zedong in 1949.

Chiang Kai Shek

A mythological ruler of this modern-day country defeated an enemy with a bronze bull's head and six arms. A ruler of this country allegedly constructed a "Meat Forest" island within a "Wine Pool". Another early ruler of this country came to power after developing a canal system to mitigate its Great Flood. The Investiture of the Gods fictionalizes some early rulers of this country, and its other mythological rulers included the "Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors." This country's ruler Yu the Great was a descendant of this country's Yellow Emperor. For 10 points, name this country whose Xia Dynasty is probably mythical.

China

A character in this play says "I, to the world, am like a drop of water that in the ocean seeks another drop." That character's mother, who does not appear until Act 5, is an abbess named Emilia. In this play, Angelo forces that character to accept a gold chain that was supposedly ordered. Later in this play, Angelo has another character arrested for not paying for that chain. This play ends with a conversation between two brothers named Dromio, who are the servants of two brothers named Antipholus. Name this play by Shakespeare involving a rivalry between Syracuse and Ephesus.

Comedy of Errors

The speculative form of this concept is inversely related to the interest rate according to the IS-LM model, where the equilibrium of the national income is one form of this quantity. The rent and substitution effects are accounted for the in the Marshallian form of this quantity, which doesn't assume that the level of utility for a good remains constant unlike the Hicksian form of this quantity. Net exports is subtracted from consumption, investment, and government spending when calculating the aggregate form of what quantity, contrasted in Say's law with supply?

Demand

The Department of Education and this other cabinet department were started under the Carter administration. One of this department's initiatives became the Human Genome Project. In 2009, this department gave a failed loan guarantee to Solyndra, responsibility for which was eventually taken by this department's secretary, who was a Nobel laureate. In 1994, this department's secretary Hazel O'Leary declassified documents giving information on human radiation experiments. This department oversees federal laboratories and nuclear weapons sites. Name this department created in response to the 1973 oil crisis.

Department of Energy

One type of synthetic-aperture radar uses this effect for beam-sharpening and is used by guided missiles. This effect caused by parent stars is measured in a technique to find extra·solar planets, a technique nicknamed the "wobble method". This effect causes spectral lines to broaden and is used to detect motion in ultrasounds. The relativistic form of this effect uses the quantity "speed of light plus velocity", end quantity, divided by the quantity "speed of light minus velocity". Name this effect that occurs when a wave source and observer are in relative motion, and that causes redshifts.

Doppler

This author wrote about a boy who hanged cats and was then beaten by Marfa's husband Grigory. In another novel by this author, one of the characters is first seen on a drinking binge and is later carried to his apartment after being fatally run over by a carriage. That character, Marmeladov, has a daughter on whom money is planted, and who is named Sonya. This author wrote about Ivan's anger at God and its impact on Smerdyakov, who kills Ivan's father. This author's most famous novel is about the aftermath of the main character murdering a pawnbroker. Name this Russian author who wrote The Brothers Karamazov and wrote about Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment

Dostoyevsky

Much of this person's wealth is believed to have come from his capture of a Spanish silver train at Nombre de Dios. Shortly after a failed attack against San Juan, Puerto Rico with John Hawkins, this person died of dysentery near Panama. After this person's greatest success in battle, he teamed up with John Norreys, but they were unable to press their advantage. The phrase "singeing the King of Spain's Beard" refers to this person's attack at Cádiz. Name this English admiral who circumnavigated the globe in the 1570s and who teamed up with Lord Charles Howard to defeat the Spanish Armada.

Drake

This value is the subject of Richardson's Theorem, and if the dot product of two vectors equals this value, they are considered to be orthogonal. This is the number of values in the Von Neumann cardinal assignment, and this is the cardinality of an empty set. This is the minimum number that the discriminant can equal to not give an imaginary value, and this value is also the additive identity. Identify this number which, along with 1, makes up the binary number system.

0

The existence of a class of these molecules, which include a "hammerhead" type, is used as evidence for the RNA world hypothesis. A constant denoted K-sub-m characterizes the kinetics of these molecules that are modeled by the Michaelis-Menten equation. HindIII and EcoRI are among the "restriction" types of them that cut DNA at specific sites. Pauling discovered that these molecules stabilize the transition state, allowing the activation energy of reactions to decrease. Name these proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions

Enzymes

A chapter that begins with this phrase describes a light not "comprehended" by darkness, clarifying that the author "was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light." A sentence that begins with this phrase follows it immediately with three references to the Logos. This phrase gives the name to par'sha Bereshit. A sentence that begins with this phrase describes a being that "was with God" and "was God," simply called the Word. The Gospel of John opens with a callback to this phrase, which is followed two lines later by "Let there be light." For 10 points, name this phrase that opens the Bible

In the beginning

In this colony, the Apalachee Indians were raided by members of the disastrous Narváez expedition. The Treaty of Moultrie Creek forced natives in this colony to move, angering Chief Osceola. The upper boundary of this colony was set by Pinckney's Treaty. James Monroe signed an 1819 agreement giving the United States control of this colony, called the Adams-Onís Treaty. Juan Ponce de León attempted to find a Fountain of Youth in this colony. The oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the U.S. is in its city of St. Augustine. For 10 points, name this colony where the Seminole Wars were fought.

Florida

A crater called Hun Kal was used as a point of reference for longitude on this celestial body. Urbain Le Verrier claimed this body's precession speed was affected by a non-existing celestial object dubbed Vulcan. The Caloris Basin crater stretches 800 miles in diameter across this body that was visited by Mariner 10. This planet has the smallest tilt and the largest orbital eccentricity of all the planets in the solar system. The longest day occurs on which planet that has the fastest orbit of any planet and is located closest to the sun?

Mercury

This state's Vermillion, Mesabi, and Cuyana Ranges were the site of a 19th century boom in the iron industry. Voyageurs National Park is located in the north of this state near its town of International Falls. With over 57,000 residents, this state is home the country's large Somali population. The Mayo Clinic is located in this state's city of Rochester and this state is also home to the Mall of America. This state's Lake Itasca is the source of the Mississippi River. Identify this state whose capital city of St. Paul is a "twin city" to nearby Minneapolis.

Minnesota

This leader made people from the eastern zone of his country wear blue and white scarves to make it easier to discriminate against them, and he ended all religious practices in his country. This leader classified people as base, candidates, and depositees; the depositees were treated worse than the others. Called "Brother Number One", this leader obtained power by toppling Lon Nol. The journalist Dith Pran used the phrase "killing fields" to describe areas under this leader where many people were buried alive or beaten to death. Name this 1970s communist dictator who led the Khmer Rouge in Kampuchea, which is now called Cambodia.

Pol Pot

This composer used waltz time for a tune that uses only the pitches E, B, and F-sharp in its first two phrases, which are identical. A C-major song by this composer begins with the three ascending notes: "E G-D" then descends through "C G- F" One of this composer's songs had its chords stripped away in a modal jazz version recorded just after Giant Steps by John Coltrane. This composer wrote "My Funny Valentine" with Lorenz Hart, and wrote a tune whose phrases each begin with the next note of a major scale for a song that puns on the names of the solfège syllables. This composer wrote "Edelweiss" and "My Favorite Things" for a musical based on Maria von Trapp's memoirs. For 10 points, who wrote The Sound of Music with Oscar Hammerstein?

Rodgers

This composer stacked C-major and F-sharp-major triads on top of each other in the music for a ballet set at the Shrovetide Fair. In that ballet, this composer wrote about a Charlatan who gives life to a Ballerina, a Moor, and the title character, whom the Ballerina rejects. That title character is a stock character in folk puppetry, typically depicted as a jester with a red dress and a long nose. Another ballet by this composer opens with a "Dance of the Adolescent Girls" and ends with a "Sacrificial Dance". Name this composer of Petrushka and The Rite of Spring.

Stravinsky

In this election, James Bayard played an important role by convincing his allies in Maryland and Vermont to cast blank ballots. As a result of this election, the first peaceful transition of power in American history was achieved. In his inaugural address, the winner of this election stated "we are all federalists, we are all republicans." This was the last election before the 12th Amendment was passed, which is why two running mates from the Democratic-Republican party finished in the top two. For 10 points, name this election where Alexander Hamilton decisively backed Thomas Jefferson to defeat Aaron Burr and succeed John Adams as president.

1800

The Chubut River flows through the southern end of this country, the smaller of the two nations whose border runs through the Iguazu Falls. The president of this nation resides in the Casa Rosada, or "Pink House." This country disputes Britain's control over the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. The southern portions of the Gran Chaco and Pampas regions are within this nation, which controls the eastern part of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. Name this South American nation whose capital is Buenos Aires.

Argentina

One of these two countries was required to drop the other from its official name as part of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Agents from one of these countries likely assassinated the dictator of the other, Engelbert Dollfuss, during the July Putsch. Mussolini positioned tanks at a certain border to prevent one of these countries from invading the other, but annexation still occurred in 1938. For 10 points, name these two countries that were united by Adolf Hitler under the Anschluss, which resulted in the joining of the governments of Vienna and Berlin.

Austria + Germany

Catherine of Siena was born at the beginning of this event, during which Clement VI unusually welcomed Jews to Avignon. Revolts like the Jacquerie were prompted by the labor shortage caused by this event. This event was exacerbated by a famine 30 years earlier, which had been caused by the onset of the Little Ice Age. Edward III was unable to follow up on the victories at Calais and Crécy due to this event. This event moved west thanks to Mongols catapulting corpses in warfare, and it was transmitted from Yersinia pestis-infected rats via fleas. Over a third of all Europeans died in—for 10 points—what 14th-century pandemic?

Black Death

In 1951, this leader published the autobiography The Reason for My Life. After this woman's death, Delia Parodi, led an all-female party named for this woman. This leader met her prospective husband at Luna Park stadium while attending a charity event. After this leader's husband's was re-elected, she was given the title "Spiritual Leader of the Nation." This leader appealed to the working class which were called "descamisados" for "shirtless ones." Identify this namesake of an Andrew Lloyd Webber musical who was the second wife of Juan Peron.

Eva Peron

This phenomenon is exhibited by a growth on the tongue of alligator snapping turtles. That animal, like the femme fatale firefly, exhibits the aggressive type of this phenomenon. A discovery of another type of this phenomenon was made by studying heliconians, which are distasteful to predators. This phenomenon often involves a warning coloration called aposematism. Name this phenomenon, often classified as Batesian or Müllerian ,in which organisms resemble one another.

Mimicry

A calculation from this experiment expected an object with a maximum size of 27 femtometers, but the actual size is about 7 femtometers. The outcome of this experiment was confirmed by Henry Moseley's study of X-ray spectra, leading to a reordering of the periodic table. This experiment used a fluorescent zinc sulfide screen and a target that was 4 hundred-thousandths of a centimeter thick. The result of this experiment was compared to firing a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and having the shell come back and hit you. The deflection of alpha particles in this experiment caused the rejection of Thomson's plum pudding model. Name this experiment that proved the existence of the atomic nucleus.

Gold foil experiment

During this century, the first "historical" source to discuss King Arthur was probably written by Nennius. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was first compiled in this century. A king in this century created a set of defensive forts called "burhs." The Venerable Bede died in the century before this one, and Offa of Mercia died five years before it began. In this century, the Danelaw was created by the first man traditionally called "King of the Anglo-Saxons," Alfred the Great. Just before this century began, the Vikings began to raid Northern Europe. For 10 points, name this century in which Charlemagne died.

9th

This substance's spontaneous reaction with cobalt is problematic because cobalt catalyzes of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, which produces it. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas are synthesized from this substance in its namesake gas shift reaction, and the product of the Ka of an acid and the Kb of its conjugate base is always equal to the equilibrium constant of the autoionization of this amphoteric substance. This substance attains its maximum density at 4 degrees Celsius, and its high polarity leads it to be called the "universal solvent." For 10 points, name this substance with chemical formula H2O.

Water

This composer created a ballet based on an Ansky play of the same name where Leah decides to marry the ghost of Khonnon entitled Dybbuk. An opera within an opera is performed in this man's composition A Quiet Place. A dog named "Pooks" is remembered in this man's Slava! A Political Overture. This composer used passages from the Book of Lamentations for his first symphony which is named for the prophet, Jeremiah. This composer is perhaps best known for a musical that includes the songs, "Gee, Officer Krupke," and "America." Identify this Jewish American composer of West Side Story.

Bernstein

This poet expresses a desire to be "gone up North, / gone out West, / gone!" in "One-Way Ticket." This poet called life "a barren field / frozen with snow" when one does not "hold fast" to the title things. This poet imagined a "tomorrow" in which "they'll see how beautiful I am / and be ashamed." The title objects of one of his poems are called "ancient as the world and older than the flow of blood in human veins." In that poem, this author of "I Too, Sing America" tells how he "bathed in the Euphrates" and "heard the singing of the Mississippi" and states "my soul has grown deep." "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" is by—for 10 points-what Harlem Renaissance poet?

Hughes

A utility function named for this man and L.J. Savage changes curvature depending on the income of the individual. His work A Theory of the Consumption Function explains how spending patterns are based on expected income throughout a person's life rather than income at a given time, his permanent income hypothesis. This man advocated a voucher system for education in one book. Along with Anna Schwartz, he argued that the Federal Reserve worsened the Great Depression in A Monetary History of the United States. For 10 points, name this author of Capitalism and Freedom who founded the monetarist Chicago School of economics.

Friedman

This leader won an election in which the leading candidate was accused of creating phony jobs in the "Penelopegate" scandal. This politician posed a series of policy questions and declared "this is how I intend to turn anger into solutions" in a 2,300-word open letter in January 2019. He sparred with Donald Trump by calling for the creation of a "true European army" during Trump's November 2018 visit to his country. This politician founded the centrist party En Marche! Since proposing a new fuel tax, he has endured the "yellow vests" protests. For 10 points, name this current (As of 2019) President of France.

Macron

This quantity is equal to the negative partial derivative with respect to volume of the Helmholtz free energy. The log of one form of this quantity is related to constants A, B, C, and temperature in the Antoine equation. Gas solubility is directly proportional to a type of this quantity. High values of one form of this quantity are found in volatile substances; that property is calculated for a solution using Raoult's Law. This quantity is held constant in any isobaric process, and this quantity times V equals nrt by the ideal gas law. For 10 points, name this quantity, measured in Pascals and defined as force per unit area.

Pressure

In one song in this language, the title woman, who "loves the guerrilla movement," cheats on her boyfriend with two of his comrades at a flag-swearing ceremony. A recent Billboard Top 10 song in this language features the French DJ Willy William and has a title translating as "my people." Bad Bunny and J. Balvin record music in this language. The genre of reggaeton was developed in this language, and includes a song in which Justin Bieber has a featured verse in which he talks about wooing a woman "a little slowly." For 10 points, name this language in which songs including "Macarena" and "Despacito" were recorded.

Spanish

Some Muslims believe that the central figure of this event, which is the last of the Sorrowful Mysteries of the Rosary, was switched with another. During this event, an earthquake tore apart the veil of a temple, while earlier, its central figure cried "Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani." Simon of Cyrene was asked to assist one man during this event, which took place on the hill Golgotha. The Good Thief was forgiven during what event, which is commemorated on Good Friday, and precedes the Resurrection?

Crucifixion

Athena punished this man for murdering his nephew Perix by placing a large scar on his right shoulder and this figure left a golden honeycomb at a shrine for Aphrodite. This man used an ant to help him solve a puzzle involving a string and a conch. This man conspired to kill King Minos for whom he had built the labyrinth to house the Minotaur. Identify this Greek inventor and father of Icarus.

Daedalus

This artist placed Shirley Temple's head on the Sphinx's body in one work, and he created red and white versions of his Lobster Telephone. This artist created a "Disintegration" of his most famous painting which features a "White Monster" and several melting clocks. Identify this Spanish Surrealist who painted The Persistence of Memory.

Dali

Russia gained control over shipping on this river after the signing of the 1829 Treaty of Adrianople. The island of Ada Kaleh was located in the center of this river before being submerged after the construction of Iron Gate, the largest hydroelectric dam in all of Europe. The construction of the Chain Bridge connected the cities of Buda and Pest, which lie on the shores of this river. This river also flows through the cities of Bratislava, Vienna, and Belgrade. Identify this European river that rises in the Black Forest before emptying into the Black Sea.

Danube

Michael Hennessey showed that these animals display lower levels of anxiety around humans than among members of their own species. In another experiment, these animals were placed in shuttle boxes and administered electric shocks to demonstrate learned helplessness in an experiment by Martin Seligman. Another psychologist studied what he called the "psychic secretions" of these animals and used their salivation to demonstrate classical conditioning. Name these animals for which Ivan Pavlov is known for experimenting on.

Dogs

A poem by this author imagines transforming into "one neutral thing" that "fits" both sexes. That poem by this author proposes "We'll build in sonnets pretty rooms" and opens "For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love." In another poem, he compares himself to "an usurp'd town to another due" and complains that he's "betrothed unto your enemy." Another of his poems calls "rest and sleep" mere "pictures" of the title thing, which he admits that "some have called" "Mighty and dreadful"; he counters: "thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men." "Batter my heart" is by—for 10 points—what author of Holy Sonnets like "Death, be not proud"?

Donne

Markovnikov's rule predicts the attachment of halogens to molecules containing this interaction. The imine and carbonyl functional groups display this interaction. It requires both a sigma component and a pi component. Isomers resulting from this interaction can be designated cis-trans. Dehydrogenation produces unsaturated fats containing at least one of these interactions. This interaction occurs in molecular oxygen. Name this type of bond that is the defining characteristic of an alkene.

Double bond

In this book, Zeresh's husband constructs a 50-cubit high pole on which he later impales himself. Bigthan and Teresh carried out an assassination attempt on a character in this book, whose title character was originally named Hadassah. That character, who replaces Vashti in Ahasuerus's court, was raised by Mordecai. In this book, Haman draws lots to select the 13th of Adar as the day that all Jews will be massacred. For 10 points, identify this Old Testament book whose female title character saves the Jews of Persia from execution, which is commonly read on Purim.

Esther

This hormone uses a GPR30 receptor and it is secreted by granulosa cells. This compound is antagonized by drugs such as raloxifene and tamoxifen, and it controls endometrial proliferations. The decline of this molecule causes menopause, and it contributed to bone strength and the development of female characteristics. Identify this female sex hormone, often contrasted with testosterone.

Estrogen

Henry Sidgwick outlines three approaches to this field including intuitionism in his book entitled The Method of [it]. An essay calls for a better understanding of the "psychology of philosophy" before formulating theories in this field; that essay by G.E.M. Anscombe helped popularize the virtue form of this field. A "geometrically demonstrated" book which espouses pantheism is titled for this field of study. In addition to that book by Baruch Spinoza, Aristotle proposed that humans strive for Eudaimonia in a book titled for this field dedicated to Nicomachus. Identify this field of philosophy concerned with determining right and wrong.

Ethics

One method created by this mathematician for approximating ordinary differential equations was improved upon by Runge and Kutta. This mathematician names a shape whose side lengths are all relatively prime that was called his "primitive brick." This mathematician identified pi squared divided by 6 as the solution to the Basel Problem. This mathematician stated that e raised to the quantity i times pi equals negative one in his namesake "identity." Identify this mathematician who is the namesake of the constant e.

Euler

This scientist created an experimental device to prove that table turning was simply due to the ideomotor phenomenon. This scientist related the amount of oxidized or reduced mass to the amount of total charge in his namesake "Law of Electrolysis." This scientist's namesake constant is the product of the electron charge and Avogadro's number. This scientist's Ice Pail Experiment led him to understand the need to expel outside magnetic fields through his namesake "cage." Identify this scientist who names the SI unit for capacitance.

Faraday

Adherents of the Bahá'i faith perform this action on the last 19 days of the Bahá'i year. Mormons may make an offering named for this practice when performing it on a month's first Sunday. In Judaism this action may be performed the day before Purim to commemorate Esther's performance of it. The pillar of sawm mandates Muslims do this during the month of Ramadan. Name this abstention from food and drink.

Fasting

In one work by this author, a military official must plan the funeral of a doctor who hanged himself, though the town wants to leave his body to rot. In one story by this author, Pelayo and Elisenda lock the title character in a chicken coop and sell 5 cent tickets to see him. In addition to Leaf Storm and "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings," this author wrote a novel in which the company of the butterfly-hunting Mr. Herbert massacres banana plantation workers, though Jose Arcadio's attempts to alert the town all fail. In that novel by this author, the scrolls of Melquiades record the lives of the Buendia family in Macondo. Identify this Colombian author of 100 Years of Solitude.

Garcia-Marquez

This period begins after the Atet travels past Mount Manu and ends after it passes Mount Bakhu. During this period, a figure is protected by the serpent Mehen. A 12-hour journey during this time period is depicted in the Amduat. After this period ends, the scarab headed Khepri emerges, replacing the aspect Atum. A creature born from an umbilical cord would be encountered during this time period, during which he would battle with Set. The Apep serpent attempts to destroy a god travelling in a barge through the underworld during this period, which ends with Ra's return to the east. For 10 points name this time period that ends with the return of the solar barge

Night

Edward Johnston is considered to be the father of the modern type of this art form, and wrote articles about it in the periodical The Imprint. Practitioners of this art form worked with painters and poets as one of the "Three Perfections", and this art form requires the use of "Four Treasures." An early example of this art form appeared in China on tortoise shells, while in Islamic art the naskh and kufic traditions are extremely prevalent due to religious sensitivities about figural depictions. For 10 points, name this art form that utilizes various scripts to write in an expressive and creative manner, traditionally with a brush and ink.

Calligraphy

This shape is formed if you draw a cube without depth perception so that your view is along a diagonal. Other than the truncated cube and truncated dodecahedron, all truncated Archimedean solids have faces with this shape. This is the fewest-sided regular polygon that isn't the face of any Platonic solid, and it is the most-sided regular polygon that can tessellate the plane. This polygon's longest diagonals divide it into equilateral triangles. Name this polygon whose internal angles measure 120 degrees and that has six sides.

Hexagon

The publisher Shig Murao proclaimed "Imagine being arrested for selling poetry!" after selling a collection named for this poem to an undercover cop. The arrest of Lawrence Ferlinghetti preceded an obscenity trial concerning this poem. This poem's first section describes "saintly motorcyclists" and "picture postcards of Atlantic City Hall" while its third section repeats "I'm with you in Rockland!" to Carl Solomon, to whom this poem is dedicated. This poem opens "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness." Identify this controversial poem by Allen Ginsberg.

Howl

A song about this event describes a place "where once we watched the small free birds fly" called "The Fields of Athenry." Lord John Russell took power during this event and pushed for devastating laissez-faire policies during it. A group who switched religions to gain relief from this event were known as the "Soupers." The worst year of this event was known as "Black 47." This event led to Robert Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws, and it led millions to escape by boarding "coffin ships" bound for the U.S. Name this event in which the destruction of a staple crop caused starvation in a Gaelic-speaking country

Irish Potato Famine

This man says he wishes his words could be "chiseled in stone forever" before declaring that "I know that my Redeemer liveth." God describes the creatures Leviathan and Behemoth to this man from within a storm. This man says that "naked I came from my mother's womb, and naked I will depart" shortly before he becomes afflicted with boils that he scratches with pieces of broken ceramic. This man's three friends Bildad, Eliphaz, and Zophar comfort him after his wealth, children, and health are taken away from him by Satan. Name this man who maintains his faith while being tested by God.

Job

Examples of this tissue in humans include the psoas and the iliacus, which are separate in the abdomen but joined together elsewhere. This body tissue has an M-line and an H-zone in its A-band, and its I-zone contains a Z-line. This tissue's activity is controlled by filaments of actin and myosin. One type of this tissue is classified as either skeletal or striated, and another type is smooth. Tendons connect this tissue to bones. Name this type of tissue that can contract to cause motion.

Muscle

A member of this minority group, economist Ilham Tohti, was imprisoned in 2014 on charges of separatism. Following a 2009 clash between members of this minority group and police, the city of Kashgar was turned into a Special Economic Zone. November 2018 reports indicated that the homes of these people were being occupied in the "Pair Up and Become Family" program. These people live in a region they call East Turkestan. Since 2014, as many as one million of them have been relocated to internment camps throughout the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. For 10 points, give the religion of the persecuted Uighur minority in China.

Muslim

This novel's title character kills himself due to financial issues, leaving the protagonist and her brother Ambrosch to work his farmland themselves. After moving to Lincoln, the narrator of this novel begins dating Lena Lingard. Jake Marpole first informs the narrator of this novel about the immigrant Shimerda family, who live in Black Hawk, Nebraska. Jim Burden narrates what Willa Cather novel?

My Antonia

The beginning of this occasion is celebrated with a group of eight psalms with other poems, named for its Kabbalic origins. On this occasion, the silent Amidah is followed by the summary Magen Avot. The injunctions shamor and zachor are given in a song that compares this occasion to a bride, called Lekhah dodi. This holiday is ended with spices and a braided candle in the Havdalah ceremony. The first three verses of Genesis 2 is recited as part of this holiday's kiddush. On the evening of this holiday, two loaves of braided challah bread are baked and two candles are lit. For 10 points, name this day of rest that Jews observe every Saturday

Shabbat

This artist painted Christine Spartali wearing a pink flower-patterned robe over a grey kimono in The Princess from the Land of Porcelain. This artist painted a series of portraits of Joanna Hiffernan in which she sits on a couch with another woman, holds a Japanese fan in front of a mirror, and stands on a bearskin rug. A profile view by this artist, showing a seated woman in black with her feet on a small platform and another painting in the background, is called Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1. Name this American artist of Symphony in White and a famous portrait of his mother.

Whistler

An ox-hide bag that contained gods of this domain was gifted to Odysseus. A god of this domain fought with Apollo over the nymph Hyacinth, who was ultimately decapitated by a discus. Two sons of a god of this domain chased the harpies away from Phineas during the Argonautika. Aeolus was the father of the gods of this domain. Boreas and Zephyrus were minor gods of this domain; there are four gods of this domain, one for each cardinal direction. Name this weather phenomenon, one of which blew Odysseus's crew back to Ithaca.

Wind

This man was supposedly conceived after his parents drank a mixture of milk and Haoma plant. Early followers of this man include his cousin Maidhyoimangha and King Vishtaspa. He is believed to have written the Gathas, which form the core of his faith's holy texts, the Avesta. Teaching that human life is a struggle between asha and druj, or truth and lies, he is often credited with preaching the first monotheistic religion. For 10 points, name this Persian prophet who described the conflict between the evil spirit Ahriman and the good spirit Ahura Mazda.

Zoroaster

One rebellion in this country that began on Ramadan was led by Yoruba slaves and was known as the Malê revolt. It's not Uruguay, but Giuseppe Garibaldi fought alongside a secessionist movement in this country during the Ragamuffin War. This country's first monarch declared its independence in the Cry of Ipiranga, and the Golden Law ended slavery in this country in 1888. This country's first monarch was Dom Pedro I, who declared its independence from Portugal. For 10 points, name this largest country in South America whose former capital was Rio de Janeiro.

Brazil

One author with this surname wrote "Why ask to know the date-- the clime?" in the final poem set on the island of Gondal. Due to rumors spread by Eliza, Helen Graham gives Gilbert Markham her diaries in a novel by an author with this surname. Hareton is taught how to read in a book by an author with this surname, who used the pseudonym Ellis Bell. That author with this surname wrote about the Linton family who live at Thrushcross Grange, where Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff spend time together. For 10 points, give this surname of the sisters Anne and Emily, the latter of whom wrote Wuthering Heights.

Bronte

This national leader gave political representation to six categories of urban inhabitants in the Charter of the Towns, which was released with the Charter to the Gentry. The report "Statute for the Education of the Youth of Both Sexes" led this leader to create Institutes for Noble Maidens such as the Smolny Institute. After the death of King Augustus III, this person helped Stanislaw Poniatowski become the king of Poland. To impress this leader, fake villages were built by Grigori Potemkin. Name this destroyer of Pugachev's Rebellion, who was believed to be a lover of Poniatowski and Potemkin, and who was an 18th century Russian tsarina.

Catherine the Great

This poet wrote the line "A little spark is followed by great flame", according to a translation by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. This poet ended that work by mentioning "The Love which moves the sun and the other stars." This poet described Cato the Younger as guarding a mountain in the Southern Hemisphere with seven terraces. This poet described himself meeting Matilda at the summit of that mountain, whose terraces represent the seven deadly sins. Matilda helps this poet reconcile with Beatrice, who becomes his guide after Virgil. Name this 14th-century Italian poet whose Divine Comedy has three sections: Purgatorio, Paradiso, and Inferno.

Dante

In a play by this author, a soon to be Catholic priest decides to marry after learning he is the last of his family, only to eventually help his fiancé Mary Braiser marry George Round. This man commented on artists like John Sergeant and Honoré Daumier in a book of essays on illustration entitled Picture and Text. This author of the play Guy Domville wrote a novel surrounding Christopher Newman's tour of Europe, as well as one in which Lambert Strether travels to Paris to retrieve Chad Newsome. Identify this American author of The American and The Ambassadors.

James

One man who served as Governor of this state attempted to avert the Civil War by crafting the Crittenden Compromise. This state's 12th Governor James Morehead is the namesake of a university in this state. Isaac Shelby was the first Governor of this state when it became the 15th US state in 1792. While campaigning in 2014, the current (As of 2019) Governor of this state caused controversy when he attended a rally that included a cockfighting match. Identify this state whose current Governor Matt Bevin challenged Mitch McConnell for a Senate seat in 2014.

Kentucky

In one work, this composer used the lyrics, "We would gladly stay with you! / Now that is denied to us by Fate," from the poem, "Now I see well, why with such dark flames." That aforementioned work includes five poems written by Friedrich Ruckert, and was titled Kindertotenlieder or Songs on the Death of Children. This composer called his ninth symphony The Song of the Earth, and he based another work off of the hymn, "Veni Creator Spiritus." What German composer's eighth symphony is called the Symphony of a Thousand?

Mahler

One character in this novel goes to midget auto races after being told that he can become the mayor of Denver or the greatest poet since Rimbaud. In this novel, that character has an affair with Camille while ending his marriage with Marylou. Several characters in this novel take benzedrine, including Bull and Jane Lee. The real-life person Neal Cassady was the basis for this novel's Dean Moriarty, while the character of Carlo Marx was based on Allen Ginsberg. Name this novel set largely during trips across the United States, written by Jack Kerouac.

On The Road

Religious fanatics called juramentados terrorized this country by conducting suicide attacks. Three large bells were used to mark the start of the Balangiga massacre in this country. An American military officer gained fame by crossing the Bagbag and Pampanga Rivers in this country under heavy fire. Macabebe scouts in this country pretended to capture Frederick Funston before collaborating with him to capture Emilio Aguinaldo. After leaving this country, General Douglas MacArthur declared "I shall return", a promise he kept. Name this island nation that ended Japanese occupation in 1945 with the Battle of Manila

Philippines

A university in this city has ethnically-themed Nationality Rooms in its 535-foot-tall Cathedral of Learning. This city is home to a set of bridges called the Three Sisters, named for Roberto Clemente, Rachel Carson, and Andy Warhol. Residents of this city use the second-person plural pronoun "yinz." A park known as The Point is located where the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers meet in this city, where Heinz is headquartered. Andrew Carnegie helped start this city's massive pre-war steel industry. For 10 points, name this city, which, after Philadelphia, is the largest city in Pennsylvania.

Pittsburgh

An essay collection entitled Consequences of [this philosophical movement] was written by a thinker who promulgated the "neo-" form of it through his theory of representation. That man, Richard Rorty, was inspired by another thinker from this school of thought who wrote about the divide between immature and adult members of society in his book Democracy and Education. The "cash value" theory of truth is expounded upon in a book named for what philosophical school, whose thinkers included John Dewey and William James?

Pragmatism

The court case Hawke v. Smith challenged the validity of this policy, which was weakened by the Cullen-Harrison Act. The Maine Law expanded this policy in the 1850s, and Wayne Wheeler founded an organization promoting it. Frances Willard advocated for this policy by creating the WCTU. Carrie Nation used a hatchet to support this cause, and the Volstead Act enforced this policy until the 1933 passage of the 21st Amendment. The Anti-Saloon League backed, for 10 points, what policy that banned the sale of alcohol?

Prohibition

According to a Tweet from one figure, this politician said of Hillary Clinton, "One must be able to lose with dignity." After meeting with this politician, Halbe Zijlstra was replaced in March 2018 as Dutch Foreign Affairs Minister. This politician's supporters shouted, "Krym nash," after one of his actions in 2014. In 2005, this politician ​stole Robert Kraft's Super Bowl ring. A landmass shaped like Florida was targeted in a recent presentation by this politician about his country's military, which claimed American defenses would be "useless" against his new nuclear weapons. Name this alleged meddler in U.S. elections, the current President of the Russian Federation (As of 2019).

Putin

This law has been generalized in a model that looks for K-values in DECHEMA. This law is expanded to non-ideal solutions through its coefficients of activity and fugacity. This law applies the van't Hoff factor in a variation of this law that is used for electrolytes. This rule is broken by substances which cannot be separated by distillation called azeotropes. A French scientist names what law which states that vapor pressure is equal to the product of the sum of individual pressures and the mole fraction?

Raoult's Law

In 1985, this man controversially brought charges against civil rights organizer Al Turner for improper handling of absentee ballots. This man cited the New Testament to defend the Trump administration's family separation policy, and was the subject of a letter written by Coretta Scott King opposed to his nomination as a District Judge. This man was the first senator to endorse Donald Trump's candidacy for president, though Trump was reportedly angered by this man's recusal from Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation. Following this man's resignation, Matthew Whitaker was appointed to take his old post. For 10 points, name this former Alabama senator and former Attorney General

Sessions

A very short poetry collection by this writer describes "A Substance In A Cushion" and "A Carafe, That Is A Blind Glass". That collection is Tender Buttons. One book by this author describes the process of getting this author's book The Making of Americans published, long after describing this writer's time at Radcliffe College. In Everybody's Autobiography, this author described a neighborhood in Oakland with the phrase "There is no there there." This person also wrote the line "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose." Name this person who wrote about herself and her life partner in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas.

Stein

Scientists have recently identified mountain chains in this object's Xanadu region. This object's atmosphere has both a higher percentage of nitrogen and a higher pressure than Earth's atmosphere. Its nitrogen-isotope ratio matches that of comets in the Oort Cloud. Like Earth, this body has stable surface liquid, though this body uses a methane cycle. This body is larger than Rhea and Iapetus, which orbit the same planet as this moon. This moon is slightly smaller than Ganymede, making it the second largest moon in our solar system. Name this largest moon of Saturn.

Titan

Stationary states of the Morse potential exhibit this kind of motion. Non-linear molecules have "3-N minus 6" modes of this kind of motion, while linear molecules have "3-N minus 5". The energy of this kind motion is measured with a wavenumber that falls between 500 and 4000 inverse centimeters. Types of this process include rocking, wagging, and asymmetric stretching. This process is observed for molecules in infrared spectroscopy. Degrees of freedom are composed of translation, rotation, and this type of motion. Objects undergo this type of motion to produce uniform sound waves. For 10 points, name this type of motion in which atoms oscillate with high frequency.

Vibrations

A chlorinated form of this compound was used with ethylene diamine by Ferdinand Munz to synthesize EDTA. Industrially, this compound is now produced through carbonylation of methanol using an iridium catalyst in the Cativa process, which replaced the rhodium-catalyzed Monsanto process. The glacial form of this compound was initially thought to be separate from its dilute form until they were proven to be the same by Pierre Adet. This acid has one more carbon than formic acid. Human metabolism of alcohol results in the conjugate base of this acid. What chemical compound has formula CH3COOH and is found in vinegar?

Acetic

One member of this family issued three Papal bulls known as the Bulls of Donation that granted overseas territories to Spain and Portugal. Another member of this family hired fifty prostitutes to perform at an event that was dubbed the Banquet of the Chestnuts. That member of this family, Cesare, was the inspiration for Machiavelli's The Prince. Pope Alexander VI and his daughter Lucrezia were members of what Renaissance family that rivaled the Sforzas and Medicis.

Borgia

Frank Tipler hypothesized that this type of shape could be used for time travel, but that only works if this shape had infinite size and/or negative energy. Toric lenses, used to correct astigmatism, incorporate a component named for this shape along with their spherical component. Archimedes calculated the volume of a sphere by subtracting the volume of a cone from the volume of this kind of shape. Planar slices of this shape can be parallelograms, ellipses, or—if the slice is parallel to the base—circles. This shape's surface area can be found by adding the base areas to the area of a rectangle formed by "unrolling" it. Name this shape whose volume equals its height times the area of either of its two circular bases.

Cylinder

Alvin Plantinga's book titled for God, Freedom, and this concept put forward his "free will defense" for its existence. Droughts, famine, and forest fires are examples of the "natural" type of this concept, contrasted with its "moral" type, which is caused directly by the actions of people. St. Augustine's "privation theory" of this concept is one attempt at a theodicy, which tries to solve the "problem of" this concept. It's not sin or death, but Augustine believes that it came into the world as a result of the original disobedience of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. For 10 points, name this ethical concept that is often contrasted with good.

Evil

In this city, a pseudonymous author named Anthony Benezet wrote demanding the use of African-American nurses. One major event in this city began at the Arch Street Wharf. Bishop Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church in this city. It's not Boston, but one man associated with this city published several works as Mrs. Silence Dogood and invented a namesake stove. Benjamin Rush was a politician and doctor in this city, where he helped combat a 1793 yellow fever epidemic. The Olive Branch Petition was drafted in this city as part of the Second Continental Congress. Name this city home to Benjamin Franklin and the Liberty Bell.

Philadelphia

A major male character in this novel is described as a "selfish heavy dragoon" because of the way he treated his aunt's helpers, leading this novel's author to state "Praise everybody" and "Never be squeamish." This novel ends with "Ah! Vanitas Vanitatum! which of us is happy in this world?" before declaring "Our play is played out." Near the end of this novel, it is suggested that one of the protagonists killed her second husband, Jos. The title of this novel is based on an occurrence arranged by Beelzebub and Apollyon in John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Amelia Sedley and Becky Sharp appear in what novel by William Makepeace Thackeray?

Vanity Fair

A set of "syllabics" used to write languages from this country was formalized by James Evans. The longest river in this country is sometimes referred to as Deh-Cho, which is its name in the Slavey language. The name of the Gaspé Peninsula in this country derives from a word in Mi'kmaq, and the Slavey people are the namesakes of its deepest lake. This country's Algonquian languages include Cree, which supplies the name of this country's Lake Athabasca. Farther north, Inuktitut is spoken its territory of Nunavut. For 10 points, name this country in which French is widely spoken in Québec.

Canada

In 1961, the KKK attacked the Freedom Riders at a Greyhound bus station in this city. This city is home to Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, where Martin Luther King Jr. served as a pastor. This city was the endpoint of a 1965 march that protested Governor George Wallace and started in the city of Selma. Identify this Alabama city where a bus boycott occurred following an incident with Rosa Parks.

Montgomery

A radio mast named for this city was the world's tallest structure until collapsing in 1991. It is home to an art deco‐like Palace of Culture and Science. A memorial in this city shows some men escaping a collapsing building represented by huge granite prisms, while others enter a manhole. Its Castle Square is home to a column named for Sigismund III Vasa, who moved his capital to this city on the Vistula. A 1943 Jewish ghetto uprising occurred in what capital of Poland?

Warsaw

The British Freedom of Information Act became law during this leader's premiership. This leader struck the so‐called Granita Pact in 1994 with the man who would succeed him. The Good Friday Agreement advanced the Northern Ireland peace process during this man's second year as prime minister. Gordon Brown succeeded what "New Labour" leader who, with George W. Bush, initiated the War in Iraq?

Blair

The Holidays with Pay Act was passed under this man. As Chancellor, this man advocated for the "Imperial Preference" policy of his father, Joseph. This man used Walter Runciman and the Earl of Halifax to negotiate with men such as Konstantin von Neurath, and he signed one agreement on September 30, which​ Slovaks refer to as a diktat. This man resigned after a disastrous invasion of Norway and was attacked in the book The Gathering Storm for his policy of appeasement. Name this British prime minister who infamously declared "peace in our time" after surrendering Czechoslovakian territory to Hitler, the predecessor to Winston Churchill.

Chamberlain

In an 1822 book analyzing this physical process, Joseph Fourier introduced Fourier series, and argued that this process is governed by a diffusion equation. Microscopic collisions carry energy from hot to cold regions in this process, which is how we know an ice cube is cold when we touch it. Name this form of heat transport that is contrasted with radiation and convection.

Conduction

A 1992 paper showed that this process occurs faster in poorer countries, modified a model of it to consider human capital, and was written by Greg Mankiw, David Romer, and David Weil. High debt levels inhibit this process, according to a 2010 paper by Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff that had errors in its Excel data. Capital accumulation, population increase, and technological progress are factors in the exogenous Solow model of what process in which an economy's GDP rises?

Growth

In this technique, molecules sometimes lose a gamma‐hydrogen to their carbonyl group, thus undergoing beta cleavage. Top‐down and bottom‐up proteomics incorporate the tandem form of this technique. Gentle methods to prepare a sample for this procedure include MALDI and electrospray ionization. In this process, equal intensity peaks separated by two units can indicate the presence of bromine. Name this form of spectrometry that gives the ratio of the namesake quantity to charge.

Mass spectrometry

Before an invasion by Argos, this king led a group of mercenaries who plundered the tombs at Aegae. This king died in battle against Antigonus II of Macedon after an old woman threw a tile at him. After this leader of the Mossolians bested Publius Decius Mus, he supposedly remarked that "one more such victory" would undo him. The name of what king of Epirus inspired a term meaning a very costly victory?

Pyrrhus

One character in this play thanks his friend for sending a custard to his sick mother. The "Varsouviana" is a recurring song in this play, because one woman once heard it at the Moon Lake Casino with Allan Grey. The costume jewelry of one character in this play causes her brother-in-law to cite the Napoleonic code. That brother-in-law later throws a​ radio out a window in this play featuring a "Blue Piano." A character in this play who loses Belle Reve later says she has "always depended on the kindness of strangers" before being institutionalized. Name this play set in New Orleans about Stanley and Stella Kowalski and Blanche DuBois, a work of Tennessee Williams.

Streetcar Named Desire

In a poem titled for this activity's "sad lexicon," Franklin P. Adams discusses the "saddest of all possible words." Jack Keefe recounts his experiences in this activity in Ring Lardner's novel You Know Me Al. In a poem, we are told that "The band is playing somewhere and somewhere hearts are light" as the title character strands Blake and Flynn by failing in this activity. Jay Gatsby's friend Meyer Wolfsheim supposedly placed bets on this activity after fixing its result. Sad poetry is written in green ink on an object used for this activity by Holden Caulfield. For 10 points, name this activity referenced in "Casey at the Bat."

Baseball

The Seventh Ring Road was completed in this city in December of 2016. A common expression states that there are too many stone lions on a bridge in this city to count; that is the Marco Polo Bridge. A second airport planned for this city will be located in its Daxing district. This city will host the 2022 Winter Olympics, making it the first city to host both a Winter and a Summer Olympics, having hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics. This city is also home to the Forbidden City and Tiananmen Square. For 10 points, name this capital city of China.

Beijing

This philosopher claimed that a hedonist constantly searching for new pleasures will realize that they all become boring in the end. This philosopher describes feeling like a chess piece that can't be moved in a collection of aphorisms called "Diapsalmata," which also asks "what is a poet?" This philosopher published six books in 1843 and five in 1844, including a massive two-part book that contrasts the aesthetic and ethical approaches of the personas "A" and "Judge Vilhelm." This man originated the idea of the "leap of faith" and used dozens of pseudonyms like Johannes Climacus. For 10 points, name this Danish philosopher who wrote Either/Or and Fear and Trembling

Kierkegaard

The protagonist of one novel by this author is tasked with killing abusive men while in an alternate universe in the same year. In that novel by this author, Tengo is tasked with re-writing a manuscript written by a teen who grew up in a cult. In addition to writing 1Q84, this author wrote about Toru searching for his missing cat and wife in The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle, and about the title run-away teen confronting the maniacal Johnnie Walker in Kafka on the Shore. Identify this Japanese surrealist author.

Murakami

A zoologist from John Hopkins University was the only expert allowed to participate in this event by John T. Raulston. A violation of the Butler Act led to this event, during which a heated exchange concerning the story of Adam and Eve was had between William Jennings Bryan and defense attorney Clarence Darrow. Name this 1925 trial of a substitute high school teacher for teaching evolution.

Scopes trial

This school of philosophy attributed a seminal principle, or logos spermatikos, to matter capable of generating new matter. This school's idea that the universe is cyclically destroyed by fire is known as "ekpyrosis" and was put forth by a disciple of Cleanthes. Another philosopher from this school had his Discourses transcribed by Arrian. That man, Epictetus, described how to control one's ability to give assent to impressions, or "prohairesis", to remain unaffected by "things indifferent." Zeno of Citium founded, for 10 points, what Ancient Greek philosophical school, taken up by Romans like Marcus Aurelius, that lends its name to an adjective meaning "impassive?"

Stoicism

A solution used for this purpose is made by combining di·sodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium chloride. A solution used for this purpose in gel electrophoresis is called TAE. The study of carbonic acid in this type of solution led to the development of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. In blood, this purpose is served by carbonic acid and the bi·carbonate ion. This type of solution can be made by mixing a weak acid with its conjugate base. Name this type of solution that resists changes in its pH.

Buffer solution

This ruler admitted that "his book was my breviary," after copying thinkers like Cesare Beccaria verbatim for a law code also known as Instructions to the Legislative Commission. This ruler was inspired by Montesquieu to implement the Nakaz law code, which was criticized by Denis Diderot. This ruler's private art collection led to the founding of the Hermitage Museum. Fake Crimean villages were built by Grigory Potemkin to impress this "Enlightened Despot," who, like Frederick the Great, exchanged letters with French philosophers such as Voltaire. For 10 points, name this Romanov empress of Russia.

Catherine the Great

One character in this novel asks to visit the African Boys' Club after reading "The Truth About Native Crime" that was written by his son. In this novel, Father Vincent performs a wedding ceremony for the protagonist's son while he is in jail after Mr. Carmichael unsuccessfully defends him in court. In this novel, Johannes Pafuri and John are absolved of their roles in the murder of Arthur Jarvis. This novel opens with a letter from Theophilus Msimangu instructing the protagonist to go to Johannesburg. Stephen and Absalom Kumalo appear in what novel by Alan Paton?

Cry, the Beloved Country

Judson Kilpatrick claimed that this person captured enemy artillery at the Battle of Culpeper Court House, and Alfred Pleasonton claimed this person was injured in that Civil War battle. After the Civil War, this person led the 7th U.S. Cavalry, attacking Black Kettle's Southern Cheyenne camp in 1868. That battle, at which this person's troops killed women and children, was Washita River. In 1876, this person was defeated by forces under Crazy Horse. Name this commander who fought in the Great Sioux War until he was killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Custer

Worshippers of this god would offer him raw meat in the practice of omophagia, alluding to his dismemberment, or sparagmos. In Orphic tradition this god was reborn after being killed as Zagreus. In an epic composed by Nonnus, this deity arrives in an enormous triumph from India. Followers of this god carried a pine cone-tipped staff called a thyrsos and killed the Theban king Pentheus. During a festival honoring this god, competitions were held between playwrights at his namesake theater in Athens. This deity was followed by crazed women called maenads. This son of Semele was typically accompanied by satyrs. For 10 points, name this Greek god of wine.

Dionysis

The Generalized Born equation is an implicit model of this process, which is dependent on dielectric constant and accessible surface area. Electrons from alkali metals undergo this process in liquid ammonia. The Van't Hoff factor quantifies the number of products resulting from a compound undergoing this process; when it is 2, the square root of K-sub-s-p is taken to find the concentration of products of this process. Ions undergoing this process are surrounded by a shell of polar molecules; when that polar molecule is water, this process is called hydration. For 10 points, name this process which occurs when a solute is put into a solvent, such as salt into water.

Dissolution

A narrative about two of these objects and a hidden marble are used in a psychological experiment devised by Simon Baron-Cohen to assess whether children attribute false beliefs to others. Papers published in 1939 and 1940 described experiments in which subjects were asked to choose between two of these objects with different characteristics by researchers Kenneth and Mamie Clark. These objects, which are central to the "Sally-Anne task," were used in research summarized by expert witnesses in the Brown v. Board case. Social learning theory was devised based on an experiment in which children imitated adults' actions toward one of these objects. What kind of object did adults beat up in Albert Bandura's experiment involving a "bobo" one?

Doll

In this novel, a pilot takes a bond-selling woman through several stunts in his plane, leaving her sick in bed. This novel features Olive and a woman who practices marriage beneath a willow tree with Cal's brother and is named Abra Bacon. One character in this novel slowly poisons a woman named Faye. A cook in this novel named Lee discusses the importance of a particular Hebrew word in the Bible which means "thou mayest," "timshel." In this novel set in the Salinas Valley, a prostitute named Cathy Ames shoots Adam in the shoulder. Name this Biblically titled novel about the Hamiltons and the Trasks, a work by John Steinbeck.

East of Eden

While in Greece, the Irishman Darley talks about his time in this country in a novel named for his lover Justine and written by Lawrence Durrell, the first novel in a tetralogy named for a major city in this country. The death of a leader of this country inspire the words "Now boast thee, death, in thy possession lies a lass unparalleled", spoken by Charmion in a play. Fahmy protests British rule in this country in the novel Palace Walk, and another novel by the same author is set in an alley and contains allegories for Adam, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. Name this primary setting of Children of Gebelawi by Naguib Mahfouz and William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.

Egypt

In one poem, this author describes how his heart grew "ashen and sober" after Psyche reveals to him the tomb of a lost lover. Another of this man's poems states that Death has "reared himself a throne" in a place around which the "melancholy waters lie." This author of "The City in the Sea" and "Ulalume" wrote about how a "gush of euphony voluminously wells" from the namesake tinkling objects in "The Bells." The narrator hears a "rapping at [his] chamber door" in this man's most famous poem, which describes an "ebony bird" visiting upon a "midnight dreary." For 10 points, name this American author of "The Raven."

Poe

The first president of Zimbabwe's last name was the name of this fruit; he was replaced by Robert Mugabe. Colombian president Miguel Abadía Méndez ordered a massacre named for this fruit when he called in the army to end a strike in 1928. The CIA installed Carlos Castillo Armas to replace Jacobo Árbenz as the president of Guatemala to protect profits from growing this food; those profits went to the United Fruit Company. O.Henry coined a phrase mentioning this food to describe unstable countries. Name this fruit that, in the phrase for unstable countries, precedes the word "Republic."

Banana

A cult center for Minerva in this modern-day country was located at Aquae Sulis, a town on the Fosse Way. Septimius Severus spent the last three years of his life in this modern-day country before dying in Eboracum. After Nero ignored the will of Prasutagus, the Trinovantes and Iceni tribes of this modern-day country revolted under the leadership of Boudicca. A series of attacks by Caledonian tribes caused Antoninus Pius to build a defensive barrier in this modern-day country, where a similar structure further south is Hadrian's Wall. For 10 points, name this modern-day country, whose current capital was built on the former Roman settlement of Londinium

Britain

One allotrope of this element undergoes a rearrangement to form Stone-Wales defects. A form of NMR using an isotope of this element has chemical shifts between 0 and 220 ppm. Scotch tape was used to discoverone allotrope of this element, which consists of a single sheet atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern. One isotope of this element has a half-life of 5730 years. Sixty atoms of this element form a buckminsterfullerene, and other allotropes of it include diamond and graphite. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number six, that is found in all organic compounds.

Carbon

Samples in this technique are often mixed in a glycerol buffer to make them settle. Tris-Borate-EDTA and Tris-Acetate-EDTA are common buffers for this technique, which is typically run from "black to red." This technique is conducted before the transfer step of a Southern blot. Molecular weight usually determines the rate of migration in this technique. A highly carcinogenic dye called ethidium bromide is used to visualize e, which relies on an agarose matrix. For ten points, name this technique which separates DNA using an electric field.

Electrophoresis

The Lisfranc fracture is a type of bone break in this body part. It contains the navicular bone and cuboid bone, each of which is next to the three cuneiform bones. Blood reaches the various sections of this body part through the plantar arteries, and a painful injury to the connective tissue in this body part is plantarfasciitis. The front of this body part contains the meta·tarsals, while the back of it contains the calcaneus and talus bone. This body part's arches help support the body. Name this body part that can be cared for by a podiatrist.

Foot

One organism in this group looks like a smiley face when split and stained and is also the most commonly identified intestinal parasite in humans across the globe. Ichthyotoxins that kill fish can be produced by one group of these organisms during harmful algal blooms known as "red tides." One well known member of this group uses pseudopodia to move. What is this Kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that includes diatoms, dinoflagellates, and amoeba and that are not animal, plants, or fungi?

Protists

On the first day of this event, a young boy was lifted through a window so he could open a locked door from the inside. Ansel Bascom attempted to argue against this event's organizers by citing a recent property law. The 9th resolution of this event passed after it was eloquently defended by Frederick Douglass, the only man to attend this event. This event created a document that listed a series of "injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman." For 10 points, name this 1848 meeting organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton that issued the Declaration of Sentiments and advocated for women's rights.

Seneca Falls

This author published the essay "On Psychic Murder" shortly after a play in which Laura wants Bertha to become an artist in contrast to her husband Adolph. Mr. Arkenholz befriends Jacob Hummel in another work by this writer who wrote about a group of bohemians meeting with Arvid Falk in the title ​Red Room​. This author of ​The Father​ described two characters planning to start a​ hotel with Christine as the head of the kitchen in a work in which a pet bird is decapitated. In addition to The Ghost Sonata, this author wrote a play in which Jean helps the title woman commit suicide with a razor. Name this Swedish playwright of Miss Julie.

Strindberg

Immature cells called myeloid derived suppressor cells suppress activity of these cells in cancers. The FOXP3 gene is critical to the development of the regulatory variety of these cells. Sepsis can result in the exhaustion of these cells, which undergo positive, negative, and beta selection during their development. The protein gp120 targets these cells' CD4 receptors. HIV infects one type of these cells, which also come in a "cytotoxic" variety. Long-lived examples of these cells are known as their "memory" type. For 10 points, name these immune cells that have "effector" and "helper" types, and which are contrasted with B cells.

T cells

An August 2018 letter from this person begins with the quote "If one member suffers, all suffer together with it." Earlier that month, this person approved a text that states "The death penalty is inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person." This person accepted the resignations of Philip Wilson and Theodore McCarrick, the latter of whom was criticized for a scandal in Pennsylvania. Following that scandal, this person met with victims of sexual abuse. Name this person who spent much of his career in Argentina and is the leader of the Catholic Church.

Francis

One researcher changed the name of the fraternal society he belonged to from Gordian Knot to one reflecting these people, while members underwent a ceremony similar to one of these people. That man described terms used by these people to describe family members as "classificatory" and discussed their process of "bifurcate merging" while studying their kinship in the book Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Value. Lewis Henry Morgan studied the kinship of what northeastern Native American people?

Iroquois

The namesake of this object is said to have discovered it with Johann Listing in 1858, though images of this object can be seen in drawings dating back to ancient Rome. This object that has a nonorientable surface has an Euler characteristic of zero. When two of these objects are joined together, a Klein bottle can be formed. A German mathematician names what mathematical object that can be created by taking a piece of paper, giving it a half twist, and taping the ends together?

Mobius strip

This goddess and her husband deposed the snake‐like Ophion and Eurynome. Hesiod claims that this goddess fled to the Cretan city of Lyttos to give birth. This goddess and her mother Gaea are often equated with the Phrygian mother goddess Cybele. This Titaness hid one of her sons in a cave on Mount Ida after tricking her husband into swallowing a stone. Name this wife of Cronos and mother of Zeus.

Rhea

This composer dedicated two sonatas, a trio, and a quintet for clarinet to Richard Mühlfeld. A set of drinking songs were incorporated in a work by this composer commissioned by the University of Breslau. This composer included variations on a passacaglia by Bach in the finale of his fourth and final symphony. This composer wrote the Tragic Overture as a follow-up to the Academic Festival Overture. This composer is the most recent of the group Hans von Bülow called "the Three Bs." The Hungarian Dances were written by this composer, who used Luther's translation of the Bible for his German Requiem. For 10 points, name this composer most famous for his "Lullaby."

Brahms

In a novel by this author, a character states "In the end no one cares a stuff who's in jail or what war's on, so long as it's far away" shortly after stating "Communists are the last optimists." Those lines are spoken by Conrad, who is studying Spanish and is the lover of one of this author's title characters. In another novel by this author, the protagonists bring a bird rifle when fleeing a war by going to the village of their servant. The characters in that novel argue about a small truck called a "bakkie". Two of those main characters are Bam and Maureen Smales, who, like this author, are white people in a majority-black country: South Africa. Name this author of Burger's Daughter and July's People

Gordimer

In one novel by this author, Konny says "I shot because I am a German" after killing his father. This author portrayed that father—the journalist Paul Pokriefke—and his obsession with the sunken ship the Wilhelm Gustloff. This author of Crabwalk wrote a novel in which the protagonist does not know whether his father defended a Polish post office. In that novel, this author portrayed the title character having an affair with Maria and possibly fathering Kurt. That novel is the first in a trilogy that also includes Dog Years and Cat and Mouse. Name this German author who wrote about Oskar Matzerath in The Tin Drum.

Grass

Scottish water-spirits called kelpies were often identified with these animals. Abderus was left in charge of some of these animals while his companion fought the Bistones for control of them. While in a forest, one of these animals named Svadilfari copulated with a deity tasked with distracting a builder from completing the walls of Asgard. Hercules' eighth labor consisted of taking some flesh-eating animals of this type from Diomedes of Thrace. An eight-legged one of these animals named Sleipnir is owned by Odin. Identify these animals that often serve as steeds to mythological heroes.

Horses

The force on a body in an unsteady flow is determined by the Morrison equation, which has a drag term and a term based on this concept. A type of guidance system named for this concept use gyroscopes and accelerometers. The Coriolis effect causes air masses to move in "circles" named for this concept. Special relativity focuses on reference frames that are not accelerating and are named for this concept. This concept is the tendency of objects to maintain their state of motion and is measured by mass. Newton's first law is also called the "law of" what concept?

Inertia

Some of this religion's scriptures may have been lost due to a famine which resulted in the death of many monks. Some adherents of this religion starve themselves to death in a ritual known as sallekhana, and Samayika is a form of meditation practised in this religion. One symbol of this religion is a wheel called a dharmachakra imposed on a palm. The sky-clad Digambara and white-clad Svetambara are the two major schools of this religion. This religion's principle of ahimsa enjoins its practitioners to nonviolence, which leads some to wear masks to avoid swallowing bugs. For 10 points, name this Indian religion founded by Mahavira.

Jainism

This Secretary of State sent the Blood Telegram in response to the Bangladesh War of Independence. This leader was criticized for giving Jorge Videla a "green light" for a coup which eventually led to the Dirty War in Argentina. This man's peace negotiations during the Yom Kippur War led to a new term dubbed "shuttle diplomacy." This man's work toward a ceasefire in Vietnam led him to receive the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize. What German served as Secretary of State under Gerald Ford and Richard Nixon?

Kissinger

In a speech, this man told the United States he would show them "Kuzka's mother," which later became an idiom for a threat in his native language. One of this man's most famous actions was a response to Lorenzo Sumulong that accused his country of hypocrisy. This leader controversially shouted "We Will Bury You!" to a group of ambassadors. He defended his nation's ideology against Richard Nixon in the Kitchen Debates, although his "Secret Speech" denounced the excesses of Joseph Stalin. For 10 pointss, name this shoe-banging Soviet premier who led the USSR during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Krushchev

This director was the first to shoot the sun directly. One of this director's films was ripped off by Sergio Leone as A Fistful of Dollars. One of this director's protagonists tends to shrug or twitch his shoulders while walking, and often chews a toothpick. This director, who popularized the use of wipes, edited almost all of his own films. He ended one film with a rainy battle, in which musket fire kills two of the title people, who were hired by farmers to protect a village from bandits. Another of his films gives four different versions of the same story and stars Toshiro Mifune as a wood-cutter. Yojimbo, Rashomon, and Seven Samurai were films by—for 10 points—what Japanese director?

Kurosawa

This artist depicted a worried couple in an isolated car in California in Ditched, Stalled and Stranded. This artist portrayed Members of the Mochida Family Awaiting Evacuation after being commissioned by the War Relocation Authority to cover Japanese-American internment at Manzanar. Another work by this artist depicts the backs of several hat-wearing men while one leans over a fence with an empty cup; that work is White Angel Breadline. This artist's most famous work features a black-and-white Florence Owens Thompson looking anxiously as her children surround her amid the Great Depression. For 10 points, name this photographer of Migrant Mother.

Lange

This work calls one figure a "familiar healer of human sufferings" who "[t]aught us to mix sulfur and saltpeter." Oboes and perfumes are compared in a section of this work which declares, "Nature is a temple," and is called "Correspondences." This work describes a "prince of cloud and sky" and asks one figure to "take​ pity on my long misery!" One section of this work features a "weak and gauche" bird with "great white wings." This collection which includes "The Albatross" addresses a "hypocrite lecteur" in the poem "To the Reader." Name this poetry collection by Charles Baudelaire.

Les Fleurs de Mal

This scientist stole a technique from his rival, Jean-Joseph Toussaint, to successfully perform an experiment on sheep. The institute named for this man first isolated HIV. This person saved one industry by discovering the cause of pébrine disease in silkworms, while another industry avoids his namesake effect of oxygen on fermentation. This scientist used swan-neck flasks to disprove the idea that microbes could spontaneously generate, and he developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies. Identify this French "father of microbiology" who also created a method of preserving milk by heating.

Pasteur

As of 2018, this architect's only building in the United Kingdom was commissioned by Henry and Tessa Keswick as their summer home and is called the Oare Pavilion. This architect of the Kips Bay Plaza in NYC also designed an inverted pyramid for a municipal building in Dallas, Texas. Glass panes of this architect's John Hancock Tower fell during a windstorm in Boston and this architect used overlapping pyramids in his design for Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Identify this 101 year-old Chinese-American architect who designed the glass pyramid at the Louvre.

Pei

This artistic technique was used to depict several nudes relaxing by a beach in Luxe, Calme et Volupté. One artist used this technique to paint an art critic holding a hat and a white flower in front of a background of psychedelic swirls. Prominent works utilizing this technique include the aforementioned Portrait of Félix Fénéon and a portrait of that painting's artist, Paul Signac. In the most famous painting that uses this technique, a woman with a black parasol walks a monkey on a leash. For 10 points, identify this technique used in Georges Seurat's A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, which was composed of dots.

Pointilism

A composer from this country included a prayer to Mary written on the wall of a Gestapo jail in his Symphony of Sorrowful Songs. A composer from this country used 52 strings bowing cacophonously to depict an atomic bomb in Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima. A dance in 3/4 time named for this country includes pieces like "Military" and "Heroic" by a composer who depicted this country in 27 études like "Black Key" and "Torrent." The November Uprising in this country was commemorated in the "Revolutionary" étude. For 10 points, name this home country of Henryk Gorecki, Krzysztof Penderecki, and Frédéric Chopin composed many polonaises.

Poland

Christian Marclay created a 24-hour installation that mainly showed images of these objects. A painting in the Naive style by Marc Chagall depicts Jesus Christ with the head of one of these objects. In a different painting, a black one of these objects and a golden candlestick are depicted in front of a mirror. That object sits on a mantelpiece above a locomotive in a painting by Rene Magritte. In a Salvador Dalí painting of a Catalonian seascape, a deformed one of these objects is draped over a tree branch. For 10 points, identify these objects, three of which appear to be melting in The Persistence of Memory.

Clocks

These molecules can be sorted using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Trans·membrane pumps are this type of molecule and are often referred to as the carrier or transport type of this molecule. The tertiary structures of these molecules can be made of TIM barrels, while the secondary structures are often alpha-helices and beta sheets. Those structures are formed by the folding of these molecules, which takes place soon after these molecules are formed in the ribosome. Name these molecules in which peptide bonds hold together chains of amino acids.

Proteins

Peace negotiations during this conflict were initially hampered because the two sides could not agree on the shape of the table where discussions would take place. The Easter Offensive was carried out by one side in this conflict who had earlier massacred thousands of civilians in the city of Hue. An incident involving the USS Maddox led to increased U.S. involvement in this war following the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. The Tet Offensive occurred during what Asian conflict that ended with the fall of Saigon in 1975?

Vietnam

A matrix's rank is this property of its column space. This property of a vector space is the cardinality of a basis for it. If a manifold with a value of n for this property has a boundary, this property for the boundary is n minus 1. Spaces for which this property is 3 can be described using cylindrical or spherical coordinates. Name this property that has a value of 1 for a line and 2 for a plane.

Dimension

Lesser-known portions of this text include advice on statecraft and governance, with passages like "the more prohibitions that are imposed on people, the poorer the people become." Early references to a mysterious feminine principle are equally obscure, as is the speaker's opening claim that he does not know the title concept's name, but if forced to give it a name, he would call it "great." That title concept is often translated as The Way, although the character actually has close to a dozen meanings in Chinese. For 10 points, name this religious treatise by Laozi, the basis of Taoist thought.

Tao Te Ching

This polity underwent a short-lived resurgence under the reign of Al-Nasir, when it conquered the lands of Mesopotamia and Persia. This polity earlier faced secession movements from the Tulunids, Saffarids, and Buyids. It survived in a much-weakened form after the assassination of al-Mutawakkil began the Anarchy at Samarra. During that period, this polity's power was no longer concentrated in Baghdad where, Greek learning had been translated by the House of Wisdom and preserved in large libraries. For 10 points, name this Caliphate named after an Uncle of Muhammad, which succeeded the Umayyad dynasty after Abu Muslim's revolution.

Abbasid

In one story by this writer, a stranger throws a stone into a hole and says that the stone is worth as much as the treasure that was stolen from the hole. In another story by this writer, a woman's plan to buy chickens is ended when she scornfully tosses back her head, causing her milk to spill. One of this writer's stories is followed by the line "There's a time for work and a time for play", and another of his stories is followed by the line "The race is not always to the swift." Most of this writer's main characters are animals, including a grasshopper, a tortoise, and a hare. Name this ancient Greek writer who included morals at the end of his fables.

Aesop

It's not Apollo, but the Marathonian Bull was sacrificed by Theseus to this deity after it was released by Heracles following his seventh labor. During the Gigantomachy, this deity crushed a giant with the island Sicily and flayed another, taking his name afterward. This deity inspired Iolaus to ​burn the stumps of the Hydra's heads, and after a woman was raped in this deity's temple, the woman's beautiful hair was turned into snakes. This goddess gave Perseus a cap of invisibility and a mirrored shield to help him slay Medusa, and her olive tree beat Poseidon's salt spring in a patronage contest for a Greek city-state. Name this Greek goddess of wisdom

Athena

Shortly after taking over the town of Aquileia, this person was convinced to retreat by a series of negotiations, the last of which was with Pope Leo I. This leader destroyed the city of Marcianople after defeating Arnegisclus of the Eastern Roman Empire at the Battle of the Utus. This leader formed an unsuccessful alliance with Valamir that was defeated by Flavius Aetius at the Battle of the Catalaunian lains. This leader shared power for a time with his brother Bleda, and he lived during the 5th century. Identify this person nicknamed the "Scourge of God" who led the Huns.

Attila

This composer modified the trio sonata instrumentation in six works for organ. This composer emphasized terraced dynamics of an instrument in the "Echo" movement of his ​French Overture​. One collection by this composer begins with a "C D E F D E C G" theme. For the new ​fortepiano, this man wrote the six-voice fugue Ricercar a 6. This man wrote the Two and Three Part Inventions for harpsichord. This composer wrote the Toccata and Fugue in D Minor for organ and invented the harpsichord concerto with his fifth Brandenburg Concerto. Name this composer of the Well-Tempered Clavier.

Bach

The Wolff-Kishner reduction requires heat and one of these chemicals to convert hydra·zone to an alkane. The combination of an alkyl-lithium compound and a potassium alk·oxide is a "super" version of this type of chemical and is named for Manfred Schlosser. Several of these chemicals are used in the hydrolysis of esters. When in contact with skin, these chemicals often make the skin feel slippery due to sapon·ification of fats into glycerol and soaps. Lewis defined these chemicals as electron-pair donors, while the Brønsted-Lowry definition states that these chemicals are proton acceptors. Name these substances whose pH is greater than 7.

Base

When this compound is shown in a Frost diagram, three bonding pi molecular orbitals are shown which indicate its unsaturated nature. In 1929, this compound's flatness was proven by Kathleen Lonsdale using x-ray diffraction. This compound is reacted with acyl chloride or alkyl halide in the Friedel-Crafts Reaction, and a hydrogen is replaced with a methyl group in this compound's derivative, toluene. This compound's structure was theorized when August Kekule dreamt of a snake biting its own tail. Identify this simplest aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula, C6H6.

Benzene

This composer imitated the eight rasas through 20 pieces in his Sonatas and Interludes. A piece by this composer was written for 24 performers and 12 radios and is from a series of pieces called Imaginary Landscape. This composer's Music of Changes was composed using a divination text called the I Ching. This composer invented the concept of a "prepared piano." A piece by this composer was inspired by a visit to an anechoic chamber and typically opens with the performer closing the lid of a piano. Name this American composer of a piece that consists entirely of silence, "4′ 33′′.

Cage

The narrator of this novel tells two Spanish men a tale of how the title character killed Radney before Steelkilt can kill him aboard the Town-Ho. One character in this novel requests some pagan blood to "baptize" a harpoon he has Perth forge for him. The protagonist of this novel is rescued by Gardiner, the captain of The Rachel, after he is found floating on a coffin originally built for Queequeg. The crew of The Pequod pursues this novel's title character on the orders of the mad Captain Ahab. Identify this novel narrated by Ishmael and titled for a whale, a novel by Herman Melville.

Moby Dick

One building designed by this architect looks like a cone when viewed from the water, but looks like a cylinder when viewed from land. That building, which has a spiral walkway and a planetarium, is the Macau Science Center. An associate of this architect's firm, Henry Cobb, designed a tower whose fallen glass windows led it to get the nickname "Plywood Palace". This architect designed a large glass pavilion for his commission to design the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, and he designed the building for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Name this Chinese-American architect who created the glass pyramid at the Louvre.

Pei

One product of this event denounced the theories of the jurist William Blackstone. This event that took place at the Wesleyan Chapel was advertised in its namesake's town Courier and the North Star. Elizabeth Mclintock invited this event's only African American attendee, Frederick Douglass. "It is the right of those who suffer . . . to insist upon the institution of a new government" was a proclamation made in The Declaration of Sentiments, a document put forth during this event. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized what women's rights convention in a namesake New York town.

Seneca Falls Convention

A primate-exclusive process that often precedes pubarche is characterized by this organ's increased secretion of DHEA-S and DHEA. One layer of this organ is highly sensitive to extracellular concentrations of angiotensin II. That region, which is called the zona glomerulosa, secretes aldosterone. This organ may be afflicted with Addison's disease. The medulla of this organ secretes catecholamines, while its cortex secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids such as cortisol. For 10 points, name these two endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys and produce epinephrine for the fight or flight response.

Adrenal gland

One school of thought in this country supported widely publicized laws, accountability, and obedience to authority. That school of thought, based on the idea that humans are selfish, became known as Legalism. This country produced several commentaries on its Spring and Autumn Annals, which is one of its Five Classics. The oldest of those Five Classics uses hexagrams based on random numbers. Those Five Classics of this country were supposedly edited by the author of the Analects. Name this country where thinkers like Han Fei and Confucius lived.

China

These systems can be solved by the complementary methods of nodal and mesh analysis. These systems can be replaced by an equivalent one by applying a Y-delta transform, or reduced to a simpler two component system by applying Thevenin's theorem. Phase differences in these systems can be remembered with the mnemonic "ELI the ICE man." To analyze the resonance observed in the RLC type of this system, one would first write down a series of voltage drops and apply Kirchhoff's loop rule. Capacitors and resistors are common components in—for 10 points—what closed electrical networks?

Circuits

One poem by this author describes a group who laments that "We sing, but oh the clay is vile beneath our feet" and who questions "Why should the world be over-wise in counting all our tears and sighs?" The narrator of another poem by this author muses about a creature whose "wing is bruised and his bosom sore, - When he beats his bars and he would be free." A line from that poem by this poet provides the title for Maya Angelou's memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. "We Wear the Mask" and "Sympathy" were penned by what African American author from Dayton, Ohio?

Dunbar

The nth of these numbers is the quantity 1 plus root 5 to the n, minus the quantity 1 minus root 5 to the n, all over 2 to the n times root 5. In the book Liber Abbaci, these numbers are used to model rabbit populations. The ratio of the n‐plus‐first term of these numbers to the nth approaches the golden ratio. Name this sequence in which each value after the first two is the sum of the prior two values.

Fibbonacci

One character in this novel offers the protagonist makeup and a dress in preparation to take her to the club Jezebel's, where she reunites with her friend Moira. At the end of this novel, the protagonist is taken away in a black van by the Eyes of God, who may be undercover Mayday resistance agents. In this novel, the Commander and his wife Serena Joy force Offred to perform "the ceremony" in order to bear a child for them. The patriarchal Republic of Gilead is the setting of what Margaret Atwood novel?

Handmaid's Tale

Almost everything scientists known about Archaeopteryx comes from fossils found in a formation of this rock, the Solnhofen Lagerstatte. Coccolithophores are the primary biological source of this rock, which lacks magnesium, unlike the closely related dolomite. The dissolution of this rock results in karst topography, forming stalactites and stalagmites. This rock undergoes metamorphosis to yield marble. For 10 points, name this sedimentary rock made up of aragonite and calcite, which are forms of calcium carbonate.

Limestone

In a play by this author, an emperor who is released from a cage only to be used as a footstool kills himself by bashing his head against the bars. In that play by this author, a character who betrayed Cosroe burns a copy of the Qu'ran and becomes emperor of Persia. A character created by this author places horns on the head of Alexander the Great and asks "was this the face that launched a thousand ships?" after summoning Helen of Troy with the help of Mephistopheles. He wrote a play in which Barabas seeks vengeance after his wealth is stolen to pay tribute to invading Turks. For 10 points, name this British playwright of Tamburlaine, Doctor Faustus, and The Jew of Malta.

Marlowe

A fine-grained version of this material is called pozzolan and is mixed with lime to form a plaster-like concrete. After the eruption of Mt. Krakatoa, rafts of this material floated throughout the Pacific with tree trunks floating among it. Often used as an abrasive, what is the light-colored and porous igneous volcanic rock formed when magma rapidly cools with gas bubbles trapped inside?

Pumice

An essay by Joan Kelly asks whether women had one of these time periods, and a major history of it was written by Jacob Burckhardt. Education during this general time period is discussed in Castiglione's Book of the Courtier. Oration on the Dignity of Man was written during a revival of interest in Plato during this period. Other works written during it include In Praise of Folly and The Prince. The studying of Greek and Roman texts and focus on individualism during this period was a result of humanism. For 10 points, name this historical period which led to advances in the arts and sciences in Italy.

Renaissance

The phrase "hayya 'alal-falah" is said two times while in one of these structures. One form of these structures known as dakhma can contain pollutants called nasu. An attempt to build one of these structures resulted in its constructors being "scattered abroad upon the face of the earth." Muezzins recite the adhan from the top of one of these structures. Minarets are Islamic examples of these structures, an example of which is used to explain why humans speak different languages. For ten points, name these structures, a Biblical example of which is named for Babel.

Towers

Robert Calder was supposed to take part in this battle, but was court-martialed just before it. The losing side in this battle was led by Federico Gravina and Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, the latter of whom was captured. One reason given for the outcome of this battle is the re-coppering of the hull of Cuthbert Collingwood's Royal Sovereign. The other flagship for this battle's winning side was the Victory. This battle prevented ships from going to and clearing the English Channel. Name this British victory in 1805 that ended shortly after the death of Admiral Lord Nelson.

Trafalgar

In this type of quadrilateral, the diagonals divide each other into unequal parts with the same ratio. While the cosines of this shape's internal angles may not be 0, it must have two pairs of adjacent angles whose cosines add to 0. Like a triangle, this shape can be classified as right or isosceles. The area of this quadrilateral equals its median length times its height, and its median length is the average of the lengths of its two bases. Name this shape that is often defined as a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.

Trapezoid

Many official publications following this event came from the Aldine Press, headed by Paulus Manutius. Johannes Brenz attempted to participate in this event at which one group derided another's "vain confidence." A surprise victory by Maurice paused this event which was followed up by ​Benedictus Deus​. At this event, participants agreed to decrease the number of leap years and created a list of banned books. This last church council before the First Vatican was convoked by Pope Paul III in 1545. In addition to affirming the Vulgate, this church council condemned Protestant heresies. Name this Catholic Church council which kickstarted the Counter-Reformation.

Trent

This novel was criticized in The Sword and the Distaf by William Gilmore Simms. A collection of novellas by Richard Wright were named for the children of this book's title character, and James Baldwin claimed Wright's Native Son was a descendant of this novel. A young girl in this novel steals a ribbon before being educated by Aunt Ophelia. The title character of this novel saves Eva from drowning, although her father Augustine St. Clare never frees that character. Eliza escapes across the frozen Ohio River at its beginning. The title slave is killed by Simon Legree in, for 10 points, what novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe?

Uncle Tom's Cabin

In one poem, this author praises the title artist, saying that "when first thy pencil did those beauties give . . . how did those prospects give my soul delight." In addition to "To S.M., A Young Painter, On Seeing His Works," this poet wrote a poem reminding Christians that a certain group "May be refined and join the angelic train." That poem by this author begins "Twas mercy brought me from my pagan land" and is titled "On Being Brought from Africa to America." Identify this poet, the first female African-American published poet.

Wheatley

The appearance of these features was often mimicked by including blind arcades in triforia. These elements typically dominate the clerestory. The Flamboyant style gets its name from S-shaped decorations of these elements. In the medieval era, portions of these features were often divided by vertical mullions, lead "cames," and stone tracery. The walls of Sainte-Chapelle consist almost entirely of columns and these elements. Ornate round examples of these features are often named for their "rose" appearance. For 10 points, name these features that, in Gothic cathedrals, are often glazed with stained glass.

Windows

One character with this surname drowned in the Brandywine River while boating with his wife Primula. Another character with this surname enrages an enemy by asking, "what have I got in my pocket" and disappearing. A different character with this surname is held prisoner in Cirith Ungol after he gets paralyzed by a spider. A character with this surname is hired as a "burglar" and joins a company that includes Balin and Bombur. The most famous character with this surname wields the sword "Sting" and journeys to Mordor to destroy the One Ring. For 10 points, give this surname of Bilbo and Frodo, a pair of hobbits.

Baggins

In The Odyssey, this hero tells Odysseus that he'd rather be a slave than the king of the dead. This hero dressed as a girl on the island of Skyros to avoid going to the Trojan War. The epithet "swift footed" was commonly attributed to this hero, whose armor was given to Odysseus, causing Ajax the Greater to commit suicide. This hero rejoins the Trojan War when Patroclus is killed by Hector, whom he kills. What son of Thetis and Peleus was the greatest Achaean warrior and was known for his vulnerable heel?

Achilles

These molecules are reacted with DEAD and triphenylphosphine to form esters with the opposite stereochemistry in one reaction. One of these substances is formed in a two step process where sodium borohydride is reacted with the product of an alkene reacting with mercury (II) acetate; that is the oxymercuration reaction. Though not a ketone, a 70% concentration of one of these substances is used in aseptic techniques in the lab. A carboxylic acid refluxes with one of these substances in a Fischer esterification. These substances can be formed by reducing a carbonyl. For 10 points, name these compounds with an OH group bonded to a carbon, exemplified by ethanol.

Alcohols

John Boehner called this person "Lucifer in the flesh", and Lindsey Graham said that if you killed this person "on the floor of the Senate, and the trial was in the Senate, nobody would convict you". In 2013, this person led a 21-hour talkathon in the Senate to protest the Affordable Care Act, during which he read Green Eggs and Ham. At the 2016 Republican National Convention, this person said "Stand and speak and vote your conscience." This person was challenged for re-election in 2018 by Beto O'Rourke. Name this senator from Texas.

Cruz

In a verse novel by this author, the narrator and title character says she "Will write my story for my better self" and believes that her cousin Romney is married to Lady Waldemar, who was very unkind to Marian Erle. Another work by this poet proclaims "Call me by my pet-name!". In another poem, this writer claims to perform the main action "with the breath, smiles, tears, of all my life." Name this author of Aurora Leigh whose poem asking "How do I love thee?" is in her collection Sonnets from the Portuguese.

E. Browning

One piece by this composer contains a thrice-repeated theme inspired by a distant voice the composer heard in Wales. In addition to Introduction and Allegro for Strings, this composer wrote a work depicting a man known as "the Soul" being judged and sent to Purgatory. That oratorio was based on a poem by Cardinal Newman, The Dream of Gerontius. This composer depicted a stutter in the "Dorabella" section of a piece that represents his "friends pictured within" in movements including "Nimrod." The Enigma Variations, for 10 points, were composed by what English composer of Pomp and Circumstance?

Elgar

A ballet titled for one of these characters was created by Igor Stravinsky from piano pieces and songs by Tchaikovsky. In Act 1 of a Prokofiev ballet that includes a "Bourrée" and a "Mazurka," four of these characters named for the four seasons help the title character. One of these characters blesses the wedding of Prince Désiré and Princess Aurore. That "Lilac" one of these characters is opposed by one named Carabosse in the prologue to Sleeping Beauty. Tchaikovsky has one of these characters dance to one of the first orchestral uses of the celesta. The ruler over The Nutcracker's Land of Sweets is a "sugar plum" example of—for 10 points—what magical characters?

Fairies

One novel by this author served as the inspiration for Zadie Smith's novel On Beauty. In one story by this author, Kuno's escapades lead to the respirator machines required to visit the Earth's surface being made illegal. That story by this author is "The Machine Stops." In a novel by this author, Ruth bequeaths the title property to Margaret in a note, though Henry burns it and keeps the property anyway. Identify this author who wrote about the Schlegel and the Wilcox families in Howards End.

Forster

A fresco of this scene by Andrea del Castagno places one figure closer to the foreground than all the others. Dali's treatment of this scene features a translucent hovering torso with outstretched arms over the central figures. Another painting of this scene is illuminated only by a lamp in the top left and a halo around the central figure. One painting of this scene was marred by the extension of a doorway into the refectory of a church in Milan. A depiction of this scene is set on a diagonal axis and was created by Tintoretto. The Gospel of John inspired a Leonardo Da Vinci painting of, for 10 points, what Biblical scene in which Jesus and his apostles share a meal?

Last Supper

Susan Atkins, an accomplice of this man, wrote the words "political piggy" on the wall after murdering Gary Hinman. Followers of this man included Lynette "Squeaky" Frome, who attempted to assassinate Gerald Ford and this man was inspired by the Beatles song "Helter Skelter." The murder of actress Sharon Tate was followed out by followers of what cult leader who died in a California prison in November 2017?

Manson

During the Great Eruption, a type of this object named Homunculus was expelled from the Eta Carinae star system. After a star goes through its asymptotic giant branch stage, a "proto-planetary" object of this type is created. Most of these objects are classified as diffuse, which are then subcategorized as emission or reflection. Before it was known that there were galaxies outside the Milky Way, many galaxies were thought to be these objects. Stars are often formed in these objects. Identify these objects whose name is Latin for "cloud".

Nebula

King Arthur owned one of these objects named Rhongomiant. During Ragnarok, the wolf Fenrir will be attacked by a god with one of these objects. Another of these objects was forged from the sea monster Coinchenn and given to Cu Chulainn by the warrior woman Scathach. It's not a helmet, but the goddess Athena is often pictured holding this type of weapon. In Shinto mythology, one of these weapons named Amenonuhoko raised an island from the sea. Odin held one of these objects named Gungnir. Name these long weapons thrown at people.

Spear

Phases of this material lend their names to the two phases involved in the shape effect. Treatments done to this material include spheroidizing and martempering. A process done primarily on this material comes in "thermal diffusion" and "hot-dip" types. This material's pearlite phase is formed from its austenite phase below a eutectic point of 727 degrees Celsius. This material is formed from decarburization of pig iron and is coated with zinc in galvanization. The industrial Bessemer process produces this material, which has 10.5% chromium by mass added to create its "stainless" type. For 10 points, name this alloy of iron and carbon.

Steel

One king of this country was able to defeat Denmark after the March Across the Belts. The next king of this country remained engaged to Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark when this country fought Denmark in the Scanian War. The next king of this country defeated Russia at the Battle of Narva but was too injured in 1709 to participate effectively in the Battle of Poltava, so they lost badly. A king from this country won the Battle of Breitenfeld but died the next year at the Battle of Lützen; that king was Gustavus Adolphus. Name this Scandinavian country that used to control its neighbor Finland.

Sweden

After this man's forces captured Smyrna from the Knights Hospitallers, this man declared himself a 'ghazi', or "warrior of Islam." This man won the Battles of the Kondurcha River and Terek River against the Golden Horde. This man's tomb is at the Gur-e-Amir, and after defeating the Tughlaq Dynasty, he sacked Delhi. Before he could lead a campaign to restore the Yuan Dynasty in China, this man died in 1405. This man notoriously built pyramids out of human skulls, and he ruled from the city of Samarkand. For 10 points, name this Turco-Mongol conqueror of the 14th century.

Tamerlane

A clonal colony of Huon pine trees on this island's Mount Read is over 10,000 years old. The population of an animal named after this island has been reduced by a "facial tumor disease." The extinct animal called the thylacine is also known as this island's "tiger." The world's largest carnivorous marsupial is named after this island. What island state of Australia is home to a creature called the devil?

Tasmania

In a lengthy section in this work, one figure asks another to identify an "improver." Near the beginning of this work, it asserts that poets do not understand their own poetry while attempting to resolve a divine paradox as reported by Chaerephon. This work argues that because no one can know what happens after​ death, there is no reason to fear it. In this work, while talking to Meletus, the central figure compares himself to a gadfly and asserts that his wisdom stems from recognition of his ignorance as he responds to accusations of atheism and corrupting the youth. Identify this Socratic dialogue by Plato which details Socrates's defense at his trial.

The Apology

GTAP is a project to develop a computable general-equilibrium model for this activity. The factor-price equalization theorem states that this activity equalizes the cost of capital and labor; that theorem can be deduced from the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The Doha Development Round was an attempt to increase this activity. This activity is regulated by the WTO and is one of the three words in that organization's name. David Ricardo described the benefits of taking part in this activity using the theory of comparative advantage. A tariff acts as a tax on this activity. Name this exchange of goods, services, and money between nations.

Trade

In this modern day country, the loser of the Battle of Mons Graupius accused the winning commander of "mak[ing] a desert and call[ing] it peace." In this modern country, a thoroughfare running from Rutupiae to Viroconium names a battle that saw the defeat of the Trinovantes. An abortive campaign to this modern country resulted in seashells being brought home as "spoils of the sea" by Caligula. Tacitus detailed his father-in-law's exploits as governor of this modern country in his Agricola. Cartimandua handed Caractacus over to the Romans in what is now this country, where Boudicca would later lead an uprising. Antoninus Pius and Hadrian built walls to defend—for 10 points—what modern-day island nation?

UK

Protests erupted in this nation in 2014 after the murder of Miss Universe contestant Monica Spear. One leader of this country was asked "Why don't you just shut up" by Spanish king Juan Carlos I and that one leader of this nation called George W. Bush the "devil" during a speech to the United Nations and died of cancer in 2013. Identify this South American nation formerly led by Hugo Chavez that is now led by Nicolas Maduro from Caracas.

Venezuela

At the behest of the Duchess of Kent, John Conroy developed a set of rules for raising this future monarch that became known as the Kensington System. During the reign of this monarch, the resignation of Lord Melbourne led to an event known as the Bedchamber Crisis. This ruler's husband Prince Albert constructed the Crystal Palace and she was the first leader of her country to celebrate a Diamond Jubilee. Benjamin Disraeli served as Prime Minister during the reign of what second longest serving British monarch who reigned during the 19th century?

Victoria

At the end of one novel, Berenice Sadie Brown decides to go through this event for the fifth time. The title of that novel refers to the fact that tomboy Frankie Addams is playing a role in one of these events, and the novel is by Carson McCullers. In a Philip Roth novella, Brenda's brother Ron takes part in one of these events with little notice, the day after playing his "Goodbye, Columbus" record. When Newland Archer takes part in one of these events, he looks for Ellen Olenska, which signals that he will be trapped. Name this "happy meeting of the immovable object and the irresistible force" according to Ogden Nash's "I Do, I Will, I Have".

Wedding

One play by this author was originally named for the Chart of Anatomy shown to Alma by the physician John Buchanan. In addition to Summer and Smoke, this author wrote a play that opens with one character telling the audience "I am the opposite of a stage magician . . . I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion." In another play by this author, one character throws a radio out the window because it has disturbed his poker game with Pablo and Mitch. In that play by this author, the protagonist leaves Belle Reve to live with Stanley and Stella in New Orleans. Identify this playwright of The Glass Menagerie who wrote about Blanche Dubois in A Streetcar Named Desire.

Williams

One of this architect's structures is composed of concrete cubes with relief ornamentation reminiscent of Puuc architecture. That work is the largest of four textile block buildings and is called the Ennis House. This architect's Mayan Revival style is exemplified in a pyramid-like structure that survived the Great Kantō earthquake, his Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. Although his studio was in Wisconsin, he spent many winters in Scottsdale, Arizona, where he built a residence called Taliesin West. His most famous commission, a weekend house for Edgar Kaufman, uses cantilevered floors to stretch across Bear Run Creek. For 10 points, name this American architect of Fallingwater.

Wright

This country's monarchy was established by the Corfu Declaration and ended with the deposition of Peter II in 1945. This country split with a larger ally during the Informbiro period, which ended in 1955. This European country joined India, Indonesia, and Egypt to form the Non-Aligned Movement, marking a break from Soviet hegemony. After Joseph Stalin expelled this country from Cominform in 1948, it established its own brand of socialism under Josip Broz Tito. Several wars accompanied the early-1990s breakup of—for 10 points—what former Eastern European country governed from Belgrade?

Yugoslavia

This process in prokaryotes can be ended in a rho dependent or a rho independent fashion, the latter of which involves the formation of a hairpin loop. In humans, the termination of this process is less well defined, but does precede the placement of a 5 prime cap and a poly a tail. In prokaryotes, this process is initiated at the Pribnow box, while in eukaryotes the start point, in the presence of promoters, is the TATA box. What is this biological process that is defined as the production of messenger RNA using DNA as a template?

transcription

This value is the limit of growth equations derived by Pierre-Francois Verhulst and Alfred Lotka, an idea that was inspired by the work of Thomas Malthus. This value is represented by a horizontal asymptote on logistic growth graphs and has been estimated to be somewhere between 4 and 16 billion for humans. Symbolized "K" in equations estimating change in population size, what is this biological value, the maximum population size that an environment can support indefinitely without intervention?

Carrying Capacity

This leader clarified that the gentry was free from taxation, and that the gentry could economically control serfs, by issuing the Charter to the Nobility. This leader ordered the creation of the city of Odessa to establish a major port on the Black Sea after taking control of Ukraine. This leader was fooled on trips to the Black Sea by the military leader Grigory Potemkin, who made villages seem wealthy and happy even though they were fake. At the Battle of Kazan, this leader's army defeated Cossacks, which weakened Pugachev's Rebellion. Name this leader of Russia who started the Hermitage Museum and who gained power when there was a coup against Peter III, her husband.

Catherine the Great

In computational physics, this type of principle is explicitly respected by finite volume methods, but not usually by finite element methods. By taking the divergence of both sides of Ampere's law, one can prove this principle for electric charge. These principles are illustrated locally by continuity equations. Continuous symmetries correspond to statements of this type according to Noether's theorem. The fact that an ice skater speeds up by pulling in their arms illustrates this principle for angular momentum. Mass, energy, and momentum all have—for 10 points—what property indicating that their amount does not change in time?

Conservation

This emperor stopped the minting of the silver coin, argenteus, during his rule. This man's son Crispus defeated Avantus at the naval Battle at the Hellespont. This man defeated Martinian and Licinius at the 324 AD Battle of Chrysopolis and he later defeated the general Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. Prior to that battle, this emperor had his soldiers place a cross on their shields. This man called the First Council of Nicaea and issued the Edict of Milan. Identify this Roman emperor who converted to Christianity.

Constantine I

This leader founded the postal service that served his empire until its end, the Chapar Khaneh. The Massagetae under Queen Tomyris killed this person and his army, according to Herodotus. At the Battle of Thymbra, this leader defeated King Croesus and conquered the Lydian Empire. This person's namesake cylinder was inscribed with the first charter of human rights and was very critical of his enemy Nabonidus, who led Babylonia. This leader's edict of Restoration freed the Jews from the Babylon Captivity. Name this founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

Cyrus the Great

Many Buddhists believe that the first day of this holiday is the birthday of the Maitreya, although the seventh day is more generally held to be the birthday of all mankind. The kitchen god is often "bribed" with sweet offerings during the days leading up to it, during which great house-cleanings are also undertaken to sweep away bad luck. In modern times, the CCTV Gala is broadcast four hours before the beginning of this holiday, after families observe the annual reunion dinner. Concluding with the lantern festival featuring the distribution red-envelopes and lion dances, for 10 points, name this festival based on the lunar calendar.

Chinese New Year

This element was produced by the Deacon process, which was a response to the environmental danger posed by the Leblanc process. A compound containing this element, carbon, and hydrogen was the subject of Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring and is the insecticide DDT. This element, carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur are in mustard gas, and this element has also been used by itself as a chemical weapon. The simplest acid involving this element is the main component of stomach acid. Name this second halogen on the periodic table, whose ions combine with sodium to form table salt.

Chlorine

One play by this author opens with a priestess discovering an armed sleeping man surrounded by the title group inside a temple. In another play by this author, one character hides alongside Pylades at the tomb of his father, where his sister and a group of slave women arrive to give the title offerings. In that play by this author, Clytemnestra schemes to avenge the murder of Agamemnon. Those two plays, The Eumenides and Libation Bearers are part of this author's Oresteia trilogy .Identify this ancient Greek tragedian of Prometheus Bound and Seven Against Thebes.

Aeschylus

This action is sometimes used to title a Horace ode that describes Augustus' defeat of Cleopatra. The opening line of that poem proclaims "Now is the time" for performing this action. An Edwin Arlington Robinson poem about a figure "born too late" ends with Miniver Cheevy coughing and continuing to perform this action. The narrator of a Chinese poem titled for this action hopes to reunite with friends on the "Cloudy River of the Sky" after undertaking this action with the moon and his shadow. Li Po wrote about performing this action "Alone by Moonlight" using a cup of wine. For 10 points, name this practice of consuming alcohol.

Drinking

This person's formulation of gravity can be written as the divergence of gravitational field strength equals −4𝜋 times mass density times the universal gravitational constant. A unit equal to one maxwell per square centimeter is named for this person and is used in the CGS system to measure magnetic flux density. A law named for this person states that the divergence of a magnetic field is zero, meaning that magnetic monopoles do not exist. When using another law named for this person, you often consider imaginary closed surfaces and use a surface integral to calculate the flux through them. Name this German scientist and mathematician who developed two of Maxwell's equations.

Gauss

When performing mass spectrometry on proteins, it is helpful to use non-radioactive labeling named for these substances on amino acids. The kinetic effect of these substances is the fact that lighter ones can react faster than heavier ones. 8, 20, and 50 are "magic numbers" for these substances, explaining why tin has ten stable ones. Atomic masses displayed on the periodic table are found by weighting an average of the masses of these substances based on how frequently each one occurs. Tritium and deuterium are examples of this type of substance for hydrogen. Carbon-14 is a radioactive example of what atoms of an element that have varying numbers of neutrons?

Isotopes

One side's concession during this movement led to the creation of the Albertine Statute. Ercole Consalvi and Bartolomeo Pacca issued an edict targeting one society associated with this movement, the Carbonari. One group supporting this movement lost the Battle of Novara to Joseph​ Radetzky. Napoleon III supported this goal in exchange for the annexation of Savoy and Nice. This movement was ultimately achieved by Camille Cavour under King Victor Emmanuel, although prominent initial revolutionaries in this movement included Giuseppe Garibaldi. Name this 19th century nationalist movement known as the Risorgimento.

Italian Unification

Unemployed people in this country are called freeters, and people who live with their parents past their late 20s are termed "parasite singles." In this country, women are encouraged to enter the workforce through the policy of "womenomics." This country has been forced to apologize for taking "comfort women" during World War II. 1 in 5 people in this country are over 70, and this country has the longest life expectancy of any Asian nation. The base of this country's largest mountain contains a "suicide forest." Its bullet trains are known as shinkansen. For 10 points, name this country where otakus read manga and watch anime.

Japan

This author compares himself to "stout Cortez when . . . he stared at the Pacific" in a poem beginning "Much have I travelled in the realms of gold." The narrator of another of this poet's poems states "it will never pass into nothingness" in reference to "A thing of beauty." In addition to those poems, "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" and "Endymion," this poet wrote a poem describing the "plaintive anthem" of the title immortal bird. Identify this British poet of "Ode to a Nightingale" who also wrote "Ode on a Grecian Urn."

Keats

A compound synthesized by these cells is TAP, and perforin is a protein found in a type of these cells. These cells are regulated by FOXP3 and reticular epithelium, and they can be activated with the CD1D. ImmTAC is a drug that targets the receptors of these cells, and the glycoprotein gp120 helps HIV attach to the​ CD4+ type of this cell. These cells interact with MHC cells, and one type of them emits toxins to break down the cell wall of infected cells. These cells come in "killer" and "helper" varieties. Name these white blood cells that mature in the thymus.

Lymphocytes

The end of a village by this body of water is the subject of the film The Last Year of El Congo Mirador. The General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge connects a major city that shares its name with this body of water to places east of this body. There is a lot of lightning where the Catatumbo River enters this body of water, which is why the flag of the state of Zulia shows a lightning bolt. Much of this body of water is covered by duckweed. The basin surrounding this lake is a major source of oil in the Western Hemisphere. Name this inlet of the Caribbean Sea that connects to the Gulf of Venezuela.

Maracaibo

A character in this novel is told "Do not apologize; you are always late" before another character falsely claims to be dying. Soon after, the same character in this novel is told by a distant aunt that he should remarry, though he says that his family life consists of visiting his three children at his mother-in-law's house. Soon after that, this novel introduces a woman who also has two sons and a daughter—including the city magistrate Ronny Heaslop—who is named Mrs. Moore and leaves town before Ronny gets married. In this novel, Dr. Aziz is tried for assaulting Adela Quested. Name this novel set in the time of the British Raj by E. M. Forster.

Passage to India

Reconnection occurs much quicker in examples of these substances with high Lundquist numbers than predicted by a theory that combines the Navier-Stokes equations with Maxwell's equations to describe them. Alfvén waves in these substances are a type of MHD wave. Z-pinches were historical devices to contain this substance. Electric fields get screened out of these substances up to the Debye length. Magnetic reconnection in these substances can cause solar flares, as this substance makes up most of the mass of the Sun. For 10 points, name this type of highly ionized gas often called the fourth state of matter.

Plasma

This quantity is estimated by dividing big K by little k in the Lincoln-Peterson method. Individual fitness increases as this quantity increases in the Allee effect. R-selection results in a rapid increase in this quantity. Plotting this quantity against time yields a logistic curve which plateaus at a maximum value symbolized K. Bottlenecks result in a temporary decrease in this quantity. This quantity can be found by marking individuals and then recapturing a random sample. For ten points, name this quantity, the number of organisms of a given species in a particular area.

Population

The results of this action are analogized to computer programs in the Curry-Howard correspondence. Appel and Haken used a computer to do this action in their most well known work. The end of this process is often indicated by either an empty square, Halmos symbol, or the letters QED. Intermediate results found during this process are called lemmas. This process can be done by considering the contrapositive, since it has the same truth value as the original statement. For 10 points, name this process that shows a theorem is true

Proof

Isaac Crewdson and his followers were forced to leave this movement after challenging one of its key tenets during the Beaconite controversy. Members of this group in Indiana released the Richmond Declaration. Most members of this movement are either conservative Wilburites or evangelical Gurneyites. This movement uses types of worship called "waiting" and "programmed." This group, which was founded by George Fox, promotes the concept of "inner light." The Shakers split off from—for 10 points—what Christian religious sect also known as the "Society of Friends"?

Quakers

These particles and their antiparticles annihilate during the Drell-Yan process. These particles were proven to exist during deep inelastic scattering experiments. Information about these particles' interaction with the weak force is contained within the CKM matrix. Due to color confinement, these particles are never found in isolation. These particles are the only particles to interact with all four fundamental forces. One of these particles and its antimatter counterpart make up mesons, and three of these particles make up baryons. For 10 points, name these particles that come in six flavors, such as strange, up and down, which are bound together to form protons and neutrons.

Quark

In 2017 this NBA team's ownership sold its WNBA team, which became the Las Vegas Aces. R. C. Buford is the general manager of this team. In 2014 this team made Becky Hammon the first woman to be a full‐time NBA coach. This team un‐retired Bruce Bowen's jersey number in 2015 for former Portland Trailblazer LaMarcus Aldridge. Kawhi Leonard is coached by Gregg Popovich on what NBA team from Texas?

San Antonio Spurs

This composer has the cellist tune their C string down to B-flat for the slow movement of his E-flat-major Piano Quartet. A piano piece by this composer uses double-whole notes in one movement to spell out motives like "E-flat C B A." This composer imagined a league of anti-Philistine musicians called the Davidsbund. This composer wrote two symphonies in 1841, five pieces of chamber music in 1842, and almost 150 songs in 1840. This founder of the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik threw himself into the Rhine in 1854 and then died in an asylum. The pianist Clara Wieck married—for 10 points—what composer of Album for the Young, Carnaval, and Scenes from Childhood?

Schumann

The reliance of individual propositions in this field on background assumptions is the subject of the Duhem-Quine problem. The question of what counts as this discipline is known as the demarcation problem. One work concerning certain events in this discipline contrasts "normal" progress in this discipline with anomalies, which lead to paradigm shifts. Falsifiability was proposed as a criterion for this discipline by Karl Popper. Thomas Kuhn analyzed the structure of "revolutions" in this discipline. For 10 points, what discipline was advanced by Francis Bacon's new "method?"

Science

This leader sent scientists in his country to research facilities that were nicknamed sharashkas. Jews in this man's country were targeted in the Night of the Murdered Poets and the Doctor's Plot. This man began show trials as part of the purges of his country's government following the assassination of Sergey Kirov. Despite his government's signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, this man's country was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941 as part of Operation Barbarossa. This man allegedly ordered Ramon Mercader to kill his old rival Leon Trotsky with an ice pick. For 10 points, name this dictator of the Soviet Union during World War II, who succeeded Vladimir Lenin.

Stalin

For a rigid body, this quantity's "free" motion can be visualized in Poinsot's ellipsoid. The work done by this quantity can be calculated as the integral of this quantity by the derivative of the angular location, denoted theta. Precession occurs when this quantity is perpendicular to angular momentum. This quantity's units are typically Newton meters divided by radians, and it can be calculated through the cross product of the radius and force. The rotational analogue of force is what quantity that is symbolized tau?

Torque

The ratio of buoyant forces to this property is given by the Grashof number. For ideal gases, this quantity is proportional to the three-halves power of temperature over reference temperature according to Sutherland's formula. This quantity is linearly proportional to strain rate for Newtonian fluids. The ratio of this quantity's "dynamic" type to its "kinematic" variety is equal to density. The Reynolds number divides inertial forces and forces due to this quantity. For ten points, name this quantity which measures a fluid's resistance to deformation.

Viscosity

A university in this city closed during the Napoleonic wars and merged with a school in nearby Halle. Sylvester Mazzolini attacked a document issued in this city that repeats the phrase "Christians are to be taught" and argues against the idea of "treasury of merit." A university built in this city under Frederick the Wise employed a theologian targeted by the bull Exsurge domine. A document attacking Johann Tetzel was issued in what city where Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses?

Wittenburg

This amendment's goals were partly realized by the Cullen-Harrison Act. The 2005 case Granholm v. Heald ruled that this amendment does not supersede the dormant commerce clause. This was the only amendment ratified by state conventions, and its second section allows the continued existence of townships and counties that are "dry." What amendment repealed the 18th amendment, thus ending Prohibition?

21st

The result of this battle was reported by Susanna Dickinson and Deaf Smith. That result accelerated the Runaway Scrape. Juan Seguín missed the end of this battle because he was delivering a message that his side "shall never surrender or retreat". The losing side at this battle was led by a man who had replaced James C. Neill under the orders of Governor Henry Smith. That leader, William Travis, for a time split his duties with James Bowie. Several weeks after this battle, its results were reversed at the Battle of San Jacinto. Name this battle at which Davy Crockett was killed, a victory by Antonio López de Santa Anna near San Antonio.

Alamo

After this man's death, a minister wrote the rhyme "I am sorry at my heart / that lice and flux should take the hangman's part." This man, who was succeeded by John Ingram, criticized the government for nepotism and monopolizing the beaver trade in a "Declaration of the People." This man led a group of poor white farmers in attacking a variety of Native American tribes during a war with the Susquehannock. This man called an Assembly to stamp out corruption and raise tobacco prices. After Governor William Berkeley objected, this man's supporters burned down the colonial capital of Jamestown. For 10 points, name this leader of a 1676 rebellion in Virginia.

Bacon

A Hokusai print set in Fukagawa depicts Mt. Fuji framed by one of these objects. Although not a road, an André Derain painting set in London centers on one of these objects. James McNeill Whistler's Nocturne in Blue and Gold depicts one of these objects named for the London district of Battersea. Another artist painted the Waterloo, Charing Cross, and Westminster examples of these objects during a stay in London. That man, Claude Monet, painted a Japanese one of these objects "Over a Pond of Water Lilies" in his garden at Giverny. For 10 points, identify these structures that span waterways such as the River Thames.

Bridge

The issue at the heart of this Supreme Court case had previously been dismissed by the Court in the case of DeFunis v. Odegaard. Lewis Powell wrote the majority opinion in this case which cited Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. One party in this case was a 33-year old Marine corps veteran who brought suit after being denied entry to a medical school in Sacramento. Identify this 1978 Supreme Court case which struck down numerical quotas for college admissions, but upheld the principle of affirmative action.

California v. Bakke

An application of this technique to directly measure "gross energy" has largely been superseded by the purely arithmetic Atwater system. Phase changes are identified by spikes in the measured response in the "differential scanning" form of this technique. The basic equation for this technique is "Q equals M C delta-T," where C is the specific heat and delta-T is the change in temperature. When applied to combustion reactions, this technique is carried out at constant volume in a "bomb" device. For 10 points, name this technique that measures the flow of heat in a reaction, which is often performed in school labs using nested styrofoam coffee cups.

Calorimetry

In a novel by this author, William Blore dies when a bear-shaped clock statue falls on him. That novel, set on Indian Island, is about the death of several murderers. In a play by this writer, a converted guesthouse is run by Mollie and Giles Ralston; Mollie turns out to be a former schoolteacher. This writer set that play at Monkswell Manor, and the plot of that play involves a note that seems to promise three deaths. Many of this author's other works are about Hercule Poirot or Miss Marple, who were detectives. Name this British author of And Then There Were None and The Mousetrap.

Christie

Dialysis was originally invented to separate this type of mixture. This type of mixture becomes unstable in flocculation. Both crystalloids and these mixtures are used as volume expanders, which are given in place of blood transfusions. The electro·kinetic potential of dispersions of these mixtures is their zeta potential. Smoke and milk are examples of this type of substance, hydrophobic examples of which are called emulsions. These mixtures scatter light beams in the Tyndall effect. Name this type of homogeneous mixture that contains particles smaller than those in a suspension but larger than those in a solution, and may be a gel, foam, or aerosol.

Colloid

A person who is most famous for his 1904 work documenting this non-Irish region had his homosexuality exposed by the British government in the Black Diaries and was executed after trying to prevent the Easter Rising. Actions in this region are discussed in a book by Adam Hochschild titled for a certain monarch's Ghost. Atrocities perpetrated in this region by the Force Publique were exposed by the Casement report and included cutting off hands of workers who didn't meet rubber quotas. Name this region in which a so-called "free state" was run by King Leopold II of Belgium.

Congo

This man claimed "you can't shoot an idea with a gun" in a debate with fellow Republican Harold Stassen. He was elected governor after serving as the special prosecutor who took down mobster Lucky Luciano. This New Yorker lost an election in which he was linked to the "do nothing Congress." In 1948 the Chicago Daily Tribune incorrectly declared that what man had defeated Harry Truman for the presidency?

Dewey

In a play inspired by this poet's life, a reporter from Chicago is let into the title character's room by John Stanhope. This poet inspired Susan Glaspell's play Alison's House. Posthumous editors like Mabel Loomis Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson ironed out this poet's grammatical idiosyncrasies. This poet capitalized almost every noun in a poem whose speaker has "put away / My labor and my leisure too / For His Civility." This poet stuck dashes in lines like "Since then - 'tis Centuries - and yet" in a poem about "the day / I first surmised the Horses' Heads / Were toward Eternity." For 10 points, name this "Belle of Amherst" who wrote "Because I could not stop for Death."

Dickinson

Daisy recites this poem twice to Baxter in Ian McEwan's novel Saturday, which uses this poem as an epilogue. A reading of this poem makes Clara Phelps cry, and Mildred says this poem goes "umpty-tumpty-ump", in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451. This poem states that the world "Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain". This poem begins with the line, "The sea is calm tonight" and ends "Where ignorant armies clash by night". Name this mid-19th-century poem set on the English Channel and written by Matthew Arnold.

Dover Beach

This quantity is plotted on the y-axis in the Mollier Diagram. A change in this quantity can be calculated as the change in this quantity at each individual step according to Hess's Law. This quantity equals the change in Gibbs free energy when the product of temperature and entropy are subtracted from it. This quantity is equal to the sum of internal energy, pressure, and volume, and its units include joules and calories. Identify this thermodynamic state function symbolized by "H."

Enthalpy

This country organized the Aunus expedition to seize territory from the Bolsheviks during the heimosodat or "Kinship Wars." During the Russian Civil War, this country annexed Pechenga. Nazi Germany allied with this country in the Continuation War. This country built the Mannerheim Line to defend the Karelian Isthmus. The Winter War was an invasion of what Nordic state that has a long border with Russia?

Finland

In one story by this writer, a woman's last wish is to have Khoma read psalms over her after she dies. In that story, the woman is a witch who had ridden on Khoma's back. This author of "Viy" wrote a story in which a character referred to as "a Certain Important Personage" refuses to help the protagonist, who soon dies from exposure to cold, and his ghost mugs the Certain Important Personage. In another story by this author, Ivan Yakovlevich finds a body part in bread that belongs to Major Kovalyov. Name this Russian author who wrote about Akaky Akakiyevich in "The Overcoat" and also wrote "The Nose".

Gogol

A campaign that included Kadan's defeat of Henry the Pious conquered much of the land for this state. Bulgaria was thrice raided by this state's noble Nogai, the great-grandson of a man named Jochi whose inheritance formed this state. This state's population prominently featured Kipchaks, and it lost the Battle of Kulikovo. Orda and Batu led the blue and white sections of this empire respectively, and this empire was led by Tokhtamysh until Timur's attack left it to be conquered by Russia. Give this westernmost of the initial Mongol successor states, named after the color of its tents.

Golden Horde

This person was originally considered for the role of negotiating Jay's Treaty, but he instead designed the negotiation framework and then suggested John Jay be the envoy to make the treaty appear less partisan. John Jay had succeeded this person as the leader of the first American political party, the Federalists. While serving in the Cabinet, this person got the federal government to assume states' debts, and he is given credit for improving our country's financial system. Name this first Secretary of the Treasury who was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.

Hamilton

This country received less aid from Sultan Abdulmejid I after diplomats convinced him it was embarrassing another ruler. The "Gregory Clause" forced people in this country to relinquish all but a quarter acre to receive aid. During one crisis in this country, converts to Protestantism were known as "soupers." Charles Trevelyan claimed that a crisis in this country was an "effective mechanism for reducing surplus population." Robert Peel repealed the Corn Laws in response to an event in this country caused by the Phytophthora infestans fungus. For 10 points, name this country that suffered from a namesake Potato Famine

Ireland

One thinker from what is now this country argued that both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor were merely men and had derived their authority from God. The author of De Monarchia lived in what is now this country, as did a writer who criticized Descartes for implying that all non-mathematical truths were illusions in The New Science. Another thinker from this country wrote a book analyzing the first ten books of Ab Urbe Condita and, in his most famous book, praised the leadership of Cesare Borgia. Those books are Discourses on Livy and The Prince. Name this country where Giambattista Vico, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Dante Alighieri lived.

Italy

In this state, Solomon Porcius Sharp was killed by Jereboam Beauchamp during the Old Court-New Court controversy. Minister James McGready launched the Revival of 1800 at the Red River meeting house in this state. Andrew Jackson vetoed funding for a link to the National Road beginning in this state's city of Maysville. In the "corrupt bargain" of 1824, a man from this state became Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams. That perennial presidential candidate from this state created an economic plan known as the "American system" and spearheaded the Missouri Compromise. For 10 points, name this home state of Henry Clay

Kentucky

This character angrily compares a man who is preoccupied by "matters of consequence" to a mushroom. A king orders this protagonist to yawn and offers him a post as Minister of Justice where he can condemn a rat. This character heats his breakfast over two active volcanoes, and cleans a dormant one because "one never knows!" He later cries after seeing a garden, but realizes that his own rose is special because he is responsible for her. This character befriends a man who draws a sheep in a box and a landscape of the desert, where this character is killed by a snake and returns to asteroid B612. For 10 points, name this protagonist of a novella by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.

Little Prince

A woman holds a white parasol in front of a seascape in this artist's ​The Great War​. This artist replaced the central woman with a coffin in a "perspective" on a portrait by Jacques-Louis David. Blue flowers hang on a curtain overhead a rocky scene in this artist's work ​The Palace of Memories​. In one work by this artist, five men covertly watch a person who is listening to a gramophone. This artist's Golconde depicts a rainy day scene with an unconventional substitute for raindrops: men in tuxedos. The artist of Time Transfixed, name this Belgian surrealist who wrote the words "This is not a pipe" in his work The Treachery of Images.

Magritte

Jeff Wall's photograph Picture for Women imitates a painting by this artist, with light bulbs reflected in a wall-length mirror. Victorine Meurent is thought to have modeled for a painting by this artist in which a woman in the background, dressed in transparent white, bathes in a stream. This artist painted a woman in front of a bowl of oranges in A Bar at the Folies-Bergère. A painting by this artist was controversial for showing two clothed men sitting at a picnic with a nude woman. Name this painter of The Luncheon on the Grass.

Manet

This poet wrote "Give me the waters of Lethe that numb the heart . . . I will still not have the power to forget you" in a poem addressed to Sextus Pompeius. That collection, Epistulae Ex Ponto, alongside this poet's collection Tristia were written on the island of Tomis, where this poet was exiled. The first book of another poem by this poet lays out stories like Pyrrha and Deucalion's survival of a great flood. That narrative mythological poem by this poet is Metamorphoses. Identify this Roman poet.

Ovid

A work often paired with this work describes a hunter "holding the Wolf in chace," and this work was originally published under the pen name Glirastes in Leigh Hunt's ​The Examiner​. This work is frequently compared to one also based on the work of Diodorus Siculus which imagines a character wondering "What powerful but unrecorded race / Once dwelt in that annihilated place" and was written by​ Horace Smith. This work describes a "shattered visage" and a "sneer of cold command" as seen by a "traveller from an antique land" reading the inscription, "Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!" Name this poem about a "King of Kings," a work by Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Ozymandias

In an often‐omitted scene from Romeo and Juliet, a Capulet servant of this name argues with musicians. This is the first name of the man who helms the production of Pyramus and Thisbe in A Midsummer Nightʹs Dream. A mother swears she "saw a face at the window" at the beginning of a 1904 play about a boy with this first name. What is the first name of the flying boy who guides Wendy Darling to Never Land?

Peter

In a painting by this artist, a woman sits at a table with a plate of fish and holds a mortar and pestle, while an older woman points her index finger at her. A drunkard kneels and is crowned with a branch of thorns by a Greek god in a painting by this artist of Christ in the House of Martha and Mary. This artist of The Triumph of Bacchus painted Don José Nieto standing on steps behind a door in the back of a painting in which this artist himself stands next to an easel. In that painting by this artist, a sleeping dog sits next to a dwarf attending to Infanta Margaret Theresa. Name this painter of Las Meninas.

Velazquez

This author wrote "Curiosity is not our only motive; love or grief or despair or hatred is what drives us on" in a novel named for a fictional book written by Laura Chase, who drives a car off a bridge just before that novel begins. This author of The Blind Assassin also wrote a novel in which the protagonist states "If it's a story I'm telling, then I have control over the ending." That character was trained at the Red Center by Aunt Lydia, and she plays Scrabble with The Commander. Name this Canadian author who wrote about Offred in The Handmaid's Tale.

Atwood

Expansins regulate growth in this structure, and multinet growth only occurs in it's outer layers. The loosening of microfibrils and pectins allow for the growth of this structure, and these structures consist mainly of peptidoglycan in bacteria. Cellulose is contained within what structures in plant cells that are outside the cell membrane?

Cell wall

The use of blank prose for plays in this language was spurred by a 1787 adaptation of Iphigenia in Tauris. During a play in this language, a character based on a Jewish philosopher tells Saladin a parable about three rings. The protagonist of a play in this language complains "here I stand, with all my lore, poor fool, no wiser than before," and promises that, if he tells the passing moment "Linger on, you are so lovely," the devil can take his soul. In that two-part play in this language, the title scholar seduces Gretchen with the help of Mephistopheles. For 10 points, name this language used by playwrights Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

German

In one work by this author, the protagonist dreams he is grabbing a certain famous composer's ponytail. A sculpture of the Virgin Mary leads a character created by this author to briefly pursue an artistic career after leaving the monastery home to his friend Narcissus. After joining the Waldzell in Castalia, this author's character Joseph Knecht masters the​ Glass Bead Game. The ferryman Vasudeva appears in a work by this author in which the protagonist falls in love with Kamala. One of this author's characters has sex with Pablo but is then stabbed in the Magic Theater by Harry Haller. Name this author of Siddhartha and Steppenwolf.

Hesse

The largest lake on this island is Lake Enriquillo, which runs parallel to the Sierra de Neiba. The Gulf of Gonave borders the western portion of this island, which also contains Pico Duarte, the highest point in the Caribbean. A capital city on this island is at the mouth of the Ozama River, and was formerly called Ciudad Trujillo. A popular resort city on this island is its eastern town of Punta Cana. The Mona Passage separates this island and Puerto Rico. The most populous Caribbean island is, for 10 points, what island shared by the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic and French-speaking Haiti?

Hispaniola

A poem by this author states "of my threescore years and ten, / Twenty will not come again" and observes a tree "wearing white for Eastertide." Another of his poems ends "I tell the tale that I heard told. Mithridates, he died old." This author of "Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now" wrote a poem criticizing some verse that "gives a chap the belly -ache"; that poem begins "you eat your victuals fast enough." This poet states "silence sounds no worse than cheers / After earth has stopped the ears" in a poem that recalls "the time you won your town the race." For 10 points, name this poet of A Shropshire Lad, which contains "Terence, this is stupid stuff" and "To an Athlete Dying Young."

Housman

This country appears in the title of an opera where Selim is indifferent toward Zaida and Fiorilla, and in that opera, Prosdocimo advises Don Geronimo. It's not an African nation, but another opera with this country in its name sees Lindoro fall in love with the title girl, Isabella. Those two operas are The Turk in [this country] and The [girl from this country] in Algiers. In a third piece partially named for this country, the title character is represented by a viola and the composer based that work on a Lord Byron work. Mendelssohn's Fourth Symphony in A Major is named for this country which completes the Hector Berlioz work, Harold in [this country].

Italy

In the H. G. Wells novel Boon, the title character complains "You can't now talk of literature without going through "this real-life author, who is a major character in that novel. One novel by this author revolves around a wedding present that an Italian nobleman decides not to buy while shopping with Charlotte Stant. An affair between Charlotte and Prince Amerigo is dealt with when Maggie Verver has Charlotte move to America. Another novel by this author is about a relative of the Touchett family, who is married to Gilbert Osmond and is named Isabel Archer. Name this author of The Golden Bowl and The Portrait of a Lady.

James

Acute injuries to this organ can be sub-classified by calculating a FENa and people who receive intravenous contrast dye should be hydrated before and after to prevent damage to this organ. The Cockcroft-Gault method estimates this organ's function using the serum creatinine filtered by this organ and a childhood cancer that begins in this organ is called a Wilms tumor. Full of Malpighian pyramids containing functional units called nephrons, what is this bodily organ that is responsible for producing urine?

Kidney

This politician announced a clause dubbed "Harman's Law," which requires consideration of socio-economic inequalities when making financial decisions, while serving as Minister of Women and Equality. In a 2002 speech, this figure stated that her party must change because people knew it as a "Nasty Party." This leader was criticized for banning the khat during her tenure as Home Secretary. A 2017 "snap election" called upon by this leader led to Jeremy Corbyn's Labour Party gaining dozens of seats. This leader came into power after her country voted to leave the European Union. For 10 points, name this current (As of 2019) female British Prime Minister.

May

Because of the way this river starts out, the town near its formation is called Three Forks. The Pick-Sloan Plan was used to build the Fort Randall Dam and Garrison Dam along this river in the mid-20th century, after the Fort Peck Dam was built. Those dams were used to try to control major flooding in 2011. The White River begins in Pine Ridge, then feeds this river after going through Badlands National Park. This river separates Council Bluffs, Iowa from Omaha, Nebraska. After starting in Montana, this river goes through the capitals of both North and South Dakota. Lewis and Clark followed this long river. Name this river that joins the Mississippi near St. Louis at the border of Illinois and its namesake state.

Missouri

The Siege of Bidar was a success for this empire under a ruler who also embarked on an 8-year siege of Jinji. One ruler of this empire was given shelter by Tahmasp in return for the cession of Kandahar. That emperor of this empire lost the Battle of Chausa following an agreed truce being broken by Sher Shah. An emperor of this empire won a battle in which an arrow to the ​eye killed his opponent, Hemu. Ibrahim Lodi had been defeated by the founder of this empire at the same location as the aforementioned battle, Panipat. This empire's founder was Babur, and its final emperor was defeated by the British in the Sepoy Mutiny. Name this Islamic empire of Akbar.

Mughal

Alfred North Whitehead developed two geometries that were collectively named for lacking these things. The first statement in Euclid's Elements is a definition of this concept. The Feuerbach circle or Euler's circle is also sometimes named for its relation to nine of these things. Two lines are called concurrent if they have one of these things in common. A system of equations that is both consistent and independent has one of these things as its solution. Name this geometric concept, two of which define a line or line segment.

Point

Almost all of these organisms belong either to the Argasidae or Ixodidae families depending on if they are hard or soft bodied. These organisms can serve as the vector for such diseases as anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The most well known disease carried by these organisms, caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, typically presents with a bullseye rash What are these non-spider arachnids that while feeding on human blood can spread Lyme disease?

Ticks

Attendees of this event met at the Capella Hotel on Sentosa Island. One of the clauses in a document agreed upon during this event was a commitment to recover prisoner of war and missing in action remains. This event was partially sparked by fears over the deployment of the Hwasong-15 missile. The planning of this event occurred shortly after the Panmunjom Declaration was made between Moon Jae-In and a neighboring leader. For 10 points, name this June 2018 event where a President and Supreme Leader of traditionally opposed countries met in Singapore in a diplomatic meeting.

Trump-Kim Summit

The Hephthalites, a group nicknamed for this color, defeated the Sassanids and invaded India before being defeated by the Gupta Dynasty. A revolt from 1796 to 1804 is usually named for this color and was led by the same sect behind the Red Turban Rebellion. Tuberculosis historically was associated with this color. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown as the last shah of Iran in a revolution named for this color. The longer branch of the Nile is named for this color, which is also the color of the Cliffs of Dover. Name this color that describes the U.S. presidential residence.

White

Patrick Doyle's score to a 2005 film adapted one work by this composer that includes a "G B G B G C A F-sharp" motif played by a keyboard instrument. An E-flat 7 horn arpeggio plays over a repeating "E F" motif in one work by this composer which also includes "Chrissie's Death." A tutti B-flat chord begins one of his scores which also features a march in G minor led by​ trumpets and trombones. This composer of "Duel of the Fates" and "Battle of the Heroes" wrote an earlier work in the same genre featuring the "Imperial March" to represent Darth Vader. Name this composer of the film scores for Harry Potter, Jaws, and Star Wars.

Williams

The Uhuru satellite detected this phenomenon, finding an object in Cygnus believed to be the first discovered black hole. This phenomenon was used to find a binary system including a neutron star in Scorpius. The multi-mirror Newton, Suzaku, NuSTAR, and Chandra observatories specialize in observing this type of radiation. This part of the spectrum comprises wavelengths between 1 100 and 10 nanometers, which is between ultraviolet radiation and gamma rays. Name this part of the spectrum originally discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen.

X ray

Many of this city's houses appear to lean forward, and a medieval property tax caused its houses to be characteristically tall and skinny. In this home of the Museum of the Tropics, a medieval religious community surrounds a courtyard called the Begijnhof. Philips is headquartered in this city, whose Jordaan neighborhood is popular for walking. There is almost one bicycle for every person in this city, which is served by the Schiphol airport. Its Rijksmuseum sits next to one of its many canals. This city is home to many cannabis-selling "coffeeshops" in its red light district of De Wallen. For 10 points, name this capital of the Netherlands.

Amsterdam

This artist slashed his lover's face after discovering her affair with his brother, although he may be better known for depicting her in his Bust of Costanza Bonarelli. Anthony van Dyck's triple portrait of Charles I was intended as a model for this other artist, who also made portraits of his patron Scipione Borghese. This artist showed Pluto's fingers pressing into the title woman's thigh in The Rape of Proserpina. This artist used dynamic, twisted compositions in sculptures like Apollo and Daphne. For St. Peter's Basilica, this artist designed both the plaza and a Baldacchino. For 10 points, name this Italian Baroque sculptor of The Ecstasy of St. Theresa.

Bernini

The components of this substance do not develop properly in people with myelodysplastic syndromes. Warfarin and heparin cause thinning of this substance, which make it less able to form solid clumps. Von Willebrand disease is a disorder of this substance that can lead to loss of it. One of the components of this substance is partly disabled by aspirin, which is why some people take aspirin daily. Systolic and diastolic measurements are used to quantify this substance's pressure, which is high in people with hypertension. Name this substance that flows in capillaries, arteries, and veins.

Blood

Because of a foreboding prophecy, Croesus refuses to send his son Atys to capture one of these animals. One of these animals that carries a comb and scissors between its ears is called Twrch Trwyth, and was hunted by Culhwch. A giant one of these animals called Saehrimnir is cooked and eaten in Valhalla every night, and a golden one of these animals called Gullinbursti pulled Frey's chariot. For his fourth labor, Heracles captured the Erymanthian one of these animals. Atalanta was the first to wound the Calydonian one of these which was eventually slain by Meleager. For 10 points, name this tusked, wild pig-like animal.

Boar

This quantity's "capacity" can be calculated through a ratio-like formula that involves a concentration factor and a dissociation constant. "Simple" examples of these substances include CHES and Borate, whereas ones used in biological processes include MOPS and Tris. Whether or not these substances are effective in a particular range can be determined by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. In the blood, bicarbonate acts as one of these substances, but in the lab these substances are often created through using a weak acid or base. Identify these substances that resist changes in pH.

Buffer solutions

If this type of injury is major, an escharotomy can be performed to release pressure and improve circulation. Silver sulfadiazine, which is also called Silvadene, is used to prevent infections after this type of injury. This type of injury can be assessed by the Baux score or by the Wallace rule of nines. Strangely, the symptoms from frostbite are similar to the symptoms of this injury. Name this type of injury that can be classified as first-, second-, or third-degree based on factors like whether blisters form and whether the skin is charred.

Burn

The protagonist of this novel compare his life to Eskimo decorations. That character in this novel later gives the album "Little Shirley Beans" to his sister Phoebe. The protagonist of this novel leaves his team's fencing equipment on a train and refers to people as "phonies" after leaving Pencey Prep. Holden Caulfield is the protagonist of what novel by J.D. Salinger?

Catcher in the Rye

While trying to obtain a set of these animals, one hero fired an arrow at the sun, after which he was offered Helios' golden cup. Before being clubbed to death, Eurytion and the hound Orthrus guarded a group of these animals that lived in Erytheia. Some "handsome" examples of these animals were slaughtered on the island of Thrinacia by Eurylochus. Odysseus's ship is destroyed by a thunderbolt after his men eat some of these animals belonging to Helios. Heracles steals a set of these animals from the three-bodied Geryon. Pasiphaë gave birth to a creature with the head of this animal, which was placed in the labyrinth. The minotaur has the head of—for 10 points—what animal?

Cattle

This man's handling of wartime efforts was attacked by Leo Amery, who quoted Oliver Cromwell when he told this man "In the name of God, go!" This man wished for Lord Halifax to replace him after stepping down from one post. The book Guilty Men lambasted this man's promise of "peace for our time" after the Munich Agreement. The Norway Debate ended this man's political career, and he previously ceded the Sudetenland to Hitler. For 10 points, name this British Prime Minister famous for his policy of "appeasement" who was succeeded by Winston Churchill.

Chamberlain

This author wrote a story in which a vision of running deer is seen by Ragin from an asylum. Another story by this author, who wrote a work which includes the death of Tuzenbach, features a performance of ​The Geisha and an affair with Anna, a Pomeranian owner, in​ Yalta. One work by this author opens on Irina's name-day, and he also wrote "Ward No. 6" and "The Lady with the Dog." In one of this author's works, Lopakhin buys Madame Ranevskaya's estate and plans to cut down the title grove. Name this Russian playwright behind Three Sisters, The Seagull, and The Cherry Orchard.

Chekhov

An artist who shares her surname with this city created place settings for famous women in history in The Dinner Party. Marc Chagall's Four Seasons Mosaic is located in a building in this city. Sculptures found in this city include Henry Moore's Nuclear Energy and Alexander Calder's Flamingo. Anish Kapoor's sculpture Cloud Gate, which is located in this city's Millennium Park, is commonly nicknamed "The Bean." The paintings Nighthawks and American Gothic are located in this city's namesake art institute. For 10 points, name this location of Willis Tower, the largest city in Illinois.

Chicago

If you replace the first input to this binary operation with one less than the sum of both inputs, then you get multiset coefficients. If you fix the first input to this operation and find all the results of different second inputs, the sum of those values is 2 to the power of that fixed first input. The outputs of this operation are arranged in Pascal's triangle. This operation can be defined as the first input factorial, over the second input factorial times the factorial of the difference between the inputs. Name this operation used to calculate how many ways you can select k out of n items without order mattering, as contrasted with permutations in which order matters.

Combination

The ruler Afonso I allowed the Portuguese to set up the outpost of Boma on this river after they introduced Catholicism to his empire. This river's southern tributary of Luvua drains into Lake Mweru, which comes out as the Lualaba River, which then feeds this river. This river empties into the Atlantic Ocean near the Angolan exclave of Cabinda after passing between Brazzaville and Kinshasa, which are the capitals of the two countries named for this river. Name this second-longest river in Africa.

Congo

According to Laplacian expansion, this quantity can be calculated by summing or subtracting the products of cofactors. When calculating this quantity for larger entities, it is often helpful to utilize the "expansion by minors." The ratio of two of these quantities can solve a system of equations according to Cramer's Rule. This quantity is only defined for square matrices, as calculating this quantity on a singular matrix gives a value of zero. Identify this value that for a 2- by -2 matrix is calculated as "ad minus bc."

Determinant

In the first draft of this poem, "my friend" may refer to this poem's original dedicatee, Jessie Pope. The speaker of this poem sees men "deaf even to the hoots of tired, outstripped Five-Nines" and hears "gargling" as "bitter as the cud of vile, incurable sores." An "ecstasy of fumbling" for a gas mask occurs in this poem, which describes people "bent double, like old beggars under sacks." In this poem, a man plunges at the speaker, "guttering, choking, drowning," before the speaker notes one would not say the title phrase "to children ardent for some desperate glory." For 10 points, name this poem set during World War I and written by Wilfred Owen.

Dulce et Decorum Est

At the beginning of a novel by this author, the title character looks at a woman gambling and asks himself "Was she beautiful or not beautiful?". That character then helps that woman get her necklace back when she pawns it. This author also had that title character discuss Zionism with Mordecai after saving Mordecai's sister, Mirah Lapidoth. This author also wrote about Mr. Featherstone dying with two wills, which keeps Fred Vincy from getting an inheritance. In the same novel, this author wrote about the marriage between Reverend Edward Casaubon and Dorothea Brooke. Name this author of Daniel Deronda and Middlemarch.

Eliot

Musicians from this country invented a kind of four-voice harmonized chant that uses "pointing" to show how to sing a Canticle or Psalm. A composer from this country created standard arrangements of "Hyfrydol" and "Lasst uns erfreuen" in 1906. In 1931, the record label HMV was merged into the record company EMI in this country. A composer from this country wrote a B-minor violin concerto in 1910 and an E-minor cello concerto in 1919. That composer from this country depicted his friends in movements like "Nimrod" from his Enigma Variations. For 10 points, name this home country of Ralph Vaughan Williams and Edward Elgar.

England

Properties of these substances form the axes of Eadie-Hofstee diagrams. Zymogens are converted to these substances when activated. If the only factor limiting these substances is diffusion, they are called "perfect." The efficiency of these substances is quantified by the turnover number. Vmax is multiplied by the slope of the Lineweaver-Burke plot to find the KM of these substances that are modeled with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Many of these substances have the suffix "-ase." Allosteric inhibition slows down these proteins. For 10 points, name these substances that act on substrates and lower the activation energy of reactions, acting as biological catalysts.

Enzymes

Indigenous priests in this country climb hundreds of feet up a cliff face to access the Abuna Yemata Guh church. This country's Lasta woreda contains a group of rock-hewn churches at Lalibela, and it is the nation with the most adherents of the Tewahedo Orthodox faith. The Ark of the Covenant was legendarily brought to an island in this country's Lake Tana before being moved to the town of Axum. Though it isn't Kenya, large Sunni Muslim populations exist among this country's Oromo and Somali peoples. The Rastafari movement reveres a former Amhara leader of, for 10 points, what East African country where Haile Selassie is interred in Addis Ababa?

Ethiopia

The Homa ritual in Buddhism involves an altar dedicated to this substance and an offering. Nadab and Abihu were killed by God for creating a strange type of this substance at the altar. There are three grades of Atash, or this substance, offered in temples named for it in Zoroastrianism. The practice of Sati involved this substance killing Hindu widows at their husbands' funerals. Identify this substance used to make burnt offerings.

Fire

The Polynesian god Maui learned the secret of this phenomenon from his grandmother. One god of this phenomenon has seven tongues, which he uses to lick butter. Besides the Vedic god Agni, two giants representing this phenomenon named Laufey and Farbauti were the parents of Loki. Aphrodite married a god of this phenomenon who was crippled after his mother, Hera, cast him off Mount Olympus. Name this phenomenon that Prometheus stole so that humans could cook meat.

Fire

An important measure of these figures is governed by the Richardson effect, which affects the slope of a log-log plot of length versus scale size and is caused by the coastline paradox. Some of these figures are space-filling curves, including the Peano curve. Matrices representing iterated function systems can generate some of these figures, like Barnsley's fern. Repeatedly drawing triangles inside triangles generates one of these figures called the Sierpinski sieve. Name these shapes that exhibit self-similarity, have Hausdorff dimensions that are not integers, and were studied by Benoit Mandelbrot.

Fractals

In a novella by this author, Cristo Bedoya tries to warn the main character that two people want to kill him, but the main character is murdered just outside his house. This author wrote about that murder committed by the twin brothers of Angela Vicario after she turns out to not be a virgin. In a novel by this author, an unknowing incestuous relationship produces a child with a pig's tail. That relationship between Amaranta Úrsula and Aureliano takes place in Macondo, a town founded by the Buendía family. Name this Colombian author of Chronicle of a Death Foretold and One Hundred Years of Solitude.

Garcia Marquez

A variant of this process uses the KDPG and fructose-bisphosphate types of an enzyme that is typically used. In this process, the action of enolase releases water and triose phosphate isomerase interconverts dihydroxyacetone phosphate with glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate. Regulatory enzymes of this pathway include glucokinase, hexokinase, and phosphofructokinase. A dehydrogenase enzyme converts the product of this pathway to acetyl-coA. Two net ATP molecules are released in the pay-off phase of this pathway. For 10 points, name this process which produces pyruvic acid from breaking down glucose.

Glycolysis

A mutation in a gene which codes for proteins that help this structure maintain its integrity causes achondrogenesis type IA. That gene affecting this structure is TRIP11. The protein GGA1 regulates the movement of proteins from this structure, and acid hydrolases are marked with mannose 6-phosphate receptors in this structure.​ COPII vesicles transport proteins to this body, while COPI vesicles transport proteins from this body. Like the ER, this organelle is made up of flattened disks called cisternae and this organelle has a cis and trans face. Name this organelle that packages and modifies proteins before secretion, named after an Italian scientist.

Golgi

In a letter to the narrator's cousin before the main part of this novel, the narrator complains about a paragraph praising the queen and describes this book as an "uncorrect account". At the end of this novel, the narrator says that he allows his wife to eat dinner with him only "at the farthest end of a long table" because he no longer likes people, whom he refers to as "yahoos" after he meets the houyhnhnms. This novel also features Glumdalclitch, who is 40 feet tall and lives in Brobdingnag, and tiny people who live in Lilliput. Name this satirical British novel by Jonathan Swift.

Gulliver's Travels

A skyscraper and a public park near the United Nations headquarters in New York City are named for this man. John F. Kennedy referred to this man as the "greatest statesman of our century" and this man was awarded the 1961 Nobel Peace Prize posthumously. This man was killed while on a visit with Moise Tshombe to defuse a crisis in Northern Rhodesia. Identify this Swedish diplomat who served as UN Secretary General from 1953 until his death in a plane crash in 1961.

Hammarskjold

A poem by this author describes a palm tree that weeps alone "among the burning sands." In his play Almansor, this author wrote that "where they burn books, they will ultimately also burn people." This author narrated a trip to visit his mother in Hamburg in Germany: A Winter's Tale. The lines "I know not if there is a reason / why I am so sad at heart" open his poem about a figure who sings boatmen to their death on the Rhine River. Name this German Romantic poet of "Die Lorelei".

Heine

During this person's reign, the Laws in Wales Acts were passed, putting Wales on equal footing with England, and the Crown of Ireland Act was passed, making this person Irish royalty. The Acts of Supremacy were also passed during this person's reign. This king was the father of Edward VI and Elizabeth I. He made himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England in a break from the Roman Catholic Church. Name this 16th-century king who had his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled and went on to marry five more times.

Henry VIII

In this novel, the peasant Higg regains the use of his legs after a salve was made for him for free by a nurse. Since a monarch in this novel refused to marry Alicia, he is attacked by the "Blue Knight." The antagonist of this novel knocks Athelstane unconscious while escaping from the Torquilstone Castle. That man, who dies of a heart attack during a climactic duel, is Sir Brian Bois-Guilbert. The Jewish nurse Rebecca tends the wounds of this novel's title character after the Ashby tournament. The title character of this novel accompanies Richard the Lionheart on a crusade and marries Lady Rowena. For 10 points, name this novel by Sir Walter Scott.

Ivanhoe

This language was used to write the Essays in Idleness, part of a genre is sometimes translated as "follow the brush." Native speakers of this language developed the poetic form of tanka. An author used this to write a poem about a frog hopping into a pond and the travelogue Narrow Road to the Deep North. Name this language used to write poems with five, seven, then five syllables called a haiku.

Japanese

Hyrcanus II was a leader of these people before being overthrown by his brother Aristobulus. The Essenes founded a group of these people in Qumran. One of these people names a historical mathematical problem involving every third person in a circle dying. In the Hall of Hewn Stones, a Nasi led a council of these people known as the​ Sanhedrin. A revolt against the Seleucid Empire by these people was led by Judah Maccabee. These people conducted mass suicide on the Masada and Simon bar Kokhba led a revolt of these people against the Romans. Name this oft-persecuted religious group, many members of which live in Israel.

Jews

This religion's tractate "Pe'ah" instructs people not to reap harvests from the corners of their land, and appears in a text compiled in the third century CE, when members of this religion were worried that their oral tradition would be lost, so they wrote down the Mishnah. The Mishnah and the Gemara combine to form this religion's Talmud. This religion's bible is divided into three parts, of which the second—Nevi'im, or "Prophets"—contains the stories of people like Obadiah, Samuel, and Isaiah. Name this religion whose bible's first five books are the Torah.

Judaism

A former card hustler is hired to dress as this man for a job at an arcade in Suzan-Lori Parks' play Topdog/Underdog. This man "cannot rest until a spirit-dawn shall come" in a Vachel Lindsay poem titled for how this man "Walks at Midnight." An elegy for this man states that "the great star droop'd in the western sky." A poem addressed to this man notes how his "lips are pale and still" and instructs him to "rise up and hear the bells." In that poem, this man is depicted as "fallen cold and dead," although the narrator states that "our fearful trip is done." For 10 points, identify this American president, the subject of Walt Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain."

Lincoln

One of these events occurred at Riverside Church and preceded the AFSC's "Vietnam Summer" campaign. One of these entitled "America May Go to Hell" was never delivered. A section of one of these works imagines an alternate reality in which its author had sneezed and thus died after a New York knife attack. In addition to "Beyond Vietnam" and "I've Been to the Mountaintop," another of these orations was delivered at the Lincoln Memorial and posits a world where the speaker's children are judged by the "content of their character" rather than the color of their skin. Including "I Have a Dream," identify these orations delivered by a famous civil rights leader.

MLK speeches

In a model named for this scientist, a viscous damper and elastic spring form a viscoelastic material. He introduced a quantity proportional to the time derivative of electric flux. Particles are separated by speed in a thought experiment named for this man that supposedly defied the Second Law of Thermodynamics. He co-names a probability distribution of gas molecule velocities with Boltzmann. Name this scientist who included Ampere's law in a namesake set of four equations of electromagnetism.

Maxwell

In a Jean Anouilh play, this character lives in a trailer park. This character calls love a "mighty curse" and the original production of the play in which this character appears featured the most notable use of the mechane for a human character. This character engineers a plot involving a coronet, and laments, "Of all creatures that can feel and think, we​ women are the worst treated things alive." After poisoning some gold robes, this character appears in the chariot of Helios, having killed her children, Creon, and Glauce to get back at her husband, Jason. Name this character, a murderous mother from Greek mythology featured in a play by Euripides

Medea

A 2016 news report contradicted this leader's earlier claim that he has a 56-inch chest circumference. A 2015 agreement by this man's administration completed the transfer of 162 former enclaves along the border with a neighboring country. Daily limits on ATM withdrawals accompanied his country's 2016 demonetization of its 500- and 1000-unit banknotes. In 2012, his country's Supreme Court acquitted him on charges of encouraging the anti-Muslim riots that occurred in 2002 during his tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat. The leader of the Hindu nationalist BJP is—for 10 points—what current (As of 2019) prime minister of India?

Modi

This author wrote about a character who shrinks and loses her hair after a car crash in California, calls her mother "Sweetness", and often goes by the name "Bride". This author of God Help the Child wrote the libretto for the opera Margaret Garner. In another novel by this author, the protagonist remembers giving birth on a boat and naming her daughter after Amy Denver. When a white man tries to give Denver a job, he is attacked with an ice pick by Denver's mother Sethe. Name this African American woman who wrote about escaped slaves in Beloved.

Morrison

Carlo Rubbia pioneered the use of liquid argon time projection chambers to detect these particles with the ICARUS detector, which moved to Fermilab in 2017 to join the MiniBooNE detector for these particles. The fact that the flux of these particles is three times lower than expected is their namesake "problem." Takaaki Kajita confirmed that these particles have mass by observing their flavor oscillations at Super Kamiokande. Wolfgang Pauli proposed the existence of these uncharged leptons to explain beta decay. For 10 points, name these neutral, nearly massless particles that move near the speed of light and are produced in huge numbers by the Sun.

Neutrinos

A U.S. congressman from this state was arrested in August 2018 for insider trading and lying to the FBI. In this state, governor's aide Joseph Percoco was found guilty of corruption charges based on evidence from Todd Howe. This state's governor was criticized for saying America "was never that great". Chris Collins is a representative from this state, as was the recent chair of the House Democratic Caucus, Joe Crowley, who lost his primary election to Democratic Socialist Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Name this state whose senior senator is Minority Leader Chuck Schumer and whose governor is Andrew Cuomo.

New York

This province's town of Annapolis Royal served as its first capital and is the oldest continually occupied city in Canada. The capital city of this province is home to Dalhousie University and St. Mary's University, while other large cities in this province include Sydney, Pictou, and Yarmouth. Cape Breton Island is located in this province that was formerly known as Acadia. The Isthmus of Chignecto connects this province to the mainland and this province lies on the east coast of the Bay of Fundy. Identify this Canadian maritime province that has its capital at Halifax.

Nova Scotia

Tween heartthrob Aaron Carter released a 2001 song titled "That's How I Beat" this person. The singles "I'm Outstanding" and "(I Know I Got) Skillz" were released by this man, who names a video game where he fights monsters using kung-fu. Kendrick Perkins and Javale McGee have been awarded MVP on a TV segment named for this man, who starred as a genie in Kazaam. Nicknames of this LSU graduate include "The Diesel" and "The Big Aristotle." He was traded to the Miami Heat in 2004 after feuding with Kobe Bryant. For 10 points, name this large center who won three titles with the Los Angeles Lakers.

O'Neal

A citizen of this country tries to remember a nursery rhyme that ends "Here comes the chopper to chop off your head!" In this country a "red-armed woman" is heard singing while doing laundry. This country's governing doctrine was analyzed in the book The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism. A Ministry worker in this country uses incinerators called "memory holes." This country, which includes Airstrip One, is divided into Proles, an Outer Party, and an Inner Party, whose members include O'Brien. For 10 points, name this country that has "always been at war" with either Eurasia or Eastasia, which is led by Big Brother in George Orwell's 1984.

Oceania

This deity is fed by the wolves Geri and Freki. This deity, whose death will be avenged by the Aesir Vidar, put Brunhilde into a deep sleep, which Sigurd interrupts. Gunnlod is tricked by this deity to exchange three nights of sex for the mead of poetry. This deity and his brothers Vili and Ve defeated the giant Ymir and built Midgard from his eyebrows. At Ragnarok, Fenrir will kill what chief god of the Norse pantheon?

Odin

This character incredulously reflects upon the fact that someone like himself, with the nickname "Roaring Flame," has sired a "degenerate and effeminate" child. This son of a lazy, drunken flute player develops a reputation after defeating Amalinze the Cat in a wrestling match. This man is exiled from his village as punishment for hitting his wife during the Week of Peace. At the end of the novel, this character avoids being tried for beheading a British official by hanging himself. In order to avoid looking weak, this man strikes the fatal blow in the ritual murder of his son Ikemefuna. For 10 points, name this protagonist of Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart.

Okonkwo

Prior to this man's birth, his mother dreamed of a flaming torch, causing the hunter Agelaus to be instructed to leave him on Mount Ida. This man returns back to his original lover Oenone, after which his brother Deiphobus marries his current lover. Philoctetes delivered the mortal blow to this man, who is called upon during the wedding of Thetis and Peleus to settle a debate about to whom a golden apple was addressed. That event is called this son of Priam's namesake Judgment, for which he is granted the wife of Menelaus. Identify this brother of Hector, whose abduction of Helen instigated the Trojan War.

Paris

Manú National Park is located in this country's Madre del Dios region. Another region in this country, Loreto, occupies a third of its area. A major river in this country is the Marañón, a tributary of the Ucayali, and the summit of the tallest mountain in this country has the weakest gravitational force in the world; that mountain is Huascarán. Its second largest city, Arequipa, is located in its southwest, as well as hundreds of designs traced in the desert, the Nazca Lines. Along with Bolivia, this country shares the world's highest navigable lake, Lake Titicaca. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Lima.

Peru

Powers of this number are used in the simplest expressions of the Riemann zeta function on even numbers. The Basel problem led to the discovery that the sum of the reciprocals of the perfect squares equals this number squared divided by 6. Buffon's needle is an experimental procedure used to approximate 2 divided by this number. 4 times this number is the number of steradians that subtend a full sphere. To convert from degrees to radians, you multiply by this number divided by 180. Name this number equal to the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

Pi

A theme in this piece is often played monophonically in the first two measures and then harmonized in the next two. Costumes from the ballet Trilby inspired a movement in this work which depicts canary chicks hatching. Another movement of this work contains one of the first saxophone solos in a notable orchestration and depicts a troubadour singing a song in front of an old castle. Another movement evokes children squabbling in the Tuileries. Many movements of this piece alternate between 5/4 and 6/4 time, those transitional pieces are called "promenades." For 10 points, name this piano suite inspired by paintings of Viktor Hartmann, by Modest Mussorgsky.

Pictures at an Exhibition

One rule formulated by this scientist relates causes and effects to dissymmetry. This scientist is the first namesake of a law stating that a constant named for this scientist over the difference between a material-dependent temperature and the absolute temperature equals a material's magnetic susceptibility. This person, who names that law with Pierre​ Weiss, demonstrated piezoelectricity. At this scientist's namesake point, materials lose their ferromagnetism. While investigating pitchblende radioactivity, this scientist and his partner isolated polonium and radium. Name this French scientist who shared a Nobel prize for his work on radioactivity with his wife, Marie.

Pierre Curie

In one opera, a soprano saxophone and bass clarinet underscore a section that describes one of these objects, which follows the "Prematurely Air-Conditioned Supermarket." In one work about these objects, a D-flat major triad followed by a B major triad is repeated four times with rapid crescendo and diminuendo. An eighth-note triplet begins a col legno ostinato in​ 5/4 time in one work about these objects, which ends with an offstage fade-out chorus. It's not a star, but one of these objects appears with Richard Strauss' "Sunrise" in a Stanley Kubrick film, and others are described as "mystic" and "bringers of war" in a seven-movement work. Name these celestial objects celebrated in a Gustav Holst suite.

Planet

This man was the subject of an 1851 book by Francis Parkman, which shifted attention away from his associate Guyasuta. This man followed a prophet of the Master of Life named Neolin. This man's allies were defeated by Henry Bouquet in a Pyrrhic victory at Bushy Run. Military actions by this man prompted the killing of dozens of uninvolved innocents in the Conestoga Massacre by the Paxton Boys. While this man's allies were besieged at Fort Pitt, Jeffrey Amherst advocated using smallpox blankets. This man started that war just after the Proclamation of 1763. For 10 points, name this chief of the Odawa tribe who led a namesake "Rebellion."

Pontiac

It is not Italy, but in 1908 this nation's king and heir apparent were assassinated by members of the Carbonaria. This country's territorial claims on Africa were identified on the so-called "Pink Map." From the mid-thirteenth century on, rulers of this country used the title "King of" this country "and the Algarves." The seventeenth century Restoration War ended Hapsburg rule over this country, which was thereafter ruled by the House of Braganza. Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored explorations from this nation, which established a New World colony on land discovered by Pedro Cabral. Name this Iberian nation that colonized Brazil.

Portugal

Frank Knight's magnum opus argues that this quantity cannot be eliminated by competition due to the persistence of risk and uncertainty. This quantity is maximized at the point where "MR equals MC." Opportunity cost is factored into the "economic" type of this quantity, but not the "normal" type. Neoclassical economics usually assumes that firms maximize what value equal to "revenue minus cost"?

Profit

Charles Dana called this person "a renegade Jew who has denied his breed". This person was the only Jewish person elected to the U.S. Congress in 1884, but he quit in 1886 to focus on his other work. This person sponsored the trip that Nellie Bly described in the book Around the World in Seventy-Two Days. This person started the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and then purchased the New York World, which led to a major rivalry with William Randolph Hearst. Name this Hungarian-born newspaper magnate whose will funded the Columbia School of Journalism, which led to the arts and journalism prizes named for him.

Pulitzer

This poem states "The silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token." This poem's speaker explores a mystery and determines "'Tis the wind and nothing more!" When that conclusion turns out to be wrong, this poem's narrator says "Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!" and is given a one-word answer from a creature atop a "pallid bust of Pallas". The speaker of this poem feels sorrow for the loss of Lenore, and he is told "Nevermore" by a bird. Name this poem by Edgar Allan Poe.

Raven

In this mountain range, the Rainbow subrange contains Resplendent Mountain next to the larger Mount Robson. The town of Echo, which was important in the railroad industry and was a highway junction, is now a nearly deserted part of this range's Wasatch subrange east of the Great Basin. Part of this range was known as Teewinot but is now known as the Grand Tetons. Lake Louise is in Banff National Park in the north part of this mountain range. The national park named for this range is near Estes Park, which is northwest of Denver. Name this mountain range of the western United States.

Rockies

The independence of this land is stated in the Declaration of Arbroath. The wars for the independence of this land started after the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway, at the age of seven in 1290. John III Comyn successfully led this country at the Battle of Roslin after John Balliol lost to the English at the Battle of Dunbar; Comyn was killed by this country's Robert the Bruce, who became its king. After the Battle of Falkirk, William Wallace resigned as the guardian of this country. Name this country that now joins England, Northern Ireland, and Wales in the United Kingdom

Scotland

In the​ Mahabharata​,​ ​Indra agrees not to kill one of these animals with anything dry or wet, or at day or night, but finds a loophole by killing him with sea foam at twilight. Visha has one of these animals named Vasuki on his neck, and a Minoan goddess was often depicted holding two of these animals in her hands. In Australian mythology, this kind of animal lives in waterholes that never dry up and represent rainbows. In Norse myth, one of these animals was slain by Thor and had encircled the world. One of these animals created from spit and dirt by Isis bit Ra. Name these animals, one of which tricked Eve into eating the Forbidden Fruit.

Snake

The Catholic Church in what is now this country was supported by Ludwig Pfyffer, whoformed the Golden League in 1586. Another man from this country drowned the Anabaptist Felix Manz and disagreed with the literal doctrine of con·substantiation, leading to his split with Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy. A Frenchman who moved to this country wanted Michael Servetus to be beheaded, but Servetus was burned at the stake instead. This country is where that Frenchman wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. Name this home to Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin.

Switzerland

In this novel, two unnamed lovers making their way to the Chênière Caminada for a Sunday mass are followed "at no great distance" by a "lady in black." This novel's protagonist is said to lack the qualities of a "mother‐woman," unlike her Creole friend Adèle Ratignolle. Robert Lebrun abruptly ends a summer vacation at Grand Isle, much to the dismay of Edna Pontellier, in what novel by Kate Chopin?

The Awakening

In a chapter of this book, a man imagines telling his father a story and then watches some fireworks after driving around a Minnesota lake eleven times. This book opens with the claim "This is true" and then declares "If a story seems moral, do not believe it." In this book's first chapter, a man's death prompts his friend to shoot off parts of a baby water buffalo. Kiowa tries to get the narrator to stop obsessing over a boy's body in this book's chapter "The Man I Killed." Rat Kiley's medical satchel and Ted Lavender's pills are among this book's title objects, along with a photo of Martha held by Jimmy Cross. For 10 points, name this book of Vietnam War stories by Tim O'Brien.

Things They Carried

In one novel by this author, the protagonist visits prisons after serving as a juror in a case involving Maslova, who had been impregnated by Dmitri years before. This author of Resurrection wrote a novel that opens "All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way", and in which Konstantin Levin and Alexei Vronsky fall in love with Kitty, who is Dolly's sister. The title character of that novel by this author threw herself under a train. Name this author of Anna Karenina.

Tolstoy

During this man's presidency, the Polar Bear Expedition was ordered to Arkhangelsk. The Arabic and Sussex pledges were issued to appease this president, who passed the Keating-Owen Act and the Underwood Tariff. Late in this man's presidency, the Justice Department arrested and deported radicals in the Palmer raids. He was aided in one election by the existence of the Bull Moose Party, which split the Republican Party's votes. For 10 points name this man known for his Fourteen Points, the 28th President of the United States who failed to keep America out of WWI.

WIlson

The title character of this opera is described as "forma divina" in an aria that calls her "celeste", which means "heavenly". In another aria, this opera's title character sings a line meaning, "O my country, never more will I see you!"; that aria is "O patria mia". This opera begins with the high priest Ramfis saying that war is inevitable. In this opera, Amneris loves Radamès. This opera premiered in 1871 in Egypt, where it is set. This opera's title character is an Ethiopian princess enslaved by Egypt. Name this opera by Giuseppe Verdi.

Aida

Alectryon was turned into a rooster by this deity after the former fell asleep and failed to notify him about the arrival of Helios. It's not Aphrodite, but this deity was attacked by Athena and Diomedes who wounded him during the Trojan war. The Aloadae captured this most hated of the Olympian gods in a jar. He was captured in a net after being caught having sex with his lover by her husband. Identify this son of Zeus and Hera and lover of Aphrodite who is the Greek god of war.

Ares

One of this empire's rulers described his campaigns on the Black Obelisk from Calah. Another of this empire's rulers sent a force that drove Taharqa south, in an invasion that ended the Kushite Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. The British Museum houses reliefs depicting a ritualized lion hunt in this empire. Aramaic spread across the Middle East under this Iron Age empire, which made many sculptures of winged lion-men called lamassu. A ruler of this empire constructed a namesake cuneiform library at Nineveh. This empire succeeded Hammurabi's Babylonian Empire for control over Mesopotamia. For 10 points, what ancient empire was ruled by Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal?

Assyria

A former president of this country was jailed after police found that he used his "Amigo" bank account for personal purposes. A company in this country was found to have paid over $40 million in kickbacks to bribe officials such as Eduardo Cunha and Edison Neto. Businessman Marcelo Odebrecht and former president Lula da Silva were exposed by Operation Car Wash in this country, which led to Michel Temer assuming the presidency after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. For 10 points, name this home country of Petrobras, a South American country governed from Brasilia.

Brazil

For the quantum harmonic oscillator, this quantity's discrete possible values are evenly spaced and start at a value of "one-half h-bar omega." Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm showed how this quantity and time are paired in a version of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. In quantum physics, the Hamiltonian operator computes this quantity for a particular state. When photons shine on a metal, their value for this quantity must exceed the work function for the photoelectric effect to occur. This value for a photon equals Planck's constant times frequency. For 10 points, name this quantity, whose relativistic "equivalence" with mass sets it equal to "m c-squared."

Energy

In the iconography of the Thorwald and Gosforth crosses, this figure appears facing an armed-spear man in an apparent syncretization with Satan. Mothered by Angrboda, the birth of he and his siblings was prophesied to bring chaos to the nine realms, which led to his confinement in Asgard. They tried to keep him in check with two fetters, but he broke loose from both. To restrain this figure, the gods had to procure a rope made from the sound of a cat's footfall. Tyr loses one of his hands in order to bind this beast with Gleipnir, although he will break free during Ragnarok. For 10 points, name this giant wolf, the son of Loki.

Fenrir

A Claude Levi-Strauss work titled for the "Way of" these objects analyzes how social status influenced the design of these objects among tribes of the Pacific Northwest. One of these artifacts discovered at KV62 is inscribed with chapter 151 of the Book of the Dead on its backside. Heinrich Schliemann discovered a gold one of these artifacts at Mycenae that he claimed belonged to the mythical king Agamemnon. A gold uraeus headdress and lapis lazuli beard are among the components of one of these artifacts that Howard Carter removed from the Tomb of Tutankhamun. For 10 points, name this artifacts used to cover the face of deceased people

Funerary masks

Optical pumping is used to prepare these devices for use by energizing their gain medium. These devices are partly named for a process that was predicted in 1917 by Albert Einstein, and whose reverse is the process of absorption. A population inversion allows these devices to produce coherent, collimated output. Name these devices that produce monochromatic beams of light using stimulated emission.

Laser

One side in this war was offered cavalry by Osman II, which led to the First Polish-Ottoman War. The famines and pillaging of this war were depicted in the novel Simplicius Simplicissimus. Queen Christina took power during this war. An offshoot of this war was ended at the Treaty of the Pyrenees. France's involvement in this war was finished under Cardinal Mazarin. This war's Bohemian phase was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain, and it was rekindled after interventions from France and Sweden before finally ending with the Peace of Westphalia. The Second Defenestration of Prague ignited—for 10 points—what war that lasted from 1618 to 1648?

Thirty Years' War

A character in this work tells her balding husband to "give your mommy a big sloppy kiss." This work begins with that character exclaiming "What a dump!" Another character tells the story of a boy who crashes his car when he swerves to avoid a porcupine. In this play, a historian gives a summary of his second novel, which reveals the truth of a "hysterical pregnancy." In the "Walpurgisnacht" act of this play, characters play games such as "Get the Guests" and "Hump the Hostess." This play ends with a woman replying "I am...I am" to the title question. For 10 points, name this play about guests Nick and Honey and terrible party hosts George and Martha, by Edward Albee.

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

A magic square is said to have this property if every pair of numbers symmetric to the center has the same sum. Subtraction and division only has this property on the left side of the operation, while exponentiation only has it on the right side. Algebraic groups have this property along with closure, identity, and inverses. The field axioms include this property along with distributivity, identity, inverses, and commutativity. Matrix multiplication isn't commutative but has this property. Name this property of addition and multiplication which states that changing the placement of parentheses does not change the result.

Associative property

The second movement of Ravel's suite Miroirs is titled after these animals. Einojuhani Rautavaara wrote a piece that makes extensive use of recordings of these animals subtitled Concerto for [these animals] and Orchestra, called Cantus Arcticus. The third movement of Respighi's Pines of Rome ends with a recording of one of these animals on the Janiculum. Vaughan Williams wrote a violin piece titled for one of these animals "Ascending." A lyrical piece scored for a cello and two pianos evokes this type of animal gliding over water. For 10 points, name this type of animal represented by the flute in the Aviary movement of The Carnival of the Animals.

Birds

In his youth, this man was raised by the nurse Hipolita, and made a famous oath on Monte Sacro hill. Alexandre Pétion provided aid to this man on the condition that he declare his country's slaves free. He was saved from assassination by his mistress Manuela Saenz. This man authorized murder and brutality against his enemies in his Decree of War to the Death. This man was victorious at the Battles of Boyacá and Carabobo. Antonio José de Sucre served as his lieutenant. For 10 points, name this South American figure and first president of Gran Colombia, sometimes known as El Libertador.

Bolivar

This person's friend Pierre Foucault helped popularize this person's most famous invention by developing the raphigraph. This person's most famous invention improved on the work of Charles Barbier and went against a system pushed by Valentin Haüy. Barbier had developed a system of night writing for the army. This person's best known textual work, written in Paris during the 1820s, is Procedure for Writing Words, Music, and Plainsong in Dots. Name this person who developed a system of writing with raised dots, primarily used by blind people

Braille

This material was used to make drums that were collected by Franz Heger long after they were built by the Dong Son culture in Vietnam. The Acton Park, Wilburton, and Ewart Park Phases of English history are characterized by the use of this material to make tools and weapons. Historians debated why many of the cultures that used this material collapsed around 1200 BCE, including the Kassites in Babylonia. Civilizations dependent on this material were often replaced by civilizations dependent on iron, and they had replaced civilizations dependent on stone. Name this metal alloy made by smelting copper with tin.

Bronze

Early examples of this technology were called "Ryan Firebee" and "Lucy Lee". Current models of this technology include the Ryze Tello, Yuneec Typhoon, Parrot Bebop, and several models made by DJI. President Obama was criticized for using this technology for military purposes 10 times as often as President Bush used it, killing six American citizens and several hundred other people. This technology has been used more recently for civilian purposes like monitoring crops and taking selfies from above. Give this term for an unmanned flying vehicle.

Drone

The waves named after this person form patterns similar to Chladni figures and are caused by fluids on top of an oscillating cylinder. This person discovered that the mass of a liberated substance equals charge times molar mass divided by the quantity valence number times a constant named for this person; the constant is the charge on one mole of electrons. Another law named for this person describes the electromotive force generated by a changing magnetic field. Name this British scientist who devised laws of electrolysis and induction.

Faraday

The continued-fraction representation of this number only uses the number 1. A special case of a logarithmic spiral is named for this number. This number equals the reciprocal of itself minus one. The closed-form expression of the Fibonacci sequence uses this number, and the ratio of successive Fibonacci terms approaches this number. This number equals the average of 1 and the square root of 5, and is thus approximately 1.618. Name this number that shows up as a proportion in many works of art, such as the Parthenon.

Golden ratio

This artist painted a candid portrait of the Count of Floridablanca and possibly depicted the Duchess of Alba in The Clothed Maja. This artist created a series of etchings and aquatints in his Los Caprichos. In one painting, he depicted a white-shirted man throwing his hands into the air illuminated by a huge square lantern. That work, the first artwork in this artist's "Disasters of War" series, shows a man about to be executed by firing squad. He included a bloody, headless man being eaten in the most famous of his Black Paintings. For 10 points, name this Spanish painted of Saturn Devouring His Son and The Third of May, 1808.

Goya

This man's followers pledged their loyalty in the "Pledge under the Tree." This figure visited the Sidra tree at the end of the seventh heaven. His steed is often depicted in art with a human face, and is named Buraq. Moses convinced this man to bargain down a certain number. This figure was born in the Year of the Elephant, and the second Hijrah saw this man and his followers flee to Yathrib. This figure was married to Khadijah and Aisha, and while meditating in the Cave of Hira, this figure received a revelation from the angel Jibreel. For 10 points, name this prophet and founder of Islam.

Muhammad

An old man in this novel describes a blacksmith named Whitey who washed his hands after he ate and had recently quit his job because of the food. In this novel, Carlson complains about a dog who stinks and can hardly walk. At the end of this novel, one of the main characters uses Carlson's gun to kill a man he had taken care of. The man who is killed in this novel had accidentally killed Curley's wife and often dreamed of taking care of rabbits. This novel depicts ranch handymen during the Great Depression. Name this novel by John Steinbeck about George Milton and Lennie Small.

Of Mice and Men

This man lost popular support after being named the Earl of Chatham and losing his nickname of the "Great Commoner." Along with the Duke of Newcastle, he formed a coalition that led Britain during the Seven Years' War. The renaming of Fort Duquesne honored this man, whose son of the same name also served as British prime minister. What British politician inspired the name of a city in western Pennsylvania?

Pitt

Igor Stravinsky wrote a piece in this genre "for Eleven Instruments." William Bolcom is known for composing and performing in this genre, which was revived by Joshua Rifkin. A piece in this style mocks the Tristan chord in its middle section and ends a suite that begins with "Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum." This style is imitated in the last movement of Claude Debussy's Children's Corner. Jelly Roll Morton started out playing in this style. This genre, which is named for its frequent syncopations, is imitated in "Golliwogg's Cake-Walk" and developed into stride piano. "The Entertainer" is a piece in—for 10 points—what genre of a Scott Joplin piece named for a maple leaf?

Ragtime

It's not FDR, but this person attacked a 2 million dollar yacht in a speech claiming, "There's no such thing as left or right, only up or down" and describing a "rendezvous with destiny." Another speech by this person said he had not "seen the last" of a group that "slipped the surly bonds of earth to​ touch the face of God." This man gave a speech supporting the Republican candidate in the election of 1964, Barry Goldwater, entitled "A Time for Choosing." This man also urged another world leader, "If you seek liberalization, come here to this gate," and then shouted, "Tear down this wall!" Name this U.S. president who defeated Jimmy Carter in the election of 1980.

Reagan

The mean square voltage of Johnson-Nyquist noise is proportional to temperature times this quantity. For an RC circuit, capacitance times this quantity is equal to the time constant. EMF minus current times the "internal" form of this quantity is equal to the voltage drop across a battery. Power can be calculated by squaring the current and multiplying by this quantity that is equal to voltage divided by current according to Ohm's Law. Name this quantity, measured in ohms, that characterizes a material's opposition to the flow of current.

Resistance

In vertebrates, this structure's nerve fibers are inverted compared to cephalopods. This structure's outermost cells are classified as "on‐center" or "off‐center" based on the properties of their receptive fields and receive input from amacrine and bipolar cells. The lateral geniculate nucleus is linked to the ganglion cells of this structure, in which the protein rhodopsin is activated by photoisomerization of vitamin A. Rods and cones are found in what rearmost part of the eye?

Retina

The "worst joke in legal history" was said by one lawyer in this case which was the first in a line of decisions including ​Stenberg v. Carhart​. The result of this case was "an exercise of raw judicial power" according to senior dissenter Justice​ White, although it acknowledged the importance of a "compelling state interest." The principle established by this case was replaced by the "undue burden" standard. Justice Blackmun wrote the majority opinion for this case, which extended the right to privacy and established a trimester framework. Name this 1973 Supreme Court case which ruled that, under certain circumstances, women have the right to have an abortion.

Roe v Wade

"Lonely Flowers" and "Prophet Bird" are pieces by this composer in a collection of piano pieces titled Waldszenen. This composer created The League of David Society, which lends its name to last movement of a collection of pieces that feature the A-S-C-H motif and are ascribed to Florestan and Eusebius. The fourth movement of this composer's third symphony depicts the elevation of a cardinal at a cathedral in Cologne; that symphony depicts life by a German river. This composer of Dichterliebe and Carnaval included the movement Traumerei in his Scenes from Childhood. For 10 points, name this German composer of the Spring and Rhenish Symphonies.

Schumann

This event was commemorated on a medal designed by Karl Goetz that listed the date of this event as two days earlier than it actually occurred. This event transpired as a result of the actions of Walther Schwieger. Robert Lansing became U.S. Secretary of State in the aftermath of this event, the American response to which prompted the resignation of William Jennings Bryan. Some tried to blame this event on Captain William Turner for travelling too closely to the coast of Ireland and failing to utilize a zig-zag course. The German U-20 submarine was responsible for what 1915 event that contributed to America's entry into World War I?

Sinking of the Lusitania

In Frida Kahlo's painting Henry Ford Hospital, a torso, a fetus and one of these animals float above Kahlo's bedridden body. Many species of these animals stab one another with a "love dart" during mating. Ryan Reynolds voiced one of these animals whose DNA gets mixed with nitrous oxide in the 2013 film Turbo. Name these slow, shelled gastropods served in restaurants as escargot.

Snail

A leader of this political party who hid his prostate cancer for 15 years was criticized for a decadent "last meal," in which he illegally ate two songbirds. That leader campaigned on this party's "110 Propositions" in the early 1980s. In this party's 2017 primary, Manuel Valls was shockingly defeated by Benoît Hamon, who went on to place below both Marine Le Pen and Emmanuel Macron in the general election. A president from this party, who was succeeded by Jacques Chirac in 1995, was attacked for ordering the sinking the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior. A rose is the symbol of—for 10 points—what center-left French party of François Mitterrand and François Hollande?

Socialist

A priest from this country describes hiring a woman who "trots between convents" in the poetic Book of Good Love. In the 17th century, two poets from this country used contrasting Baroque styles named for "culture" and "concepts." In a play from this country, a man is given a chance to claim his title as prince, but then turns violent, causing him to be sedated and told it was just a dream. An author from this country wrote about a tight-knit town called "sheep well" in one of his over 500 plays. A man from this country created the Polish prince Segismundo in the play Life is a Dream. For 10 points, name this home of Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderón de la Barca.

Spain

One of Fermat's theorems states that prime numbers can be expressed as the sum of two of these numbers if and only if the prime is congruent to 1, mod 4. One of Euler's identities says that if you take two numbers that are each the sum of four of these numbers, then the product is also the sum of four of these numbers. The sum of the first n positive odd numbers is always one of these numbers. When the discriminant of a quadratic is this type of number, the quadratic's solutions are rational. Two of these numbers adding up to another of these numbers make up a Pythagorean triple. Name these numbers, the first of which are 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25.

Square

One observation predicted by this theory results from the spontaneous symmetry breaking of an SU(2) doublet in a "Mexican hat" potential. Improvements to this theory try to address its CP violation and the fine-tuning of its 19 free parameters. In this theory, local symmetries give rise to gauge bosons that mediate interactions. A single treatment of all the interactions in this theory is the goal of Grand Unified Theories, while "theories of everything" combine it with gravity. The last particle in this theory, the Higgs boson, was discovered in 2012. The electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces are all described by—for 10 points—what basic framework of modern particle physics?

Standard Model

This writer used the line "O Leerie, see a little child and nod to him to-night!" to end his poem "The Lamplighter", which appears in a collection originally called Penny Whistles but now often titled A Child's Garden of Verses. In a novel by this author, a blind beggar is told that he is at the Admiral Benbow, Black Hill Cove. That blind beggar, Pew, delivers a black spot—which is a summons—and he used to work with Captain Flint. Name this author who portrayed the death of Billy Bones and the adventure of Jim Hawkins with Long John Silver in the novel Treasure Island.

Stevenson

This player hit the first inside the park home run in all star game history in 2007 at AT&T Park. While playing for the Miami Marlins in 2016, this seven time Gold Glove winning outfielder recorded his 3,000th hit. When this player left the Orix Blue Wave, he was the first to be "posted" to a major league team What Japanese baseball player has spent most of his career with the Seattle Mariners?

Suzuki

A ruler of this city built the largest known altar from antiquity. In this city, the underprivileged killyrioi natives worked land owned by the foreign gamoroi elite. Similarly to Athens, inhabitants of this city banished citizens via petalismos, writing the names of those they wished to exile on leaves. In this city, a flattering courtier was made to sit on its throne below a sword hanging by a thread. An inhabitant of this city supposedly burned enemy ships with a parabolic bronze mirror and discovered the principle of buoyancy. This city's tyrants included Dionysius and Hieron. For 10 points, name this Sicilian city that was home to Damocles and Archimedes.

Syracuse

In the first scene in this play, one character compares an action to being "whipped at the high cross every morning", drawing the reply "There's small choice in rotten apples." That conversation takes place between Gremio and Hortensio. Two men in this play pretend to be the tutors Cambio and Litio. Later in this play, Gremio describes a wedding in which the groom swore and then slapped the priest; that groom later wins a bet when his wife is more obedient then his friends' wives. Name this William Shakespeare play about the relationship between Petruchio and Katherina.

Taming of the Shrew

In this film, the camera tracks away to an empty hallway while the protagonist apologises on the phone for ruining a date. This film's protagonist jokes about getting "organezized" while on a date with a campaign fundraiser. This was Paul Schrader's first major screenwriting credit, and it starred a 14 year-old Jodie Foster as a prostitute. This film's protagonist improvises a gadget to quickly draw a revolver, which he practices while repeating the line "You talkin' to me?", and he says that "all the animals come out at night" to describe the "scum" of New York city. Robert De Niro starred in—for 10 points—what Martin Scorsese film whose title character tries to shoot one of his passengers?

Taxi Driver

The slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. under this president who was the father in law of Jefferson Davis. Another piece of legislation passed under this man's administration allowed California to enter the Union as a free state. The Compromise of 1850 was passed during the tenure of what man who fought at the Battle of Buena Vista and was known as "Old Rough and Ready?"

Taylor

In 2008, this company sued Fisker Automotive, claiming that it stole "confidential information" related to the design of its main products. A technological strategy used by this company was given the name "complex coordination" by an investor in it, Peter Thiel. The CEO of this company has pursued building new production plants in Europe and Shanghai known as "gigafactories." A new product created by this company is known for its minimalist design, becoming the world's largest selling plug-in car since July 2018. The Model 3 is, for 10 points, sold and manufactured by what Elon Musk- led car company?

Tesla

A national scandal started when a funeral home in this state refused to host a wake for Felix Longoria after he died in World War II because "The whites wouldn't like it." Pete Hernandez successfully sued this state in the U.S. Supreme Court when Mexican Americans were excluded from jury pools. Before it was annexed by the United States, this state became independent following the Treaties of Velasco, which were signed by Antonio López de Santa Anna after the Battle of San Jacinto. Name this state whose fighters lost the Battle of the Alamo and which was led for a time by Sam Houston.

Texas

This opera was based on a play of the same name by Antonio Garcia Gutierrez, and its libretto was primarily written by Salvadore Cammarano. In this opera, Leonora confesses her love in the aria, "Tacea la notte placida." This opera opens with a gypsy accused of witchcraft being burnt at the stake. One character in this opera professes her desire to avenge her mother in the aria, "Stride la vampa." Count di Luna orders the execution of the protagonist in this opera. The Anvil Chorus is performed in what Giuseppe Verdi opera about the title figure, Manrico.

Troubadour

The current president of this country is, ironically, a diabetic who made his fortune in the chocolate industry. This country's Orthodox church pledged allegiance directly to the Patriarch of Constantinople in January 2019. The former Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili served as governor of this country's Odessa province until 2018. The Euromaidan Revolution toppled a dictator in this country and led to elections won by Petro Poroshenko. This country's Donbass region was invaded by its neighbor in 2014, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Novorussia. For 10 points, name this country from which Russia annexed the Crimea in 2014.

Ukraine

When asked about her parents, one character in this novel says "Never was born, never had no father nor mother, nor nothin'. I was raised by a speculator, with lots of others." That character, who steals gloves and a ribbon, and asks whether Adam and Eve fell from the state of Kentucky, is Topsy, whom Ophelia tries to teach. Soon after that, Chloe receives a letter from this novel's protagonist and talks about it with Mrs. Shelby. After the protagonist is done living with the Saint Clare family, he is viciously beaten by Simon Legree. Name this anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

One character in this work vows to kill her sister on her wedding day, and dies with a black bandage tied around her hand as a symbol of her virginity. In this work, Meme is caught kissing Mauricio at the movies, and her mother sends her to a convent after he is shot in the spine. Another character babbles in Latin and talks to a ghost with a hole in his neck, forcing his family to tie him to a chestnut tree. His descendant with a pig's tail is eaten by ants after being christened Aureliano, and shortly after, a powerful wind destroys the town of Macondo. For 10 points, name this novel describing the rise and fall of the Buendía family, by Gabriel García Márquez.

100 Years of Solitude

One character in this novel shows up to a political speech and tries to show off her red ribbons, but she is told the ribbons are a "badge of slavery" when she asks stupid questions. Another character in this novel urinates on plans to build a windmill, but that windmill is eventually built thanks to hard work by Boxer. A set of seven commandments in this novel prohibit drinking alcohol, sleeping in a bed, and wearing clothes. In this novel, two of the main characters—who have obvious parallels to Stalin and Trotsky—are named Napoleon and Snowball, and are pigs. Name this allegorical novella by George Orwell.

Animal Farm

A piece by this composer includes a nine-movement "Symbolum Nicenum" and is referred by its key signature, B minor. This composer adapted the last movement from Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben into a song commonly called "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring." A theme-establishing "aria" opens a work by this composer that contains a canon every third movement. This composer wrote a collection of preludes and fugues in all major and minor keys. Name this Baroque composer of the Goldberg Variations, The Well-Tempered Clavier, and a Toccata and Fugue in D minor.

Bach

One person involved in this industry used homing pigeons to gain advance knowledge of the Battle of Waterloo's result. A group in this industry instigated the failed Pazzi Conspiracy, and the Fuggers grew rich from it. Lombards in this industry invented double-entry bookkeeping. The Medicis first gained power through this industry, which in 19th-century Britain was controlled by the Rothschilds. Because Christians were banned from usury, many Jews went into this industry because they could charge interest. For 10 points, name this industry involving the lending and borrowing of money.

Banking

One Russian player of this instrument premiered Prokofiev's nearly unplayable ​Sinfonia Concertante​. Heitor Villa-Lobos scored the fifth of his ​Bachianas Brasileiras​ for soprano and eight of these instruments. Hanuš Wihan wrote a cadenza for a B minor concerto for this instrument, which was played during the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia by​ Mstislav Rostropovich, and one player of this instrument founded the Silk Road Ensemble. Jacqueline du Pré famously played this instrument in a recording of a concerto by Edward Elgar. Name this string instrument played by Yo-Yo Ma which is pitched between the double bass and viola.

Cello

A McCabe-Thiele diagram is a plot of mole fractions during this process. The efficiency of this process is quantified in terms of theoretical plates. To reduce the incorporation of air in this process, a Perkin triangle can be used. Raoult's law explains why this process works, including why it doesn't work for azeotropes. A reflux condenser is need to perform the fractional type of this process on crude oil, partitioning heavy asphalt from lighter products like kerosene and gasoline. Name this process for separating the components of a mixture based on differences in their boiling points.

Distillation

In this opera, a soft timpani roll underlies a shift from B-flat major to the mediant of G major during the sextet "Sola, sola in buio loco." This opera's final sextet, "Questo è il fin di chi fa mal", which delivers the moral, was cut in most 19th-century productions. At a dinner scene in this opera, a character claims to be sick of constantly hearing the composer's earlier "Non più andrai". In this opera's aria "Il mio tesoro," Don Ottavio swears to avenge the murder of Donna Anna's father. Its title character woos Masetto's betrothed Zerlina in the aria "Là ci darem la mano", and Leporello recounts its title character's sexual conquests in the "Catalogue Aria." Name this Mozart opera that ends with a statue of the commendatore dragging the title seducer to hell.

Don Giovanni

This phenomenon is responsible for thermal broadening of spectral lines. Tuning a laser to a frequency slightly below the electronic transition frequency of a given atom allows for this phenomenon to be used in laser cooling. Observation of canal rays affected by relativistic time dilation allowed Ives and Stilwell to observe the transverse form of it. This phenomenon explains the redshift of receding stars and galaxies. For 10 points, name this phenomenon, the change in an observed frequency of waves emitted by a moving object.

Doppler effect

Darwin's tubercle is a vestigial part of this organ. Synapsid fossils are recognized by the quadrate and articular bones, which in mammals form part of this organ. Cerumen can form a blockage in this organ. The most common infection of this organ is called otitis media. The Eustachian tube maintains pressure in this organ. This organ senses stimuli when the cochlea receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane via the hammer, anvil, and stirrup bones. Name this sensory organ of the auditory system.

Ear

Surface analysis of one technique involving these particles features KLL and LMM peaks. That technique depends on an effect discovered by Lisa Meitner and Pierre Auger. In one process, high-velocity beams of these particles are shot from a welding machine to fuse metals. The iridium tetroxide cation has the highest known value, +9, in one measurement quantifying the​ loss of these particles. Analyte molecules expel these particles in a method of mass spectrometry in which they are ionized. These particles are stationary in the plum pudding model and move in orbitals in the Bohr model. Name these elementary particles which have a negative charge.

Electron

A bonus track on this artist's most recent album begins each verse with the line "knock knock, let the devil in." The phrase "that's how much we have in common" is repeated on another track from that album, whose cover art is taken from that of the Beastie Boys album Licensed to Ill. This rapper included the songs "Not Alike" and "Venom" on his 2018 surprise-release album (*) Kamikaze. Shortly afterward, this artist wrote the song "Killshot" in response to a Machine Gun Kelly diss track that mocks his songs "Not Afraid" and "Stan." For 10 points, name this Detroit-based rapper whose better-known hits include "Lose Yourself" and "The Real Slim Shady."

Eminem

Materials that exhibit this phenomenon lie above the horizontal axis of a graph plotting exchange energy against the ratio a over r; that plot shows the Bethe-Slater curve. Objects exhibiting this phenomenon can produce popping noises in the Barkhausen effect. This phenomenon is described by a model where points on a model correspond to spin states of atoms, called the Ising Model. This phenomenon occurs when the Weiss domains of an object align, which is only possible below the Curie temperature. For 10 points, name this phenomenon experienced by elements such as nickel, cobalt, and iron, which is a permanent form of magnetism.

Ferromagnetism

This phenomenon was divided into subclasses by Louis Neel in 1948 which take into account its "strict[-ness]". This phenomenon's noise output effect has been named for Heinrich Barkhausen. This phenomenon's spontaneousness will no longer exist once the Curie temperature has been reached. Moments align in a way so that the spin of horizontal neighbors are opposite and balanced in the "anti-" variety of this phenomenon. Identify this strongest type of magnetism that is exemplified by metals such as nickel and iron.

Ferromagnetism

A composer from this country dedicated her Sonata for Harp to Nicanor Zabaleta and wrote "The Knight's Farewell" in memory of another composer from it. A composer from this country taught generations of Americans, including Aaron Copland and Philip Glass. A slow piano piece from this country begins with the left hand playing a low G on beat one, then a higher B minor triad on beat 2. A composer from this country used a saxophone in The Creation of the World and wrote The Ox on the Roof. This country was home to a group of six composers including Darius Milhaud and Francis Poulenc. For 10 points, name this home country of Nadia Boulanger and Erik Satie.

France

In this country, abortion was legalized by the Veil Law. Thousands of women from this country marched on a royal palace due to the high price of bread. Gossip about a ruler from this country led to the Affair of the Diamond Necklace, and that ruler was later caught attempting to flee to Varennes. In this country, Charlotte Corday murdered a member of the Jacobins in his bathtub. A peasant girl told by God to fight for this country during the Hundred Years' War was later burned at the stake. For 10 points, name this country, where "Let them eat cake" was probably not said by its queen, Marie Antoinette.

France

This politician worked with Johnny Isakson to pass the Service Dogs for Veterans Act and also wrote the Medical Loss Ratio amendment to the Affordable Care Act. Mitch McConnell rebuked this politician for disrespectful behavior during Elena Kagan's confirmation, over which this politician presided. In a 2017 speech, this author of Giant of the Senate said he was "aware of the irony" that President Trump was still in office although this man was forced to step down due to allegations from women like Leeann Tweeden. Name this comedian and former U.S. Senator from Minnesota who resigned in January 2018 amidst a sexual misconduct scandal.

Franken

In a poem by this author, a woman observes her husband "making the gravel leap and leap in air" as he digs the grave of their infant child. In another poem, the speaker describes "Such heaps of broken glass to sweep away / You'd think the inner dome of heaven had fallen." That poem ends by declaring "One could do worse than be a swinger of" the title trees. In another poem, the speaker stops during "the darkest evening of the year" "to watch [the] woods fill up with snow." That poem ends by repeating the line "And miles to go before I sleep." For 10 points, identify this poet of "Home Burial," "Birches," and "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening."

Frost

In order for this process to achieve breakeven, n times the confinement time must be greater than a certain minimum. That requirement is known as Lawson's criterion. The technique of inertial confinement achieves this process by breaking the Coulomb barrier. This process occurs in stellarators and tokamaks. Fleischmann and Pons falsely claimed to have achieved the "cold" form of this process. In stars, this process may occur through the proton-proton chain or the CNO cycle. For 10 points, name this process in which multiple nuclei combine to form a heavier one, contrasted with fission.

Fusion

While Maurice Ravel worked on his Piano Concerto for the Left Hand, he also wrote a piano concerto in this key. The Ludwig Beethoven rondo nicknamed "Rage Over a Lost Penny" is also in this key. Joseph Haydn's symphonies "The Palindrome", "Military", and "Surprise" are in this key, which is the root of the fortissimo chord that gave the "Surprise" symphony its nickname. This key's diminished chord consists of the root note, B-flat, and D-flat. Its relative minor is E minor, and its major chord consists of the root, B, and D. Name this major key whose only accidental is F-sharp.

G

This monarch was thrown to the ground by the French king in a wrestling match, leading this ruler to make an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. This monarch, who led the non-French side at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, had Thomas Culpeper executed for having an affair with this man's wife. This king's minister Thomas Cromwell dissolved his country's monasteries but was executed for arranging this ruler's failed marriage to Anne of Cleves. This monarch was excommunicated after annulling his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, leading him to found the Anglican church. Name this English monarch who had six wives.

Henry VIII

This character burned a bug on a candle, then tried to change his luck by standing up, turning around three times, and making the sign of the cross on his chest. This character mocks his companion for believing that touching a snake·skin brings bad luck, but later believes him when his friend is bitten by a snake on his foot. This character did not want to go to heaven because Miss Watson was going there, and he lives with Miss Watson's sister, the Widow Douglas. This character travels with Jim on the Mississippi River. Name this close friend of Tom Sawyer in novels by Mark Twain.

Huckleberry Finn

In this novel, two characters flirt in an empty classroom by playing a piano that's lent to the title character's aunt at the beginning of the novel. A character in this novel leaves behind the note "Done because we are too menny" before killing himself and his half-siblings. The protagonist of this novel is tricked into marrying Arabella Donn, who later gives birth to the dour child Little Father Time. This novel's title stonemason aspires to be an academic and falls in love with Sue Bridehead. After this novel's cool reception, its author gave up novels for poetry like "The Darkling Thrush." For 10 points, name this last novel by Thomas Hardy.

Jude the Obscure

This artist states that such things as love and drugs "won't get you high as this" on a track that repeats the word "levitate." This artist repeated "loving you is complicated" ten times to begin a song just titled "u." On one track, this man calls himself a "savage" and a "king" before repeating "Shimmy ya, shimmy ya, shimmy ya." This man claimed "I was born like this, since one like this, immaculate conception" on an album that features Rihanna on the track "Loyalty." This man rapped "I remember syrup sandwiches and crime allowances" at the beginning of the song "HUMBLE." For 10 points, name this rapper behind the albums To Pimp a Butterfly and DAMN.

Kendrick Lamar

One character with this profession is dissuaded of Una's chastity by the evil wizard Archimago in The Faerie Queene. That character wears a red cross. In one story, a member of this profession has a dream in which Mercury instructs him to return to Athens to pursue his love Emily, though he must battle his cousin Palamon for her hand in marriage. In a poem with this profession in the title, a sash that makes the wearer impervious to weapons is given to the protagonist by the wife of a man with this profession that turns out to be Lord Bertilak. In that poem, Gawain cuts off the head of a man with this profession on Christmas Day. What profession names one of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, a green one of which was written about by the Pearl Poet?

Knight

In one novel by this author, Lee Sarason runs a political campaign whose supporters are called the Forgotten Men. This author portrayed the opposition to that campaign being voiced by Fort Beulah Daily Informer editor Doremus Jessup. In another novel by this author, the protagonist leaves her husband to move to Washington, D.C. after becoming frustrated with life in the Midwest. The protagonist had earlier been convinced by her husband Will to move to Gopher Prairie, Minnesota. Name this author who wrote about Berzelius "Buzz" Windrip in It Can't Happen Here and about Carol Kennicott in Main Street.

Lewis

In a poem by this author, a girl pulls flowers while a boy plays horse on stilts. In another poem, the speaker sees "moonlight before his bed" and imagines it is "frost on the ground," then lowers his head and thinks of his homeland. This poet states "we are now three" after inviting the moon and his shadow to join him with "a cup of wine under the flowering trees" and the "cloudy river of the sky." The speaker of another poem recalls "when my hair was cut straight across my forehead" and declares "at fourteen I married My Lord you." For 10 points, name this Tang Dynasty poet of "Quiet Night Thoughts," "Drinking Alone by Moonlight," and "The River-Merchant's Wife."

Li

This author wrote about a Jewish woman named Denise Gondelman providing a challenge for her lover, an amateur bullfighter living in New York City, in a story about Sergius O'Shaugnessy called "The Time of Her Time". Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin criticized this writer's 1957 essay on hipsters, "The White Negro". In a novel by this writer, the marriage between Margaret and General Edward Cummings is unhappy, perhaps due to the General's homosexuality. In that novel, Hennessey, Lieutenant Robert Hearn, and a man named Woodrow Wilson are killed by the Japanese during World War II. Name this author of The Naked and the Dead.

Mailer

A dotted quarter note followed by an eighth note is a recurring rhythmic motif for strings in a sinfonia in this work. A trumpet solo in an air for bass marked Pomposo ma non allegro​ is the only instrumental solo in this work, and the Man of Sorrows is described in its longest aria. In the "Christmas" section of this work, a soprano sings "There were​ shepherds abiding in the field" after a pastoral movement in 12/8 time titled Pifa. Charles Jennens wrote the libretto for this work, which includes one section repeating the words "King of Kings" and "he shall reign for ever and ever." Name this oratorio by George Frideric Handel that contains the "Hallelujah" chorus.

Messiah

During one part of this war, the territorial governor Charles Bent was scalped and killed. As a result of disobeying presidential orders during negotiations, Nicholas Trist was fired after this war. The Mormon Battalion fought during this war, where six teenagers were among the defenders who died at Chapultepec Castle. Slavery would have been banned in the lands gained from this war by the Wilmot Proviso. Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor led American troops in this war, which was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. For 10 points, name this war between the United States and its southern neighbour.

Mexican-American War

This city grew when Julia Tuttle convinced Henry Flagler to extend rail service to her land. Recently, Tony Goldman used free outdoor art to attract people to this city's Wynwood neighborhood, which used to be known as Little San Juan. This city is near Biscayne National Park, where many manatees live. This major city is just south of Boca Raton and Fort Lauderdale, and it is a short boat ride from the Bahamas. José Martí Park is in a neighborhood of this city known for its Cuban exile community, Little Havana. South Beach is a neighborhood of what city in south Florida?

Miami

These objects are the most massive objects that cool by the Urca process, and glitches that occur in these objects cause their rotational frequency to increase. The merger of two of these objects can lead to a kilonova. Stationary types of these objects cannot exceed 2.17 solar masses, the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit. Objects of this type, such as the "Black Widow," emit electromagnetic radiation due to spinning and are known as pulsars. These objects are formed through the core collapse of a star with mass of at least 8 solar masses. For 10 points, name these stars, which are made up of a certain subatomic particle

Neutron stars

A parody of this painting features pop-culture icons like Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley sitting in place of its original subjects. The right-hand side of this painting is entirely closed off by large glass windows. The rightmost figure in this painting is a man in white who stoops down with a pained expression. According to the artist's wife Jo, this painting's name comes from the beak-like nose of a man in it, who holds a cigarette and sits next to a woman in red. In this painting, an ad for 5-cent Phillies Cigars can be seen above three restaurant patrons who seemingly fail to acknowledge each others' presence. Name this painting of a diner by Edward Hopper

Nighthawks

This polity employed the Enderun School to train soldiers for a force that wore distinguishing hats called borks; that school's administrators were one of the groups in this polity's governance to use deaf-mutes. A military force employed by this polity was disbanded in the so-called "Auspicious Incident." That unit fought against Louis II during the Battle of Mohacs, after which this empire partitioned Hungary with the Habsburg empire. In 1535, this empire captured Baghdad under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. For 10 points, name this empire ruled by the House of Osman from Constantinople.

Ottoman

Clumps of Lewy bodies within brain cells are microscopic markers of this disease, whose first symptom is often a pill-rolling movement between the thumb and forefinger. Death of cells in the substantia nigra of the midbrain results in a lack of dopamine in that area, one of the primary causes of this disease. Notably affecting the late Muhammad Ali, what is the neurodegenerative disease whose primary symptoms are muscle rigidity and uncontrollabe tremors?

Parkinson's

In one work, Meredith Blake and Elsa Greer are part of a group of five named for these animals, suspects for the murder of Amyas Crale as investigated by Poirot. In one novel, Benjamin the donkey can read as well as one of these animals. The phrase "sucks to your ass-mar" is used to tease one character named for one of these animals whose death represents the​ "end of innocence" and occurs due to a falling boulder after his glasses have long been used to start fires. In another work, two of these animals represent Stalin and Trotsky. Name these barnyard animals exemplified by Napoleon and Snowball in Animal Farm, as well as E. B. White's Wilbur from Charlotte's Web

Pig

This author wrote about Monsieur Maillard's system of soothing leading to a group of inmates running an asylum in the story "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether". In another story by this writer, a character uses green spectacles to disguise his eye and purposefully leaves behind a snuff-box so that he has an excuse to return to a minister's apartment. That story, "The Purloined Letter", is the last of this author's three stories about the detective C. Auguste Dupin. In another story by this writer, the narrator asks "Why will you say that I am mad?" before telling the story of when he dismembered a body and buried it below a house's floorboards. Name this American author of "The Tell-Tale Heart".

Poe

Suburbs of this country's capital include Almada and Setúbal. A 2016 American-based survey concluded that the world's best place to retire was this country's southern region, the Algarve. The two autonomous regions of this country include a group of nine volcanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean ruled from Ponta Delgada and the Madeira archipelago. Wine is exported from this country's second-largest city of Porto. The Azores are part of this European country that has its capital city located at the mouth of the Tagus River. For 10 points, name this Iberian country with capital at Lisbon.

Portugal

The fourteenth chapter of this work features a speaker's explanation of the Three Material Modes of Nature, while in its second chapter that speaker consoles the protagonist by describing the separateness of the soul from the material world of the body. This work, which is narrated by Sanjaya on the prompting of Dhritarashtra, fortels the death of Drona and Bhishma in its 11th chapter, where Krishna reveals his universal form to Arjuna. For 10 points, name this Hindu philosophical text that appears directly before the account of the Kurukshetra war in the Mahabharata.

Bhagavad Gita

Due to the state in which they were born, this justice and Harry Blackmun were often dubbed the "Minnesota Twins." This man wrote the majority opinion in a case which stated that de facto segregation must be addressed, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County. This man also wrote the majority opinion in a case which ruled that executive privilege could not protect a sitting President from criminal prosecution, US v. Nixon. Identify this conservative justice who led the Court from 1969-1986 following the resignation of Earl Warren.

Burger

This composer included the characters Queenie, Butch, and Fat in an opera whose libretto was written by Edwin Denby. This composer of The Second Hurricane dedicated "The Chariot" song to Arthur Berger from his song cycle Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson. This man opened the first movement of his Third Symphony with an molto moderato section which he later re-used for a work that was inspired by a Henry Wallace speech. Fanfare for the Common Man is by what American composer of Appalachian Spring?

Copland

This country that no longer exists was home to a play wright who wrote about Josef Gross asking his secretary Maria to translate the fictional language Ptydepe. The author of that play—The Memorandum—became the last president of this country. Another play from this country concerned the love of Primus and Helena after the revolt of the title automatons. The surgeon Tomás, his wife Tereza, and his mistress Sabina appear in The Unbearable Lightness of Being, a novel from this former country. Name this country in which Karel Čapek died and in which Milan Kundera and Václav Havel were born.

Czechoslovakia

A painting by this artist features skulls in the eyes and mouths of other skulls and is titled The Face of War. Tigers jump out of a fish in this artist's depiction of a Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee. Objects differ from their reflections in this artist's Swans Reflecting Elephants. Bricks in a grid-like formation flood the Disintegration of this artist's best-known painting, in which ants swarm an orange object on a table on the left, and a beach and a cliff are in the background. Name this Spanish surrealist who painted melting clocks in his The Persistence of Memory.

Dali

This deity and her daughter were honored with a religious celebration that included the showing of the Hiera and the drinking of the Kykeon. Another festival that celebrates this deity included the throwing of piglets into pits in honor of Eubouleus. This deity was the oldest one celebrated at the Festival of the Thesmophoria. This goddess was discovered by Metaneira while making Demophoon immortal. This goddess, who was celebrated in the Eleusinian mysteries, created a yearlong famine while searching for her daughter, who was abducted by Hades. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of agriculture and mother of Persephone.

Demeter

This author discussed the viciousness of stereotypes within American culture in his essay collection Shadow and Act. In one of this author's novels, Reverend Alonzo Hickman's son becomes a racist senator named Adam Sunraider. One of this author's characters works at Liberty Paints and lives in a room lit with 1,369 light bulbs. That novel's protagonist is expelled from a prestigious black college by Dr. Bledsoe before working in Harlem for the Brotherhood organization opposed by Ras the Exhorter. For 10 points, name this African American author of Juneteenth and Invisible Man.

Ellison

This person said "Let them kill me" when Mahmoud Abdel-Latif tried to assassinate him. ThispersondiedofaheartattackthedayafterhebrokeredanagreementbetweenKing Hussein of Jordan and Yasser Arafat to end Black September, and an estimated 5 million people attended his funeral. This person came to power after conflicts with Mohammed Naguib, which happened shortly after they worked together to overthrow King Farouk in 1952. Name this person who nationalized the Suez Canal when he became the president of Egypt.

Nasser

In one chapter of this work, a figure is told to take the road to Gaza where he encounters "an important official in charge of all the treasury of Candace, queen of the Ethiopians." That episode follows another in Samaria where Philip converts a man with "Great Power" named Simon the Sorcerer or Simon Magus. In the final chapters of this book, the father of Publius is cured of dysentery after a shipwreck occurs on Malta while carrying Paul and other prisoners to Rome. For 10 points, name this fifth book of the New Testament named for the deeds of Christ's Successors.

Acts

Acetic acid is produced by adding this molecule to methanol using an iridium or rhodium based catalyst. A complex of nickel and this molecule is formed in the Mond process. Reacting this molecule and hydrogen forms water gas; that reaction forms water and a product with one more oxygen atom than this molecule. This molecule and one of its substituents are produced in incomplete combustion, and this gas is responsible for the deadly effects of car exhaust. For 10 points, name this molecule consisting of carbon triple bonded to oxygen.

Carbon monoxide

The Chuvash people live primarily on an upland named after this river. The middle section of this river, which rises in the Valdai Hills, is determined by its confluences with the Oka and Kama rivers. Another name for this river is İdel​, and at the confluence of this river with the Kazanka River lies the capital of Tatarstan, Kazan. A city now named after this river received the title Hero City in 1945, and, on the Mamayev Kurgan, contains the statue "The Motherland Calls." This river passes through Astrakhan before flowing into the Caspian Sea. Name this Russian river, the longest river in Europe.

Volga

This poem was drastically cut down from an early version called "He Do the Police in Different Voices." Its last section asks "Who is the third who walks always beside you?" This poem is dedicated to "il miglior fabbro," an epithet taken from Dante. This poem, whose second section is repeatedly punctuated by the all-caps line "HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME," was heavily reshaped by Ezra Pound. This poem's five sections include "The Burial of the Dead," "The Fire Sermon," and "What the Thunder Said," which ends with the Sanskrit words "Shantih shantih shantih." The line "April is the cruellest month" begins—for 10 points—what poem by T.S. Eliot?

Waste Land

The protagonist of this novel cannot decide what profession she wants to embody for a Ladies Day photography session, but eventually settles on being a poet. Philomena Guinea refers the protagonist of this novel to Dr. Nolan after she swallows a whole bottle of sleeping pills. The protagonist of this novel feels that she has been "patched, retreaded, and approved for the road" when she leaves a mental asylum after a few months. The mental health of Esther Greenwood is a primary concern of what novel by Sylvia Plath?

The Bell Jar

A damaged one of these structures decreases the production of steroid sulfatase and a defect in this structure decreases the production of the protein FMRP. The SHOX region of this structure leads to the short stature and webbed neck caused by an absence of one of these structures. In lyonization, this structure can be deactivated to form a​ Barr body. Having an extra one of this structure can lead to Klinefelter syndrome and the genes that cause hemophilia and colorblindness are on this chromosome, which causes their higher incidence in males. Name this human sex chromosome contrasted with Y.

X chromosome

These lines can be generated from two parallel lines that are generated from Dandelin spheres. These lines are always parallel to the latus rectum. The distance from the center of some shapes to this line is given by the formula "a squared divided by c"; that formula equals a divided by a variable called e, where e is a fixed ratio equal to the distance from a fixed point divided by the distance to this fixed line, and is called eccentricity. In a parabola, every point is the same distance from this line as it is from the focus. Name this line associated with conic sections

directrix

The Kolmogorov length scale is proportional to the one-fourth power of this quantity cubed over epsilon. An equation setting shear stress equal to this quantity times the shear rate does not hold for materials such as dilatants and Bingham Plastics. One equation sets a force equal to 6 pi times big-R times v times this quantity. Because the Reynolds number is inversely proportional to this quantity, turbulence tends to occur when it is low. Besides radius and velocity, Stokes' law shows drag is proportional to this quantity. Dividing by the density yields the kinematic form of this quantity from its dynamic form. For 10 points, name this measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

Viscosity

Though Mike Mansfield helped draft this bill, two other drafter's names were combined to nickname it the "Dirksenbach" bill. This law contained a "pocket trigger" provision, also called "bail-in", that allowed judges to begin a preclearance process. Some of this bill's provisions were weakened in 2013 by the Shelby County v. Holder decision, which happened years after the provisions were upheld in South Carolina v. Katzenbach. After the Selma-to-Montgomery march and the election of 1964, this bill was supported by President Lyndon Johnson. Name this legislation that strengthened the 24th Amendment.

Voting Rights Act

In one symphony of this number, the scherzo transitions directly into the finale, which ends with 29 bars of chords in C major. A frequently excerpted Adagietto movement appears in Gustav Mahler's symphony of this number. Due to a negative article in Pravda, Dmitri Shostakovich gave his symphony of this number the subtitle "A Soviet Artist's Reply to Just Criticism." Beethoven's piano concerto of this number is nicknamed Emperor. This is the number of flats in D-flat major and sharps in B major. Beethoven's symphony of this number opens with a "Fate" motif of four notes. For 10 points, give this number of performers in a string quintet.

Five

Act I of a work by this composer contains a Pifa, or pastoral symphony. A set of three orchestral suites by this composer includes movements marked "Bourree" and "Alla Hornpipe." Coronations of British monarchs play this man's composition Zadok the Priest. George II was the dedicatee of a work by this composer whose premiere saw a building catch on fire. "I know why my redeemer liveth" begins the final part of an oratorio written by this composer of Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks. For 10 points, name this Baroque composer who wrote Messiah, which includes the "Hallelujah Chorus."

Handel

This thinker wrote a book for "Young Hegelians" and a work entitled, On the Jewish Question. This man attacked Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in The Poverty of Philosophy and this thinker had his ideas used by Gyorgy Lukacs. This author of Theses on Feuerbach, wrote that history repeats "first as a tragedy, then as a farce" in The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon. Identify this thinker and author of Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto.

Marx

Positive and negative forms of this process are distinguished using the McDonald-Kreitman test. The importance of this process is downplayed by the neutral theory, which suggests that the effects of drift outweigh this process. In the Wallace effect, this process acts against hybrids to assist in speciation. Examples of this process include changes in coloration of peppered moths and variation in the beak size of galapagos finches. For 10 points, name this process in which favorable variations in organisms are preserved over time, the mechanism underlying evolution according to Charles Darwin.

Natural selection

This artist showed a depiction of the crucifixion in the background as a woman looks upwards at a suspended glass sphere in The Allegory of Faith. A blue floral cloth drapes over the edge of the table in another painting by this artist that shows the title man touching a globe, The Astronomer. This man showed the Schie canal in one painting, and in another work, this man showed a blue and yellow turban-wearing girl with the title piece of jewelry. What Dutch artist painted View of Delft and Girl with a Pearl Earring?

Vermeer

This man is given one thousand pieces of silver by a king of Gerar. This man failed to find ten righteous men inside a certain city, condemning that city to destruction. This figure fathered Midian with Keturah after burying his first wife in the cave of Machpelah. That wife forced him to banish his concubine Hagar into the desert after she bore him the son Ishmael. God promises this man that his descendants will be as numerous as the stars of heaven after ordering him to sacrifice his son. For 10 points, name this figure from the Book of Genesis, the first of the Biblical patriarchs and father of Isaac.

Abraham

In the background of one photograph by this man, Gilbert Stuart's Lansdowne Portrait hangs on the wall while the then-President and First Lady hold hands in a large white doorway. This photographer fought against pictorialism with Edward Weston and Imogen Cunningham through the creation of the group f/64. With Fred Archer, this man ranked different shades using the Zone System. This artist captured the landscape of a national park in Moon and Half Dome. Identify this American photographer who took many pictures of Yosemite National Park.

Adams

In one of this author's works, a character drunkenly says, "We both cry all the time, and then... we take our tears and we put 'em in the icebox... until they're all frozen." The first act of one of his plays ends when one of the title characters has a stroke; that character is named A. It's not​ Tennessee Williams, but one of this author's characters declares "Flores para los muertos" while holding out snapdragons, and another of this playwright of Three Tall Women impales himself on a Central Park bench; that character is Jerry in The Zoo Story. This playwright's most well-known play features the couples Nick and Honey, and George and Martha. Name this playwright of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf.

Albee

This group is the last to still read from the Ausbund, the oldest continuously used hymnbook in the world. Individuals in this belief system follow the core principle of gelassenheit, or total submission to God. At age 16, youth in this sect decide whether or not to enter it in a period of freedom called rumspringa. This sect split off from the Swiss Mennonites under the leadership of Jakob Ammann. A code of conduct called ordnung encourages members of this sect to shun modern technology, and most of its adherents live in Pennsylvania or Ohio. For 10 points, name this Anabaptist religious sect, whose members often travel by horse and buggy.

Amish

In one poem, this poet asks "Does my haughtiness offend you?" and claims that though "you may trod me in the very dirt," she will still complete the title action. In addition to "Still I Rise," this poet wrote that "The Rock cries out to us . . . you may stand upon my back and face your distant destiny" in "On the pulse of morning," a poem that was read at the inauguration of Bill Clinton. This poet wrote about a figure that "sings of freedom" in a poem similar to the title of her autobiography. Identify this African American author of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings."

Angelou

The density of this quantity for an electromagnetic field is given by r cross the Poynting vector. The total value of this quantity is summed from individual particles' values for two related quantities in Russell-Saunders coupling. The azimuthal quantum number determines the allowed values of this quantity. Orbits sweeping equal areas in equal time is a consequence of the conservation of this quantity. This quantity equals moment of inertia times angular velocity, and is often symbolized L. For 10 points, name this quantity which is the rotational analogue of mass times velocity.

Angular momentum

In this novel, a profession of love is made by writing the first letters of sentences with chalk. One character in this novel takes the lead in a horse race before the horse's back breaks. This novel contrasts the dysfunctional marriage of Oblonsky and Dolly with the healthy relationship of Kitty and Levin. The opening sentence of this novel describes how "each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." Due to guilt over alienating her son and her affair with Count Vronsky, the title character of this novel throws herself under a train. For 10 points, name this novel by Leo Tolstoy.

Anna Karenina

Risks associated with one group of these bodies are measured on the Torino or Palermo scales. That group of these objects has Atira, Amor, Aten, and Apollo subgroups. The satellite NEAR Shoemaker studied one of these objects named Eros from orbit. The largest of these objects was visited in 2015 by NASA's Dawn spacecraft. Orbital resonance with Jupiter causes a lack of these objects with certain orbital parameters, known as Kirkwood gaps. These objects do not have tails, unlike comets. Ceres and Vesta are the largest members of a "belt" of—for 10 points—what small objects?

Asteroids

In 2014, archeologists studying this empire found 12 dogs buried together; people in this empire often buried dogs with their masters. City-states in this empire were divided into calpulli, and farming in the capital was conducted on small floating fields called chinampas. Bernardino de Sahagún compiled a study of this empire called the Florentine Codex. These people waged Flower Wars against their neighbors for human sacrifices and tributes, and they formed a Triple Alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan from their massive capital, Tenochtitlan. Name this Mesoamerican empire led by Montezuma II until it was conquered by Hernán Cortés.

Aztec

Thomas Mathews wrote that this person's actions were preceded by the omens of a comet, lots of pigeons, and swarms of large flies. This person became a leader after Native Americans killed Robert Hen. This person's "Declaration in the Name of the People" complained about high taxes and the lack of protection from Native Americans on the frontier. This person eventually died from dysentery, and many of his followers were hanged. This person's complaints were directed at William Berkeley, who eventually retreated from Jamestown. Name this Virginia settler who led a rebellion in 1676.

Bacon

An invitation to perform this activity is hidden in a louse hidden within a toad hidden within a snake hidden within a falcon. The severed head of a practitioner of this activity spits in the palm of a maiden to impregnate her. A figure uses his severed head for this activity after being decapitated by a bat god. A rat reveals to two figures that their grandmother has hidden their father and uncle's equipment for this activity, which caused their demise when its noise irritated the Lords of Xibalba. In the Popol Vuh, the Hero Twins go to the underworld and compete in this activity. For 10 points, name this sport played by the Maya using a large rubber item.

Ballgame

This poet wrote "From time to time the clouds give rest to the moon-beholders." In his first published collection, this poet included two of his own works, but most of the book consists of comparisons between poems by other writers. This author of The Seashell Game included the lines "Even a thatched hut may change with a new owner into a doll's house" in his later book The Narrow Road to the Deep North. One of this writer's poems states "An ancient pond / a frog jumps in / the splash of water." Name this 17th-century poet of the Edo Period in Japan who wrote many haikus

Basho

In a piece depicting one of these animals, the strings begin with the notes "D-E-F-sharp" before the violin soloist enters with the notes "D-E-D-E-A." The theme "In Ola Valley" features in a Frederick Delius work entitled "On Hearing the First [one of these animals] In Spring." A ballet titled for one of these animals features an "Infernal Dance" performed by the antagonist after being bewitched; in that ballet, Kashchei the Immortal is defeated by Prince Ivan. In another ballet, Prince Siegfried falls in love with Odette who is turned into one of these animals by Von Rothbart. For 10 points, name these animals, a "fire" example of which titles a ballet by Igor Stravinsky

Bird

A person with this quality calls out "Son of David, have mercy on me!" A person of this type in Bethsaida is told "neither go into the town nor tell anyone in the town." Celidonius is the traditional name given to a man with this quality, who is helped using a mixture of saliva and mud. A beggar named Bartimaeus is a person of this kind whom Jesus encounters near Jericho. Name this affliction cured in several people by Jesus, leading him to call himself "the Light of the World."

Blindness

This is the primary color of a species of iguana only found on Grand Cayman Island. A large skink common as a pet is named for having a tongue of this color. A highly venomous octopus is named for having rings of this color. Most butterflies in the genus Morpho are this color. This word follows "Russian" in the name of a popular hypoallergenic breed of cat. Shades of this color named for flowers include cornflower and periwinkle. The world's largest animal is a whale named for this color. For 10 points, name this primary color of peacocks and a common type of jay

Blue

The dismantling of this general type of vehicle is the job of Mr. Nevil, who gives insights to Ramadhin, Cassius, and Michael in a novel by Michael Ondaatje called The Cat's Table. Bébé—a bulldog belonging to the Hutten family—rides this type of vehicle in a novel by Katherine Anne Porter. General Grant is the namesake of one of these vehicles, which is taken soon after Passepartout is reunited with Phileas Fogg in Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days. Name this type of vehicle on which Fogg crosses the International Date Line while going from Yokohama to San Francisco

Boat

One theorem formulated by this scientist claims that, if quantum numbers are large enough, quantum systems behave similarly to classical systems. A quantity named for this scientist approximates the magnetic moment of an electron, while another, approximating the distance from a nucleus to an electron, is his "radius." This man explained why hydrogen's spectral lines have distinct, discrete wavelengths by proposing that electrons have fixed energy levels in a model that superseded the Rutherford and plum pudding models. For 10 points, electrons have circular orbits around a nucleus in which Danish physicist's atomic model?

Bohr

A group that supported this cause used a white flag with a green triangle and the latin inscription "libertas quae sera tamen." That group, the Inconfidencia, supported this cause and was opposed by the short-lived Confederation of the Equator. José Bonifácio de Andrada mentored a leader of this cause who later removed his blue and white armbands at Ipiranga Brook to show his support of it. One ruler sparked a movement supporting this political action by refusing to return to Portugal when summoned by his father Joao VI. Dom Pedro I led, for 10 points, what movement which led to the sovereignty of the largest country in South America

Brazilian independence

According to Plutarch, this Roman was gentler than his ancestor who overthrew Sextus Tarquin because he was well-educated in philosophy and kept up his reading even while on campaign. He caused a scandal when he divorced his first wife in favor of his first cousin Porcia and he foolishly allowed Mark Antony to deliver a famous Funeral Oration. This man killed himself after he lost the Battle of Philippi because his ally Cassius prematurely committed suicide. For 10 points, name this leading conspirator behind the assassination of Julius Caesar, who had formerly been a close friend and confidant.

Brutus

A treaty named for this man and Emiliano Chamorro authorized American military intervention in Nicaragua. John Kern was this man's running mate in an election in which he used the slogan "Shall the people rule?" Soon after this man sent a letter of friendship to Germany, he was replaced by Robert Lansing after resigning as ​Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State. At age 36, he was the youngest ever major party presidential nominee, in an election in which many Westerners liked his support for Free Silver, articulated in a speech ending, "You shall not crucify mankind upon" the title thing. Name this three-time Democratic presidential nominee who gave the "Cross of Gold" speech.

Bryan

A professor at a university in this state, Angela Davis, was fired for her Communist affiliations. The "Bodies Upon the Gears" speech was given by Mario Savio on a campus in this state. The Symbionese Liberation Army kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst in this state, whose flagship university was the home of the Free Speech Movement. A program providing free breakfast for children was started in this state by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton. The Black Panthers were founded in this state, where Native Americans occupied Alcatraz. For 10 points, name this state whose counterculture movement was centered in cities like Oakland and Berkeley.

California

In a poem about "A Promise to" this state, Walt Whitman says "Soon I travel toward you, to remain, to teach robust American love." A poem by a different writer that is set in this state asks "Where are we going, Walt Whitman?" and asks García Lorca "What were you doing down by the watermelons?". Another Walt Whitman poem is about facing west from this state's shores. This state is the site of a "Supermarket" in an Allen Ginsberg poem. Name this state that the Joads leave Oklahoma to go to in The Grapes of Wrath.

California

Players on this team paraded around a green trash can to celebrate the only road win of their disastrous inaugural season. A former player for this team, Michal Neuvirth, once called this team's starting goaltender "his weakest competition yet;" that player is Braden Holtby. A SportsCenter commercial featured this team's captain as a Russian spy. In the 2018 Stanley Cup Playoffs, this team defeated the Vegas Golden Knights to win its first ever championship. For 10 points, name this sports team with hockey stars Nicklas Backstrom and Alexander Ovechkin, based in DC.

Capitals

Under the direction of Montgomery C. Meigs, a section of this building was designed by Constantino Brumidi. This building was based on William Thornton's plan as modified by James Hoban. Decades after this building's design, a "wedding-cake style" cast-iron structure was added. This building is located on Jenkin's Hill, a spot chosen by Pierre Charles​ L'Enfant. This building's National Statuary Hall contains Liberty and the Eagle, and it is home to The Apotheosis of Washington. Marking the eastern end of the National Mall, name this domed Washington, D.C. building, home to the U.S. legislature.

Capitol

Sofia Gubaidulina featured this instrument prominently in The Canticle of the Sun even though the performer on it plays drums for part of that piece. Friedrich Grützmacher made several compositions and arrangements for this instrument, including one of a Boccherini concerto. Some of the best-known performers on this instrument have been Jacqueline du Pré, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Pablo Casals. The lowest note of this string instrument is two octaves below middle C. Name this lowest instrument in a string quartet, which stands on an endpin while the performer sits.

Cello

The reversal of this physical quantity is called conjugation. The laws of physics are preserved under the combination of this quantity's conjugation, parity transformation, and time reversal, though the weak interaction is changed by one or two such changes. The amount of energy stored in a capacitor equals 1/2 times this quantity times electric potential difference. Electric field strength is measured by dividing the force on an object by this property of the object. Electric current is the rate of flow of this quantity. This property for a proton or electron is 1.6 × 10−19 coulombs. Name this quantity that is proportional to the imbalance between an object's number of protons and number of electrons.

Charge

Acetic acid can be added to a solvent in one form of this process to prevent ionization of carboxylic acids. One type of this technique can use protein A or protein G to purify monoclonal antibodies. Various ratios of ethyl acetate and hexane are used as an eluent in one form of this process. The ratio of the distance travelled by the analyte divided by the distance traveled by the solvent front gives this technique's retention factor. Pairs of biomolecules are used in the "affinity" form of this technique. This technique consists of passing a mobile phase through a stationary phase. For 10 points, name this technique for separating mixtures that has a "thin-layer" variety.

Chromatography

One form of this technique is often preceded by use of "purge and trap" technology; that form of this technique often pairs a Polyarc reactor with a Flame Ionization Detector to quantify its output. In that form of this technique, an index named for Kovats normalizes retention times. Though not distillation, the height equivalent to a theoretical plate for this technique is calculated with the Van Deemter equation. A form of this technique is often paired with mass spectrometry in forensic analysis of unknown substances. A common lab demonstration uses paper as a stationary phase in this technique to separate Sharpie dyes. For 10 points, name this separatory technique that comes in "gas" and "column" forms.

Chromatography

In one novel by this author, Captain Brierly mysteriously commits suicide after sitting in on the trial of the title character, who falls in love with the half-native woman Jewel. One character created by this author meets a Russian "harlequin" after a group of natives attacks his steamboat. In another work, that character helps a former crewman on the Patna find work in Patusan. In one novel by this author, a note stating "Exterminate all the brutes!" is written by Kurtz, who trades ivory along the Congo. For 10 points, name this Polish-British author who wrote about Marlow in Lord Jim and Heart of Darkness.

Conrad

This man's forces beat Arthur Aston to death with his own wooden leg. This man orchestrated the massacre of 3,500 people at Drogheda and he sided with Henry Ireton at the Putney Debates. This man set up the Barebones Parliament in his nation after dissolving the Rump Parliament and he led the New Model Army at the Battle of Naseby. Identify this man nicknamed "Old Ironsides" who became Lord Protector of England after the execution of Charles I.

Cromwell

Horst Klein used his skills as a trapeze artist to perform this action. Allan Lightner indirectly started a tank standoff when he tried to do this action to see an opera house. People often traveled through "Tunnel 57" while performing this action. An unsuccessful attempt at this action led to the teenage bricklayer Peter Fechter being shot in an area known as the "Death Strip." Routine attempts to perform this action were done through Checkpoint Charlie. After a structure was torn down in 1989, people were able to perform this action freely. For 10 points, identify this action in which people crossed a barrier that separated a German capital.

Crossing the Berlin Wall

This figure is depicted in blue on the wall-tiles behind the footwarmer in Vermeer's The Milkmaid. This figure reaches into a pool between two women in a painting commissioned by Niccolo Aurelio to celebrate his marriage to Laura Bagarotto. A statue of this figure holds a finger to his lips on the left side of Fragonard's The Swing. This figure has a twisted back and kisses his mother in a Bronzino painting that also depicts Folly and Time. At the top of Botticelli's Primavera, this god is depicted as a putto with a blindfold. For 10 points, name this arrow-wielding Roman love-god often depicted as a chubby winged baby.

Cupid

Xenophon wrote that this person "did indeed eclipse all other monarchs, before or since" in a book about the education of this person. This leader defeated Nabonidus at the Battle of Opis, allowing this person to end the Neo-Babylonian Empire. According to Herodotus, Astyages had a dream that his grandson would destroy his empire, and it was fulfilled when this person ended the Median Empire. This person's edict allowed the Jewish people to return from Babylonian captivity. Name this leader who started the Achaemenid Empire, which was the first Persian Empire.

Cyrus II

This river can now be crossed via the Széchenyi Chain Bridge. The Illuminati were founded in a city on this river. A branch of this river abuts the historic Innere Stadt district of a capital city. A city on this river holds many of Bruegel's paintings at the Kunst-historisches Museum; that city is also home to Schönbrunn Palace. Another city on this river contains a monument in its Heroes' Square that commemorates the seven chieftains of the Magyar tribes. For 10 points, name this long European river that empties into the Black Sea after flowing through Budapest and Vienna.

Danube

Prior to this artist's rise to fame, she performed under the name Lizzy Grant. In 2014, Eminem attacked this artist during a rap session, saying "I'll punch [her] right in the face twice." In one of this artist's songs, bells can be heard in the distance before she sings, "kiss me hard before you go." That same song was remixed by DJ Cedric Gervais. Another one of this artist's songs was featured in the 2013 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby; that song is "Young and Beautiful." For 10 points, name this female American songwriter of "Video Games," "Born to Die," and "Summertime Sadness."

Del Rey

This mineral is the namesake of the crystal structure formed by starting with a cube, adding an atom at the center of each face, and then adding an atom at the centers of the tetrahedra formed. Marcel Tolkowsky determined the ideal round brilliant cut for this mineral. The Big Hole in Kimberly, South Africa is a major source of this mineral. The original application of the four C's—clarity, color, cut, and carat—was to this mineral. This mineral defines 10 on the Mohs hardness scale. Name this valuable form of carbon.

Diamond

A piece by this composer begins with the viola playing the ascending notes F, A, C in a short-long-short rhythm, followed by a dotted D, up to F, and back down to D; that piece's "Molto vivace" third movement scherzo [SKAIRT-soh] was intended to imitate the song of the scarlet tanager. This composer wrote a piano cycle titled Humoresques and the opera Rusalka. A symphony by this composer includes a second movement "Largo" with a famous slow English horn solo. This composer wrote his American Quartet during his visit to Spillville, Iowa. Name this Czech composer of the From the New World symphony.

Dvorak

The Gylfaginning states that four of these creatures support the world at the cardinal directions. These figures are stated as being born from the bones and blood of Ymir. The dragon Fafnir was originally one of these creatures. One of these figures attempts to marry Thor's daughter Thrud but is tricked into being exposed to sunlight, after which he turns to stone. A replacement for Sif's hair was provided by these creatures. Brokk and Eitri are examples of these creatures who compete against the Sons of Ivaldi in producing gifts for the gods such as Mjolnir. For 10 points, name these creatures known for their skill as blacksmiths in Norse mythology

Dwarves

In a work by this author, Yambo has a stroke and can only remember books he has read until he discovers a copy of First Folio. Another of his characters detests laughter and starts a fire in the finis Africae; in that work, the Inquisitor Bernard Gui arrests a peasant girl while investigating the murder of Venantius, whose body is found in a vat of pig's blood. A novel by this author of The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana ends with Jorge of Burgos eating pages of Aristotle's Poetics; that work begins when the missing horse Brunellus prompts the arrival of Adso of Melk and William of Baskerville at a monastery. For 10 points, name this Italian author of The Name of the Rose.

Eco

Silvan Tomkins developed a theory to categorize these phenomena. One theory of these phenomena was supported by experiments on "misattribution of arousal" conducted by Singer and Schachter. Another theory of these phenomena attributes them to the thalamus and proposes they occur concurrently with stimuli, in contrast to James-Lange theory, which proposes these phenomena are caused by physiological arousal. On that theory, one experiences these things when interpreting effects such as a raised heartbeat or flushed face. For 10 points, name these psychological phenomena that include fear and anger.

Emotions

In this piece's tenth section, woodwinds repeat the pattern "quarter rest, four falling sixteenth notes, quarter rest," where the first sixteenth note is tenuto and the rest are staccato. As a joke, the viola melody in this piece's sixth section crosses directly from the fourth to the second string. Jagged, toccata-like chromatic runs in its second section depict an amateur pianist warming up. Most section titles of this piece are initials, like C. A. E., which represents its composer's wife Alice. Viola student Isabel Fitton and the stuttering Dorabella are two "friends pictured within" this piece. It may be based on "Auld Lang Syne" or "Rule Britannia." August Jaeger inspired its section "Nimrod." Name this orchestral piece by Edward Elgar with an unknown theme

Enigma Variations

The van 't Hoff equation models how this state varies with temperature. This state occurs when Gibbs free energy is minimized. The boundary lines of phase diagrams represent this condition. This phenomenon allows buffer solutions to exist, since acid-base reactions are reversible. The law of mass action can be used to calculate the constant of this state. Le Chatelier's principle describes how this condition can change. Name this dynamic property of chemical systems in which the forward and reverse reaction rates are the same, so reactant and product concentrations do not change.

Equilibrium

St. Vitus was tortured and executed after performing this action, which Catholics typically perform while invoking the Church Triumphant and the Archangel Michael. In Lutheranism, this activity requires the consultation of a physician, and its "minor" form of this activity is performed during baptism. The Anglican Church created a "Deliverance ministry" dedicated to performing this action. In the Gospels, Jesus performs this action on a Gerasene man afflicted by "Legion." This action was often performed on sufferers of epilepsy. For 10 points, name this ritual in which the name of Jesus is invoked to expel demons from "possessed" people.

Exorcism

This company's Artificial Intelligence Research group is working with the New York University School of Medicine to speed up magnetic resonance imaging scans. This company does not allow its product to be used by Aggregate IQ because of their affiliation with the SCL Group. This company was criticized because of the data access of the SCL subsidiary started by Robert Mercer and Steve Bannon, Cambridge Analytica. This company owns Instagram. Name this social media company headed by Mark Zuckerberg.

Facebook

A friend of this character tells Marthe her husband has died after leaving a box of jewelry at another woman's house. Advisors to this character include Valdes and Cornelius, and in one scene, this character declares, "If we say that we have no sin, / We deceive ourselves." When this character cuts his arm, over the wound, the​ Latin words "Homo, fuge!" appear. He's not Rabbit, but this character's love interest drowns her child and is named Gretchen, and a poodle follows him home and turns into Mephistopheles. Identify this character who titles works by Thomas Mann, Christopher Marlowe, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a man who makes a deal with the devil.

Faust

In 2007, this actor teamed with Adam McKay to launch the website "Funny or Die." While serving as a regular on Saturday Night Live, this man gained fame for his portrayal of George W. Bush. This actor played the title characters in both Talledega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby and Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy. Identify this actor who started opposite Mark Wahlberg in the films The Other Guys and Daddy's Home.

Ferrell

Common additives in this technique include borate salts to maintain viscosity and ethylene glycol to prevent scale buildup. Since the early 2000s, horizontal wells have increasingly replaced vertical wells in this technique. Materials used to maintain openings in this process, such as sand, are known as proppants. In this process, cased wellbores are filled with slickwater, whose wastewater may contaminate groundwater. This process can lead to methane leakage and is controversially associated with increased seismic activity. For 10 points, name this process that uses highly pressurized water to create fissures in shale reserves underground, allowing for natural gas extraction

Fracking

In a film from this country, a nobleman lets his lower-class poacher friend smoke in his face while adjusting his tie. In another film, an enemy officer laments the death of the nobility with an imprisoned officer from this country, who he's later forced to shoot in the stomach. The son of a painter from this country directed and starred in a 1939 film set at an aristocrat's country estate. A film from it ends with its boy protagonist escaping a juvenile detention center fence and running to the sea. The films Grand Illusion and The Rules of the Game are from this country, whose New Wave films include The 400 Blows. For 10 points, name this home of Jean Renoir and François Truffaut.

France

The Provincial Letters were written to defend one religious heresy in this country embroiled in the Formulary Controversy. This country's Count Raymond VI was excommunicated for protecting another heretical group here, which was targeted in the Albigensian crusade. The election of Martin V as Pope ended a controversy in which two Popes reigned in Italy, while another reigned in this country's city of Avignon. Identify this European country in which Jansenism was popularized by Antoine Arnauld.

France

In one scene from this war, Leon Gambetta was forced to flee from a battle in a hot air balloon. Marshal Bazaine was captured during this war at the Siege of Metz after having previously been defeated at the Battle of Gravelotte. One side in this conflict was awarded the region of Alsace-Lorraine through terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. This war came to an end after Napoleon III was captured after the Battle of Sedan. Identify this 19th century conflict that led to the unification of Germany under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck.

Franco-Prussian War

Although he swore never to recognize Pope Alexander III at the Diet of Wurzburg in response to the machinations of Henry II, he eventually stopped his support of antipope Paschal III and gave in. This man participated in the Diet of Roncaglia after conquering Milan which reaffirmed his privileges over subject cities, although the Lombard League refused to accept the terms and eventually secured their independence at the Battle of Legnano. This man died while crossing a river on the way to the Third Crusade which led to the total withdrawal of German forces. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor known for his red beard.

Frederick Barbarossa

In one novel by this author, the writings of the Hermetic Magi of the Renaissance are used for the dialogue between Magus and Adept. That novel centers on the 16th-century Spanish king Felipe II and his desire to build El Escorial. This author wrote a novel that states "The line of life lies between paralysis and frenzy." The main character of that novel is married to Catalina, who was wealthy. In that novel, this author described an old man remembering his corrupt politics and his role in the Mexican Revolution. Name this author of Terra Nostra and The Death of Artemio Cruz.

Fuentes

In one story by this author, Filberto drowns while trying to escape the influence of a stone sculpture. In one of his novels, the title woman with bright green eyes turns into an old woman after Montero takes a job organizing a dead general's journals. In addition to "Chac Mool" and ​Aura​, this author wrote about a man who goes on a journey with his copy of​ Don Quixote and meets Harriet Winslow. That man described by this author is Ambrose Bierce, and this author also wrote about an old man describing the history of the PRI. Name this Mexican writer of The Old Gringo and The Death of Artemio Cruz.

Fuentes

One of this architect's buildings has a mosaic facade that evokes waterlilies, and is known locally as the "House of Bones." The chimneys of a building by this architect are called "witch scarers" and resemble helmeted sentinels. A building by this man includes a controversial façade whose harsh, angular columns resemble bones, and which was completed in 1974. That building by this man includes 18 spires representing the Apostles, Evangelists, Virgin, and Christ, and its Glory Facade was begun in 2002. For 10 points, name this designer of the Casa Milà and Parc Güell, a Catalan architect who designed the Sagrada Familia.

Gaudi

During one of his conquests, this man defeated Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu at the Battle of Indus, effectively ending the Khwarezmian Empire. Shortly after his first marriage, this ruler's wife, Börte, was captured by the Merkits. This ruler created the Yassa law code and adopted Uyghur script for his empire. This man was aided in his conquests by his general Subutai, and was succeeded by his third son Ögedei. A 2003 paper revealed that approximately 8% of male Asians are direct descendents of this man. For 10 points, name this first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.

Genghis Khan

In the left panel of a painting from what is now this country, prostitutes pass by a crippled war veteran with crutches, while in the center panel, saxophonists play to elaborately dressed dancers. Both Lucas Cranach the Elder and another 16th-century artist from what is now this country painted panels showing Adam and Eve; the latter artist used black ink on blue paper to make Study of the Hands of an Apostle, which is often called Praying Hands. A Romantic painter from what is now this country painted a man with a walking stick standing on rocks with his back to the viewer in Wanderer above the Sea of Fog. Name this modern country that contains the origins of Otto Dix, Caspar David Friedrich, and Albrecht Dürer.

Germany

This composer placed Latin American percussion instruments in front, by the conductor, at performances of a piece that he originally called "Rumba", but which is now usually called "Cuban Overture". For the premier of another work by this composer, he brought taxi horns from France to New York City. This composer's most famous work premiered at a concert titled An Experiment in Modern Music, and begins with a clarinet glissando. Name this composer who wrote An American in Paris and Rhapsody in Blue, and who worked on musicals with his lyricist brother Ira.

Gershwin

Gaunilo of Marmoutiers responded to argument in support of this concept by asking whether an island must exist in reality —like the concept—it can be thought to exist both in the mind and in the world. That argument defined this concept as that than which no greater can be conceived. Besides the ontological argument of St. Anselm, Thomas Aquinas attempted to prove the existence of this concept by appealing to the well-ordered nature of the world in his Summa Theologica, a legacy that extends to the present day as a tenet of intelligent design theory. For 10 points, name this divine entity that atheists deny.

God

Despite the reforms of Pyotr Stolypin, hundreds of striking workers who would normally collect this material were massacred near the Lena River in 1912. This was the more valuable of the two substances that European countries sought to retain in the system of mercantilism. This substance is often combined with "God" and "glory" in describing the chief motivations for Spanish colonizers. A desire for this substance caused many people to go to Cripple Creek near Pike's Peak and to Sutter's Mill in California in the 19th century. Name this material that prospectors sought during "rushes".

Gold

In one work by this artist, a dog's head barely appears over the brown water, an image seen as a resignation to the futility of fighting evil. A man in red trousers slides head-first off the back of a horse as others brandish curved swords in one painting by this artist, and in another, owl-like creatures attack a man sleeping at a desk. This artist created two identical depictions of the same​ woman, The Clothed Maja and The Nude Maja. This artist showed a white-shirted man with outstretched arms in one work, and depicted Saturn Devouring His Son in his Black Paintings. Name this Spanish painter who painted a firing squad on the title date in The Third of May 1808.

Goya

This person apologized in 2002 when tapes from 1972 were released of him making antisemitic statements to President Nixon. This person started World Wide Pictures and Decision magazine, and had a radio show called Hour of Decision. Until this person was introduced by Price Daniel, a pro-segregation governor of Texas, he had a good working relationship with Martin Luther King. This person referred to most of his speaking tours as "crusades", though late in life he also called them "missions". He started the magazine Christianity Today. Name this preacher who worked closely with many U.S. presidents.

Graham

This was the original language of a poem that describes a man who "listens close to your sweet speaking / and lovely laughing" and "seems to me equal to the gods," according to the translation If Not, Winter by Canadian poet Anne Carson. Another poet in this language wrote that "the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing." Poets in this language introduced the use of dactylic hexameter. One of this language's Nine Lyric Poets wrote "Victory Odes" for winning athletes. Pindar wrote in this language, which was used to write drinking poems by Anacreon. For 10 points, name this language in which Sappho wrote a "Hymn to Aphrodite."

Greek

Description acceptable. This war began when one leader issued a proclamation at the Three Holy Hierarchs Monastery. One side in this war employed highwaymen-cum-insurgents called klephts and armatoloi. A "Society of Friends" sparked this war, after which Otto of Bavaria became king. This war exacerbated the "Eastern Question" since it was lost by the "Sick Man of Europe." This war ended after the navy of Ibrahim Pasha was defeated at Navarino. This war was sparked in the 1820s by the efforts of Alexander Ypsilantis, and it attracted philhellenes like Lord Byron to come fight. The Ottomans were defeated in—for 10 points—what war that turned Athens into a national capital?

Greek War of Independence

This political party started in St. Paul, Minnesota and had its first national gathering in Amherst, Massachusetts. It called its original groups Committees of Correspondence. This party's Four Pillars eventually grew to its Ten Key Values. One of this party's presidential candidates was former Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney. Another of this party's presidential candidates wrote the book Crashing the Party after he was accused of affecting the outcome of the 2000 election; that candidate was consumer protection activist Ralph Nader. Name this political party inspired by similar parties in Europe that in recent elections (As of 2019) has run Jill Stein for president.

Green

Jacques Lacan wrote about this character's subjectivity in an essay titled for "Desire and the Interpretation of Desire" of this character. One essay claims that the creator of this character failed to reach an "objective correlative" in his conveyance of this character's emotions. That essay is titled for this character "and His Problems" and was written by T.S. Eliot. In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud argues that this tragic character is an expression of the Oedipus Complex. Identify this Prince of Denmark created by William Shakespeare.

Hamlet

During the rule of this dynasty, the explorer Zhang Qian brought back news of pomegranates and powerful horses after exploring the Ferghana Valley and making contact with the Yuezhi people. That expedition was organized by this dynasty's Emperor Wu, who sought an alliance against unending Xiongnu raids along the northern Chinese border. It was brought to an end by the Yellow Turban Rebellion, and was founded in the aftermath of previous Qin dynasty by the rebel leader Liu Bang. For 10 points, name this long-reigning Chinese dynasty, the namesake of the largest ethnic group in China.

Han

This body part is shown in a box surrounded by musical instruments in the painting, Metaphysical Interior with [this body part] of David by Giorgio de Chirico. A red one of these body parts appears on top of a white structure in Salvador Dali's painting, Apparatus and [this body part]. Le Corbusier included an "open" monument of one of these body parts in the planned city of Chandigarh. Alfred Stieglitz famously photographed these body parts of Georgia O'Keefe and these body parts are depicted paradoxically in one lithograph depicting them. Identify these body partswhich M. C. Escher depicted "drawing" one another.

Hands

Ted Hughes called these animals "Grey silent fragments of a grey silent world" in a poem that describes ten of these animals standing "megalith-still". In another poem, one of these animals "must think it queer to stop without a farmhouse near" and then "gives his harness bells a shake to ask if there is some mistake". Those lines are from Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening". A famous line about these animals is spoken to Catesby by William Shakespeare's Richard III. Name this animal that Richard offered to trade "my kingdom for".

Horse

Charles James Fox denounced this man for "the atrocities at the Bay of Naples" after he condemned Francesco Caracciolo to death. This man was given the Sicilian title of "Duke of Bronté" in 1799. Thanks to an injury sustained while capturing Corsica, this lover of Emma Hamilton could claim he "really did not see the signal" given by Hyde Parker at the Battle of Copenhagen. Before his final battle, this man sent the signal "England expects that every man will do his duty." For 10 points, name this English admiral who won at the Battle of the Nile and died at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Nelson

This character tests another character by asking the maid Eurycleia to move a bed that turns out to be carved from a still-rooted tree. The weaving and unraveling of a burial shroud for the elderly Laertes is discovered by Melantho to be one of the tricks this character uses to postpone remarriage, another of which is the challenge of stringing her husband's bow and shooting an arrow through twelve axe heads. This character shuns the advances of Antinous and one hundred seven other suitors during the twenty year absence of her husband. Name this mother of Telemachus and wife of the king of Ithaca, Odysseus.

Penelope

These cells take on a teardrop-shaped appearance in myelofibrosis. Antibodies that bind to these cells are detected using the Coombs test. One disease in which these cells are malformed causes painful chest crises. These cells develop from reticulocytes and are broken down in the spleen after about 120 days. During development, they expel their nuclei and form a biconcave shape. A glutamic acid to valine mutation in a protein found in these cells causes sickle-cell anemia. For 10 points, name these cells loaded with hemoglobin that carry oxygen

Red blood cells

The Hipparcos mission mapped the positions of many of these objects. Recent research shows that the known hyper·velocity types of these objects are runaways that have escaped from the Large Magellanic Cloud. Inside these objects, the proton-proton chain reaction or the CNO cycle typically occurs. These objects are plotted with luminosity on the y-axis and temperature on the x-axis in a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Red giants and white dwarfs are types of these objects. Name these objects, the nearest of which is the Sun.

Star

This state elected Nellie Tayloe Ross in a 1924 special election, making her the first female governor in the United States. Dick Cheney represented this state in Congress before becoming Secretary of Defense and Vice President, and this state is currently (As of 2019) represented by his daughter Liz Cheney. Its territorial governor John Allen Campbell signed the first U.S. law giving women the right to vote. Land in this state was leased to Harry F. Sinclair of Mammoth Oil by Interior Secretary Albert Fall, causing the Teapot Dome scandal. Name this state where the Washburn Expedition of 1870 found a geyser known as Old Faithful in what is now Yellowstone National Park.

Wyoming

The origin of the mythical Kayanian race is described in this religion's creation text, which is known as the Bundahishn. The first prophet of this religion experienced a vision of Vohu Manah, one of six "beneficent immortals" called amesha spenta. One heresy in this religion introduces a "first principle" named Zurvan. The Avesta is the primary text of this religion, whose adherents worship in fire temples and believe in the eternal conflict between Ahriman and Ahura Mazda. For 10 points, name this dualistic Persian religion founded by a namesake prophet also known as Zarathustra.

Zoroastrianism

The global minimum of the function "x to the x" occurs at the reciprocal of this number. The reciprocals of the factorials of the natural numbers add up to this value. The error function is proportional to the antiderivative of this number to the negative x squared. The integral of "1-over-x, dx" from 1 to this number is equal to 1. This number is the limit, as n approaches infinity, of the quantity "1 plus 1-over-n," all to the nth power. According to Euler's formula, "cosine-x plus i sine-x" equals "this number to the i x." "This number to the x" is the only function that equals its own derivative. For 10 points, name this number roughly equal to 2.718, the base of the natural logarithm.

e

A derivative of internal energy of this order can be evaluated to construct one of the Maxwell relations. This number equals "the degrees of freedom of a phase diagram, plus the number of phases in equilibrium, minus the number of components," by Gibbs' phase rule. In the intermolecular attraction term of the Van der Waals equation, volume is raised to the negative this power. Sadi Carnot formulated this numbered law of thermodynamics in terms of heat; its modern formulation states that entropy cannot decrease. This number of distinct phases exist simultaneously along a coexistence curve. For 10 points, give the number of phases in a binary equilibrium

2

San Felipe Castle has an alternative name because this person lived in it; he later lost control of the castle, decided that Francisco de Miranda was treasonous, and organized the Admirable Campaign. This person defeated Miguel de la Torre of Spain at the Battle of Carabobo. This person also worked closely with the hero of the Battle of Pichincha, Antonio José de Sucre. In 1825, Sucre succeeded this person as the president of a nation named for him. Identify this South American leader who was nicknamed "The Liberator."

Bolivar

During the Archaic period in what is now this country, there was an attempted coup called the Cylonian Affair, and many local tyrants rose. Historians debate whether this country experienced the Dorian invasion. Another city in what is now this country experienced the Conspiracy of Cinadon, an attempted coup in which the ephorate defeated poor people who supported the slave helots. The Mycenaean civilization lived in what is now this country. Name this country that contains the locations of ancient Sparta and Athens.

Greece

When the fictional character Dove arrived in this city, he saw a man cutting heads off of turtles. This city, which is not Chicago, was the setting of Nelson Algren's A Walk on the Wild Side. The fictional New Yorker Myrna Minkoff attended college in this city, where she developed a friendship with Ignatius J. Reilly. Another fictional family from this city lived in a double cottage on Esplanade Street and spent their vacations at a resort on Grand Isle. In that novel, Alcée Arobin has an affair with Edna Pontellier. Name this large city in which are set John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces and some of Kate Chopin's The Awakening

New Orleans

Masabumi Hosono became known as the "Lucky Japanese Boy" for surviving this event. William Alden Smith's investigation into this event claimed that Stanley Lord could have saved many of its victims. Molly Brown demanded the rescue of survivors of this event, some of whom were eventually saved by the Carpathia. Despite numerous warnings, J. Bruce Ismay refused to slow down the central vehicle of this event. This event was exacerbated by an insufficient number of lifeboats and the delusion that a certain ship was "unsinkable." For 10 points, name this deadly 1912 event that occured when a passenger ship crashed into an iceberg.

Sinking of the Titanic

This piece's theme consists of the 16th notes F, F ascending to B-flat, C, D, down to C, B-flat, then back up to C, D, then an eighth note and quarter note on B-flat. A tambourine plays behind the folk tune "U vorot, vorot", or "At the Gate", in this piece. The strings play an arrangement of "O Lord, Save Thy People" to open this piece, while at the end, the song "God Save the Tsar" overtakes "La Marseillaise". This piece was written to commemorate the Russian defense against Napoleon's army, and it calls for a set of bells and cannon blasts to be used near its end. Name this work by Tchaikovsky that is often performed on the Fourth of July.

1812 Overture

In this year, the U.S. simulated a biological attack in Operation Dark Winter and Balbir Singh Sodhi was killed in a hate crime. The FBI concluded that a crime in this year was masterminded by Bruce Ivins. Ari Fleischer claimed the word "in" was not in a memo sent in this year to a president during a month‐long vacation to Texas. The Battle of Tora Bora was fought in this year, during which two senators received mail containing anthrax. In what year did 9/11 occur?

2001

A piece for this many musicians is based on a Richard Dehmel poem in which a woman admits adultery to her lover. Arthur Honegger and Darius Milhaud belonged to a group of this many musicians, the number of a symphony containing a "limping waltz," the Pathetique Symphony. This number of musicians play in Schoenberg's Transfigured Night. In another symphony of this number, the flute represents a nightingale in the "Scene by a Brook" - that symphony concludes with a final movement "Shepherd's Song." For 10 points, identify this symphony number of Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony, the number of players in a sextet.

6

It's not eleven, but in a game of craps, rolling this number on a "come out" throw constitutes a "natural." In Magic the Gathering, this is the number of mana required to cast Karn Liberated. In Hearthstone, Dr. Boom was often called Dr. [this number], which is also the number of cards in a starting hand of UNO. A card with this number in Sorry lets a player split its value between two pawns. Over the course of three ages, players can build the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus and the Lighthouse of Alexandria in a tabletop game with this number in its title. For 10 points, name this number which, in a joke, scares six because this number "eight" "nine."

7

The silent letter "teh marbuta" is added to the end of feminine gendered nouns in this language. Diacritical marks indicating short vowels in this language are called haraket, but are typically exempt in common writing. The word cipher is derived from this language's word for zero, sifr. Levantine and Modern Standard, or fus-hul, are versions of what Semitic language written from right to left, whose Classical form was used to write the Quran?

Arabic

A character in this work recalls that he was buried alive for being falsely accused for killing his father, and responds "yes ma'am" when a woman insists that he "must come from nice people!" In this work, June Star exclaims "I wouldn't live in a broken-down place like this for a million bucks!" when they arrive at Red Sammy's restaurant. Several characters in this work cry "We've had an accident!" after the cat Pitty Sing causes Bailey to swerve into a ditch. That family asks for help from a group of men who turn out to be fugitives, Hiram and Bobby Lee. For 10 points, name this story in which the Misfit kills a grandmother and her family, by Flannery O'Connor.

A Good Man is Hard to Find

Cytosol circulates between the tonoplast and spirally arranged tracks of this protein in a process known as cytoplasmic streaming. Fibers of this protein are prevented from being depolymerized by phalloidin. The beta isoform of this protein is a common loading control in western blots. Treadmilling occurs in the filamentous type of this protein when its globular form attaches at the plus end and dissociates at the minus end. Microfilaments are composed of this protein. For 10 points, name this protein that associates with myosin to power muscle contraction.

Actin

One of the men who patented the process from producing this element from its ore is honored with a monument at Oberlin College. That patent allowed this element to become commercially produced by the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, a company now known as ALCOA. The Hall-Heroult process is commonly used to extract what element from bauxite, the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust?

Aluminum

The NINCDS-ADRDA criteria are used to diagnose this disease. The first person diagnosed with this disease was a woman named "Auguste D." Screens for this disease led to the discovery of presenilins, the catalytic subunits of gamma-secretase. The drug donepezil, sold under the brand name Aricept, is used to treat symptoms of this disease. Sufferers of this disease can exhibit neurofibrillary tangles due to hyper-phosphorylation of tau proteins. This disease can be caused by a mutation in the APP protein, which leads to the buildup of plaques of amyloid beta. This disease causes progressive cognitive impairment, shown by language and memory problems. Name this neurodegenerative disease, the most common cause of dementia.

Alzheimer's

This river follows a similar course to an underground aquifer discovered by Valiya Hamza. This river is home to a namesake species of dolphin that is also called "pink river." The "River of Doubt," one of its tributaries, was renamed after Theodore Roosevelt, who led an expedition to this river. Within this river lies the largest river island in the world, Majaro. The Casiquiare Canal connects the Orinoco with one of this river's tributaries, the Rio Negro, which meets with Solimões at Manaus. Name this largest river by volume in the world, the longest in South America.

Amazon

In one study, Marco van Bommel induced a "reversal" of this phenomenon among members of the "salient condition" by highlighting the names of participants in red. An experiment regarding this phenomenon involved someone faking a seizure over an intercom. This phenomenon was observed after the toddler Wang Yue was hit by a truck, prompting China to institute Good Samaritan Laws. The most famous demonstration of this effect occurred when onlookers failed to intervene in the public murder of Kitty Genovese. For 10 points, name this effect in which being part of a group makes an individual less likely to recognize or react to an emergency.

Bystander effect

This explorer was forced to retreat to the island of Mozambique after a trading post he had established in Calicut was attacked by Muslim invaders. One voyage taken by this explorer bypassed the Gulf of Guinea and led him to land at a location he called the Island of the True Cross. The explorer's best-known voyage was sponsored by Manuel I and claimed land in compliance with the Treaty of Tordesillas. Identify this explorer who in 1500 discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal.

Cabral

Lorenzo Valla's critical examination of a document this man supposedly issued revealed that it was probably made up in the 8th-century C.E. This man's son Crispus successfully defeated Abantus at the Battle of the Hellespont. This man, who reintroduced the solidus coin, won the Battle of Chrysopolis against his rival Licinius. The Arian heresy was addressed at a meeting this man convened. This man defeated his rival Maximian at a battle where his forces painted the letters chi and rho on their shields, the Battle of Milvian Bridge. This emperor issued the Edict of Milan and called the First Council of Nicaea. For 10 points, name this first Christian Roman Emperor

Constantine I

This is the oldest geologic period that is the subject of the "cool tropics" paradox, which was resolved by the discovery of a warming event. The early part of this period saw the evolution of the bee and the subsequent diversification of angiosperms. At the end of this period, massive volcanic activity created the Deccan Traps. The sedimentary layer at the end of this time period has a thin layer of iridium, indicating that an event at the end of this time period was caused by the Chicxulub asteroid impact. The Jurassic came before—for 10 points—what period that ended with the extinction of the dinosaurs?

Cretaceous

In this poem, the central figure is compared to "a head in the freakish Atlantic / where it pours bean green over blue / in the waters off beautiful Nauset." This poem describes "the Polish town / scraped flat by the roller / of wars, wars, wars." The speaker recalls a "vampire who said he was you / and drank my blood for a year" after musing "I may be a bit of a Jew." The poem's subject has an "Aryan eye, bright blue" and frightens the speaker with his "Luftwaffe, [his] gobbledygoo." The speaker insists that "every woman adores a Fascist, / the boot in the face" and tells the title figure "there's a stake in your fat black heart." For 10 points, name this Sylvia Plath poem addressed to her father.

Daddy

This poem's speaker declares "the voices just can't worm through" because "the black telephone's off at the root." The last stanza of this poem states that "the villagers never liked" the title figure, who wore a "neat mustache" and is called a "panzer‐man." The line "you do not do, you do not do" opens this poem, which claims "every woman adores a fascist." Name this Sylvia Plath poem about a male family member.

Daddy

One of this composer's pieces for solo piano opens in pianissimo with the left hand playing the notes B flat, C, D, G up and down. The eighth of his Préludes was inspired by a Leconte de Lisle poem, and other works in that collection include "What the West Wind Saw" and "The Sunken Cathedral." Movements entitled Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum and Golliwogg's Cakewalk begin and end this composer's Children's Corner suite. Another of his pieces imitates a satyr playing the panpipes. The third movement of his Suite Bergamasque was inspired by a Paul Verlaine poem and evokes moonlight. For 10 points, name this composer of Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun and Clair de Lune.

Debussy

Refluxing is sometimes used to accelerate this process and consists of returning liquid to the top of the column named for this process. The multi-stage flash type of this process is used on sea water. This process is a common method of fraction·ation, and a precise form this process is called the fractional type of it. This procedure does not work well on mixtures that have higher or lower boiling points than their constituents; such mixtures are azeotropes. Name this procedure used to separate compounds using boiling and condensation.

Distillation

This figure's original-language name, which means "myrtle," was adopted by the volunteer organization Hadassah. A cousin of this figure was promoted after exposing a plot by Bigthun and Teresh to murder the king. This figure said "if I perish, I perish" before inviting the king and his vizier to the first of three banquets. The name of God never appears in the namesake book of this figure, who replaced Vashti. After this woman revealed a genocidal plot to her husband Ahasuerus, Haman was hanged on gallows he had created for Mordecai's execution. A book of the Bible is named for—for 10 points—what Jewish queen who's celebrated on Purim?

Esther

Some Sri Lankans perform this activity while sitting on single‐poled stilts. People illegally use squirt bottles of sodium cyanide for this activity in the Philippines. Traditionally, Irrawaddy dolphins were trained to aid in this activity. Tokyo's Tsukiji market sells products of this activity. Aquaculture in hatcheries may someday bring an end to what economic activity carried out with nets and hooks?

Fishing

By the Warburg hypothesis, a tenfold increase in this process can differentiate tumor cells from normal cells. The most important regulator of this pathway, phosphofructokinase, is the third of ten enzymes used in it. The product of this pathway is usually converted to acetyl-CoA, but under anaerobic conditions, yeast follow this process with alcohol fermentation. Because they lack mitochondria, red blood cells must obtain their energy from this pathway. It occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells. Name this metabolic pathway that breaks one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, the first stage of cellular respiration.

Glycolysis

This author published a work based on his letters and diaries from his time in the title country in his essay, Italian Journey. In a play by this author, the title character is stopped from poisoning himself by a chorus of angels announcing Easter shortly before he is followed home by a dog. In that play by this author, the title character begins a tragic affair with Gretchen with the help of Mephistopheles. In a novel by this author, the title character writes to Albert asking for two guns, which Charlotte sends to him and which he uses to kill himself. Identify this German author of Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther.

Goethe

It is implied that these figures created "The Diary of P." and "The A.B. Memoirs," as well as objects found in a footlocker near Bangor. These figures often greet and say goodbye to each other with the phrase "Under His Eye." One of these figures finds the phrase "nolite te bastardes carborundorum" carved into a cupboard. Groups of these figures use their bare hands to kill a condemned person in a type of Salvaging known as a Particicution. These figures are trained by Aunts at Rachel and Leah Centers, and are given new names referring to the member of the ruling class of Gilead to whom they are assigned. The protagonist Offred is a member of, what group of fertile women in a novel by Margaret Atwood?

Handmaids

In one play by this author, an unnamed Woman constantly brandishes a spear at Tshembe to tempt him to join the anti-colonial Resistance movement. In another play by this author, the protagonist displays the title political ad for Wally O'Hara, who turns out to be corrupt. In addition to Les Blancs and The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window, this author wrote a play in which Karl Lindner attempts to push Lena and her family out of the all-white Clybourne Park. Identify this author who wrote about Walter Younger and his father's insurance check in A Raisin in the Sun.

Hansberry

An artist from this movement painted a woman looking at a baby from behind a bright translucent veil in The Cradle. Marie Bracquemond and Berthe Morisot were artists from this movement. An artist from this movement painted 12 depictions of a Japanese footbridge. A woman in a striped shirt dips a baby's foot into a bowl of water in The Child's Bath by Mary Cassatt, an artist from this movement. This movement was named after a painting of two boats and a sunrise in Le Havre harbor. Name this art movement started by a painter known for his paintings of water lilies, Claude Monet.

Impressionism

This person was injured in an attack that Charles Stewart described in a letter to Dionisio Martínez de la Vega, who was the governor of Havana. This East India Company captain was in charge of the Rebecca, which was overtaken by the San Antonio captained by Juan León Fandiño. That attack took place in 1731, and many accounts of it include a message this person was supposed to deliver to King George II. Seven years later, this person described the incident to the House of Commons, and his story was used to build hostility towards Spain during the War of the Austrian Succession. Name this Welsh mariner whose ear was cut off.

Jenkins

This figure was often depicted lying on the ground and emanating rays of light thanks to the writings of Bridget of Sweden. This figure is likely depicted with a donkey's head in the Alexamenos graffito. This figure holds a crystal sphere in a heavily-restored painting in which he wears a blue robe. In Byzantine art, this figure is often depicted in the pose Pantocrator. In a Raphael painting, a boy wearing a goat-skin holds a goldfinch that this figure touches. This man holds up his right hand in a Leonardo da Vinci painting that was rediscovered in 2011. This man's body is held by Mary in paintings of the Pietà. For 10 points, name this boy often depicted being cradled by the Madonna.

Jesus

This mathematician and philosopher first proposed the Transcendental Law of Homogeneity regarding the sum of infinitesimally small values. This person introduced the elongated 'S' symbol to represent integration and pioneered "dy over dx" to represent differentiation. Name this German polymath who developed differential and integral calculus in the late 1600s independently of Isaac Newton.

Leibniz

Early sketches of this painting featured a male medical student with a book entering from the left; he was removed to heighten the viewer's sense of voyeurism with respect to the central figures. In this painting, the outermost figures of the central group blend into red curtains on the left and blue curtains on the right, while a watermelon slice and grapes sit on the corner of a protruding table below. The three women on the left of this painting are influenced by Iberian sculptures, while the two on the right have faces reminiscent of African masks. For 10 points, name this proto-cubist work that depicts five naked prostitutes in a brothel, a work by Pablo Picasso.

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

In this novel, two children hide inside of a statue of an elephant after a maid is arrested. After rescuing him from being crushed by a cart, a character in this novel employs Fauchelevent as a gardener. In this novel, barricades are constructed by the revolutionary group the Friends of the ABC, whose members include the boy Gavroche and Marius. This novel's protagonist tells the prostitute Fantine that he will adopt her daughter Cosette. Inspector Javert jumps into the Seine River after pursuing a reformed criminal for decades. For 10 points, Jean Valjean is the protagonist of what novel by Victor Hugo?

Les Miserables

A recent (As of 2019) novel about this historical figure, which focuses on the grief he felt when his son Willie died, is by George Saunders. A poem about this person asks "And who will bring white peace / That he may sleep upon his hill again?". That poem by Vachel Lindsay is set at midnight. Another poem tells this person "Rise up and hear the bells", but he cannot do so because he has "fallen cold and dead". That poem begins a section of Leaves of Grass dedicated to this person, beginning with "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd". Name this subject of several poems by Walt Whitman, including "O Captain! My Captain!".

Lincoln

During these events, one newspaper hired the stenographer Robert Hitt to provide coverage after deeming its rival's stenographer too partisan. Two of these events took place at Jonesboro and Charleston. A participant in these events claimed that states could simply decide not to enforce the Dred Scott decision. One participant in these events later lost an election to the other because John C. Breckinridge cannibalized his votes. The Freeport Doctrine was outlined during these events, whose challenger had just given a speech saying "A house divided against itself, cannot stand." For 10 points, what debates pitted a sitting Illinois senator against the future President during the Civil War?

Lincoln-Douglass Debates

This work's protagonist imagines "taking a running kick at [his wife's] rump" when she leaves him for a cab driver. At this novel's end, the protagonist weeps as he pays his daughter $4000 so she and her husband, Dick, can move to Alaska. He earlier recalls the typhus-inflicted death of a "honey-colored" first love whom he met at the Hotel Mirana, Annabel Leigh. In this novel, the sentimental Charlotte is hit by a car after reading her husband's diary, and the protagonist kills Clare Quilty for kidnapping his daughter from the Enchanted Hunters hotel. For 10 points, name this novel recounting Humbert Humbert's fixation with "nymphet" Dolores Haze, by Vladimir Nabokov.

Lolita

In a 1963 painting, this man stands in a mountain landscape with a blue-green robe, a clenched left fist, and an orange umbrella in his right hand. That "model painting" was created during a time when this man was often depicted with workers carrying plates of mangoes. He's not Lenin, but this man's embalmed body is at the center of a pilgrimage to the largest public square in the world. After reading that he was the most famous man of the 20th century, Andy Warhol made a series of silkscreens reproducing this man's official portrait. For 10 points, name this leader whose portrait hangs above Tiananmen Square.

Mao

It's not George Abbot, but Edward la Zouche is best remembered for an event relating to this figure. This loser of the Battle of Langside surrendered at the Battle of Carberry Hill, and Francis Throckmorton was a supporter of this figure. The murder of this figure's secretary, David Rizzio, was in part organized by Lord Darnley. The Rising of the North promoted the rule of this figure, who was targeted in the Rough Wooing. This figure's power was also supported by a plot engineered by John Ballard and its namesake, Anthony Babington. This Catholic leader was James I's mother. Name this woman from the House of Stuart who was executed for treason by Elizabeth I.

Mary, Queen of Scots

In one play by this writer, the protagonist tries to decide whether to marry Holga while reflecting on his previous marriages to Louise and Maggie, the latter of whom commits suicide in a manner similar to the real-life suicide of this writer's second wife. This author of After the Fall wrote a play in which a farmer has an affair with his maid, Abigail Williams, who flees town with money taken from her uncle, the Reverend Samuel Parris. In another play by this writer, the protagonist is discovered in a hotel having an affair with Miss Harvey by his son Biff. Name this playwright who wrote about the Salem witch trials in The Crucible and about the Loman family in Death of a Salesman.

Miller

In 1968, the White Sox played ten "Home away from home" games in this city, partially as a consolation for a team that moved to Atlanta two years earlier. A team in this city was the second-most recent MLB team to switch leagues, which they did under owner Bud Selig. That team moved to this city after one season as the Seattle Pilots, and their home games now feature a sausage race. Former stars for this city included Robin Yount and Paul Molitor, while current (As of 2019) players include Ryan Braun and reigning National League MVP Christian Yelich. This city's basketball team is now led by Giannis Antetokounmpo. For 10 points, name this city home to the Bucks and the Brewers.

Milwaukee

In Aztec myth, this thing was created when Huitzilopochtli cut off the head of Coyolxauhqui. In ​Journey to the West​, Zhu Bajie is expelled from Heaven after flirting with Chang'e, a goddess of this domain. Nut gambled with a god of this domain for time to create five extra days of the year. Endymion was put into eternal sleep after one deity of this domain thought he was attractive; that goddess was Selene. Another goddess of this object aided Leto with the delivery of her twin brother Apollo. Name this astronomical object associated with deities like Artemis.

Moon

A former airline with this name was the first to fly commercially between the US and Japan, and was acquired by Delta Airlines. An institution with this word in its name is the only private Big 10 university and is also the only to be located on the shore of a Great Lake. In a 1959 film named after this direction, the protagonist is interrogated at the home of UN diplomat Lester Townsend; that movie ends with a chase down the side of Mount Rushmore. For 10 points, name this intercardinal direction that names a university in Evanston, Illinois, and a Cary Grant thriller directed by Alfred Hitchcock, titled North by [this direction].

Northwest

This country was called a "neutral ally" for its ties to Britain during World War I. An explorer from this country won the Nobel Peace Prize after creating namesake "passports" for stateless refugees. This country built the first commercial heavy water plant, but sabotaged it to prevent it from being used to produce nuclear weapons. After referenda in 1974 and 1992, this country, like Switzerland, declined to join the E.U. In 1925, under the reign of king Haakon VII, this country changed its capital's name from "Christiania." A pro-Nazi government was led by Vidkun Quisling in—for 10 points—what Scandinavian country?

Norway

The ruling in this case overturned a precedent set in Baker v. Nelson and was granted certiorari by the Supreme Court due to conflicting opinions in the lower courts. This case stemmed from an Ohio lawsuit about the right to visit John Arthur, a man dying from ALS, and it expanded on a previous court ruling in the case of US v. Windsor. Identify this 2015 Supreme Court decision that legalized same-sex marriage.

Obergefell v. Hodges

One perpetrator of this incident was motivated by reading The Turner Diaries during basic training. That perpetrator of this incident stated that he was seeking revenge for the FBI's handling of events at Ruby Ridge and Waco. One perpetrator of this event was captured after being stopped for driving with an expired license plate. A memorial to this event features 168 empty chairs as well as the "Survivor Tree," which had withstood the blast associated with this event. Terry Nichols and Timothy McVeigh were charged for their role in this 1995 terrorist attack against a midwestern federal building.

Oklahoma City Bombing

The alchemist Paracelsus reintroduced this commodity to Western Europe as an ingredient in the wonder-drug Theriac. William Jardine used his power gained from the trade of this commodity to propose his namesake "paper" to Lord Palmerston. Lancelot Dent and other traders of this commodity were forced to surrender their stores of it to Lin Zexu, who later destroyed 1,000 tons of this commodity at Humen. A war fought over illegal smuggling of this commodity was ended by the "unequal treaties" of the Bogue and Nanking. For 10 points, name this poppy derived narcotic which titles a pair of wars between Britain and China.

Opium

One musician who played this instrument recorded the album At the Pershing in Chicago. Ahmad Jamal influenced another performer on this instrument who started the American Group and the Belonging Group: Keith Jarrett. A musician who played this instrument wrote the song "Glass Enclosure" after a stay in a mental institution. That performer, Bud Powell, had a goal of being as good as Art Tatum on this instrument, and he was friends with Thelonious Monk, who also played it. Name this instrument whose performers can use the Harlem stride technique, playing rhythm with the left hand and melodies with the right hand.

Piano

A character in this novel says his horses "are wanted in the farm much oftener than I can get them"; later Jane gets sick because she rode on horseback in the rain rather than taking a coach. Jane's illness causes people to call for Mr. Jones, the apothecary of Meryton, to see Jane at Netherfield. In this novel, Jane is the oldest of five sisters and eventually marries Charles Bingley. Jane's sister Elizabeth, the protagonist of this novel, marries Fitzwilliam Darcy. Name this novel by Jane Austen about the Bennet sisters.

Pride and Prejudice

A holder of this office reportedly told his wife "it's a relief to be out of [that]" after resigning due to a scandal in which his re-election accepted money from railway tycoon Hugh Allan. Another holder of this office endured a constitutional crisis when Lord Byng refused to dissolve parliament at his request. After the abductions of James Cross and Pierre Laporte, a holder of this office declared "just watch me" and invoked the War Measures Act. William Lyon Mackenzie King held this office, while another holder dealt with the October Crisis due to Francophone terrorism. For 10 points, name this office held by John Macdonald and Pierre Trudeau.

Prime Minister of Canada

For constant elasticity of substitution, the total amount of this process is given by the Leontief function, and another function of this process is named after Cobb and Douglas. The tradeoff between "guns" and "butter" is often shown with a curve named for this process's "possibilities frontier." Classical economists identified land, labor and capital as the three factors of this process. The cost of this process decreases as more occurs in economies of scale. Karl Marx defined the bourgeoisie as those who owned the means of this process. The development of the assembly line allowed for the "mass" form of this process. For 10 points, name this process in which goods are created.

Production

The spiral of Theodorus is sometimes named for Einstein or for this theorem. An equation equivalent to this theorem can be generated by setting a complex number in rectangular form equal to itself in polar form, then multiplying each side by its conjugate. An early proof of this theorem used a diagram that is sometimes called the peacock tail or windmill. This theorem was at first controversial because it was used to show that some numbers are incommensurable. The law of cosines is a generalization of this theorem, and becomes this theorem when the cosine equals zero, which happens for a right angle. Name this theorem from geometry that is equivalent to the distance formula in two dimensions

Pythagorean

A character in this play receives gardening tools as a moving gift, including an oversized hat from her grandson. One character in this play yells "FLAMING SPEAR! HOT DAMN!" while his sister chants "OCOMOGOSIAY." A character in this play considers marrying and moving to Nigeria with Joseph Asagai. Mr. Lindner tries to bribe this play's central family not to move to the all-white Clybourne Park community. Another character in this play squanders his sister's medical school money on a liquor store when Willy Harris takes the money and runs. For 10 points, name this play about the Younger Family, written by Lorraine Hansberry.

Raisin in the Sun

Inmates at the Brixton Prison appeared on a TV show titled for this man "Behind Bars." This man reveals the winner of one game show by instructing the final contestants to each turn a door handle, only one of which is unlocked. In a James Corden comedy segment, this man presses Julie Chen's face between two slices of bread and calls her an "idiot sandwich." After the owners of Amy's Baking Company refused to accept his renovation advice, this chef famously walked out of an episode of Kitchen Nightmares. For 10 points, name this foul-mouthed celebrity chef who stars in shows like The F Word and Hell's Kitchen.

Ramsay

Congress overrode this President's veto of a bill punishing South Africa for apartheid. The situation of U.S. medical students at St. George's University led this man to order Operation Urgent Fury, the invasion of Grenada. Oliver North testified that this man's administration funded Nicaraguan rebels via illegal arms sales to Iran. What president told Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall"?

Reagan

In this novel, Lieutenant Hasbrouck calls the protagonist a "wildcat" of a fighter after he continues to fire a gun at the enemy after a battle has ended. At one point in this novel, Corporal Simpson accepts the protagonist's return despite the vague explanation that he had been separated from his company. The protagonist is given a packet of letters by Wilson, with whom he later fights with over who will take over for the dead flag-bearer. Alongside the tattered soldier, the protagonist of this novel begins to help Jim Conklin, but eventually runs away from them during battle. The title wound is sustained from a fellow Union soldier by Henry Fleming in what Civil War novel by Stephen Crane?

Red Badge of Courage

The Dahlak Archipelago in this body of water has been used for pearl diving since ancient times. A north branch of this body of water is entered near Tiran Island. On the southwest coast of this sea there is a country that gained independence in 1991, while its southeast coast is the site of a civil war fought by Houthi rebels. This body of water is north of the Gulf of Aden, and the Gulf of Aqaba and Gulf of Suez are in its north part. Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti are on the west shore of this body of water. Name this sea whose eastern shore abuts Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

Red Sea

In the Iliad, Simo·esius, a son of one of these entities, is compared to a "falling black poplar" as he dies. Another of these entities rises three times to fight against Achilles, but is stopped on each occasion by Hephaestus' flames. To win the hand of Deianeira, Heracles wrestled one of these entities named Achelous. Another of these entities named Alpheus pursued Arethusa across the sea. Heracles used two of these entities to clean the Augean Stables. Since she helped Zeus during the Titanomachy, the Greeks swore their oaths on one of these entities. The Underworld has five of these things, including Acheron and Lethe. For 10 points, name these bodies of water that include the Styx

River

A political leader of this country allegedly formed a group of assassins called the Tiger Squad to target critics, and has outlined a programme called Vision 2030 to diversify its economy. This country is the largest of two participating in a joint operation to capture the port of Hodeida as part of a foreign intervention codenamed Operation Decisive Storm. Donald Trump announced a $110 billion weapons sale to this country, despite condemnation following an incident in this country's consulate in Turkey ending in the death of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. For 10 points, Mohammed bin Salman leads what country ruled from Riyadh?

Saudi Arabia

In one story, this method of murder is facilitated with a "ventilation" hole and a nonfunctional bell cord. In that story, this method of murder is attempted by a British physician who beat a servant to death in Calcutta before returning to England. In the Hermann Hesse novel, Siddhartha is instructed in the art of love by a woman who dies in this fashion named Kamala. Helen's twin is killed in this way by her stepfather, Dr. Roylott, in "The Adventure of the Speckled Band." While dying of this cause, a gardener becomes Eva Luna's father. Plutarch includes a legend that Cleopatra committed suicide using—for 10 points—what kind of animal?

Snake

The name of this law was chosen by Congressman Frank H. Buck. Its gender distinctions were struck down by Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld. This law underwent a major reform in 1983 based on the recommendations of the Greenspan Commission. This law was passed just after the Wagner Act as a key part of the Second New Deal. In addition to its primary purpose, this law made provisions for "blind persons, dependent and crippled children, maternal and child welfare, public health", and unemployment insurance. Name this 1935 act that created a system to give money to retired people.

Social Security

In the aftermath of this event, the victims met Zlatan Ibrahimovic on the Ellen show. The only fatality of this event was Suman Kunan, a former Royal Navy Seal who died of asphyxiation while laying air tanks. The victims who were saved during this event were initially trapped by rising water. The most climactic part of this event was when, just beyond the "Pattaya Beach" chamber, divers found all thirteen victims alive. For 10 points, name this successful international rescue effort for members of the Wild Boars, a local junior soccer team in Thailand.

Thai cave rescue

The third edition of this book re‐ordered a discussion of the Crucifixion alleging that Barabbas was intended as the new Jewish king. This book was partly inspired by a J. M. W. Turner painting of a scene from the Aeneid. It describes the priests of Diana at Nemi, who won their positions by killing predecessors in ritual combat. "A Study in Magic and Religion" is the subtitle of what book by James Frazer?

The Golden Bough

At the beginning of this novel, a large crowd awaits three things: noon·day, the embassy from Flanders, and the mystery play. The play, which is The Good Judgment of Madame the Virgin Mary, is interrupted during this novel by the arrival of Jacques Coppenole. One of this novel's main characters has his right eye covered by an enormous wart, which helps him win a contest during the Festival of Fools. Later in this novel, that character saves a woman from being hanged when she is charged with the attempted murder of Phoebus. Name this novel by Victor Hugo in which Esmeralda is saved by Quasimodo.

The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

Tommy Hinds helps the protagonist of this novel by giving him a job as a porter. After being fired from her job, one character in this novel stops trying to woo the violinist Tamoszius. The protagonist of this novel befriends Jack Duane while in jail and joins Mike Scully's gang. The protagonist of this novel converts to socialism after seeing Antanas, his son, drowned in a mud puddle on a busy street. Phil Connor rapes Ona in this novel, whose protagonist moves to Packingtown from Lithuania to work in unkempt factories. For 10 points, name this muckraking novel about Jurgis Rudkus that exposed Chicago's meatpacking industry, by Upton Sinclair.

The Jungle

This place was punished after Chrysippus was raped here by his tutor from this place. During one conflict at this location, Tydeus ate the brains of his opponent and was hence denied immortality. Semele died here when her mate revealed his full form at her insistence. One play set here sees Jocasta hang herself and her son, now husband, blind himself; that play is Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, first of his trilogy named after this place. This place was founded after dragon teeth were sown in the ground. A play by Aeschylus set in this place sees Eteocles and Polynices kill each other; that play is titled "Seven Against" this city-state. Name this Greek city-state founded by Cadmus.

Thebes

A decrease of the hormones produced by this gland is responsible for a syndrome that causes memory loss, especially in polar explorers. Steroid hormones and the hormones from this gland impact intracellular receptors. This hormone is overactive in Graves' disease, which leads to bulging eyes. The parafollicular cells in this gland are the primary producers of a hormone that lowers blood calcium, called calcitonin. Some hormones produced by this gland contain iodine; a lack of iodine causes this gland to swell, a condition called goiter. Name this butterfly-shaped organ at the front of the neck.

Thyroid

The non-existence of certain of these objects with "square area" is the subject of Fermat's only complete proof. Angle trisectors within these objects form specific types of these objects by Morley's trisector theorem. The Exeter point is one of the four special points within these objects that lie on the Euler line. The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is often used to prove the inequality named for these objects. The orthocenter is the intersection of these objects' altitudes. The length of this figure's sides may be determined by the law of cosines. For 10 points, name these shapes, two sides of which are equal in their "isosceles" type.

Triangles

A character in this city is almost strangled to death by Jasiu on a beach. After seeing a red-haired man in a cathedral doorway, a character feels a desire to travel to this city. In this city, one character writes a book on Frederick the Great and is fascinated by the smell of disinfectant. An Englishman warns one character of a cover-up of a cholera epidemic in this city. The Grand Hotel des Bains is located in this city, which is the setting of a novella in which one character eats overripe strawberries and dies while looking at a Polish youth named Tadzio. Gustav von Aschenbach dies in, for 10 points, what Italian city in a novella by Thomas Mann?

Venice

In 1917, this scientist studied the octahedrite meteorite named for Treysa, and earlier this man wrote the meteorological standard text, Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere while a professor at the University of Marburg. This scientist, along with Rasmus Villumsen, never returned from his final expedition to Eismitte in Greenland. In 1915, this man wrote The Origin of Continents and Oceans where he drew conclusions about the breaking apart of the "Urkontinent," which was analogous to Pangea. What German geophysicist developed the theory of continental drift?

Wegener

This man tells the story of Dave Singleman, a colleague who died in his green velvet slippers. In that scene, this character exclaims "you can't eat the orange and throw the peel away" to a man who plays a recording of his son reciting state capitals. This character tries to plant carrots in the dark after he is abandoned by his sons at Frank's Chop House. This man repeatedly hallucinates about his rich brother Ben and he gifts a pair of nylon stockings to his mistress. This man kills himself to leave an insurance policy shortly before his wife finishes making the last payment on their house. For 10 points name this protagonist of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.

Willy

This U.S. president said his policy toward Mexico would be "watchful waiting" when he refused to recognize a Mexican president. He authorized the occupation of Vera Cruz during the Tampico controversy. This president established the Federal Trade Commission, which he used to enforce the new Clayton Antitrust Act. This president also established the Federal Reserve System as part of his New Freedom program. After Mexico was sent the Zimmermann telegram, this President declared war to make "the world safe for democracy". He announced his plans for after the war as his Fourteen Points. Name this winner of the elections of 1912 and 1916 who led the U.S. during World War I.

Wilson

One character in this musical dreams of "lots of coal makin' lots of heat," while another sings that "the pavement always stayed beneath [his] feet before" in "On the Street Where You Live." In one scene in this musical, characters repeatedly exclaim, "By George, she's got it!" One character in this musical sings, "I only know when he began to ​dance with me" in "I Could Have Danced All Night," and in another scene, she declares that "the rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain." At the end of this musical, the lead character regains the Cockney accent she had once had as a flower girl. Name this musical based on Pygmalion about the speech training of Eliza Doolittle

My Fair Lady

In January 2018, this country's &Proud festival was first held in public. In 2016, this country invented the new position of State Counsellor. The National League for Democracy in this country considers prominent politician Htin Kyaw, Thein Sein's successor, an ally. This country was in the news in 2017 for incidents in its Rakhine province, from which many have fled north. This majority Buddhist country's leading politician, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Aung San Suu Kyi, has been criticized for her minimal response to the genocide of this country's Rohingya people. Name this Asian country with capital at Naypyidaw and largest city Yangon.

Myanmar

Mozart's only completed concerto for this instrument was written for Giuseppe Ferlendis and is in C major. J. S. Bach's BWV 974 is a transcription of a concerto for this instrument by Alessandro Marcello. The first Italian to write concertos for this instrument was Tomaso Albinoni, and its mezzo-soprano counterpart is the "d'amore" variety. A short solo by this instrument features in the recapitulation of the first movement of Beethoven's fifth symphony. This instrument is the duck in Peter and the Wolf. The higher counterpart of the English horn, name this double reed woodwind instrument smaller than a bassoon.

Oboe

A work by this artist depicts a man lifting up a crouched-over woman over his head and is titled I am Beautiful. This artist created The Falling Man and Eternal Springtime for a large ensemble of works overseen by three men who look down and touch their index fingers. This artist created a depiction of a torso-less person called The Walking Man. This artist created The Age of Bronze and a depiction of Paolo and Francesca called The Kiss, which was originally part of The Gates of Hell. Name this French sculptor of The Thinker.

Rodin

The fact that all points on an ellipse have a constant sum of distances to two foci can be proved using a cone tangent to two of these shapes named for Dandelin. Using Thurston's corrugations is one way to demonstrate Stephen Smale's proof that the eversion of this shape is possible. Stereographic projections map these shapes to planes and are often used in cartography. Triangles drawn on the surface of these shapes always have angle sums greater than 180 degrees. A coordinate system named for this shape is defined by a radius and two angles. For 10 points, name this three-dimensional shape consisting of all points a certain distance away from a center.

Spheres

One class in this phylum stands out from other classes because of its inability to contract and its ability to conduct electrical impulses. That class is the Hexactinellida. In general, the shapes of these animals are maintained by a gelatinous substance called the mesohyl. The skeletons of these animals are made of spicules. Water is excreted through a hole on the tops of these animals called an osculum, and these animals use the flow of water rather than having a circulatory or digestive system. Name these extremely simple animals that usually are only mobile during the larval stage, after which they settle on ocean floors.

Sponges

In November 2018, U.S. Solicitor General Noel Francisco argued in favor of this country in a Supreme Court case filed against it by victims of the USS Cole bombing. It's not India, but the local headquarters of this country's ruling National Congress Party were burned in its city of Atbara during December 2018 protests over bread and fuel prices. Larger January 2019 protests in this country's capital saw the killing of the doctor Babiker Abdelhamid. This country currently (As of 2019) disputes the Abyei Area with its southern neighbor, which declared independence from this country in a 2011 referendum. For 10 points, name this African country led by Omar al-Bashir from Khartoum.

Sudan

This politician's name is often prefixed with the honorific "Daw." This politician first emerged as a national figure during the 8888 Uprising, during which she addressed half a million people from Shwedagon Pagoda. Provisions of a 2008 constitution that bars spouses and parents of foreigners from serving as president prevented this woman from taking that office; she instead serves as State Counsellor and leads the National League for Democracy. She has been criticized for refusing to discuss her country's treatment of Rohingya Muslims. For 10 points, name this 1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate from Myanmar who spent 15 years under house arrest.

Suu Kyi

Cecil Beaton's interpretation of this work featured calligraphy in white ink on black backgrounds, and a notable scene in one version of this work features a diagonal line of twenty-five women. Music for this work includes a solo oboe theme which begins on F-sharp and joins the harps to play over string tremolos. Several pairs follow a pattern of three​ steps and a kick in this work's Hungarian dance, and the first act of this work features a notable pas de trois. The main character of this work, Prince Siegfried, is tricked into marrying Rothbart's daughter Odile. Name this ballet composed by Pyotr Tchaikovsky in which Odette becomes the title bird.

Swan Lake

Frank Ramsey proposed a so-called "optimal" policy of this type that would minimize the loss of utility by accounting for the inverse elasticity of demand. James Tobin proposed one of these policies intended to stabilize currency exchange markets, and Arthur Cecil Pigou proposed one that would lessen the impact of negative externalities. The Laffer curve plots the extent of this type of policy against revenue. These policies can be flat, regressive, or progressive depending on how their rate depends on income. Name this type of policy in which payment must be made to a government.

Tax

This leader gained a large following after predicting the New Madrid Earthquakes. David King claimed that he killed this man, although that claim was disputed by Richard Mentor Johnson. This man quipped that "A single twig breaks, but the bundle of twigs is strong." This leader failed to seize Fort Meigs but helped Isaac Brock capture Fort Detroit. This chief was killed at the Battle of the Thames, and his brother 'The Prophet' was defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe. For 10 points, name this Shawnee chief whose namesake Confederacy was shattered during the War of 1812.

Tecumseh

In this work, Lady Bellaston conspires to have Lord Fellamar rape a character so she can have that woman's love interest to herself. This work's protagonist befriends the gamekeeper Black George and has a relationship with his daughter Molly Seagrim. In this novel, Mr. Fitzpatrick walks in on a character having an affair with Mrs. Waters, who is actually Jenny Jones and is suspected to be his mother. In this work, Reverend Thwackum assists Master Bilfil in his rivalry with the protagonist. The title character marries Sophia Western after discovering that he is Squire Allworthy's nephew in, for 10 points, what picaresque novel by Henry Fielding?

The History of Tom Jones

Julius Edgar Lilienfeld invented an early type of these devices in 1930 but failed to widely publicize it. That type of these devices switches from the cutoff regime to the linear regime at the threshold voltage. These devices are produced in complementary pairs in CMOS technology. An applied voltage controls the carrier concentration in the "field effect" class of these devices, whose three terminals are the source, gate, and drain. Two p-n junctions sit back-to-back in their "bipolar junction" type. MOSFETs are the most common type of—for 10 points—what semiconductor devices that amplify electrical signals, which are found by the millions on computer chips?

Transistor

After a battle near present-day Iskenderun in this country, a leader supposedly crossed a ravine by filling it with the bodies of his slaughtered enemies. That account comes from the historian Arrian, who hailed from Bithynia in this modern-day country. Herodotus, author of the Histories, was native of this modern-day country, as he was born in Halicarnassus. The Battle of Issus was fought in this modern-day country, whose ancient regions included Ionia and Phrygia. Near this country's city of Hisarlik, Heinrich Schliemann excavated the purported site of a great war around 1200 B.C. The ruins of Troy are located in—for 10 points—what country on the peninsula of Anatolia?

Turkey

This artist was inspired by a James Thomson poem for a painting that depicts the title object spewing out the mythical medicine, nepenthe. This artist of The Fountain of Indolence depicted a mountain in his paintings The Blue Rigi and The Red Rigi, and he depicted an October 16, 1834 event in two paintings entitled The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons. This artist showed Hannibal crossing the Alps in Snow Storm and depicted the Maidenhead Railway Bridge in his most famous painting. What British artist painted Rain, Steam, and Speed?

Turner

One composition of this type written by Gubaidulina centers on the thema regium from The Musical Offering, and is called Offertorium. Beethoven's composition of this type opens with five timpani beats in D. The first movement of Brahms's composition of this type ends with a cadenza written by Joseph Joachim. The use of a bell in the second of this type of composition by Paganini gives it the nickname "La Campanella." Vivaldi's The Four Seasons are compositions of this type. For 10 points, name these pieces that feature the highest pitched string instrument accompanied by an orchestra.

Violin concerto

The first one of these entities to be discovered was the "tobacco mosaic" one. These entities contain a capsid which surrounds their genetic material. Some of these entities consist of a polyhedral "head" and a tubular "tail" which they use to inject genetic material into their targets and are known as bacteriophages. These entities consist of a small amount of genetic material and structural proteins, and they reproduce via the lytic and lysogenic cycles, which take place after they infect host cells. Identify these pathogens responsible for diseases like influenza.

Viruses

In an iso·thermal process, work is proportional to the log of a ratio of the final and initial values of this quantity. It is not heat, but the "specific" version of this quantity is the reciprocal of density. This quantity is held constant both within a bomb calorimeter and in an isochoric process. The 𝑏 parameter in van der Waals' equation corrects this quantity for gas molecules. Enthalpy equals internal energy plus pressure times this quantity. According to Boyle's law, this quantity is inversely related to pressure, which is why this quantity is multiplied by pressure in the ideal gas law. Name this quantity that can be measured with a buret or graduated cylinder in units such as milliliters.

Volume

A stage direction by this author calls for a woman in the audience to run out of the theater crying. In the opening scene of that play by this author, a maid is told to "Make up something!" to which she replies "I hate this play!" One of this author's characters serves ice-cream sodas while posing as a drugstore owner. This author wrote an allegorical play about the Antrobus family, as well as a play in which Professor Willard tells the audience the history of Grover's Corners, New Hampshire. In that play by this man, the Stage Manager talks to Emily Webb after her death as she relives her twelfth birthday. For 10 points, name this author of The Skin of Our Teeth and Our Town

Wilder

In one work, this philosopher imagined a group of builders naming four slabs with different letters of the alphabet. This philosopher referenced the use of toy cars in Parisian traffic courts to illustrate a correspondence theory of language. He imagined someone writing the letter "S" when he has a certain sensation in a work in which he posited his "beetle in a box" thought experiment to show the incoherence of private languages. This author stated "that of which we cannot speak, we must pass over in silence." For 10 points, name this Austrian-British philosopher who wrote Philosophical Investigations and Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

Wittgenstein

Fritz Koenig's sculpture The Sphere was moved back to this location in 2017. An artwork by Spencer Finch featuring 2,983 blue squares can currently be found at this location, which was once home to the Alexander Calder sculpture Bent Propeller. A 1,776-foot building was designed for this site by Daniel Libeskind. Minoru Yamasaki designed a pair of buildings at this location. Text from posters at this location is read aloud in John Adams's piece On the Transmigration of Souls. The photograph The Falling Man depicts—for 10 points—what one-time home of the Twin Towers?

World Trade Center

One of this poet's speakers "sought a theme and sought for it in vain" and lies down "in the foul rag and bone shop of the heart." One of his poems mourns "a drunken, vainglorious lout...who had done most bitter wrong"; that poem begins by recalling the exchange of "polite meaningless words" and repeats the refrain "a terrible beauty is born." This poet of "The Circus Animal's Desertion" declares "the ceremony of innocence is drowned" in a poem that illustrates "a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi." That poem describes a "rough beast" that "slouches towards Bethlehem to be born." For 10 points, name this Irish poet of "Easter, 1916" and "The Second Coming."

Yeats

Following pressure from US Senator Jesse Helms, this foreign leader released the tape from the black box obtained after KAL-007 was shot down in 1983. After an unsuccessful attempt by this man to dissolve his country's parliament, he ordered the military to bomb his country's White House. This man gave a speech from atop a tank to prevent a coup against his predecessor, Mikhail Gorbachev. Vladimir Putin succeeded what man who served from 1991-1999 as the first President of the Russian Federation.

Yeltsin

This country's president has been blamed for supporting genocide in its Matabeleland region during the 1980s. Jeff Flake, the senator from Arizona, spent much of the summer of 2018 monitoring this country's election, in which the Movement for Democratic Change Alliance under Nelson Chamisa was defeated. Under the threat of impeachment, this country's president quit after 30 years in office in 2017. He was replaced by Emmerson Mnangagwa, who then won the 2018 election. Name this country, formerly known as Southern Rhodesia and Rhodesia, which was ruled by Robert Mugabe.

Zimbabwe

The sulfide of this element is used as an infrared window in optics. Ions of this element are held in place by two cysteine ("SIS-teen") residues and two histidine residues in this element's namesake finger motif. This element is oxidized to its +2 oxidation state at a standard potential of negative 0.76 volts in a Daniell cell, where its oxidation is coupled to the reduction of copper. A coat of this element is added to steel or iron to slow the process of rusting. Brass is formed from this metal and copper. For ten points, name this element with atomic symbol Zn.

Zinc

George II became the last British monarch to lead his troops into battle when he led troops at this war's Battle of Dettingen. A conflict between Britain and Spain during this larger conflict was known as the war of Jenkin's Ear and this war began after Frederick the Great violated the pragmatic sanction. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended what war sparked by the ascension of Maria Theresa?

Austrian Succession

The children of nobles in this empire went to schools called calmecacs, as documented in a book by Bernardino de Sahagún named for Florence. This empire was made up of three city-states, or altepetl. The words avocado and chocolate come from the Nahuatl language spoken by people in this empire. It was founded near Lake Texcoco after a priest witnessed an eagle eating a snake on a cactus. Montezuma II led this empire until he was overthrown in 1520 by Hernan Cortes. For 10 points, name this empire whose capital, Tenochtitlan, was located in modern-day Mexico City.

Aztec

This city was originally designed with three circular walls, leading it to be called the "round city." This city was taken over by Turkic bodyguards in the later 9th century, leading to its rule by the Buyid dynasty. This city was home to a "Translation Movement" that preserved many ancient Greek texts. Power was moved away from this city to Samarra after the Mu'tazilite controversy. This city was sacked by Hulagu Khan in the year 1247. The Tigris River supposedly ran black with ink after the destruction of Harun al-Rashid's House of Wisdom in this city. For 10 points, name this capital of the Abbasid caliphate, which is now the capital of Iraq.

Baghdad

This author discussed a quarrel between the Uretsiti and the Naotsiti in the book Tales of the Cochiti Indians. In a collaboration with Gene Weltfish made for the U.S. Army, this author described how culture influences intelligence. This co-author of The Races of Mankind compared the Dobu and the Zuni people in a book describing the title concept as the shared beliefs and experiences of a people. She discussed the difference between guilt and shame cultures in an analysis of World War II-era Japanese society. For 10 points, name this anthropologist and author of Patterns of Culture and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.

Benedict

These entities are described by a modified form of the Sakuma-Hattori equation which contains a term proportional to wavelength to the negative fifth power. In these things, peak wavelength is inversely proportional to temperature according to Wien's displacement law. Under certain assumptions, these things were predicted to have infinite energy, which led to the ultraviolet catastrophe. These objects have power proportional to the fourth power of temperature according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. For 10 points, name these things which emit more energy than any other object with the same temperature and absorb all incoming electromagnetic radiation.

Black body

This poet describes how the title object "grew both day and night/ till it bore an apple bright" in his poem "The Poison Tree." In another one of his poems, he describes how "the hapless Soldiers sigh/ Runs in blood down Palace walls." This poet also described how "little Tom Dacre" is sold before he could cry " 'weep! 'weep!" He also asks "What immortal hand or eye/could frame thy fearful symmetry" in a poem about the title animal, and describes it "burning bright/In the forests of the night." For 10 points, name this poet who included "The Chimney Sweeper" and "The Tyger" in his "Songs of Innocence and Experience."

Blake

This country's Yata River is home to a large number of flesh-eating piranhas. This country's largest city, Santa Cruz, is located in a lowlands region dubbed the Llanos Orientales. Lake Poopo is a large saline lake in this country and is located in this country's portion of the Altiplano Mountains. The largest lake in South America, Lake Titicaca, is located in this country. Identify this landlocked South American country whose two capital cities include Sucre and La Paz.

Bolivia

One of this person's followers, Osborne Perry Anderson, was given a sword that used to belong to Frederick the Great by George Washington's great grand-nephew, Lewis Washington. Silas Soule tried to free this person from prison shortly before this person was killed. Earlier, this person defeated Henry C. Pate at the Battle of Black Jack, and he then fought against John W. Reid at Osawatomie in 1856 in Kansas. This person attacked an armory in the hope that it would start a wide slave rebellion. Name this abolitionist who was stopped by U.S. Marines led by Robert E. Lee in 1859 at Harpers Ferry.

Brown

In the catalytic triads of serine proteases, this low-barrier interaction between histidine and aspartate facilitates the formation of a tetrahedral adduct. In the gas phase, carboxylic acids dimerize due to the presence of this interaction. This interaction is responsible for ammonia's high boiling point compared to phosphine. This type of interaction between positions i and i+4 is responsible for the structure of alpha helices. These interactions occur in compounds containing highly electronegative atoms bonded to their namesake element, such as in hydrofluoric acid. For 10 points, name these intermolecular interactions responsible for water's lattice structure and unique properties.

Hydrogen bonds

These interactions are disrupted by both urea and guanidinium chloride, making those agents chaotropic. These interactions hold the fibrils of cellulose together and mediate the formation of carboxylic acid dimers in solution. Three of them are present between guanine and cytosine in DNA, as opposed to the two between adenine and thymine. Hydrogen sulfide has a much lower boiling point than water because of these interactions, which also are the reason that ice is less dense than water. For 10 points, name these weak noncovalent bonds in which the lightest element is shared between two atoms.

Hydrogen bonds

The third place finisher in this election year died of a stroke prior to electoral votes being counted. Another candidate in this election year was a primary proponent of the "American System." Speaker of the House Henry Clay finished fourth in this election year, but struck a deal with the second place finisher known as the "Corrupt Bargain." Despite winning the popular vote, Andrew Jackson lost the election of what year to John Quincy Adams?

1824

The protagonist of this novel thinks "In the face of pain there are no heroes" after his elbow is smashed by a guard with a truncheon. This novel's narrator later thinks "Perhaps one did not want to be loved so much as to be understood." Another character in this novel tells the protagonist that the reason he was taken away is "To cure you! To make you sane!". Those words are spoken by O'Brien, who supposedly had been an agent of the Brotherhood but actually works for the Ministry of Love. In this novel, Winston Smith works for the Ministry of Truth in Oceania, which is ruled by Big Brother. Name this novel by George Orwell.

1984

This album ends with one of the first "hidden tracks" in music, "Her Majesty." The opening of this album led to a lawsuit as it begins with the phrase, "Here come old flat-top," which was lifted from a Chuck Berry song. This album concludes with a sixteen minute medley of eight short songs, including "Carry That Weight" and "Mean Mr. Mustard." This album also features songs such as "Come Together" and "Here Comes the Sun." The cover of this album shows one member of the band that created it barefoot, which is oftentimes cited as evidence that he "is dead." Name this album by the Beatles, the cover of which shows the band walking across a namesake street.

Abbey Road

This artist depicted the aftermath of the death of a British general in his painting The Death of Major Pierson. This man depicted his half-brother Henry Pelham with the title animal in his Boy With a Squirrel. One painting by this artist depicted a Revolutionary War silversmith holding a teapot that he had created, while another painting by this man depicts an animal attack in Havana Harbor. Identify this American artist who painted a portrait of Paul Revere, as well as Watson and the Shark.

Copley

One of these structures in Yokohama, called Cosmo Clock 21, claims to have the largest clock in the world. Another one of these structures is located on a bridge in central Tianjin, and the world's second tallest one of these structures offers views of Marina Bay; that is the Singapore Flyer. A structure in Chicago renamed itself the "Centennial" one of these in honor of the 100th anniversary of the Navy Pier. One of these structures lies across the Thames from the Houses of Parliament, has 32 passenger capsules, and rotates every 30 minutes. For 10 points, name these structures, such as the London Eye, that can typically be found at amusement parks.

Ferris wheel

These numbers can be used to define Wall-Sun-Sun primes, and Zeckendorf's Theorem states any natural number can be written uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive numbers of this type. Lagrange noted that when modulo is applied to these numbers, Pisano Periods can be found. The closed form of these numbers can be found through Binet's Formula. The shallow diagonals of Pascal's triangle sum to these numbers, and the ratio between them approaches the golden ratio. Identify these numbers that include 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 13.

Fibbonacci

The unusual molar teeth of leopard seals enable this behavior, which, in sponges, relies on cells called choanocytes. A siphon allows bivalves such as clams and oysters to perform this behavior. Lamellae in the flamingo beak allow the birds to perform this behavior to consume brine shrimp. Baleen whales feed on krill via what behavior in which an animal captures food floating in water?

Filter feeding

In early Zoroastrian iconography, ten of these creatures known as Kara protect the Gaokerena "tree of life," while early Christians used one of these animals called an ichthys as a symbolic representation of Christ. In the Kalevala, Vainamoinen slays one of these animals to make the first known kantele out of its jawbones, whereas another is an avatar of Vishnu who rescues Manu from a devastating flood. According to Jewish tradition, a man traveling to Nineveh was swallowed up by a giant one of these creatures. That man is Jonah. For 10 points, name this kind of aquatic animal that make up the bottom-half of mermaids.

Fish

The energy associated with this phenomenon can be calculated using the Born-Mayer equation, in which the proportionality constant is a factor of the Madelung constant. The stability of compounds exhibiting this interaction is the subject of Pauling's rules. The enthalpy change associated with this phenomenon can be calculated by using a Born-Haber cycle to determine the final lattice enthalpy. This type of interaction typically occurs between a metal and a nonmetal due to a large electronegativity difference. For 10 points, name this type of bonding which can be modeled as the donation of electrons and is exemplified by Na plus and Cl minus in table salt.

Ionic bonding

After 5, this number is the next pentagonal number. In the closest possible sphere packing, each sphere touches this many other spheres. The tangent of the quantity pi divided by this natural number equals 2 minus the square root of 3; the cosine of the same angle equals 1/4 times the quantity root 6 plus root 2. This is the highly composite number between six and twenty-four, meaning that it is the smallest number with six positive factors. The polygon with this many sides has 30-degree central angles. Give this number of sides of a dodecagon.

12

Cash gives this number of reasons for building his mother's coffin on a bevel in ​As I Lay Dying​, and the most famous work by Jay Asher has this number in the title. The clocks strike this number at the beginning of 1984​. The speaker of one poem with this number in its title states, "I do not know which to prefer, / The beauty of inflections / Or the beauty of innuendoes." That poem with this number of sections opens with "Among twenty snowy mountains, / The only moving thing / Was the eye" of the title animal. Name the number Wallace Stevens thinks there are of "Ways of Looking at a Blackbird," also a common motif in horror novels.

13

During this century, a group of Daoist writers and musicians became known as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Just after the end of this century, invasions from the Five Barbarians led to the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In this century, the Sima clan reunified China under the Jin dynasty. A general during this century used the Empty Fort Strategy to defeat Lü Bu. That general from this century was defeated by fireships after chaining his navy together. In this century, Liu Bei won the Battle of Red Cliffs, defeating Cao Cao. The Three Kingdoms period took place during—for 10 points—what century in which the Han dynasty ended?

3rd

Pascal's theorem states that if a polygon with this many sides is inscribed in a conic section, the intersections between the extensions of opposite sides will lie on a straight line. If a regular polygon with this many sides has a side length of x, its area is equal to x squared times three-halves the square root of three. An octahedron has this many vertices. The sum of the internal angles of a polygon with this many sides is seven hundred twenty degrees. This is the largest number n such that an n-sided regular polygon will tile the plane. Identify this number which gives the number of faces of a cube.

6

Neopagans celebrate this many seasonal festivals collectively known as "The Wheel of the Year." A member of a group of this many people had a dream in which he became rich and famous then lost all of his wealth, all of which occurred when he fell asleep cooking yellow millet. A set of this number of blessings opens the Sermon on the Mount. A set of this many doctrines begins with "right view" and "right resolve." This is the number of Beatitudes. Daoists revere a group of this many "Immortals." A doctrine named for this number is the last of the Four Noble Truths. Nirvana can be achieved through a "Noble" path of what number of parts?

8

Wild Bill Hickok was shot while holding a pair of this number and a pair of aces, giving rise to the name "the dead man's hand." In Dominion, this is the cost in coins to purchase a Province. In Settlers of Catan, this number, along with 6, is written in red. This is the number of Triple Word Scores that appear on a standard Scrabble board, and it is the point value of the letters "X" and "J." This number allows you to pick the new suit in a card game that was the basis for Uno! This is the number of squares on each side of a chessboard. For 10 points, what number names a "Crazy" card game?

8

This quantity is not Gibbs free energy, but it is symbolized Δ𝐺‡ in organic chemistry transition states. To find the viscosity of amorphous materials, this quantity is in the numerator of the exponent. Deuterium-tritium is the most economical kind of fusion reactor because it minimizes this quantity. This quantity is divided by the ideal gas constant times absolute temperature in the exponent of the Arrhenius equation. On an energy-vs.-time diagram, this quantity is the difference between reactant energy and the top of the curve. Name this quantity that is lowered by catalysts and is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

Activation energy

In one play by this writer, Atossa visits the grave of her husband, and her husband's ghost criticizes their son's military decisions. In another play by this writer, Athena oversees a trial and eventually breaks a tie vote. Athena then changes the name of the Furies. This person wrote that play as the follow-up to a work in which the protagonist kills Aegisthus and Clytemnestra after a meeting with Electra, who is the protagonist's sister. Name this ancient Greek playwright who wrote The Persians and included The Eumenides and The Libation Bearers in his Oresteia trilogy.

Aeschylus

This element's sulfate is used in the papermaking industry to coagulate individual cellulose fibers together. It's not iron, but this metal's chloride is used to catalyze the alkylation of an aromatic ring due to it being a very strong Lewis acid. A process that extracts this element's oxide from its ore produces gallium as a byproduct, and is known as the Bayer process. Another process involved in the metallurgy of this element occurs via electrolysis in a cell with a steel anode and graphite cathode of its oxide mixed with molten cryolite, which is known as the Hall-Heroult process. For 10 points, name this low density metal with atomic mass 13 and symbol Al.

Aluminum

This goddess sent her grandson to Earth with three gifts to signify his divine lineage, just after her son refused to rule Earth and the Earth's ruler was convinced to rule the underworld. This goddess swallowed her brother's sword and gave birth to three women who became imperial figures. This goddess was born when her father was performing a ritual washing and cleaned out his left eye. This goddess's brother threw a flayed horse at her, causing her to go into hiding until the goddess Uzume danced on a bathtub and lured this goddess out of her cave so she could look at herself in a mirror. Name this Shinto goddess of the sun.

Amaterasu

This leader ordered the killing of Dora Block in response to Operation Thunderbolt, an Israeli raid on a hijacked plane that he allowed to land in his country. This man called his advisor, Bob Astles his "White Rat," and he deposed and was succeeded by Milton Obote. This member of the King's African Rifles declared an "Economic War" which led him to expel all Asians from his country. Identify this longtime dictator of Uganda who referred to himself as the "Last King of Scotland."

Amin

This character describes a dead man's wounds as "like dumb mouths" with "ruby lips" that "beg the voice and utterance of my tongue." At the end of one speech, he pauses for his heart to come back to him from a coffin. This character's companion regrets a time when she was "green in judgment, cold in blood," which she calls her "salad days." This character says that "The evil that men do lives after them" to explain why he comes to "bury" his friend, and "not to praise him." This man repeats that "Brutus is an honorable man" in the funeral oration "Friends, Romans, countrymen" from Julius Caesar. For 10 points, name this Roman who is "betrayed" by Cleopatra

Antony

An end to this policy was proposed in CODESA I and II. The Church Street Bombing was a protest against this policy. A series of Pass Laws enforced this policy which placed people into different "homelands." An opponent of this policy gave the "I am prepared to die" speech at the Rivonia Trial before being sentenced to Robben Island. Steve Biko was murdered during the Soweto Uprising outside of Johannesburg while protesting this policy, which was ended under F.W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this system of segregation in South Africa opposed by Nelson Mandela

Apartheid

This country is home to the Cueva del Milodón Natural Monument, which is named for the remains of a giant ground sloth found inside. The tectonic divergent plate that shares its name with this country is between the Nazca and Antarctic Plates. Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe was inspired by Alexander Selkirk, the namesake of one of this country's Juan Fernández Islands. This country also controls the site of the moai statues created by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island. The north part of this country contains the driest desert in the world, the Atacama. Name this very long, thin South American country that is west of Argentina

Argentina

One work by this philosopher distinguishes between qualities that are "said of" objects and qualities "in" objects. In addition to making the distinction between primary and secondary substances in the Categories, this philosopher speculated that there might be as many as 45 unmoved movers after arguing for the existence of God on the basis of final causes. This philosopher described virtue by the doctrine of the mean and held that the "the good" is a complete and self-sufficient end towards which all actions strive. For 10 points, name this author of Nicomachean Ethics, a student of Plato.

Aristotle

Simon Baron-Cohen has theorized that this disorder can be caused by delta-4 sex steroid hormones, has explained it in terms of "mind·blindness", and helped develop a test for this disorder involving puppets moving a marble. The "refrigerator mother" theory of this disorder has been discredited. People with this disorder sometimes demonstrate repetitive behaviors such as twirling or hand-flapping. People with this disorder but no language delays can be classified as having Asperger syndrome. The Lancet retracted a fraudulent article in which Andrew Wakefield blamed this disorder on the MMR vaccine. Name this neuropsychological disorder characterized by social difficulties.

Autism

In a novel centering on this activity, a failed bet between Sam Simpson and Walt Whammer leads Harriet Bird to shoot the protagonist with a silver bullet. A poem about this activity notes "These are the saddest of all possible words: 'Tinkers to Evers to Chance.'"After a boy who treasured this sport died from leukemia, one character breaks the windows in his garage. Allie wrote poems in green ink about this sport in The Catcher in the Rye, and Roy Hobbs played this sport using "Wonderboy" in Bernard Malamud's The Natural. For 10 points, identify this sport, the subject of the poem "Casey at the Bat."

Baseball

This man names a "naive" set of classifiers in machine learning that use his theorem to probabilistically classify text and images. A directed acyclic graph can model networks named for this man, in which variables and their dependencies are shown. Frequentism is contrasted with this man's namesake paradigm. This man names a theorem that calculates the posterior probability as the product of a likelihood and prior probability. For 10 points, name this man whose theorem about conditional probability can be illustrated in the Monty Hall problem.

Bayes

The second theme of this symphony's first movement is unusually in the submediant of B-Flat, rather than the relative major. This symphony's second movement is a fugue-filled scherzo that seems to parody the first theme of its first movement. The last movement of this symphony is structured both like a theme and variations and a mini-symphony in itself, including a "Turkish March." In this symphony's last movement, the chorus sings about a "Daughter from Elysium" after the bass recitative "Oh friends, not these tones!" A setting of "Ode to Joy" ends—for 10 points—what last symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven?

Beethoven's 9th

In a short story by this writer, a father tells his son "Whatever may occur, do what you conceive to be your duty." This writer wrote about that son falling asleep in a clump of laurel near a large cliff; when the son, Carter Druse, wakes up, he shoots a horse at the top of the cliff, killing the animal and its rider. That story is the first one in this author's Tales of Soldiers and Civilians. In the second story in that collection by this author, a soldier is tricked into trying to burn down a bridge, then goes on a long journey to return to his plantation, though the journey turns out to be a dream he has before being hanged. Name this author of "A Horseman in the Sky" and "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge".

Bierce

On the eve of revolution, this man's political career began when he failed to lead a peasant militia to defend king Frederick William IV. Agreements negotiated by this man include the peace of Nikolsburg and the Convention of Gastein, which guaranteed the annexation of Schleswig-Holstein. He negotiated the Triple Alliance with Russia and Austro-Hungary and fought against the influence of the Catholic Church's in the "Kulturkampf," but was later sacked by Kaiser Wilhelm II. For 10 points, name this unifier of Germany who had a famous WWII-Era battleship named after him.

Bismarck

In a short epic by this poet, the title man becomes a falling comet and enters the narrator's foot. This poet wrote proverbs like "exuberance is beauty" and ended a poem with the sadly ironic line "so if all do their duty, they need not fear harm." This poet's mythos included gods like Tharmas and Urizen. This author of Milton and The Marriage of Heaven and Hell wrote about a boy who cries "weep! weep! weep! weep!" in "The Chimney Sweeper." This poet wrote of the title city's "chartered streets" and its inhabitants' "mind-forged manacles" in "London." This poet's Songs of Experience includes a poem about an animal "burning bright." For 10 points, who wrote "The Tyger"?

Blake

This character asserts that "never for one moment since has there been any light that's stronger than this kitchen candle" after recounting a night at the Moon Lake Casino, where she danced the Varsouviana polka. This character, who requests that a Chinese paper lantern be put over a naked lightbulb, remarks that she was "disgusted" after discovering a homosexual affair involving her husband, Allan Grey. This former resident of Belle Reve goes insane and admits that she has "always depended on the kindness of strangers" after being raped by Stanley Kowalski. Stella is the sister of—for 10 points—what protagonist of A Streetcar Named Desire?

Blanche

This man shows a woman looking over her balcony in The Street Enters the House, and this man shows a red horse attacking a man in The City Rises. This artist included the number 6943 in his painting Farewells, which along with Those Who Go and Those Who Stay make up this artist's States of Mind trilogy. This artist's most famous work is a bronze sculpture of a striding, armless humanoid. Unique Forms of Continuity in Space is by what Italian Futurist?

Boccioni

In the year 1500, this man demanded that a local ruler expel all peacefully cohabiting Muslims, leading one of this man's subordinates to fight the Zamorin of Calicut off the Malabar Coast in the Battle of Cochin. This man gave the name "Land of the True Cross" to a territory whose modern name comes from its abundance of trees used to make a red dye. For king Manuel I, this man followed Vasco da Gama's route but then tacked West, reaching a territory his country had claimed in the Treaty of Tordesillas. For 10 points, name this explorer who claimed Brazil for Portugal.

Cabral

A protein pump that removes this element from the cytosol is regulated by phospholamban. This element is released from lateral sacs by ryanodine receptors. Influx of this element into presynaptic terminals causes vesicle release. Binding of this element causes a shift in the troponin-tropomyosin complex. This element is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In muscle cells, a rise in the concentration of this element triggers contraction. This element's uptake is facilitated by vitamin D, and it is required for proper mineralization of bones. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number 20, symbolized Ca.

Calcium

In one role, this actor played the shy bank clerk Stanley Ipkiss, who gains superpowers while wearing the title object. After talking with Christof at the end of one film, one of his characters says "In case I don't see ya, good afternoon, good evening and goodnight!" This star of Mr. Popper's Penguins and The Mask adopts the Baudelaire orphans in his role as Count Olaf in the film version of A Series of Unfortunate Events. In the 1990s, he starred opposite Jeff Daniels in Dumb and Dumber and as the pet detective Ace Ventura. For 10 points, name this comedian who starred in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and The Truman Show.

Carrey

An accelerating particle with a nonzero value for this quantity feels the radiation reaction force, which is proportional to the jerk times the square of this quantity. In a dielectric material, the negative divergence of polarization equals the "bound" density of this quantity. The amount of this quantity enclosed by a "pillbox" equals "electric flux times epsilon-nought," by Gauss's law. According to Coulomb's law, the electrostatic force between two particles is proportional to the product of their values for this quantity. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in coulombs, which is positive for a proton and negative for an electron.

Charge

In one poem by this writer, a golden eagle lifts the speaker away from a glass temple to Venus, and a short work by him features Anelida. This author of ​The House of Fame​ also wrote an instruction manual on the use of the astrolabe and helped establish St. Valentine's Day as a romantic holiday in ​The Parlement of​ Foules. Nicholas and Alisoun trick John into sleeping in a tub in a section of a work by this author which also features a story in which a knight is tasked with learning what women want. A group of travelers stop at the Tabard Inn in this author's most famous work's General Prologue. Name this Medieval English author of The Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer

A school of poetry named after one of these locations featured poems by authors Robert Blair and Thomas Parnell. A poem set at one of these locations discusses "chill penury" that represses "noble rage" and imagines "some heart once pregnant with celestial fire." People at one of these locations may be "some mute inglorious Milton" or "some Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood" in a poem that begins, "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." At one of these locations, Hamlet cries "Alas, poor Yorick" after picking up Yorick's skull. For 10 points, name this type of location, a country example titling an elegy by Thomas Gray where the dead are buried

Churchyard

Early in his presidency, this man signed a law requiring workplaces provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave called the Family and Medical Leave Act. This president mandated a five-day waiting period for purchasing firearms when he passed the Brady Bill. Many factories called maquiladoras were built due to a law this president passed. He banned openly gay people from serving in the military with his "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy. The U.S., Mexico, and Canada signed the trade agreement NAFTA during his first term in 1994. For 10 points, name this president who was impeached for his affair with intern Monica Lewinsky.

Clinton

The particles of these substances can form self assembling "crystals" exemplified by the close-packed structure of opal. A Greek aperitif gives its name to the spontaneous formation of one of these substances in the ouzo effect. These substances are easy to prepare when they are lyophilic, while those that are lyophobic require mechanical agitation to prevent flocculation. The large particles of these substances scatter light in the Tyndall effect. These substances, whose types include emulsions, sols, and gels, differ from solutions in that they have two distinct phases. For 10 points, name these mixtures in which insoluble particles are dispersed in a continuous phase

Colloids

A father-son pair of people in this activity were both nicknamed the Nawab of Pataudi. Though criticized for hugging a former Pakistani colleague, Navjot Singh Sidhu and Arjuna Ranatunga became politicians after retirement from this activity. Aamir Khan was a farmer and participated in this activity in Lagaan. Another person who used to do this activity leads the PTI and is Pakistan's prime minister. That man is Imran Khan. The Tendulkar Middlesex Global Academy, which trains underprivileged kids in this sport, is run in part by its greatest living player, Sachin Tendulkar. Name this sport that is similar to, but much more popular than, baseball in many former British colonies.

Cricket

A passage by a philosopher from this religion ends with the declaration "The transition is called the transformation of material things." This religion reveres a group of legendary figures that includes a man called Iron Crutch Li. That group venerated by this religion also includes a person of ambiguous gender who sings and carries a basket of fruit; that group is the Eight Immortals. A sage from this religion dreamed about a butterfly and wondered whether the butterfly was dreaming of him. A text from this religion declares that "The name that cannot be named is not the eternal name." This religion emphasizes non-action, or wu-wei. Name this Chinese religion symbolized by a yin-yang symbol.

Daoism

The flux of a fluid is found by multiplying this property times velocity. Kinematic viscosity equals dynamic viscosity divided by this property. The pressure in a fluid is found by multiplying this quantity times gravitational field strength times depth. The reciprocal of this quantity is specific volume. For water, this quantity is maximized at around 4 degrees Celsius. A centrifuge can separate substances that have different values of this property. Osmium and iridium have high values for this quantity at standard temperature and pressure. Name this quantity that can be calculated as mass divided by volume.

Density

One type of this phenomenon is characterized by the product of a parameter F and the maximal angle squared being much less than four. The resolution of an ideal imaging system is limited by this phenomenon. X-ray crystallography relies on this phenomenon to infer the structures of molecules. Bragg's law can be used to calculate the angle of a wave after experiencing this phenomenon, which may result from the presence of namesake "gratings." Fresnel and Fraunhofer name two forms of, for 10 points, what phenomenon in which light encounters an obstacle?

Diffraction

In Mössbauer spectroscopy, this effect allows one to scan through the absorption spectrum using a linear motor. Steven Chu won a Nobel Prize for his work on laser devices that use this effect to cool ultracold atoms. The thermal broadening of spectral lines is due to this effect, which leads to a fractional shift of "delta-v over c" at small velocities. The Austrian namesake of this effect discovered it from observing color shifts in binary star systems, while Buys Ballot confirmed it for sound waves using musicians on a train. For 10 points, name this effect in which a moving sound source, such as a car siren, appears to change pitch.

Doppler

This thinker examined the role of menstrual blood in tribes in Australia as the origin of a taboo on incest in his book The Prohibition of Incest and its Origin. Symbols that stand for a culture's values are called "collective representations" in this man's book The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. He outlined the anomic, altruistic, egoistic, and fatalistic forms of the title "social fact" in a book comparing its prevalence among Protestants and Catholics. Identify this French sociologist who wrote Suicide.

Durkheim

In Hinduism, Mahabali is defeated after Vishnu's avatar Vamana, one of these beings, takes three steps to conquer the universe. Apasmara, one of these creatures, is danced on by a form of Shiva named Nataraja. The Prose Edda ascribes the names of the four cardinal directions to some of these creatures who hold up the universe.The sons of Ivaldi, Brokkr and Eitri, are these creatures which are antagonized by Loki after they start making Gullinbursti and Mjolnir. Identify these diminutive creatures known for smithing.

Dwarves

The VAN method claims to have successfully predicted some of these events in Greece. Bakun and Lindh attempted to predict one of these events in Parkfield. Increased radon emissions are often used to attempt to predict these events. Several scientists were charged with manslaughter in Italy for failing to predict one of these events, which killed hundreds of people in L'Aquila. Swarms of these events may signal volcanic eruptions such as the one of Mt. Saint Helens in Washington. Identify these geological events which occur along fault lines.

Earthquakes

A future monarch with this name was called as a witness when his friend William Gordon-Cumming was accused of cheating at baccarat. Barbara Tuchman's The Guns of August opens with the funeral of a king of this name, which was attended by nearly every ruler in Europe. A king of this name popularized the Homburg hat and the Norfolk jacket as the second-longest serving Prince of Wales after Charles. The most recent British king of this name married the American divorcee Wallis Simpson, a scandal that led to his abdication. George V's father and eldest son both took—for 10 points—what name taken by Queen Victoria's son?

Edward

One revolution erupted in this country after the exile of Saad Zaghlul. The sister of one ruler in this country was married to a Shah of Iran in 1939. A leader of this country was assassinated during a victory parade celebrating Operation Badr. This country's last monarch succeeded his father Fuad I and was overthrown by the Free Officers Movement. The closing of the Straits of Tiran by this nation sparked the Six Days War. In 2011, an estimated one million people in this country protested in Tahrir Square, leading to the downfall of Hosni Mubarak. Name this nation home to Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Egypt

This person developed a model of a static universe with a radius of approximately 10 to the 10th power light-years. This person, William Sutherland, and Marian Smoluchowski each discovered that the diffusion constant equals mobility times Boltzmann's constant times temperature. This person proposed a concept that assumes the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems and the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers. This scientist also explained Brownian motion and the photoelectric effect. Name this scientist who determined that energy equals mass times the speed of light squared as part of his theory of relativity.

Einstein

An endangered species of wolf and the walia ibex can be found in this country's Simien National Park. This home of the red-chested gelada monkey is currently (As of 2019) constructing the Grand Renaissance Dam. This country's capital is the endpoint of pilgrimages to St. George's Cathedral. This country is the southern of the two that use the liturgical script Ge'ez. The African Union is headquartered in this country, which became the most-populous landlocked country in the world in 1993 when independence was granted to its neighbor Eritrea. Amharic is the most-spoken language in—for 10 points—what East African country with capital at Addis Ababa?

Ethiopia

This author reimagined Book IX of the Odyssey in a play describing satyrs enslaved by Polyphemus. In another of this author's plays, fifteen old men of Pherae lament the passing of the title woman, whom Heracles rescues from the Underworld by wrestling Thanatos. A tragedy by this author follows Andromache, Hecuba, and their fellow exiles following the sack of Troy. This author of The Trojan Women described a king hiding in the branches of a pine tree to spy on a secret ritual. In that play by this author, Agave leads the title group in dismembering her son Pentheus. For 10 points, name this Greek tragedian who wrote Alcestis and The Bacchae

Euripides

In 1971 this person's body was found in Milan under the name "Maria Maggi." This person promised Charles de Gaulle shipments of wheat during her "Rainbow Tour" of Europe. This woman met her husband during a charity event to benefit victims of an earthquake in San Juan. That husband later ran for the Vice Presidency in 1951 behind a coalition of working-class supporters known as the descamisados. This woman was the subject of an Andrew Lloyd Webber musical that includes the song "Don't Cry for Me Argentina." For 10 points, name this wife of Juan, the first lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death from cervical cancer at the age of 36.

Eva Peron

In one work by this author, a pair of young children deliver love letters sent between Uncle Maury and Mrs. Patterson. A character created by this author pretends to be a doctor and gives a woman turpentine after taking advantage of her need for an abortion. This creator of the pharmacist MacGowan and​ Dewey Dell wrote a short story in which a gray hair is found beside Homer Barron's corpse and set many works in a fictional Mississippi county named Yoknapatawpha. In addition to A Rose for Emily, this author wrote a work about the Bundrens and several about the Compsons. Name this American author of As I Lay Dying and The Sound and the Fury.

Faulkner

He's not Friedrich Nietzsche, but this man's genealogical approach has been severely criticized by many historians as selective and uncritical. In one of his best-known works, he argues that disciplinary institutions create "docile bodies" in his examination of the history of punishment. He also coined the concept of the "medical gaze," where doctors learn to detach the personal identity of a patient from their body, and argued that the mentally-ill were better treated in the middle ages. For 10 points, name this French postmodernist thinker who wrote Discipline and Punish, The Birth of the Clinic, and The History of Madness.

Foucault

This conflict was organized during a jousting tournament held in Champagne by Count Thibaut, thanks in part due to the preaching of Fulk of Neuilly. One belligerent in this conflict was excommunicated by Innocent III as punishment for attacking the city of Zara. Boniface of Montferrat was made King of Thessalonica as a result of this conflict, whose aftermath saw the creation of the Latin Empire. The failure of the army transported by Enrico Dandolo's Venetians to pay led to this conflict ending with the destruction of the Hagia Sophia's icons. For 10 points, name this conflict from 1202-1204, during which a Catholic army sacked Constantinople

Fourth Crusade

Heterodyning ["hetero-dining"] is the addition and subtraction of values of this quantity. Electronic filters are designed to select out particular values of this quantity. In the photo·electric effect, the energy of a photon equals Planck's constant times this property of the photon. For a spinning object, this property equals the angular speed over 2𝜋 while for a moving wave, this property is speed divided by wavelength. This quantity is the reciprocal of period. Name this property describing how often something happens, often measured in hertz.

Frequency

An altarpiece by this painter is enclosed by a golden frame that features the all-seeing eye of God on its base. This artist abandoned the illusion of depth for a landscape in which the title tiny, black-clad Monk blends into the title Sea. This artist, who often depicted single trees and people gazing at the moon, painted a cross on a mountaintop in the Tetschen Altar and also painted The Abbey in the Oakwood. A shipwreck blends into the title Sea of Ice in a painting by this artist, who also depicted a man with his back to us, who holds a walking stick and looks out over a mist-covered landscape. For 10 points, name this German Romantic painter of Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog

Friedrich

Amy's husband threatens "I'll bring you back by force I will!" after she accuses him of not properly grieving their dead son in this poet's "Home Burial." The narrator of one poem by this author notes that "He is all pine and I am all apple orchard" when wondering about the necessity of the title construction to which he receives the reply "Good fences make good neighbors." In another of this author's poems, the title object lays "in leaves no step had trodden black" and was "grassy and wanted wear." What poet wrote "Mending Wall" and "The Road Not Taken?"

Frost

An intelligence officer working for this leader was convicted for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, which was called the Lockerbie bombing. The United States blamed this person for the La Belle Disco bombing in West Berlin, which killed two American soldiers. This leader gained power after overthrowing King Idris the First in 1969. The Jamahiriya, a plan for a government that supports the masses, was outlined in this man's Green Book. This person was killed by fighters for the National Transitional Council in Sirte in 2011. Name this person who spent 42 years as the leader of Libya.

Gaddafi

In one work, this thinker described American lobbying groups and labor unions as the primary opposition to large corporations in the modern market economy, a role he designated as "countervailing powers." In another work, this economist posited that shareholders are losing control of their company to "technostructures," while claiming that perfect competition is no longer relevant since demand can now be created by advertising. He named that phenomenon the "dependence effect." Coining the term "conventional wisdom," for 10 points, name this Canadian economist who wrote The New Industrial State and The Affluent Society.

Galbraith

In the 1960s, residents of this state's largest city formed the group CAUTION to oppose the westward extension of the Stone Mountain Freeway. News reports initially blamed security guard Richard Jewell for a 1996 attack in this state that was actually perpetrated by Eric Rudolph. Beverly Hall resigned as school superintendent of a city in this state after a cheating scandal was exposed by the Journal Constitution. The author of the 1994 "Contract with America" represented this state while serving as Speaker of the House. Newt Gingrich is a politician from—for 10 points—what state, in which the 1996 Summer Olympics were marred by a bombing in downtown Atlanta?

Georgia

Two architects from this country designed an innovative glass façade with fully glazed corners for the Fagus Factory. Architects who emigrated from this country designed Tel Aviv's "White City" buildings. The Barcelona Pavilion and the Seagram Building were designed by a man from this country who used the motto "less is more." Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were from what home of the Bauhaus?

Germany

This practice was the subject of the most notable political cartoon by Elkanah Tisdale. The "racial" type of this practice was challenged in the 1993 Supreme Court case Shaw v. Reno. In a 2016 district court case, an efficiency gap statistic was utilized to show that the state of Wisconsin engaged in this practice illegally. This practice is primarily carried out through actions known as "cracking" and "packing." James Madison's second vice president, whose first name was Elbridge, is the namesake of what process by which the boundary of a voting district is manipulated to favor a political party?

Gerrymandering

The Soninke Empire's rise was directly linked with its strategic position in the trade of this commodity, while its decline began after traders began bypassing the town of Audaghost. The Bambouk, Bure, and Akan territories were reputed to hold an unending supply of this commodity, which was used to make the royal stool of the Ashanti Empire. Traded along camel-routes in exchange for Saharan salt throughout West Africa, Ghana was historically referred to as the coast of this commodity. For 10 points, name this precious metal often used in the production of coinage.

Gold

During the Vietnam War, this painting was spray painted by Tony Shafrazi with the words, "KILL ALL LIES." At the bottom of this painting a disembodied arm holds a sword while a woman holds her dead baby on the left side of this work. In the center of this painting, a light bulb appears in the shape of an eye and a horse has a knife instead of a tongue. Identify this painting created by Pablo Picasso to commemorate the bombing of the title Basque town.

Guernica

The andante second movement of a piece by this composer opens with the theme "C‐C‐E‐E‐G‐G‐E." Two muted violins are left playing after the other performers extinguish candles at the end of a symphony by this man, signaling his departure from the Esterházy family's palace. A loud G‐major chord meant to "make the ladies jump" is included in a work by what composer of symphonies nicknamed Farewell and Surprise?

Haydn

A Strömgren sphere is the existence of an ionized form of this element around a star, such as in the Rosette nebula. The combination of an ion of this element with cyanide was found surrounding 55 Cancri e, the first exoplanet to have its atmosphere analyzed. The space shuttles used a combination of liquid oxygen and the liquid form of this element for fuel. The CNO cycle uses up this element. This is the most abundant element in the Sun and in the universe. The fusion of two different isotopes of this element in the Sun creates helium. Name this simple element that has only one proton.

Helium

One allosteric ligand to this molecule is nitric oxide, which binds onto thiol groups to form S-nitrosothiol. Abnormal production of this molecule, which is affecting by an autosomal recessive mutation called Lepore syndrome, characterizes a group of inherited disorders called thalassemias. The​ Haldane and Bohr effect describe the carbon dioxide affinity of this molecule. In adult humans, the most common form of this molecule consists of two alpha and two beta subunits, and this protein's cofactors consist of four porphyrin rings binding a metal ion. Name this iron-containing oxygen transport protein found within red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

This deity fell in love with the Athenian princess Herse, and was tricked into paying money to give her a message. This deity had a child with the nymph Dryope, who ran away screaming after first seeing the ugly baby. Battos was turned into a rock by this god, and in order to protect him from Circe's sorcery, this father of ​Pan gave the herb moly to Odysseus. This son of Zeus and Maia, who carried a snake-entwined caduceus, was given a spot on Mount Olympus after he captured Apollo's cattle and used a tortoise's shell to fashion the first lyre. One of this deity's symbols is a pair of winged sandals. Name this Greek messenger god.

Hermes

This artist depicted two ducks in the air in his painting, Left and Right, and this artist showed a red barn behind a group of schoolboys playing the title game in Snap the Whip. Four men are riding aboard the Gloucester in this man's painting, Breezing Up, and his most famous painting shows a black man reclining in a boat that is surrounded by sharks. Identify this American artist of the Gulf Stream.

Homer

Adding a and b to this equation accounts for the forces between particles and the space they fill and gives the van der Waals equation. This law uses a namesake constant R and combines Gay-Lusaac's, Charles', and Boyle's laws. Identify this gas law stating PV = nRT.

Ideal Gas

The Nagaoka coefficient corrects for imperfections in the shape of this type of device. A choke is a version of this type of device used to eliminate high frequencies. This type of device's reactance is directly proportional to frequency. The voltage across this type of device is proportional to the derivative of current with respect to time. This type of device can have an iron core or an "air core". One can be combined with a capacitor to model a simple harmonic oscillator. Name this type of circuit element whose strength is measured in henries and that usually consists of a coil of wire.

Inductor

After Carina uses one of these objects to destroy his home, the purchaser of one of them is mocked by Howard the Duck for letting a dog lick his face. In another film, Bor places one of these objects inside a column of rock and hides it on Svartalfheim. After traveling to Vormir, a character obtains one of these objects by pushing his adopted daughter off of a cliff. The Tesseract is powered by one of these objects named for "space." After placing six of these objects into a gauntlet, Thanos snaps his fingers to destroy half of the life in the universe. For 10 points, name these powerful gems, the subject of a namesake "war" in a 2018 Avengers movie

Infinity Stones

Robert Samuelson put the word "great" before this phenomenon in reference to the 1960s and 1970s. The cost-push version of this phenomenon is caused by a decrease in supply, as opposed to the demand-pull version. This phenomenon is plotted on the y-axis of the Phillips curve, while unemployment is on the x-axis. The Federal Reserve has a 2% target for this phenomenon. Extreme cases of this phenomenon affected the Weimar Republic and Zimbabwe, making their currencies almost useless. The consumer price index is used to monitor this phenomenon. Name this situation in which prices generally increase.

Inflation

In this novel, a person acting like a drum major stops a car momentarily, but he lets it through when he is told that the person in the back seat is General Pershing. That scene in this novel occurs just after Jim Trueblood describes impregnating his own daughter. This novel then moves to a brothel called the Golden Day. Those scenes, which include Mr. Norton, lead Dr. Bledsoe to expel this novel's narrator from college. The title character had entered college after participating in a battle royal with other African-Americans. Identify this novel with an unnamed protagonist who lives in a well-lit basement, written by Ralph Ellison.

Invisible Man

This country pushed for the United States to extradite Omar Ameen, who was charged with killing a police officer and is believed to be a member of al-Qaeda and ISIS. This country's May 2018 election, which took months to certify, was won by Saairun, a coalition of communists and Shia Islamists. That result strengthened cleric Muqtada al-Sadr and weakened this country's Prime Minister, Haider al-Abadi, who in 2014 had replaced Nouri al-Maliki. ISIS recently lost control of a lot of territory in Syria and this country, including the city of Mosul. Name this country that the U.S. invaded in 2003 to overthrow Saddam Hussein.

Iraq

A common consecration ritual in this religion consists of giving certain images a ceremonial bath. This religion's two main class of temples differ on whether they have a dome. Leaders of this religion are said to be guarded by Yakshas and Yakshinis. Asrava is one of this religion's seven truths, or tattvas. Among this religion's five vows is ahimsa, or non-violence, which requires that adherents be vegetarians. The lives of the 24 Tirthankaras lay the grounds for what Indian religion that is divided into digambara and svetambara sects?

Jainism

A book by this man contains four "methods," including emotion, habit, and will. Chance and choice are distinguished in this man's two-stage model of free will. He's the first namesake of a theory that was updated by the Cannon-Bard and Schachter-Singer theories. That theory describes emotions being caused by physiological changes and was developed by this man with Carl Lange. This man emphasized the "cash value" of statements, and developed a brand of philosophy with C.S. Peirce. He coined the phrase "stream of consciousness" in his book The Principles of Psychology. For 10 points, what "Father of American Psychology" wrote the book Pragmatism?

James

In a work by this author, a character asserts "All the wise world is little else" but "parasites, or sub-parasites." In that play, a woman's husband makes her do everything backwards after she throws her kerchief to Scoto of Mantua. In another of his works, the legal clerk Dapper undergoes humiliating rituals to meet the "Queen of Fairy," only to be conned by Dol Common and Face. In another play, Peregrine tricks Sir Politic-Would-Be into a tortoise shell; that play's protagonist is betrayed by Mosca after attempting to rape Celia, and is accosted by Voltore, Corvino, and Corbaccio for his inheritance. For 10 points, name this playwright of The Alchemist and Volpone.

Jonson

This astronomical body is located near objects named Thebe gossamer and Amalthea gossamer. The L4 and L5 Lagrange points of this body are occupied by Trojans. The Kirkwood gaps are caused by this planet. Three of this planet's moons exhibit 1:2:4 Laplace resonance. In 1992, a comet named Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke apart, crashing into this planet. A massive storm called the Great Red Spot can be found on this planet, which is orbited by the Galilean moons. Ganymede and Europa are moons of, for 10 points, what gas giant, the largest planet in our solar system?

Jupiter

A story by this man begins by describing how the title structure was built in thousand-yard sections, and includes the parable "A Message from the Emperor." Max Brod published several of this author's works posthumously. In a novel by this author, the painter Titorelli shows the protagonist several identical paintings, insisting that they are different. In that novel by this man, Willem and Franz arrest Josef K., but refuse to tell him the crime he is being charged with. In a story by this author, a thrown apple sticks in the back of Gregor Samsa, who had transformed into a giant vermin. For 10 points, name this author of The Trial and "The Metamorphosis."

Kafka

Thanks to praise from André Breton and others, the Louvre bought this artist's painting The Frame in 1939. This artist's former house is now an art museum usually known as the Blue House. This artist depicted a happy-looking skeleton sitting in front of a volcano erupting a skyscraper in a painting showing the artist's feet peeking out from a bathtub. In a self-portrait inspired by a recent divorce, this artist of What the Water Gave Me holds a pair of forceps and has an exposed heart, which is connected to another depiction of herself by a single artery. Diego Rivera married—for 10 points—what Mexican painter who often emphasized her unibrow?

Kahlo

This person created a thought experiment in which people treat each other as goals instead of merely means, the "Kingdom of Ends". This thinker argued that our minds project reality onto the outside world as it really is, which he calls the noumenon. This thinker wrote that David Hume had awakened him from his "dogmatic slumber". In Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, this person wrote "Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law." Name this formulator of the categorical imperative and author of the Critique of Pure Reason

Kant

One work by this author instructs the reader to "emprison her soft hand, and let her rave" if "thy mistress some rich anger shows." One work dedicated to this author describes a "branded and ensanguin'd brow / Which was like Cain's or Christ's," and instructs to go "to Rome." This author, whose death inspired an elegy by​ Percy Shelley, describes Ruth who "stood in tears amid the alien corn" in one poem. This poet of "To Autumn" wrote one poem reacting to "Chapman's Homer," and another poem by him begins by calling the title object an "unravish'd bride of quietness." Name this poet of "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn."

Keats

This scientific law was expanded upon to relate short and long run demand by economist Paul Samuelson. This law was independently discovered apart from its namesake by Karl Braun. When looking at solubility, this law can lead to an unintentional effect where the concentration of one substance can increase or decrease. That expansion of this law is called the Common Ion Effect. In biology, this principle explains homeostasis. A French scientist names what law which describes a system's push toward equilibrium?

Le Chatelier's Principle

This man asked a group of Ohio politicians to take three separate pledges in a document known as the "Birchard Letter." Shortly before running for the presidency, this politician delivered the Cooper Union speech. This man lost a U.S. Senate election after visiting Alton, Freeport, and five other towns to debate a man known as the "Little Giant." In an 1858 speech, he noted that "a house divided against itself cannot stand." Stephen Douglas held notable debates against what Republican who was president during the Civil War?

Lincoln

This artist seduces and then assassinates an abusive boyfriend in the music video for a 2015 song by Disclosure. A song by this artist uses a sample of Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight" to transition to a section that repeats the line "L.O.V.E.L.E.S.S. generation." In a 2017 song by this artist, an upbeat piano riff comes in for the words "Brand new sounds in my mind." Bass, percussion, and fingersnaps are the only accompaniment to the vocals in a 2013 song this artist released at the age of 16. On her breakout hit, this New Zealand-based artist sings "We're not caught up in your love affair" and "Let me live that fantasy." For 10 points, name this singer of "Green Light" and "Royals."

Lorde

Ships that were assigned to this man's fleet included the San Antonio and the Victoria. Charles I of Spain funded the voyages of this man whose flagship was the Trinidad. Juan Sebastian del Cano took over for this man following his death at the Battle of Mactan. After this man was hit by a spear by a member of the Lapu Lapu tribe, he passed away in the Philippines. Identify this Portuguese explorer who led the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Magellan

This ruler's most famous action is depicted in the Chronicler of the Seeker and resulted in a naval revolt at the town of Kami. Abraham Cresques's Catalan Atlas depicts this ruler holding a coin. This ruler's capital was briefly taken by the Mossi people. Ibn Battuta met this ruler's brother and successor. The architect Es-Saheli built Sankoré University and Djin·gue·re·ber Mosque for this ruler, who is credited with conquering the Songhai capital of Gao and building up his own capital of Timbuktu. The economy of Cairo was crashed by the huge amounts of gold given out on the hajj of—for 10 points—what fourteenth-century king of Mali?

Mansa Musa

On Mars, this structure is hypothesized to be the source of chassignite meteorites. A characteristic structure of this region on Earth is divided into "African" and "Pacific" provinces and is known as the LLSVP. The "transition zone," bounded by two seismic-wave velocity discontinuities occurs in this region. The upper portion of this region is primarily composed of peridotite, which contains olivine. The lithosphere asthenosphere transition occurs in this region. Hotspots form above "plumes" in this layer. Sinking into this layer is called "subduction." Convection in this layer of the Earth drives plate tectonics. For 10 points, name this layer of the Earth between the crust and the core.

Mantle

In an attack on another philosopher, this philosopher claimed that "the essence of man is...the ensemble of the social relations." This philosopher argued that societies must progress through slave-based and feudal stages. Earlier, this philosopher claimed that "philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world; the point is to change it." This dialectical materialist was the alphabetically-second author of a pamphlet that claims "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." For 10 points, name this man who, with Friedrich Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto.

Marx

The amount of heat required for a phase change equals this quantity times the specific latent heat of the substance. The square of the speed of a molecule in a gas equals 3 times the Boltzmann constant times absolute temperature over this property of the molecule. Moment of inertia is found by adding up this quantity times the square of the distance from the axis of rotation [pause] for every particle of an object. Newton's law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force is proportional to the product of two values of this property. Momentum equals this quantity times velocity. Name this quantity that, according to Newton's second law, is multiplied by acceleration to find net force.

Mass

A character in this film notes that "ignorance is bliss" after describing the taste of a steak. While being interrogated, this filmʹs protagonist suddenly finds that his mouth is missing. Hugo Weaving appears as this filmʹs suit‐wearing, generically‐named antagonist. A slow‐motion effect called "bullet time" was popularized in what 1999 film by the Wachowskis that starred Keanu Reeves as the hacker Neo?

Matrix

This thing is referred to as "gebrochts" if it has absorbed liquid, a classification that has led to religious controversy over whether it is permitted. At the beginning of the holiday on which it is used, three of these things are stacked in the middle of a table, and the middle of the three is broken and hidden for children to search for. This food is, in part, a substitute for chametz. This food isn't sweet, but the afikoman is a piece of it used for dessert. This food is said to have originated because the Israelites were in a hurry to leave Egypt. Name this food eaten in commemoration of the Exodus on Passover, an unleavened bread.

Matzah

Commandino's theorem states that in a tetrahedron, these segments all meet at a single point. In triangles, the lengths of these segments can be found using Apollonius's theorem, which is a special case of Stewart's theorem. These segments divide each other into a 2-to-1 ratio, and each of them splits the triangle in two parts with the same area. These segments meet at the centroid of a triangle. Name these segments formed by connecting a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.

Median

A poor choice of fixative can result in a synizetic knot when observing this process in a microscope. In female mammals, this process pauses during dia·kinesis and produces three non-functional polar bodies. Offspring aneuploidy can result from nondisjunction during this process. In the first phase of this process, homologous tetrads form during crossing over. Pollen grains, plant spores, and sperm cells are all generated by this reductive form of division. Name this type of cell division that usually produces four non-identical haploid gametes, unlike mitosis.

Meiosis

This artist showed a figure wrapped in a green cloth who is clinging to a tree while other people run for shelter in The Universal Flood. Raffaele Riario commissioned another work by this artist that shows a faun eating grapes while the title drunken figure holds an elaborate cup. This artist of Bacchus created "dying" and "rebellious" slaves to adorn a tomb that also initially featured a horned Moses. The cross-section of a human brain is shown on the right side of this man's The Creation of Adam. What artist and sculptor was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?

Michelangelo

After the creation of the world, Viracocha is said to have travelled along this object which forms a giant cross with the Vilcanota River in one myth. Another god in that myth system, Illapa, is said to hold this object in a jar. In Mayan myth, the World Tree, which is said to be this object, can turn into a crocodile or a canoe bearing the gods. In another myth about this object, Zeus' attempt to give Heracles divine strength culminated in him being suckled by Hera, whose rejection of the baby created this object. Identify this celestial object, thought to be a collection of stars.

Milky Way

The most recent supernova in this entity produced SNR G1.9+0.3. The Oort A and B constants characterize the rotational properties of this entity. The star S2 orbits the center of this object with a period of just fifteen years, which blocks a region of the night sky called the Zone of Avoidance. Sagittarius A-Star is a supermassive black hole found at the center of this galaxy, which has Sagittarius and Orion arms and is orbited by the Magellanic Clouds. Name this spiral galaxy in the Local Group that contains our solar system.

Milky Way

These people worshipped at the Horns of Consecration and succeeded the Cycladic culture. A symbol resembling a sideways letter T is thought to represent the number one for this culture. Luigi Pernier discovered one of this culture's artifacts with a spiral design. Many of this culture's ruins, including a palace falsely claimed to be the "house of the double axe," were excavated by Sir ​Arthur Evans. This culture that produced the Phaistos Disk was likely destroyed by the Thera eruption of Santorini, and frescoes of leaping bulls are found at its city of Knossos. Succeeded by the Mycenaeans, name this ancient civilization based in Crete.

Minoan

Samuel Butler advanced the now-discredited theory that this work's author was a woman; that theory arose from a scene in which King Alcinous allows his daughter to do laundry by the river, where she meets a mysterious stranger. That episode concludes with the protagonist sailing away on a self-propelled ship, after which he is taken in by the swineherd Eumaeus. The protagonist passes the monsters Scylla and Charybdis after he angers Poseidon by wounding the cyclops Polyphemus. He then returns home and kills the suitors of his wife Penelope after a ten-year absence. For 10 points, name this Homeric epic that tells the story of a tricky hero, the "man of many ways."

Odyssey

This poet wrote "Your shadow covers this page" in a poem that begins "Listen to me as one listens to the rain." Another poem by this writer asks "How many Dantes have written to you, Beatrice?". That poem, addressed to a "Beautiful face" and "Enchanting smile", is "No More Clichés". Another poem by this writer begins and ends with the same six lines, the last of which is "arriving forever" and ends with a colon. That poem has some punctuation but not a single period, and this writer based that 1957 poem on the Aztec calendar. Name this Mexican poet who wrote "Sunstone".

Paz

A poem in this language follows a hoopoe who leads the birds of the world across seven valleys to find a mythical bird who appears in China. That poem inspired another poet to write the "Song of the Reed Flute" in this language, the prologue to his Spiritual Couplets. A poem in this language contains the line "the Moving Finger writes; and, having writ, moves on." That collection, translated by Edward Fitzgerald, includes poems depicting a man "singing in the Wildness" and the speaker's desire for "A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread, and Thou." For 10 points, name this language used by Attar, Rumi, and Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat in what is now Iran.

Persian

The vaccine for this illness has been linked to both tetanus and diphtheria and the acellular version of its vaccine was developed to reduce the side effects of vaccination. As of 2012, due to a large number of outbreaks across the United States, the vaccine for preventing this disease is now recommended to all pregnant patients to provide passive immunity to infants. What is this highly contagious bacterial disease that causes a cough so forceful that it may break ribs and makes a distinct sound leading it to be nicknamed "Whooping Cough"?

Pertussis

One type of this material was invented by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus and Johann Friedrich Böttger. When left untreated, this material is dubbed "biscuit." This material is imitated by faience, which was heavily produced in Delft. This material is typically made of kaolin, which undergoes extensive vitrification. This material was made using bone ash by Josiah Wedgwood. Wares made of this material were often decorated in blue and white during the Ming dynasty. This material is contrasted with earthenware and stoneware. For 10 points, name this hard, translucent ceramic material often named for China.

Porcelain

Native American artist Maria Martinez became internationally known for this art form after experimenting with traditional Pueblan techniques. Some of the earliest examples of this art form were produced by the Jomon culture in Japan. Kaolinite was used by Chinese artists to produce iconic blue-and-white forms of this artwork that was exported throughout the Islamic world. Calyxes and Kraters were decorated by red and black-figure painting as part of this art form, which involves shaping and firing dried greenware until it becomes durable. For 10 points, name this art form that transforms ceramics into usable objects.

Pottery

A beam of these particles is frequently used for radiation therapy because they have a sharp Bragg peak with zero exit dose. This particle's decay into a positron and a pion has never been observed but is predicted by grand unified theories. The number of these particles decreases by one in a process in which an up quark is converted to a down quark, called beta-plus decay. These particles consist of two up and one down quark, and counting them gives a quantity symbolized Z, the atomic number. For 10 points, name these positively charged particles found in the nucleus.

Proton

In The Three Sisters, Masha repeatedly jumbles the first lines of a work by this man; that work describes a story- telling cat chained to "a green oak-tree by the shores" and recounts Chernomor's abduction of a bride. One of his novels sees Pyotr give his coat to a man who is revealed to be Pugachev; in that work, Mironov is hanged and Masha begs Catherine the Great to pardon her lover. One of his characters chooses Guillot as his second in a duel, insulting Zaretsky; that novel alternates masculine and feminine rhymes and sees the title dandy seduce Olga and shun Tatyana. For 10 points, name this author of Ruslan and Ludmila, The Captain's Daughter, and Eugene Onegin.

Pushkin

This leader was strongly criticized for a 2018 pension reform proposal to change the retirement age to 65 from 60 for men, and to 63 from 55 for women. To improve relationships with the United States, this leader appointed the actor Steven Seagal as a special representative. President Trump said he would invite this leader to the White House in the Fall of 2018 but then changed his mind. That occurred shortly after Trump claimed to have said "would" when he should have said "wouldn't" at a Helsinki meeting with this leader. Name this leader who interfered in the 2016 U.S. election and who is the president of Russia.

Putin

A novel by this author ends by telling you to "follow the bouncing ball" to sing along to a song that ends with the words "Now everybody." The last section of that novel by this author has the epigraph "What?", attributed to Richard Nixon. In a novel by this man, Thurn und Taxis opposes a secretive organization with a slogan abbreviated W.A.S.T.E. This man used a posthorm to symbolize the organization Trystero, which is investigated by Oedipa Maas. This man wrote a novel in which the main character's sexual exploits are regularly followed by V-2 rocket strikes. For 10 points, what secretive Postmodern author wrote The Crying of Lot 49 and Gravity's Rainbow?

Pynchon

Pope Leo X commissioned 10 large tapestries by this artist, of which only seven still exist. Peter kneels before Christ in a boat in this artist's The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, which is a cartoon, meaning a preparatory drawing for a drapery. Four rooms of frescoes in the Sistine Chapel are named after this artist. John the Baptist and Christ play with a bird in this artist's Madonna of the Goldfinch. A man recreates a geometric proof with a compass and a slate in the bottom right corner of a fresco by this artist, and two men in the center holding books are famous Greek philosophers. Name this artist of The School of Athens.

Raphael

A dove of this color delivers a poppy to the title figure in Dante Rossetti's Beata Beatrix. A goat plays the cello as a bride wearing a dress of this color walks down the aisle in Chagall's La Mariée. This color forms the background of Salvador Dalí's depiction of elephants on stilts. A prominent landform of this color appears in Hokusai's woodblock print Fine Wind, Clear Morning to illustrate a visual effect of sunrise. Van Gogh used this color for the walls of The Night Café to clash with the ceiling and billiards table, and this color streaks the sky to represent Krakatoa's eruption in another painting. For 10 points, name this color that Edvard Munch used to evoke blood in The Scream.

Red

A character in this novel soberly says "I don't believe many of your mule drivers will get back." Another character in this novel is described as "a listener in a country store to wondrous tales told among the sugar barrels" and as "the tattered man"; he had been shot twice. When a color sergeant dies, this novel's protagonist and his friend have a small scuffle to determine who will carry a flag. That protagonist, who is often referred to as "the youth", is Henry Fleming. The title of this novel refers to a battle wound. Name this novel set during the Civil War that was written by Stephen Crane.

Red badge of Courage

In this musical, two characters fight—one saying "I love margins and discipline / I make lists in my sleep, baby", the other saying "A tiger in a cage can never see the sun"—in the song "Take Me or Leave Me". Two characters in this musical sing and dance a "Tango" about a woman who is the ex of one of them and the current girlfriend of the other: Maureen. Before this musical begins, one character earns a lot of money killing an akita named Evita, who turns out to have belonged to Benny, and he uses that money to bring gifts to Collins, Mark, and Roger. At the end of this show's first act, Roger stops avoiding Mimi because he finds out that she, like him, has AIDS. Name this musical about bohemians in the East Village of New York, based loosely on La bohème.

Rent

This composer included "At Sunset," "Spring," "September," and "When Falling Asleep" in his posthumous collection, Four Last Songs. This composer of Death and Transfiguration, included the "Dance of the Seven Veils" in an opera based on an Oscar Wilde play titled for Herod's Daughter, Salome. This composer, also known for his anti-Semitic ideals, wrote about Octavian, who is the title figure in his opera Der Rosenkavalier. Identify this German composer of Also Spoke Zarathustra.

Richard Strauss

In this country, unwanted children known as decreteii were born as a result of Decree 770, which banned contraception and abortion. A leader from this country gained popularity by giving a speech on August 21 condemning the crushing of another country's Prague Spring. That longtime leader of this country was executed, along with his wife, on live television on Christmas Day 1989 after demonstrations in Timişoara and the capital forced him to flee in a helicopter. Name this country where Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej was replaced by Nicolae Ceausescu.

Romania

The first synthetic version of these objects were created by Gaudin. A recent process for improving the quality of these objects involves cleaning them with hydrogen fluoride in a process called lead glass filling. The most valuable gemstone of this type is named after a Rumi poem and is called "Sunrise." These stones have been used to create electromagnetic waves in devices dubbed "masters." In 1960, this stone was used by Ted Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories as a gain medium for a laser of the same name. Identify this corundum-based, red gemstone that is the traditional birthstone for July.

Ruby

This American and an Englishman named Havelock Ellis gave advice to a Spaniard named Hildegart Rodríguez Carballeira. This person developed a friendship with Ellis while on the run from American legal charges. This person supported research by M. C. Chang and Gregory Pincus to develop the drug Enovid. This person often criticized the statement "Tell Jake to sleep on the roof" while talking about Sadie Sachs. This person's newsletter used the slogan "No Gods, No Masters" and was called The Woman Rebel. Name this founder of the American Birth Control League, which was the forerunner of Planned Parenthood.

Sanger

In a novel by this author, Daniel, who is homosexual, offers to marry Marcelle, who is pregnant. Marcelle was impregnated by Mathieu, who wants her to get an abortion, in this author's The Roads to Freedom trilogy, which begins with the novel The Age of Reason. In a play by this writer, a character states "But damn it all, they might have left me my toothbrush!" after a valet leads the character to a room with Second Empire furniture but no torture devices. Name this French existentialist who wrote about Estelle, Inès, and Garcin discovering that "Hell is other people" in the play No Exit.

Sartre

The album Reflections was a collection of adaptations of Thelonious Monk's music for this instrument by bebop performer Steve Lacy. The bossa nova hit "The Girl from Ipanema" features Stan Getz on this instrument. Dizzy Gillespie played the piano in a piece written by a player of this instrument that was based on Ray Noble's "Cherokee." That piece, one of the first bebop pieces, was "Ko-ko." Another man who played this instrument improvised over the tune of "My Favorite Things," and included rapid key changes in his "Giant Steps." For 10 points, name this instrument, played by Charlie "Bird" Parker and John Coltrane.

Saxophone

In 1994, Pal Enger was convicted of stealing this painting on the same day as the opening of the Winter Olympics. A note saying "Thanks for the poor security" was left in place of this painting. In 2004, this painting was stolen yet again, but was recovered with only minor water damage. It's not a work of Impressionism, but two small boats can be seen in the middle of this painting. Due to the eruption of Mount Krakatoa, the sky appears a blood-orange in this painting that also shows a distorted figure clutching his face while doing the title action. Identify this painting, by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch.

Scream

This poet wrote the line "Teach me half the gladness that thy brain must know." In the same poem, this poet wrote "Teach us, Sprite or Bird, what sweet thoughts are thine." This poet asked "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" in another poem, in which the title subject is called "thou breath of Autumn's being". This poet also wrote the line "Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!". In a sonnet by this poet, a pedestal is inscribed "Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!". Name this author of "To a Skylark", "Ode to the West Wind", and "Ozymandias".

Shelley

This person was supposed to fly on Gemini 3, but he was replaced by "Gus" Grissom because this person had an inner-ear disorder. After that disorder was fixed, this person and Edgar Mitchell walked on the Moon during the Apollo 14 mission, during which this person hit two golf balls. Before that, this person was the only astronaut in Mercury-Redstone 3, which was also called Freedom 7 and was launched in 1961. Name this astronaut who followed Yuri Gagarin as the second person in space and the first American.

Shepard

Gay Talese wrote a profile of this man in Esquire Magazine called "[this man] has a Cold." This man got an Oscar-winning role in From Here to Eternity due to either the convincing of his then-wife Ava Gardner or his alleged Mafia ties. The Soviet Union allowed Warsaw Pact countries to plot their own future in a "doctrine" nicknamed for this man. This singer requests "fill my heart with song" in "Fly Me to the Moon." This most famous member of the Rat Pack popularized the song "New York, New York." For 10 points, "Ol' Blue Eyes" was the nickname of what crooner who sang "My Way"?

Sinatra

Following a 1909 law passed in Britain, this country was formed by combining four colonies. A few years later, this country passed the Natives Land Act, which controlled the buying and selling of property. In 1960, police in this country fired on a crowd in Sharpesville that was protesting pass laws. Police beat to death a member of this country's Black Consciousness Movement, Steven Biko. Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who lives in this country, used to call for economic boycotts of it. Name this country whose former President F.W. de Klerk shared a Nobel Peace Prize with Nelson Mandela for ending apartheid.

South Africa

In one novel by this author, the reply to the secret message "The castle has taken fire" is "Are my books burned?". The person who replies to that message escapes prison, then has a love affair with his jailer's daughter, Clelia. In another novel by this author, the protagonist is sent to Besançon seminary by Monsieur Chélan and tutors the children of Mayor Monsieur de Rênal. The conquests of Napoleon are important in both of those novels by this author. Name this French author who wrote about Fabrice del Dongo in The Charterhouse of Parma and about Julien Sorel in The Red and the Black.

Stendhal

In this city, after the Battles of Vedila and Brännkyrka, a man's body was dug up and burned as well as that of his child in a massacre. In this city, songs such as "Lonesome Cowboy" and "Killing Me Softly with His Song" were sung during the Norrmalmstorg robbery. One event in this city affected supporters of Sten Sture and was carried out by Christian II. That event was this city's namesake "bloodbath." One woman who ruled from this city succeeded her father after the Battle of Lützen. That member of the Vasa family was Christina. Name this city from which "Lion of the North" Gustavus Adolphus ruled the Kingdom of Sweden.

Stockholm

In 2016, Barack Obama established a monument commemorating this event between Christopher and Grove Streets. Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson were two perpetrators of this event, which saw the folk singer Dave Van Ronk arrested by a police unit led by Seymour Pine. This event began after the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms ordered the police into an establishment owned by the Genovese crime family. This event, named for an "inn" in Greenwich Village, was celebrated one year later by the first Pride march. For 10 points, what 1969 riots at a New York City bar began the American gay liberation movement?

Stonewall Riots

A poem by this author laments "O, well for the fisherman's boy" and "the sailor lad" and mourns that "the tender grace of a day that is dead / Will never come back to me." The "Choric Song" of one of this author's poems begins "There is sweet music here that softer falls / Than petals from blown roses on the grass." The title character of a poem by this author of "Break, Break, Break" declares "I mete and dole / Unequal laws unto a savage race," says "I will drink / Life to the lees," and closes by claiming to have the strength "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield." For 10 points, name this English poet who wrote "The Lotus Eaters" and "Ulysses."

Tennyson

The premier of this orchestral work was conducted by Adrian Boult and used choir students from a Girls School where its composer taught. Instruments are instructed to play col legno, or with the wood of the bow, in this work's first movement, which contains a repeated ostinato in 5/4 time. Its seventh and final movement ends with a door slowly closing on a room with a female chorus. "I Vow to Thee, My Country" and other British folk tunes are quoted in one movement from this work. Subtitles to movements in this work include "the Mystic" and "the Bringer of War." For 10 points, name this suite by Gustav Holst with movements depicting Mars and Jupiter.

The Planets

The historical narrative of this battle was altered after the 1939 discovery of bronze arrowheads on Kolonos Hill. The course of this battle itself was affected by the Phocian army being alerted to the presence of the enemy by the rustling of oak leaves. During this battle, a local named Ephialtes revealed a path around the defending army in hopes of receiving a reward. An outnumbered army was massacred at the so-called "Hot Gates" in this battle while fighting an enemy force that included the Immortals. Name this battle at which King Leonidas of Sparta and his Greek allies made a last stand against a Persian invasion force led by Xerxes the Great.

Thermopylae

In the Gylfaginning, Harr tells Gangleri that this figure resides in Thrudvangar in a hall with 540 rooms. As this deity describes how he removed the frostbitten toes of her husband Aurvandil, Groa botches a spell that would remove a piece of whetstone from his head. This deity used an ox's head as bait during a fishing trip with the giant Hymir, in which this god fails to kill Jormungandr. Loki caused the dwarf Brokkr to make the handle of this god's most famous possession too short; that weapon is a hammer that always returns to its owner. For 10 points, name this wielder of Mjolnir, the Norse god of thunder.

Thor

"A lady with a funny eye" and "a fat dentist" are the first two people to officially complain about these objects, which are housed on Drinkwater Road. Rules for the use of these objects are given by Red Welby and include a ban on the word "anus." The subject of one of these objects,​ police chief Bill Willoughby, pays to rent them for an additional month before shooting himself. These objects, commissioned by Mildred Hayes, read, "HOW COME, CHIEF WILLOUGHBY?", "AND STILL NO ARRESTS?", and "RAPED WHILE DYING." Name these three objects, which title a 2017 Oscar-winning film starring Frances McDormand.

Three Billboards

This organ's namesake peroxidase is inhibited by thioamides like propylthiouracil and methimazole. The coupling of DIT and MIT in this organ produces two tyrosine-based hormones. Its parafollicular cells produce a hormone that regulates calcium levels in the body. Calcitonin,T3, and T4 are all released by this gland. TSH controls the stimulation of this gland, whose overactivity causes Grave's disease. Iodine deficiency causes goiter of what endocrine gland that is found in the neck?

Thyroid

In one novel, this character is shot in the leg during the execution of his intricate plan that involved snakes and a sheet ladder. After accidentally revealing his engagement to Amy Lawrence, he visits a graveyard where he witnesses the framing of Muff Potter. This resident of St. Petersburg becomes trapped with his love interest in McDougal's Cave, where the villainous Injun Joe later starves to death. As punishment for skipping school, this character's Aunt Polly forces him to whitewash a fence. For 10 points, name this friend of Huckleberry Finn and mischievous title character of a novel by Mark Twain.

Tom Sawyer

In this play, Maria writes a fake love letter that causes one character to wear a pair of ugly yellow stockings to a party to impress his love interest. That character, Malvolio, returns a ring to Cesario on behalf of the the countess Olivia, though she marries the similar looking Sebastian instead. Cesario turns out to be the disguise of Sebastian's twin Viola in what Shakespearean comedy?

Twelfth Night

A composer from this country wrote a piece whose title references an event in which Augustus Jaeger encouraged him to continue writing music. A composer who moved to this country wrote a Sinfonia commonly known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba" for his oratorio Solomon. A movement titled "Alla Hornpipe" is included in a suite by the same composer who moved to this country, and who also wrote movements titled "La Paix" and "La Réjouissance". A composer from this country wrote "Land of Hope and Glory" in his Pomp and Circumstance Marches. Name this home country of Edward Elgar and in which Water Music was written by George Frideric Handel, who had moved from Germany.

UK

To commemorate a 20th century battle, the leader of one of these two countries gave the leader of the other a ceremonial sword, which his lieutenant immediately dropped. These two countries led a joint military effort that installed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as shah of Iran. Leaders of these two countries negotiated spheres of influence in the Percentages Agreement. These two countries were by far the largest recipients of Lend-Lease aid. A leader of one of them described the other as "a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma." For 10 points, what two Allied Powers of World War II were led by Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin?

UK + USSR

Ibn Fadlan met these people along the Volga River and witnessed a funeral rite in which they threw dead livestock onto a boat. The descendants of one of these people named Rurik ruled the Kievan Rus'. They served as bodyguards to the Byzantine emperor as part of the Varangian Guard. Some of these people who fought without armor in a frenzy were called berserkers, and members of their upper class were called jarls. They established Vinland in modern-day Canada around 1000 AD, and travelled there using longships under the leadership of Leif Erikson. For 10 points, name these seafaring Norsemen who did not actually wear horned helmets.

Vikings

This vitamin has been co-administered with iron tablets to increase their absorption in iron deficient patients due to its ability to chelate iron in a low pH environment. Excessive intake of this vitamin has been linked to kidney stone formation. Bleeding mucous membranes, spongy gums, and loose teeth can all result from a deficiency of this vitamin due to its role in collagen synthesis. What is this water soluble vitamin also known as ascorbic acid whose deficiency can cause scurvy?

Vitamin C

This vitamin prevents the formation of insoluble iron compounds and reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+, enhancing its absorption in the body. A deficiency in this vitamin can be characterized by perifollicular bleeding and corkscrew hair. This vitamin restores the enzyme P4H after its decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate, allowing it to catalyze the formation of hydroxyproline. This vitamin is essential for the proper formation of collagen. Deficiency of this vitamin is characterized by the opening of previously healed wounds and by bleeding gums. For 10 points, name this vitamin whose deficiency can cause scurvy.

Vitamin C

When a well-known writer lost his son during this war, he wrote a poem about trying to find out what happened, called "My Boy Jack". One poem about this war ends with the Bishop saying "The ways of God are strange!". In that poem, the Bishop talks about this war being a just cause, while the soldiers talk about their injuries. This war inspired the poem "They" by Sigfried Sassoon and works by Rudyard Kipling, and also inspired a poet to write a work saying that a phrase from Horace meaning "How sweet and honourable it is to die for one's country" is a lie. Name this war that led Wilfred Owen to write "Dulce et Decorum Est".

WWI

A poem by this author describes how "long rushes break / In a white dust of ibises whose cries / Have wheeled since civilization's dawn." In that poem, this author claims that "upright man / Seeks his divinity by inflicting pain," and describes how "brutish necessity wipes its hands / Upon the napkin of a dirty cause." This man calls himself "poisoned with the blood of both" in a poem that asks how to choose between the title place and "the English tongue I love." This author of the play Dream on Monkey Mountain wrote a poem asking "How can I turn from Africa and live?" "A Far Cry From Africa" is by—for 10 points—what poet from St. Lucia, who wrote the epic Omeros?

Walcott

The narrator of this work feels "refreshed and expanded when the freight train rattles past" in this book's chapter Sounds. The author of this book claims people have "no time to be anything but a machine" and describes the "desperate city" and the "desperate country" being ventured to by "the mass of men" in this book's first chapter, "Economy." In this book's chapter "Where I Lived and What I Lived For," its author describes his decision to move in to a cabin in the woods. Identify this book chronicling Henry David Thoreau's time living on the title pond.

Walden

Shiplap is a cheap example of this kind of material. Aliphatic resin is a glue commonly used on this type of material. Pieces of this material can be joined at a mortise-and-tenon joint or at a dovetail joint. This material is often finished with shellac or varnish. This material comes in hard varieties with tight grains like ash or balsa, and in soft varieties like pine. Name this building material that is often sawn into 2×4s and other dimensional lumber.

Wood

An ancient city in this river's valley was the primary site for the production of large bronze cauldrons with two handles and three legs. Large numbers of Paleolithic and bronze-age remains have been found in this river's Ordos Loop. This river, which was used to grow millet, is often grouped with Norte Chico, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus, and the Nile as one of the "Cradles of Civilization." This river's periodic, catastrophic floods helped topple Wang Mang. The Shang Dynasty followed a "civilization" situated on—for 10 points—what long river in the north of China, named for its sediment's color?

Yellow River

In a branch of mathematics described by this adjective, contour integrals are evaluated using residues of this type. That branch deals with holomorphic functions, which are [this adjective] analytic. When graphed on a diagram depicting these numbers, roots of unity lie on the circumference of a unit circle. A group of numbers extending these numbers define 3D rotations in computer graphics; those are quaternions. Exponentiating these numbers is simplified by de Moivre's theorem. These numbers are reflected over the x axis of Argand diagrams when undergoing conjugation. For 10 points, name these numbers which consist of real and imaginary parts, and can be expressed as a plus b i.

complex

In this decade, John L. Lewis took the United Mine Workers out of the CIO and led a number of high-profile strikes. In this decade, chewing gum magnate Philip Wrigley established the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed in this decade, in which young Mexican-American men in L.A. were targeted in the Zoot Suit Riots. In this decade, the earlier "cash and carry" policy was supplanted by the Lend-Lease program. During this decade, the number of American women in the workforce rose by over 50%, spurred by propaganda icons like Rosie the Riveter. The U.S. fought World War II in—for 10 points—what decade?

1940s

A mutation of the FoxO3A gene can inhibit this process. The antagonistic pleiotropy theory explains this process through harmful genes that nonetheless favor reproductive fitness. This process occurs prematurely and rapidly for people with progeria. Some theories explain this process as a result of free radical damage or accumulation of mutations, though at the cellular level, this biological process can be explained by the shortening of telomeres with each round of DNA replication. For 10 points, name this progressive decline in cellular and organ function as people get older.

Aging

This person was very critical of Ward Hunt, saying "My natural rights, my civil rights, my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike ignored." Much earlier, this person tried to give a speech at a Sons of Temperance meeting but was told to "listen and learn." Carrie Chapman Catt succeeded this person as the president of an organization formed by a merger that this person oversaw. This person was on trial before Justice Ward Hunt in a case depending on whether the Fourteenth Amendment gave everyone the right to vote, which would override New York law. Name this person who worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to form the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Anthony

When vertices are on an integer lattice, this property can be calculated using Pick's theorem. This property is not a constant but was calculated by ancient mathematicians using the method of exhaustion. For an ellipse, this property equals 𝜋 times the product of the semi-major and semi-minor axes. Integrals are used to find this property between curves and the x-axis. Name this quantity that, for a circle, equals 𝜋 times the radius squared.

Area

Big theta, big omega, and big O notation are used in the analysis of the behavior of functions in terms of this concept. A logistic curve graph has two of these features, represented by the x-axis and the limiting value. The graph of the inverse-tangent function also has two of these features, at 𝜋/2 ["pi over 2"] and −𝜋/2. A graph has one of these features if it is not constant and has a finite limit as x approaches positive or negative infinity. Give this term for a line that a function's graph gets infinitely close to, but may not reach.

Asymptote

This man took thirty-six hours to deliver the Nutuk, which included a historical outline of his nation. This man led forces that repelled ANZAC at the Battle of Chunuk Bair. This man was succeeded as president by Ismet Inonu upon his death at Dolmabahce Palace. This leader of the Republican People's Party rejected the Treaty of Sevres and negotiated the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne. Two focuses of this leader's Six Arrow's Ideology were the adoption of the Latin alphabet and a ban on wearing the fez. For 10 points, name this founder of the Republic of Turkey with a name meaning "Father of the Turks."

Ataturk

This figure acquired one epithet after killing a giant and turning his flayed skin into a cloak. This figure crushed Enceladus beneath the island of Sicily. In the Trojan War, this deity assumed the form of Deiphobus to goad Hector into a confrontation with Achilles. This goddess killed Ajax the Lesser to avenge the rape of Cassandra, who was torn away from a wooden statue of this goddess known as the Palladium. This daughter of Metis was born in full armor after Zeus' head was split with an axe. For 10 points, identify this goddess of war and wisdom, the namesake of the largest city in Greece.

Athena

While in Budapest, this composer created his fourth string quartet in which he included an allegretto pizzicato fourth movement, and this composer is considered one of the founders of comparative musicology. A Chinese man dies due to his wounds in a one act ballet called The Miraculous Mandarin by this composer, who also included an eerie-sounding third movement in Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta. Judith is shown the ex-wives of the title nobleman in what Hungarian's opera, Duke Bluebeard's Castle?

Bartok

Lithium diisopropylamide is a very strong, yet unusually non-nucleophilic example of these compounds. The oxide ion acts as one of these substances. Fatty acids are reacted with these compounds in saponification reactions to form soaps. These compounds turn phenolphthalein pink and litmus blue. These compounds donate electron pairs according to the Lewis definition and dissociate in water to form hydroxide ions in the Arrhenius definition. For 10 points, name these compounds which have pH greater than 7, contrasted with acids.

Bases

When the Revolution of 1930 in this country took power from President Washington Luís and President-Elect Júlio Prestes, this country's "coffee with milk" politics ended and Getúlio Vargas gained power. Much earlier, this country's independence was supported by Princess Maria Leopoldina and declared at Ipiranga Brook in 1822 by Dom Pedro I. This country consists of the land east of the Tordesillas Line. Name this country that was part of the Portuguese Empire and is now the largest country of South America.

Brazil

A Celtic fairy taking the form of one of these creatures is identifiable by a white spot on its chest; one of them proclaims himself their king after a royal funeral. In one story, Diana took the form of this animal while fleeing to Egypt, while her Greek counterpart Artemis was syncretized with an Egyptian god of these creatures. In West Africa, black creatures of this type are associated with witchcraft and bad luck,while in Egypt these creatures were revered and mummified. Name these creatures represented by the goddess Bastet.

Cat

Van Poppel and Day argued that this thinker did not commit an "ecological fallacy" because of the varying ways communities record instances of a certain action. This thinker posited that homogeneity entrenches social order in tribal societies and described how a certain phenomenon exists through "collective effervescence." This author of Elementary Forms of Religious Life observed that Protestants perform a certain action at higher rates than Catholics. This thinker described altruistic, anomic, egoistic, and fatalistic forms of the title action in his most famous work. For 10 points name this pioneering French sociologist who wrote Suicide.

Durkheim

The secret police of this country perfected a type of psychological torture whose name mean "decomposition." Nations that recognised this country were targeted by the Hallstein Doctrine, and its final leader, Egon Krenz, was prosecuted for war crimes. Duroplast was used to create the Trabant car in this country, where the teenaged Peter Fechter was shot in the "death-strip" near Checkpoint Charlie. The SED party ruled this country, which was the home of the Stasi. Erich Honecker and Walter Ulbricht both led this former country, which reunited with its western neighbor in 1990. For 10 points, name this former Communist country that built the Berlin Wall.

East Germany

The construction of the Steinway Tunnel beneath this body of water resulted in the creation of a small artificial island named Belmont Island, which later became known as U Thant Island. This body of water narrows into a strait known as Hell Gate. Buildings that overlook this body of water include Bellevue Hospital and Gracie Mansion. One bay within this body of water sits just north of Flushing Meadows Park. A jail complex was built on Rikers Island within this body of water, which flows past the headquarters of the United Nations. The Brooklyn Bridge crosses what "river" that separates Queens from Manhattan and has a directional name?

East River

You can give a description; you don't have to give a name. This place is where one god transforms from Atum into Khepri, the beetle of the dawning sun. One god undergoes a journey each night in this place on a solar barge called Atet and battles the embodiment of chaos, Apep. A counterpart to this location called Aaru, or the "Field of Reeds", is where souls are sent if they do not go to this location. One's soul goes to this place after being swallowed by Ammit if their heart is heavier than the feather of Ma'at. Name this mythological realm of the dead where Ra and Anubis reside.

Egyptian underworld

This man once stated he did not aspire to any political position "from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe." One group led by this man was once described as "eight millionaires and a plumber," and his national security policy was called the New Look. In one speech, this man described "the total influence — economic, political, even spiritual" of a certain institution, and he also approved of the creation of NASA. This two-time opponent of Adlai Stevenson used his farewell address to warn of the military industrial complex. Name this U.S. President and Supreme Commander of Allied Forces during World War II, elected in 1952.

Eisenhower

This quantity multiplied by electron mobility gives the drift velocity. Both this quantity and velocity are multiplied by q in the equation for the Lorentz Force. The Poynting vector is equal to this quantity crossed with the auxiliary magnetic field vector. The flux of this quantity through a surface is proportional to the enclosed charge according to Gauss's Law. The magnitude of this quantity inside any conductor is zero. This quantity, which typically has units of Newtons per Coulomb, is defined at a point as the electrostatic force exerted on a test charge placed at that point. For 10 points, name this vector field generated by all charged objects, symbolized E.

Electric field

In a novel by this author, Harold Transom loses an election in Treby Magna after a riot where the title "Radical" is charged with manslaughter. A character created by this author studies The Imitation of Christ and falls in love with Philip Wakem. In another novel by this author, Dunstan Cass's skeleton is found alongside a bag of gold stolen from the title weaver of Raveloe. This author's most famous novel discusses a relationship between Tertius Lydgate and Rosamond Vincy and opens with the author of The Key to All Mythologies, Edward Casaubon, marrying Dorothea Brooke. For 10 points, identify this author of The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner, and Middlemarch.

Eliot

The development of a disorder affecting one part of this organ in people with diabetes is caused by osmotic stress due to sorbitol. One part of this organ can have flame hemorrhages in people with high blood pressure. One structure in this organ is held in place by the ciliary body, which adjusts its shape by accomodation. The two chambers of this organ contain aqueous humor and vitreous humor. These organs send their output to the occipital lobe from their retina through the optic nerve. For 10 points, name this organ which also contains a lens.

Eye

The constant named for this scientist is used to model weak interactions that lead to beta decay. The unit named after this person is equivalent to a femtometer. This person and Paul Dirac developed statistical methods to handle particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle; such particles are named after this person. Problems named for this person are often used to get students to think about orders of magnitude and come up with general estimates. Name this Italian-born scientist who came to the United States and demonstrated the first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.

Fermi

The two values of this quantity are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, in a Wien filter. The coefficient of friction is unitless because it is calculated as the ratio of two of these quantities. For a charged particle in a magnetic field, this quantity equals charge times the cross product of velocity and magnetic field. Integrating this quantity with respect to displacement gives work. A free-body diagram documents these quantities that affect a given object. When mass is constant, this quantity equals mass times acceleration. Name this quantity measured in newtons.

Force

The poet Sidonius Apollinaris hailed from this modern-day country and helped organize its resistance to the invasions of Euric. After his beheading, the patron saint of this modern-day country preached a sermon on repentance while carrying his own head. A city in this modern country names a three-way treaty dividing Lothair's kingdom. Another city in this country was protected from Viking attacks by Charles the Bald and Charles the Fat. A "mayor of the palace" from this country repelled an Umayyad invasion and was nicknamed "the hammer." Charles Martel won the Battle of Tours in—for 10 points—what modern country?

France

The United States maintains Thule Air Base on this island, which is responsible for a portion of the country's missile defense system. Fridtjof Nansen was the first person to cross this island, performing the feat in 1888. The northeastern portion of this island comprises the largest national park in the world. More than 30% of this island's residents live in its capital of Nuuk and this island is the least densely populated island in the world. Identify this island belonging to Denmark that is the largest island in the world.

Greenland

In this work, a man accused of raping a pregnant woman is viciously torn apart by a crowd. The narrator wishes to assign her friend a "daring and spectacular" end after seeing her wearing a rabbit costume at Jezebel's. Another character, Janine, gradually goes insane after her child is deemed a "shredder." The protagonist misses her husband Luke, from whom she is separated and taken to Aunt Lydia's Red Center before the novel begins. She is told to spy for the Mayday resistance while having an affair with Nick and playing Scrabble with her Commander, the husband of Serena Joy. For 10 points, name this novel about Offred in the Republic of Gilead, written by Margaret Atwood.

Handmaid's Tale

In a Sterling Brown poem, Slim Greer is supposed to visit this place but goes to Dixie instead. A poem that mentions this location in its title proclaims "I've been through too much" and begins "A while back, if I remember right, my life was one long party." Another work calls one section of this place Malebolge, which is reached by riding Geryon. After that section, the poem has Antaeus take people to Cocytus, the lowest part of this location. A tour of this location takes up the first of three sections of that epic work. Name this place where Arthur Rimbaud supposedly spent a season and where Virgil first guided Dante in the Divine Comedy

Hell

An earthquake in this novel breaks all the bones in the body of a character who is unable to move to get treatment, and is instead healed by Pedro García. In this novel, a man's sister curses him by saying his soul and body will shrivel up, leaving him to die like a dog. Elsewhere in this novel, an engagement party is interrupted when a dog enters with a knife in its back. A woman goes mute after being slapped by her husband, whom she married after her green-haired sister Rosa's death, which she blames herself for magically predicting. For 10 points, name this novel about Clara, Blanca, and Alba Trueba, written by Chilean author Isabel Allende

House of the Spirits

The people in this empire believed themselves to be descendants of the Tiwanaku people and copied their sculpture and architecture. People in this civilization believed that their capital was saved from an attack by the Chancas when stones turned into warriors. Ninan was supposed to lead this civilization, but he died in 1527 a few days after his father, leading to a civil war between two brothers that left this empire open to Spanish conquest. The capital of this civilization was Cusco in what is now Peru. Name this civilization that had a civil war between Huáscar and Atahualpa and which was captured by Francisco Pizarro.

Inca

This empire had hotels called tambos that served as resting places for chasquis, or running messengers. The southern expansion of this empire ended when neither side wanted to keep fighting the Battle of the Maule. The capital of this empire was built in the shape of a puma. This empire kept records using knotted strings, called quipus. The people of this empire spoke Quechua. Name this South American empire centered in Cuzco, led by Atahualpa, and conquered by Francisco Pizarro.

Inca

The Histadrut Bridge crosses over this country's most polluted body of water, the Kishon River, whose drainage basin includes much of the Jezreel Valley. Eilat, this nation's southernmost city, lies on the Gulf of Aqaba. This country contains the Roman temples of Mount Hermon and Masada. This country's Baha'i Gardens are located near Mount Carmel, marked by a stone statue of the Prophet Elijah. The Negev Desert spans much of the South of this country, bordered by Lebanon to the north and Jordan to the east. For 10 points, identify this country, where the Western Wall is a Jewish holy site in the capital of Jerusalem.

Israel

This person married his first cousin, Zerelda "Zee" Mimms, after she helped him recover from a bullet wound to his chest. In an effort to promote former members of the Confederacy, John Newman Edwards published letters from this person and articles supporting him in the Kansas City Times. Support for this person grew after the Pinkertons set fire to a farmhouse they thought he was in. Missouri governor Thomas Crittenden gave a quick pardon to Robert Ford after Ford killed this person. This person and his brother Frank worked with Cole Younger and his brothers. Name this outlaw famous for robbing banks and trains.

James

Following the consecration of four priests against his orders in Econe, this man excommunicated Marcel Lefebvre. This man began the celebration of World Youth Day. He refuted Liberation Theology at the Puebla Conference, and he survived an assassination attempt by the Grey Wolves member Mehmet Ali Agca. This man criticised a growing "culture of death" and opposed euthanasia in the encyclical Evangelium Vitae. Joseph Ratzinger succeeded this man, who was the first non-Italian to hold his position since Adrian VI, as Benedict XVI. For 10 points, name this first Polish pope who reigned from 1978 to 2005.

John Paul II

A geographic feature which shares its name with this country is also known as the Great Dala and extends eastward to the Emin Valley. The leader of this country works in the Akorda, and the capital of this country, formerly Aqmola, has been located on the Ishim River since 1997. The right side of this country's flag features an eagle soaring beneath a​ sun, and this country exports very little potassium, despite the claims made in a Sacha Baron Cohen movie. This largest landlocked country in the world contains the northern coast of the rapidly sinking Aral Sea, and it also borders the Caspian Sea to its west. Name this former Soviet republic with its capital at Astana.

Kazakhstan

When Wien's displacement constant is given as approximately 3 times 10 to the −3, it is divided by a number measured in this unit in Wien's displacement law. The Boltzmann constant is about 1.4 times 10 to the −23 in units of joules over this unit. The ideal gas constant is about 8.3 joules per mole over this unit. Multiplying a measurement in this unit by 1.8 converts the measurement to the Rankine scale. Adding 273.15 to a measurement in this unit converts the measurement to degrees Celsius. Having 0 of this unit corresponds to absolute zero. Name this SI base unit that measures absolute temperature.

Kelvin

A piece by this composer opens with a violin playing the ascending eighth notes G, B-flat, E-flat, G, and E-flat, then down to B-flat. A piece by this composer entitled "Spring Song" is sometimes called "Camberwell Green". This composer's fourth symphony ends with a fourth-movement Saltarello and is nicknamed "Italian". This composer wrote a set of pieces that included many "Venetian Boat Songs". A piece by this composer is sometimes called "Fingal's Cave". This composer wrote the Songs Without Words and the Hebrides overture. Name this composer who wrote a wedding march for his incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Mendelssohn

According to the Coase conjecture, this situation will have low prices early on when durable goods are being sold. According to Baxter's law, this situation can extend from regulated industries to unregulated ones. In the perfect form of this system, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index equals 10,000. The natural version of this market situation can arise if there are high fixed costs and barriers to entry. This situation has similar effects to collusion. Give this term for an economic market in which there is only one producer.

Monopoly

In this modern state, Robert Hogg's house was vandalized in the aftermath of a plot in which Mary Burton was a key witness. Nicholas Bayard was mayor of a city in this modern state during a rebellion in which Fort James was captured. A governor of this modern state began the Peach Tree War against this state's Susquehannock population. That governor was called Old​ Silver Nails due to a prosthetic leg he owned. This state was the site of Leisler's Rebellion, and Peter Stuyvesant was a governor of this future state. Name this state whose largest city contained a border at Wall Street in Manhattan.

New York

This poem possibly references the Hindu gods Shiva and Vishnu in the line "Destroyer and preserver; hear oh hear!" The narrator of this poem asks the title figure to "Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is" and to "lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud." The title figure of this poem wakes "the Blue Mediterranean" from "his summer dreams" and is called the "breath of Autumn's being." The final stanza of this poem describes "The trumpet of a prophecy" before asking "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" Identify this poem about a weather phenomena by Percy Shelley.

Ode to the West Wind

This god placed the sword Gram in the Barnstokkr tree and challenged men to pull it out to keep it. This god later broke Gram after Sigmund used it. This god called himself Bölverk to steal the mead of poetry from the mountain of Suttungr. This god killed Ymir alongside his brothers to create the world. This god consults the head of Mimir and gave up an eye in return for wisdom. This god hung himself for nine nights from the world tree Yggdrasil to gain knowledge of the runes. Name this father of Thor, the chief god of Norse mythology.

Odin

This author wrote about a character whose bandaged head is often compared to that of Apollinaire. In that novel, the protagonist humiliates himself in front of a gang of boys in dragon jackets and vomits while teaching at a cram school. This author wrote about fifteen boys abandoned in a plague-ridden village in the novel Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids. Another of this man's novels centers around Mitsusaburo and his brother Takashi, who attempts an uprising against the Korean "Emperor." At the end of another novel by this author, Bird decides to raise his disabled son instead of escaping to Africa. For 10 points, name this novelist of The Silent Cry and A Personal Matter.

Oe

An area surrounding this river is the home of the Feurt Mounds and Village Site, which is part of the Fort Ancient Tradition. The earliest engineering project to aid navigation on this river is the McAlpine Locks and Dam. This river went past a fort named for Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, and it is next to the place where Nathan Forrest fought the Battle of Paducah. This river was the south boundary of the Northwest Territory and is now the northwest boundary of West Virginia. It is formed by the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers in Pittsburgh. Name this river that joins the Mississippi River near Cairo , Illinois, and which forms the north boundary of Kentucky.

Ohio

The antagonist of this work is flustered by a character wearing only a towel, who later reveals that he was wearing shorts underneath depicting white whales. Another character, Harding, is self-conscious about his effeminate hands and constantly boasts about his wife's breasts. The protagonist of this novel exhibits defiance by gambling, organizing a fishing trip, and enduring electroshock therapy. At the end of this work, Billy Bibbit slits his throat after sleeping with Candy, and the protagonist is lobotomized and smothered to death. For 10 points, name this 1962 novel about Randle McMurphy's rebellion against Nurse Ratched in a psychiatric ward, written by Ken Kesey.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

This artist showed Hercules giving an orb to the title king in his Allegorical Portrait of Charles V, and he depicted the infant Christ holding the title flower in Madonna of the Rose. A man sleeps on the right side of this artist's Vision of St. Jerome, and he depicted himself in a fur coat in his Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror. This artist depicted an enlarged baby Jesus that is held by Mary in his best known work. Identify this Mannerist artist of Madonna of the Long Neck.

Parmigianino

Jean-Baptiste Grenouille becomes a murderer in a novel named for this substance by Patrick Süskind. A pomander is a ball containing this substance, which can create sillage. The vomit of sperm whales is a valuable component of this substance called ambergris. This substance can be separated into three different "notes": top, heart, and base. Eau de toilette is a light kind of this substance, a famous example of which is Chanel No. 5. For 10 points, name this substance, including cologne, which is applied to the skin to create a scent.

Perfume

In one play set in this city, Berneice is advised by Doaker to sell the title instrument because it is summoning Sutter's Ghost. In another play set in this city, one character first enters the stage singing about selling plums and wearing a trumpet around his neck. That character, Gabriel, is the brother of the garbage truck driver Troy Maxson, who lives in this city. The Piano Lesson and Fences are set in this city. A Cycle of plays by August Wilson is named for what Pennsylvania city?

Pittsburgh

One holder of this office was embroiled in a scandal concerning alleged kickbacks from the Swedish arms company Bofors. The first holder of this office stated that "now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge" in a speech given right before his country's independence. This office has been held by a woman who oversaw the Smiling Buddha Nuclear Tests and Operation Blue Star, which ultimately led to her assassination. A holder of this position gave the "Tryst with Destiny" speech. For 10 points, name this office, which has been occupied by such leaders like Rajiv Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, and Jawaharlal Nehru.

Prime Minister of India

This book's eighth chapter discusses the birth of an object formed "When there were no watery depths" and before the mountains were settled in place." This book contains the section sometimes known as "Hezekiah's Collection" and explains how "Good news from a distant land/is like cold water to a parched throat." This book compares a dog returning to his vomit to "a fool repeating his folly" and notes that "For the righteous falleth seven times, and riseth up again; but the wicked stumble into disaster." Identify this Old Testament book named for statements of wisdom.

Proverbs

This U.S. president's initial message to Congress included plans for a national university and national observatory. Some of his plans that were undertaken included construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Earlier, this person headed the U.S. delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Ghent to end the War of 1812. While serving as Secretary of State, this person obtained Florida from Spain and formulated the Monroe Doctrine. As president, this person selected Henry Clay as Secretary of State, leading to charges of a "corrupt bargain". Name this sixth U.S. president, who was the son of the second president.

Quincy Adams

In a Supreme Court case concerning this right, Walter Mondale wrote a brief signed by more than 20 state attorney generals calling for this right to be expanded. This right was first affirmed at the state level in Powell v. Alabama, though Betts v. Brady limited it to capital crimes. A 1963 case about this right was brought by a Florida inmate who was accused of breaking into a pool hall. This right, which is not exercised by pro se defendants, is provided by the government to those who can't afford it as part of their Miranda rights. The case of Gideon v. Wainwright affirmed a wide reading of—for 10 points—what right to be assisted by a certain professional during a trial?

Right to a lawyer

A piece by this composer opens in 5/2 time and features a solo cello evoking the liturgical Obikhod chant. A solo violin playing sixteenth note triplets over harp arpeggios represents the title female character in a work by this composer. This composer included Asturian folk songs and two "Alborada" movements in his Capriccio Espagnol. This composer included "The Kalendar Prince" and "The Sea and Sinbad's Ship" in a four-movement symphonic poem inspired by the Arabian Nights. For 10 points, identify this composer of Russian Easter Festival Overture and Scheherazade whose opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan includes his "Flight of the Bumblebee."

Rimsky Korsakov

This court case was decided on the same day as Doe v. Bolton. Due to the backlash over this case, the Hyde Amendment was passed, restricting federal funds. Harry Blackmun's majority opinion for this case heavily cited the Due Process Clause. Norma McCorvey was the plaintiff in this case, whose central ruling was upheld by Planned Parenthood v. Casey. This case established that the right to privacy applied to women seeking to perform a procedure during the first trimester. For 10 points, name this 1972 Supreme Court case that decriminalized abortion.

Roe v. Wade

In one poem, a hippogriff and flaming chariot transport Astolfo to the moon to retrieve this character's sanity, after which this character kills King Agramante. That Italian epic featuring this character is named for [this character] Furioso. In another epic, Archbishop Turpin instructs this character to blow his oliphant horn to signal for help from Charlemagne's forces during the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. Identify this character who appears in a French epic named for his Song.

Roland

A character created by this author hangs a towel over a mirror in order to avoid picking up "free and easy ways." This author started out as a music critic, writing a Marxism-inspired analysis of the Ring Cycle called The Perfect Wagnerite. This author later became a spokesperson for the leftist Fabian Society. A character created by this author throws a ring into a fireplace after it is returned to him by a girl who had earlier said "Walk? Not bloody likely!" In that play by this author, Covent Garden is the site of a bet between Colonel Pickering and Henry Higgins. Eliza Doolittle tries to get rid of her Cockney accent in a play by—for 10 points—what author of Pygmalion?

Shaw

This empire's early history is mostly known through Abd al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan. One of this empire's kings was assassinated by his brothers after usurping his blind and elderly father, Muhammad Turé. This empire fell after a defeat in 1591 by the Moroccan sultan Judar Pasha. Mines at Taghaza were the center of salt production for this empire, which collapsed after the Battle of Tondibi. This empire was ruled by Askia Muhammad and Sonni Ali, who established its capital at Gao. For 10 points, name this empire that succeeded Mali as the dominant force in West Africa.

Songhai

In one play by this writer, Margaret puts the title character into a straitjacket; he then has a stroke. This playwright wrote about the hatred between Captain Adolph and his wife Laura in The Father. In this writer's most famous play, the title character is described as "crazy again, perfectly crazy". This writer's most famous title character says "I'd love to see the whole of your sex swimming in a sea of blood just like that" to the manservant Jean, who often talks to the cook Christine. In that play, this person wrote about a razor being handed to the title character and the decapitation of a pet bird. Name this author of Miss Julie.

Strindberg

Burrows-Wheeler transformations operate on these objects to create runs. These objects are input into a rolling hash in an algorithm named for Rabin and Karp. Unlike a metric that operates on these objects named for Jaro, the Levenshtein distance allows insertions and deletions. A finite state automaton is used to search these objects in the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm. Stephen Kleene created a system for searching in these objects known as regular expressions. These objects are typically null terminated, and they can contain escape sequences such as the newline character. For 10 points, name these objects that are made up of a series of characters, which can be used to store text.

Strings

In this play, a woman tells her nephew that she hopes he is behaving very well, and when he replies that he is feeling very well, she says that the two things rarely go together. The nephew, who had already complained in this play that Mary Farquhar flirts with her husband, refuses a dinner invitation, saying that his friend "Bunbury" is very ill. In this play, a conversation between Lady Bracknell and Algernon Moncrieff is interrupted by Gwendolen Fairfax being called perfect. In this play, Dr. Chasuble agrees to change the first names of two characters to the same name. Name this play about John Worthing, who has an alter ego, by Oscar Wilde.

The Importance of Being Earnest

The protagonist of this story runs into the cover of night after spilling some wine at a wedding in Millford. In this story, the protagonist's wife Elizabeth leaves him when he refuses to lift the title vestment, which is described as "consist[ing] of two folds of crape." At the end of this story, the Reverend Hooper is buried in the title shroud that he refused to take off during his life. Identify this story by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The Minister's Black Veil

A companion painting to this work was damaged in a 1936 truck accident, and that companion work shows a man in red pants falling off a white horse in the foreground. This painting was the inspiration for the figures shown in Edouard Manet's painting of Emperor Maximilian. Several men in this painting wear shakos. A hill in the background of this work is called Principe Pio. A box lantern illuminates the central scene of this work, in which a stigmata can be seen on the right hand of a Christ-like figure. Identify this Francisco de Goya painting.

Third of May, 1808

In one work, this writer says that he writes "for the lovers. . .Who pay no praise or wages nor heed my craft or art." Those lines appear in this writer's collection Deaths and Entrances. Another poem by this writer mentions different types of men, including "Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight". In that poem, this writer tells his father, "Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears." That poem tells men to "Rage, rage against the dying of the light." Name this Welsh author of "Do not go gentle into that good night".

Thomas

Early in this event, one party called for a renunciation of the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign and a reduction of censorship in the "Seven Demands." This event occurred in the same location as the April Fifth Movement and the main action of the May Fourth Movement. This event is euphemistically referred to as the "June Fourth Incident" in the country where it occurred. This event, which began as a hunger strike by university students, ended the career of Deng Xiaoping. The photograph "Tank Man" depicts—for 10 points—what 1989 massacre of over 1,000 civilians in a Beijing square?

Tiananmen

Pierre-Simon Laplace developed a set of three coupled differential equations to compute the response to these forces in the presence of the Coriolis effect. Frictional heating due to these forces is greatest at the periapsis. These forces overcome gravitational self-attraction to destroy objects that fall inside the Roche limit. A body's rotational and orbital periods are synchronized in a "locking" named for these forces. They create two locations of maximum deflection, one at the point closest to the orbiting body and one exactly opposite. The gravitational pull of the Moon creates—for 10 points—what periodic rises and falls of the ocean?

Tide

One leader of this nation conducted a purge of political enemies as part of the Mingrelian affair. One area of this country experienced a genocidal famine known locally as Holodomor. This nation experienced an "Era of Stagnation" during the rule of a man whose namesake "doctrine" was used to justify its 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Another ruler of this country denounced his predecessor in the 1956 "Secret Speech" shortly before invading Hungary for trying to leave the Warsaw Pact. 1991 ended with the dissolution of what nation whose first ruler was Vladimir Lenin?

USSR

In one conflict, this country's namesake National Liberation Army was defeated by NRA forces led by Yoweri Museveni. That conflict, the Luwero War, saw the defeat of former president Milton Obote after a Tanzanian invasion toppled a military-usurper who tried to annex the Kagera Region. That leader referred to himself as the "Conqueror of the British Empire" after the UK broke diplomatic relations with him in 1977, and he also styled himself the "Last King of Scotland" in addition to harboring Palestinian hijackers during Operation Entebbe. For 10 points, name this landlocked East African country led by dictator Idi Amin during the 1970's.

Uganda

The Incan god Supay rules over one of these locations. Quetzalcoatl created the humans of the fifth world using objects retrieved from one of these locations. The Jaguar House, Dark House and Bat House are found in a third one of these locations, where Hunahpu's head was used in the ballgame between the lords of this location and the Hero Twins. Uku Pacha, Mictlan and Xibalba are examples of these locations. The dog-headed Xolotl leads souls to these locations. For 10 points, name these locations in Mesoamerican mythology where deceased people go.

Underworld

Two of this author's characters meet when one vomits into the other's bedroom window. One of this author's characters stands on a balcony and declaims T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land through a megaphone. The protagonist is held captive in the Brazilian jungle and forced to read Dickens to Mr. Todd in a novel by this author titled for a line from The Waste Land. One of his narrators takes another character's Catholicism as "a foible, like his Teddy-bear." This satirist wrote a novel in which Lord Sebastian Flyte befriends the painter Charles Ryder. For 10 points, name this English author of A Handful of Dust and Brideshead Revisited.

Waugh

This is the color of a fat "dimpled spider" described at the beginning of Robert Frost's poem "Design." According to a chapter about this color, it is "the most appalling to mankind" and "strikes more panic to the soul than the redness which affrights in blood." Ten drops of another color are added to make an "Optic" variety of this color at Liberty Paints. A character of this color titles a book that begins with an "Etymology" and "Extracts" "Supplied by a Sub-Sub-Librarian," and is avoided by Starbuck. That animal of this color destroys the Pequod and is hunted by Captain Ahab. For 10 points, name this color of the whale Moby Dick.

White

This character wonders aloud why genitals were created if people were supposed to remain virgins and later tells a story of King Midas asking his wife to keep his donkey ears a secret. After the Pardoner expresses doubts about his own potential wedding, this character recounts that Abraham and Jacob had multiple wives after mentioning her marriage to Jankin and four other men. This character's tale involves a sexually abusive knight whose pardon relies on him finding out what women love most. Identify this pilgrim, one of three women who narrate Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.

Wife of Bath

This thinker joined the pro-Keynesian "cafeteria group" alongside his friends Piero Sraffa and Frank Ramsay. In one of his imagined scenarios, a shopkeeper has to look up the word "red" in order to procure five apples. This man's Philosophical Investigations studied series of words connected by a "family resemblance," and another of his thought experiments involves a lion speaking English who cannot be understood. This thinker used the "beetle in a box" thought experiment to refute the theory of Private Languages. For 10 points name this Austrian thinker who wrote the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

Wittgenstein

This author wrote about four African-American boys swimming naked in a swimming hole, two of whom are shot and one of whom shoots their killer, in the story "Big Boy Leaves Home". In a novel by this author, a chauffeur tries to prevent a girl from making noise near her blind mother, leading him to suffocate the girl with a pillow. That chauffeur then decapitates and incinerates the body of Mary Dalton. This author wrote about moving from Mississippi to Chicago and joining the Communist Party in his memoir Black Boy. Name this author of the short story collection Uncle Tom's Children and the novel Native Son.

Wright

This poet wrote "I carry from my mother's womb a fanatic heart" at the end of a poem that begins "I ranted to the knave and fool", entitled "Remorse For Intemperate Speech". Another poem by this writer justifies travel by stating "An aged man is but a paltry thing." That line is in this poet's work which begins "That is no country for old men." A poem by this writer is the source of the title of Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart. Name this Irish poet of "Sailing to Byzantium" who wrote "The best lack all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity" in his poem "The Second Coming".

Yeats

In one section of this work, Opis uses a steel-tipped arrow to kill Arruns and avenge the death of the Amazon Camilla. The main character of this work has a silent companion named Achates and uses a golden bough to enter the underworld. This poem, which begins with the line "I sing of arms and the man," ends with the death of the Rutilian king Turnus. The main character of this poem causes the widow of Sychaeus to kill herself after he abandons Carthage to fulfill his destiny in Italy. For 10 points, identify this work about a Trojan prince who has an affair with Dido, an epic poem written by Virgil.

Aeneid

The first of this composer's six string quartets has a motif of rising thirds, starting from D, that signify his love of Stefi Geyer. This composer wrote a nationalist work that includes a minor-key parody of the Austrian national anthem. This composer's only opera was often paired with his ballet The Wooden Prince. An English version of this composer's opera contains the song "Tell me why you came here, Judith", and many of the songs are about opening doors. That opera ends with a newlywed wife finding her husband's three other wives. Name this composer of Kossuth and Bluebeard's Castle.

Bartok

A Mennonite community lives in this country's landlocked town of Shipyard, within the sugar growing Orange Walk District. The world's second largest barrier reef is named for this country. The Great Blue Hole lies off this country's coast. Mexico's state of Quintana Roo lies north of this country once known as British Honduras. Name this English speaking Central American country governed from Belmopan.

Belize

In one of this author's novels, Battista attempts to feed the main character snails, leading him to climb up a tree, never to return. Another book by this author partially takes place in Cimmeria, a fictional country that Professor Uzzi-Tuzii is the only remaining literature expert of. The ethereal being Qwfwq appears in stories collected in this man's Cosmicomics. The main character of the most famous novel by this author of The Baron in the Trees finds himself married to Ludmilla at the end of the book, which is written in second-person. For 10 points, name this Italian author of If on a Winter's Night a Traveler.

Calvino

When this quantity is infinitely low, it approximates activity, which is an "effective" form of this quantity. This quantity is equal to absorbance over path length times extinction coefficient according to Beer's Law. While not pressure, equilibrium constants are commonly written in terms of powers of these quantities, denoted by using brackets. The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture is equal to the total pressure times the gas's value for this quantity, according to Dalton's law. It's not chemical potential, but diffusion results from a gradient in this quantity. For ten points, name this quantity, often measured using molality or molarity.

Concentration

This country nationalized a nickel deposit at Moa Bay after demanding that Western gas companies process cheap Soviet crude oil. In 1970 this country's planned "ten‐million‐ton harvest" failed. This country hosted Eldridge Cleaver, Assata Shakur, and other Black Panthers during the 1970s, when it was a haven for American fugitives and hijackers. Name this country where Soviet missiles were placed in 1962.

Cuba

One of these animals titles a play where Countess Diana prevents Teodoro from getting married to the maid Marcella. One of these animals named Poligraf Sharikov has the pituitary gland of a human implanted into it in Mikhail Bulgakov's novel titled for the "Heart of [this animal]." One of these animals engages in a deadly fight with Spitz and kills several Yeehat Indians after realizing that John Thornton was murdered. That character, who is one of these animals, is kidnapped and learns to survive winter in the Klondike. For 10 points, name this type of animal exemplified by Buck in Jack London's The Call of the Wild.

Dog

This country worked with the Soviet Union to plan Bokaro Steel City. That city, in addition to the earlier planned Jamshedpur, is in this country's state of Jharkhand, which separated from its state of Bihar in 2000. Bihar's major city Patna was the capital of the ancient Magadha Empire. This country fought a 1962 war against China over the location of the McMahon Line, which is the furthest extent of this country's state of Arunachal Pradesh. Most of this country is southwest of Nepal and Bangladesh, and this country is between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Name this country whose populous cities include Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai, and New Delhi.

India

The original study of this element came after it was found in a mineral that contained arsenic and looked like copper. This element is now often derived from garnierite, which contains an oxide of this element that can be used as input to the Mond process. This is the second-most abundant metal in metallic meteorites, after iron. Isotope 56 of this element is temporarily created in supernovas, but it decays into cobalt and then iron. This element and cadmium are used to make some batteries, and it is also used in many coins. Name this ferro·magnetic element which is the second-most abundant element in the Earth's core.

Nickel

Mutations in the NTRK1 gene cause insensitivity to this phenomenon and an inability to sweat, a condition known as CIPA. Groups of one kind of nerve that transmit this phenomenon are known as Remak bundles. This phenomenon's namesake "wind-up" is caused by repeated stimulation of group C fibers. A-delta fibers quickly carry the "acute" sensation of this phenomenon. Inflammation and this phenomenon are mediated by Substance P. This phenomenon is suppressed by COX-2 inhibitors and other NSAIDs. This phenomenon is sensed by nociceptors. Analgesics reduce—for 10 points—what unpleasant sensation that's treated with ibuprofen or aspirin?

Pain

Michel Foucault rejected a "juridico-discursive" model of this concept in which it has a "negative relation" with individual behavior. This concept is the first non-article in the title of a book that identifies the "corporate rich" and "political directorate" among members of the namesake group. In international relations, The "soft" and "hard" forms of this concept describe a state's ability to exercise co-optation or coercion. In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu described the "separation" of this concept among a legislative, executive, and judicial branch. For 10 points, name this ability of an individual or state to influence others to its will.

Power

This literary movement was strongly influenced by a collaborative pamphlet, part of which described reading James Macpherson's "Ossian" while at sea. A Gothic poem from this movement is about a woman who rides a horse with a man she thinks is her fiancé but is actually Death; that poem is "Lenore". Another work from this movement is told by a man who falls in love with Charlotte and writes letters to Wilhelm. The most prominent members of this movement eventually abandoned it for Weimar Classicism. Name this 18th-century German movement of which Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were proponents.

Sturm und Drang

The Supreme Court's majority opinion from a recent case noted that the prefatory clause of this amendment "does not limit the [operative clause] grammatically, but rather announces a purpose." In addition to the First Amendment, the 1875 case U.S. v. Cruikshank focused on this amendment, which was applied to the states in the 2010 case McDonald v. Chicago. In 2008, the court ruled in District of Columbia v. Heller that this amendment conferred the right to self-defense. A "well regulated militia" is mentioned in the text of what amendment that protects the right to bear arms?

2nd

According to at least one midrash, this figure destroyed his father's idol-shop as a youth, sparking a chain of events that leads in the death of his brother Haran. This man led a force of 318 men at the Battle of the Vale of Siddim in order to rescue his nephew from king Chedorlaomer, and he tried to protect his wife from the Philistines by claiming she was his sister. He married the handmaid Hagar but later cast her and their son Ishmael away after Sarah gave birth to Isaac. For 10 points, name this biblical patriarch, the namesake of a family of middle eastern religions.

Abraham

The difference in this quantity for two reactions is proportional to their differences in enthalpies according to the Evans-Polanyi principle. E is raised to the quantity "negative this quantity over RT" to calculate the rate constant in the Arrhenius equation. On a reaction coordinate, this quantity can be visualized as the difference between the maximum point and the curve's value for the reactants. Catalysts lower this quantity. For ten points, name this amount of energy which must be supplied to a system for a reaction to occur, often symbolized "E sub a".

Activation energy

The Badakhshan Province serves as the northernmost region of this country and contains the former base camp of a guerilla group active in this country in the early 1980s. The Amu Darya lies on the border between this country and its northern neighbor. This country borders China due to the presence of a wedge-shaped projection called the Wakhan Corridor. The Hindu Kush extends from the northeastern portion of this country that is bordered on the north by Tajikistan. Identify this Asian nation also bordered by Uzbekistan, Iran, and Pakistan.

Afghanistan

The equilibrium point in the national investment curve on the IS-LM model corresponds to this specific quantity, whose namesake function shifts upward with a rise in consumer expenditures. The Keynesian cross diagram plots this macroeconomic quantity on the vertical axis, against GDP. A model plotting real output and price level shows a graph with a negative slope representing this value, and its shifts are often attributed to an increase in spending. Identify this quantity, which is often contrasted with aggregate supply.

Aggregate demand

Materials that react with this substance are often distilled using a Perkin triangle. This is the substance that most commonly undergoes the Linde cycle. Microporous zeolites are used to separate the components of this substance in one application of pressure swing adsorption. A Schlenk line is a dual manifold that helps avoid reactions with this substance by providing a counterflow of an inert material while pumping out this substance. This substance is almost 1 percent argon, and its water vapor content is measured as humidity. For 10 points, name this gas that's roughly 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen, and whose weight creates atmospheric pressure.

Air

While serving this leader, Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana defeated Muzaffar Shah III, who had escaped from prison. Khan Khana was one of the Navaratnas, or Nine Gems, who served in this leader's court. The defeat of Shah gave this leader control over Gujarat, and Sulaiman Khan Karrani then ceded control over Bengal to this leader. This leader avenged the loss at the Battle of Delhi when Hemugot struck by an arrow at the Second Battle of Panipat. This leader maintained his empire by getting along with his non-Muslim subjects. Name this late-16th-century leader who served between Humayun and Jahangir as Mughal Emperor.

Akbar I

An experiment that proved that this quantity is coupled with the magnetic moment of individual atoms by magnetizing an iron cylinder was run by Einstein and de Haas. For a charged particle, this quantity is related to the magnetic dipole moment by a factor of q over 2m, the gyromagnetic ratio. By Noether's theorem, this quantity is conserved due to rotational invariance. This quantity has both spin and orbital forms. Torque is the derivative of this quantity with respect to time. This quantity is equal to the moment of inertia times angular velocity. For 10 points, name this quantity, symbolized L, the rotational analogue of linear momentum.

Angular momentum

An equation that is similar to this one is named for Eyring and Polanyi and uses a term calculated as "Boltzmann's constant times temperature divided by Planck's constant." This equation contains a term equal to the collision frequency times the steric factor and it calculates the rate constant from the activation energy and pre-exponential factor. Identify this equation named for a Swedish chemist that relates the reaction rate to the temperature.

Arrhenius

A poem by this writer says "Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun" and ends "For nothing now can ever come to any good." Another poem by this writer ends with a delicate ship that "had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on" after seeing "a boy falling out of the sky". The French title of that poem refers to a building in Brussels. Another poem by this writer states "Those to whom evil is done do evil in return" and "We must love one another or die." That poem is set at the outbreak of World War II. Name this poet born in England who wrote "Funeral Blues", "Musée des Beaux Arts", and "September 1, 1939".

Auden

In Charles Frazier's Cold Mountain, the Swangers let one of these objects fall open and stab their finger at it, seeing it as magic. A novel that mentions this object in its title states "We are the balance of our damage and our transgressions." That novel, about a family that moves from the United States to the Belgian Congo, has a title in which this object is made from a tree that causes skin irritation. In another novel, Tom Sawyer shocked his teacher by presenting ten yellow tickets for one of these objects. According to Emily Dickinson, this object is an "antique volume". Name this object mentioned in a Barbara Kingsolver title, where it is made of poisonwood.

Bible

Like carbon, this element can form three-center two-electron bonds in its hydrides. Kernite is an ore of this element, whose hydrides can be categorized as closo or nido. An organic compound containing this element is a reactant in the Suzuki reaction, and both this element's hydroxide and its trifluoride are Lewis acids since it commonly forms covalent compounds that are electron deficient. This is the lightest element used to dope p-type semiconductors, and this element increases thermal shock resistance in Pyrex glass. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number 5 and symbol B.

Boron

A king from this house concealed his marriage to a deeply Christian woman who founded a girls' school and was named Madame de Maintenon. Two consecutive kings from this house were succeeded by a great-grandson and a grandson due to the length of their rule. The title "Prince of Condé" was taken by members of this house, into which Marie de Medici married. The founder of this dynasty was also King of Navarre, and converted to Catholicism after deeming his capital "well worth a mass." That king from this house granted religious toleration with the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this last ruling house of France, whose rulers included Louis XVI and Henry IV.

Bourbon

Traditionally in China, one of these devices is used to resonate two strings that are connected to a box covered on one end by python skin. This device was redesigned by François Tourte. A hand-cranked wheel replaces this device in a hurdy-gurdy. This device is held in the right hand by users of rebabs and erhus. For some users, these devices can be held with either a "French" or a "German" grip. These devices often have an adjustable "frog" and must be rosined. Pizzicato is a way of playing without these devices, which are usually made with horsehair. For 10 points, name these devices used to play instruments like the violin.

Bow

Before embarking on his most famous journey, this man named his newly-born son "fetter" after realizing that he had become bound to his wife by his child. A friend of King Bimbisara, this prince of the Sakyas overcame the armies of the demon-king Mara by calling the Earth to witness at Bodh Gaya. In doing so, he fulfilled his birth-prophecy that he would either become the king of the world or a spiritual teacher who would save it. This figure meditated beneath the Bodhi tree for 49 days and realized the eightfold path. For 10 points, name this enlightened religious leader who preached a middle path towards nirvana.

Buddha

This figure's last meal is said to have consisted either of pork or of food enjoyed by pigs. This figure redeems a finger necklace-owning killer by preventing the killer from performing matricide. Depictions of this figure often contain the "32 signs of a great man." This figure is depicted in a pose representing the earth witnessing his triumph over Mara after 49 days under a fig tree. This figure delivered his first sermon in Deer Park. This figure abandoned his kshatriya life after seeing the "four sights" of an old man, sick man, dead man, and an ascetic. For 10 points, name this former prince who discovered the Noble Eightfold Path as a middle way to achieve Nirvana.

Buddha

This man encounters a bookkeeper who does not cross 't's or dot 'i's to save ink, Johnny Inkslinger, as well as the cooks Cream Puff Fatty and Hot Biscuit Slim. In one story, this man turns a lake with peas spilled in it into pea soup; in another story, this figure greases his flapjack griddle by skating on it with bacon. He lives through the Winter of the Blue Snow, during which he finds a blue calf that he names Babe. His and Babe's footsteps create Minnesota's 10,000 lakes, and when he drags his ax on the ground, it cuts a ditch that forms the Grand Canyon. For 10 points, name this giant lumberjack from American folklore.

Bunyan

At this value, the net recruitment rate is theoretically zero. Maximizing this quantity typically requires iteroparity, and it appears in the denominator of the competitive Lotka-Volterra equations. Humans will soon exceed this value according to a 1968 book by Paul Ehrlich. This quantity is maximized in a "strategy" that's characterized by large body size and few offspring, which is opposed to r-selection. This quantity represents the asymptote of a logistic growth curve, an equilibrium where natural birth and death rates are equal. For 10 points, name this maximum sustainable population for a species in an environment.

Carrying capacity

30,000 people were killed in a raid orchestrated by this monarch against a city that had recently been captured by Hayreddin Barbarossa. His ineffective New Laws prompted the Valladolid debates. The enormous fleet for this monarch's conquest of Tunis was mostly financed with the gold ransom delivered from Atahualpa. Troops fighting against the League of Cognac for this son of Philip the Handsome and Juana the​ Mad pillaged monasteries while sacking Rome. This king spent his gouty final years at a monastery after abdicating. His massive inheritance included the Habsburg Netherlands. Name this Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain who abdicated in 1556 in favor of his son, Philip II.

Charles V

When the mother of this novel's protagonist asks her who the father of her child is, she responds that it's "God's." This novel's protagonist reads about the children Olivia and Adam, Corrine's Olinka burial, and Samuel's missionary work through Nettie's letters. This novel's protagonist brings cigarettes and coffee to a character with whom she eventually falls in love, Shug Avery. To escape the abusive Alfonso, this novel's protagonist marries "Mr." and writes letters about her experiences. Identify this novel about Celie by Alice Walker, named for a pigment.

Color Purple

A recently discovered album by this musician, Both Directions at Once, was released in 2018. This musician's second wife recorded the album Journey in Satchidananda after adopting a Sanskrit name. A four-note bass motif appears in the track "Acknowledgment," which ends with this man chanting the name of the album. He played alongside Cannonball Adderley on Kind of Blue, and was a pioneer of modal jazz with Miles Davis. He recorded Giant Steps and a cover of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "My Favorite Things." For 10 points, name this man behind A Love Supreme, a famous saxophonist

Coltrane

The Mayans attributed the existence of these phenomena to a son of Seven Macaw named Cabrakan. The epithet "enosichthon" recognizes the role of Poseidon in creating them. In Japanese mythology, the catfish Namazu causes these phenomena when Kashima fails to pin him under a rock. In the Poetic Edda, these events occur when Sigyn pauses to empty a bowl of serpent venom, and are caused by Loki writhing in pain as poison drips onto his face. The Greeks believed that Poseidon slammed down his trident to cause, for 10 points, what natural disasters in which the ground shakes?

Earthquakes

A five-headed deity in the form of this animal was known as Heramba, and was one of 32 forms of another deity praised in the Mudgala Purana. During the Kurukshetra War, one of these animals named Ashwathama was killed by Bhima to fool Drona into thinking that his son Ashwathama had died. One of these animals with five heads and wings emerged from the Churning of the Ocean. Indra rides one of these animals named Airavata. A deity in the form of this animal rides a mouse, and is also known as Ganapati. A god made from clay by Parvati was beheaded by Shiva and then given the head of one of these animals. Ganesha has the head of—for 10 points—what tusked animal?

Elephant

In one embarrassing incident, Pompey the Great was stranded outside of Rome before his triumph because he unwisely used four of these animals to pull his chariot instead of horses. They are not camels, but these animals were often ridden into battle using mounted carriages called howdahs. At the battle of Zama, Roman forces neutralized the efficacy of these animals by creating gaps in their line for them to pass through and blowing trumpets to make them stampede. For 10 points, name these large tusked animals that Hannibal brought over the Alps.

Elephants

One artist from this country collected a series of landscape prints in his Liber Studiorum. In a painting from this country, the sun is depicted setting beneath a brown cloud while a sailing ship is "tugged to her last berth to be broken up." A small hare can be seen running along a structure in a painting from this country which depicts a train on the Great Western Railway crossing a bridge during a storm. One artist from this country depicted a dog standing near a river by Willy Lott's cottage toward which a cart is being pulled. For 10 points, name this home country of the artists of Rain, Steam, and Speed and The Hay Wain, J.M.W Turner and John Constable.

England

In one episode of this show, fish rain down from the sky, killing a supermarket owner's son and bodyguard and seemingly confirming the existence of God's plagues. A deaf man and his partner kill people in this show by drilling holes in ice and drowning their targets. A life insurance agent fails to say no when a hitman offers to kill Sam Hess in this show; that agent, played by Martin Freeman, kills his wife with a hammer. This show is based on a movie in which Carl's body is fed to a wood chipper. Molly Solverson attempts to track down Lorne Malvo in, for 10 points, what show based on a 1996 Coen Brothers movie named for a North Dakota town?

Fargo

This opera's antagonist looks forward to planning the murder of his rival in the aria "Ha! welch ein Augenblick". Jacquino loves Marcellina in this opera; they are two of the four characters who sing the canon quartet "Mir ist so wunderbar". Act two of this opera opens with the aria "Gott! Welch Dunkel hier!", which is sung by a jailed man who is the title character's husband. Don Pizarro is responsible for jailing that man, Florestan. In this opera, Florestan's wife is named Leonore, but she takes a new name when she disguises herself as a man. Name this only opera by Ludwig van Beethoven.

Fidelio

The immune response to this virus is inhibited by the NS1 protein and ​two types of this virus have eight segments of RNA while a third has only seven segments. One drug for this virus inhibits an enzyme produced by this virus that cleaves sialic acid while another inhibits the M2 proton channel. Hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase form the glycoprotein surface of this virus. The strain that caused a​ 1918 outbreak of this virus was the H1N1 strain. In early 2018, the WHO recommended changing a strain of this virus used in its namesake "shot." Name this virus that comes in bird and swine varieties.

Flu

This activist made a pact with Lord Irwin that was supported by William Benn and Ramsay MacDonald. This activist started the Tolstoy farm and wrote the autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. This person spent much of his career in South Africa, helping Zulus who were injured in a war with the British and working as a lawyer trying to expand voting rights. In his native country, he advocated buying khadi textiles instead of foreign imports and led the Salt March to Dandi. This person was killed by the Hindu nationalist Nathuram Godse. Name this revolutionary proponent of satya·graha who is considered India's "Father of the Nation".

Gandhi

One enemy of this man can hear a deer stir in the forest from sixty leagues away. At a wedding, this man attempts to sleep with a bride before the groom, although he is fought off by another man. This man ties stones to his feet to retrieve an immortality-granting plant at the bottom of the sea, which is later stolen by a serpent. This man, who is two thirds god, rejects the goddess Ishtar after defeating Humbaba in the Cedar Forest with the help of Enkidu. For 10 points, name this King of Uruk who is the subject of a Mesopotamian epic.

Gilgamesh

A defect in one enzyme in this pathway has a severe "Beppu" variant and causes echinocytes to appear on a peripheral smear. An enzyme that catalyzes the start of this pathway has three subtypes referred to as "low ​K​-sub-​m​" isozymes for their increased affinity to their substrate, and also a fourth isozyme that is found only in the liver. Another enzyme in this pathway performs an aldol cleavage to form the intermediate DHAP. This pathway begins with substrate-level phosphorylation carried out by hexokinase and ends with two three-carbon molecules that are eventually converted into acetyl-CoA. Name this first step of cellular respiration that cleaves glucose to create two pyruvate molecules.

Glycolysis

Protestants in this country were killed in the Bann River in the Portadown Massacre, part of the Eleven Years' War. The "Three Fs" were a series of tenant-right goals during a period of agrarian reform known as this country's "Land War." Charles Stewart Parnell was an early leader of this country's Home Rule Movement. Robert Peel repealed the Corn Laws in response to an event in this country that led citizens to convert to Protestantism in exchange for soup. Millions of people emigrated from this country on "coffin ships" after a blight of a certain crop. For 10 points, name this island country that suffered a namesake "potato famine" in the 1840s.

Ireland

The disease abbreviated "NASH" affects this organ, the anatomy of which was first classified by Claude Couinaud. This organ secretes the majority of the body's angiotensinogen. The Cori cycle involves lactic acid moving to this organ. It's not skin, but many​ infants experience a condition associated with this organ which results in yellowed skin. This organ can store glucose in the form of glycogen, which it can then release into the bloodstream via the hepatic vein. Excessive consumption of alcohol may lead to cirrhosis of this organ. Name this organ that produces alkaline bile in order to digest lipids.

Liver

A public works project during the reign of this ruler connected the Étang de Thau to the Garonne and was originally named for Languedoc. A commander for this monarch worked with star-shaped fortifications, and during his rule, the import of Venetian glass was banned. Generals for this ruler included the Prince of Condé and Turenne, who won the Battle of the​ Dunes. This ruler advocated ending the War of Devolution and his armies fought at Turin and Blenheim. This man who was served by Cardinal Mazarin built a complex including the Hall of Mirrors, which is the Palace of Versailles. Name this absolutist "Sun King" of France.

Louis XIV

The Tsimihety people are indigenous to this country that contains the Tsimiroro oil fields and has its highest point at Maromokotro. Malagasy is the national language of this nation that is home to lemurs. Lying across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa is what island nation with capitol at Antananarivo?

Madagascar

The rainforests of the Atsinanana are the home to six national parks in this country that was home to the now extinct elephant bird. Mayotte is located to the northwest of this country that was colonized by France after having been previously known as the Malagasy Republic. The baobab tree is native to this country that is also the only native home of lemurs in the world. Antananarivo is the capital of what island nation that is separated by the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa.

Madagascar

This instrument sometimes echoes a rapid ascending scale from G to D that's played by a set of pipes. This instrument is introduced immediately after the soprano showpiece "O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn". This instrument is played while passing through chambers of fire and water in a trial that grants the protagonist access to a temple. After slaying a serpent, three ladies who serve the Queen of the Night give a set of magic bells to Papageno and give this instrument to Tamino. For 10 points, name this enchanted instrument that titles an opera by Mozart

Magic Flute

A painting by this artist shows a kissing couple with their faces covered in white cloth. This artist wanted a patron to put one of his paintings at the bottom of a staircase so it would "stab" guests. This artist painted men in black floating in space in Golconda. A pipe appears above the French words for "this is not a pipe" in a painting by this artist. A candlestick is not reflected in a mirror, and a train emerges from a fireplace, in another painting by this artist. In yet another painting by this artist, an apple covers the face of a man with a bowler hat. Name this Belgian surrealist who painted Time Transfixed and The Son of Man.

Magritte

A symphony by this composer has led to a debate over the ordering of the inner two movements, the "Andante moderato" and the "Scherzo: Wuchtig". Another of this composer's symphonies is partly a musical setting of a poem by Friedrich Klopstock. A minor-key Frère Jacques is played by a solo bass to open the third movement of this composer's first symphony. This composer's sixth symphony includes three hammer blows and a theme named for this composer's wife, Alma. This composer's eighth symphony is nicknamed for the many performers required to play it. Name this composer of symphonies nicknamed Resurrection and Symphony of a Thousand.

Mahler

This battle was part of an offensive against Eretria in revenge for the burning of Sardis, where the defenders were aided by troops from Plataea under Arimnestos. Cynaegirus lost his hand while trying to prevent a trireme from leaving shore during this battle. The religious Carneia festival prevented the army of Sparta from aiding in this battle. Miltiades led the winning side against the armies of Darius I in this battle. To prevent confusion, the victorious side at this battle sent the runner Pheidippides to deliver the result of it. For 10 points, name this 490 BC Athenian victory over the Persians which names a 26.2 mile race.

Marathon

In 2012, this leader was found in contempt of court after a refusal to release an Algerian immigrant from a detention center. In the 2016 Trident Debate, this leader stirred controversy after suggesting that it was OK to kill one hundred thousand innocent civilians during a nuclear strike. In 2017, this leader triggered Article 50 to begin the process of withdrawing her nation from the European Union, leading this leader to be found in contempt of Parliament. Identify this successor to David Cameron who is currently Great Britain's second female Prime Minister

May

One portion of this legislation was struck down by the Supreme Court in a suit brought by Wisconsin Right to Life. This legislation was mostly upheld in a 2003 Supreme Court case brought by Mitch McConnell. Provisions of this legislation included limits on soft money as well as restrictions on when ads could be aired by outside organizations. This legislation was introduced by a Wisconsin Democrat and an Arizona Republican. Identify this 2002 campaign finance legislation, parts of which were overturned in the 2010 Citizens United case.

McCain-Feingold Act

Prior to the Civil War, this man was selected by Jefferson Davis to survey the area around the Cascade Mountains as a possible route for the Transcontinental Railroad. This man took a leadership role during the War when he replaced Irvin McDowell following the First Battle of Bull Run. After the end of the failed Peninsular Campaign, this man was replaced by Ambrose Burnside. Later, this man lost the Presidential election of 1864 to Abraham Lincoln. Identify this Civil War general who was removed from his command of the Army of the Potomac after the Battle of Antietam.

McClellan

This man's familial ties to a Chinese shipping magnate implicated in smuggling illegal drugs were publicized in an ad run by Don Blankenship, who added "cocaine" in front of this man's name in that ad. When the Senate voted to silence Elizabeth Warren's objections to confirming Jeff Sessions as Attorney General, this man uttered "Nevertheless, she persisted" when trying to defend the actions taken by the Senate. In 2017, he used the "nuclear option" to confirm Neil Gorsuch as a Supreme Court Justice. For 10 points, name this Kentucky Republican, who has served as Senate Majority Leader since January 2015.

McConnell

In this year, one man stopped to pray at Waltham Abbey after his rival landed at Pevensey. The Battle of Fulford, which took place in this year, resulted in the defeat of Edwin, Earl of Mercia and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. Tostig and many soldiers from Norway were killed in this year at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Edward the Confessor died in this year. A battle taking place in this year is depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry. In this year, Harold Godwinson was overthrown by an invader from Normandy. For 10 points, name this year when William the Conqueror took control of England after the Battle of Hastings.

1066

A group of poets from this century supposedly lent their name to a French "library" of complete works editions published by Gallimard. In this century, a king's sister wrote a Boccaccio-inspired collection that became known as the Heptameron. A group of poets from this century called "La Pléiade" included Joachim du Bellay and Pierre de Ronsard. A writer from this century described an abbey with the motto "do what thou wilt" named for Thélème. That French writer from this century used famously vulgar language to write novels about Panurge and the giants Gargantua and Pantagruel. For 10 points, name this century of Renaissance writers like François Rabelais.

16th

Despite having been exiled from the U.S., in this year Clement Vallandigham showed up at the Democratic Party Convention and wrote the platform. Illinois Democrats tried to nominate New York Governor Horatio Seymour, but he did not want to run. During this year, the Republican Party tried to attract Democratic voters by calling itself the National Union Party. The Democratic vice-presidential candidate had the support of the Copperheads, though they disagreed with the selection of George McClellan to head this year's ticket. Name this election year in which the Confederacy did not vote and in which Abraham Lincoln was re-elected.

1864

The deciding vote in favor of this constitutional amendment was cast by Harry T. Burn, a 23-year-old state representative in Tennessee. After this amendment was certified by Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby, an unsuccessful challenge to it was made in the case Leser v. Garnett. In an earlier unsuccessful attempt to pass this amendment, the U.S. President said it was "vitally essential to the successful prosecution of the great war of humanity in which we are engaged". This amendment was adopted in 1920 with support from Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul. Name this amendment that allowed women to vote.

19

This film popularized bright red Djinn chairs. One character in this film sings the song "Daisy" as it dies. A shot of an old man lying in a bed in this film cuts to a giant fetus. The first section of this film ends with a match cut from a thrown bone to a spaceship - that section depicts a primitive man using the bone as a weapon after touching a black monolith. Richard Strauss' Also Sprach Zarathustra plays over of the opening of this film. The quote "I'm sorry Dave. I'm afraid I can't do that" is said after the command "Open the pod bay doors, HAL" is denied by a supercomputer aboard a spaceship. For 10 points, name this Stanley Kubrick film about a journey to Jupiter

2001: A Space Odyssey

During this battle, Frederika Riedesel tended to the wounded while under fire in the cellar of the Marshall House. After losing his namesake redoubt in this battle, Heinrich Breymann was killed by his own men after attacking them with a saber. Daniel Morgan's riflemen obliterated enemy artillerymen at Freeman's Farm in this battle. Simon Fraser was killed by a sniper in this battle, during which Benedict Arnold broke his leg while taking Bemis Heights. France decided to support the American Revolution following, for 10 points, what battle at which Horatio Gates defeated John Burgoyne in upstate New York.

Saratoga

One type of this process names a quantity equal to "h over m c"; that wavelength is multiplied by "one minus the cosine of theta" to calculate a wavelength difference. Another type of this process leads to Stokes or anti-Stokes shifts. The intensity of one example of this general process is proportional to wavelength to the negative fourth power; that process is named for Rayleigh. The Compton form of this process results in a photon losing energy. This process may be classified as elastic or inelastic, depending on whether kinetic energy is conserved. For ten points, name this process where two particles collide, resulting in a change in their trajectories.

Scattering

Brahms revised his B major work for this many performers to remove quotations of Schubert songs. Mahler's symphony of this number opens with the movement "Pan Awakes, Summer Marches In." Vaughan Williams' symphony of this number evokes the fields of France and is nicknamed "Pastoral." Mozart's Kegelstatt was scored for this many performers. A Beethoven piece written for this many performers was given the nickname Archduke, while his symphony of this number contains a 2nd movement funeral march and was dedicated to Napoleon. For 10 points, name this number of Beethoven's Eroica Symphony and the number of performers in a trio.

3

Tien-Yien Li and James Yorke showed that a dynamical system with a period of this length is chaotic. One of the problems of antiquity was to divide an angle into this number of congruent smaller angles. If a polynomial's graph has an inflection point, the polynomial's degree must be at least this number. This number is the smallest number that is part of a Pythagorean triple. It is the smallest number of sides that a simple polygon can have and is the smallest odd prime number. Name this number that is the closest integer to both e and pi.

3

An attempt to generalize the Pell equation led Carl Ferdinand Degen to devise the square identity named for this many square numbers. Numbers with three distinct prime number factors, known as sphenic numbers, always have this many total positive factors. A number is divisible by this number if, when it is written in binary, the last three digits are all zeros. This is the number of bits in a byte. A polygon with this many sides can be made by lopping off each corner of a square. The regular polygon with this number of sides has 20 diagonals and central angles that measure 45 degrees. Give this number of sides in an octagon.

8

In the Supreme Court case US v. Bajakajian, the Court ruled that a $350,000 fine against a man violated this amendment. In the case of US v. Salerno, the court ruled that bail could only be set high enough to ensure that a defendent would appear at trial. In Furman v. Georgia, the court ruled that discriminatory measures could not be used to enact the death penalty while citing this amendment. Identify this Constitutional amendment that banned cruel and unusual punishment.

8th

This person referred to his critics as "an effete corps of impudent snobs" and "hopeless, hysterical hypochondriacs of history". This person cracked down on protesters at Bowie State University in 1968, and he was accused of talking to Baltimore's African-American leaders like they were children shortly after the assassination of Martin Luther King. When George Beall learned that Lester Matz had made kickback payments, this person pled no contest to tax evasion. Name this governor of Maryland and running mate of Richard Nixon who became the first vice president to resign the office in disgrace.

Agnew

In one of this author's plays, Julia returns home after a divorce and demands that Harry and Edna get out of her room. A character created by this author recalls a story about a teenage boy who causes much laughter at a bar by ordering "bergin." A character created by this author fires a gun at his wife, only for an umbrella to come out. This author of A Delicate Balance included acts titled "The Exorcism" and "Walpurgisnacht" in his most famous play. In that play by this man, Honey is accused of having a "hysterical pregnancy" by George and Martha, whose own son is later revealed to be imaginary. For 10 points, name this American playwright of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Albee

This U.S city shares its name with a 16th-century Portuguese imperialist who expanded his country's maritime power by capturing Malacca and Goa. The Sandia Mountains pass through this city, which is the seat of Bernalillo County. This city straddles the Rio Grande about 200 miles south of the river's headwaters in Colorado. This is the first major city west of Amarillo, Texas on Interstate 40, it is about halfway to Flagstaff, Arizona on that highway. Name this city 50 miles away from its state's capital, Santa Fe.

Albuquerque

In this process, one entity's energy is related to a constant in the Geiger-Nuttall Law which was first calculated by George Gamow. Unlike a similar process, this process is governed by the nuclear and electromagnetic forces. Once this process is finished, an atom's mass number will be decreased by four, and during this process, an atom's nucleus emits a helium atom. Identify this type of radioactive decay named for the first letter in the Greek alphabet.

Alpha decay

People near this body of water often live in longhouses called malocas. This river's basin contains a tract of the land preserved for the Man of the Hole, an isolated native whose territory is threatened by ranchers from Rondonia. The largest cities lying on this river are Belem and Manaus. The largest blackwater river in the world is a tributary of this river called the Rio Negro. Animals found in this river include a pink dolphin and the carnivorous red-bellied piranha. The most biodiverse region in the world is the rainforest surrounding this river. For 10 points, name this longest river in South America.

Amazon

During a speech called on George Washington's birthday, this President accused Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner of plotting to assassinate him. During a reelection bid, this man engaged in a poorly planned speaking tour dubbed "Swing Around the Circle." This man is the only person in US history to serve in the Senate after serving as President. A 19th century trial involving this President stemmed from his attempt to remove Edwin Stanton from power in violation of the Tenure of Office Act. Identify this 17th US President who was the first President to be impeached.

Andrew Johnson

Naveed Khan discovered one of this class of drugs using crushed cockroach brains. Panda blood contains cathelicidin A.M., which can be used as this type of drug. Some drugs in this class have four hydrocarbon rings, are called tetracyclines, and are used to treat some skin conditions, Rickettsia, and chlamydia. Some other medicines of this type contain beta-lactam rings, such as cephalosporins. The first drug of this type to be discovered was penicillin. There are some efforts to get doctors to use these medicines less because they become less effective as the organisms they target develop resistance. Name these drugs that target bacteria.

Antibiotics

These people fought a pack of six-armed earth giants at Bear Mountain. One of these people, the runner Euphemus, received a magic clod of dirt from the god Triton,andlatersentadovethroughtheClashingRockstodeterminehisship'ssafepassage. The leader of this group was identified by his uncle Pelias after losing a sandal, causing him to be sent from Thessaly on a quest to Colchis. Hercules, Castor, and Pollux were part of what group that accompanied Jason to find the Golden Fleece?

Argonauts

One king of this city was born in the aftermath of Hephaestus's attempted rape of Athena. A more famous king of this city had the choice to inherit his birthright either by traveling through calm seas or bandit- infested roads; of course, he chose the roads and defeated the bandits Pityocamptes, Sciron, and Procrustes. That king is later saved by Heracles after attempting to kidnap Persephone, although his companion Pirithous is not. By his heroic exploits, this city no longer needed to send seven boys and girls to Crete as annual tribute for the Minotaur. For 10 points, name this city, the namesake of a Greek goddess of wisdom.

Athens

This country's Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 was designed by Alfred Deakin and required would-be immigrants to pass a dictation test in a European language of the official's choice. The bill was the first part of this country's so-called "white policy", which ended in 1966. In 2008, an apology to this nation's Stolen Generations was given by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. Arthur Phillip started a settlement on this country's east coast in 1788, a few years after its east coast had been claimed for Britain by James Cook. Name this country that has changed its handling of its Aboriginal population and which started out as a penal colony.

Australia

The Riegle-Neal Act passed in 1994 made it easier for companies of this type to cross state lines, which reversed a major provision of the McFadden Act. A law passed in 1933 named for these businesses, commonly referred to as the Glass-Steagall Act, explicitly separated these businesses from securities firms. A threatened failure of these businesses caused the Panic of 1907, which ended when leaders of these businesses worked together, following the lead of J .P. Morgan. Name these institutions that borrow and loan money.

Banks

A player of this instrument included the Charlie Parker tribute "Reincarnation of a Lovebird" on an album that begins with "Haitian Fight Song." Duke Ellington's band circa 1940 is often named for Ben Webster and a player of this instrument named Jimmy Blanton. The album The Clown was made by a player of this instrument who included "Tracks" A, B, and C and "Modes" D, E, and F on The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady. This instrument often plays in a steady rhythm to create a "walking" part. A player of it included "Goodbye Porkpie Hat" on an album titled [his name] Ah Um. Charles Mingus played—for 10 points—what string instrument that's played standing up?

Bass

During this battle, the "twin villages" of Krinkelt and Rocherath were defended by the 2nd Infantry Division on the approaches to Elsenborn Ridge. At the crisis of this battle, Anthony McAuliffe gave the commander of the 47th Panzer Corps the short message "nuts!" and refused to surrender Bastogne. Name this battle that started on December 16, 1944, in which the Germans tried to split Allied lines.

Battle of the Bulge

This author described the title figure as having "nocturnal visions" in a poem beginning "My impoverished muse, alas!" This author of "The Sick Muse" discussed the concept of flaneur in the essay "The Painter of Modern Life." He depicted animals whose "great white wings drag beside them like oars" in one poem, and addressed the "hypocrite reader" in a poem that addresses the concept of ennui. This author of "The Albatross" divided his major poetry collection into the sections "Wine," "Revolt," and "Spleen and Ideal." For 10 points, name this Parisian poet of "To the Reader" which was included in his Les Fleurs du Mal.

Baudelaire

This artist had a servant slash the face of a cheating mistress whom he earlier depicted in his Bust of Costanza Bonarelli. Although the king rejected this artist's designs for the Louvre, this sculptor created a bust of Louis XIV. The namesake deity raises a conch shell to his lips in this artist's Triton Fountain, although this sculptor is more famous for a set of fountains in the Piazza Navona depicting the personifications of four rivers. A hidden window illuminates bronze "rays of light" over another work by this sculptor, in which an angel thrusts an arrow toward the title nun. For 10 points, name this Italian Baroque sculptor of The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa.

Bernini

A set of numbers with this name are calculated by a computer program written in 1843 by Ada Lovelace. A distribution with this name has a p.m.f. that takes the value "p" at 1 and the value "1 minus p" at 0. This is the name of the "n equals 1" case of the binomial distribution. This is the name for "trials" like coin flips that have only two possible outcomes. A man with this last name solved the St. Petersburg paradox by formulating the notion of economic "utility." Leonhard Euler studied with a member of this family. The "principle" that an increase in fluid speed corresponds to a decrease in pressure is named for a member of—for 10 points—what Swiss family of scientists?

Bernoulli

This woman's sister paid homage to pioneering funk musician Junie Morrison in a track in which she sings "Hit 'em with a left / Hit 'em when they knock, knock" and André 3000 repeatedly sings "Jump on it." This woman's sister included an interview in which her father describes being "lost in this vacuum between integration and segregation" alongside tracks like "Don't Touch My Hair" and "Cranes in the Sky" on the 2016 album A Seat at the Table. This sister of Solange recorded the album Everything is Love with her husband after rebuking him with the album Lemonade. For 10 points, name this wife of Jay-Z, the singer of "Crazy in Love" and "Halo."

Beyonce

This was the main color of the Valentino outfit with a Y-shaped stripe that Julia Roberts wore to the 2001 Oscars. At the premiere of Four Weddings and a Funeral, a Versace outfit in this color, held together by huge gold safety pins, was worn by Elizabeth Hurley. This is the dominant color of Yves Saint-Laurent's "Le Smoking" outfit. Givenchy made a dress in this color that Audrey Hepburn wears in the opening scene of Breakfast at Tiffany's. Coco Chanel popularized a "little dress" in this color. A cummerbund is worn for the namesake dress code of—for 10 points—what color of tie, which is worn with a tuxedo?

Black

A parable told during this historical event inspired both Gotthold Lessing's Nathan the Wise and Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub. This historical event inspired stories in which Federigo gives Giovanna her son's beloved falcon to eat and Melchizedek explains the equal value of rings representing the Abrahamic religions to Saladin. Gualtieri claims he killed his children in order to test his wife Griselda's patience in a story told by Dioneo while hiding from this disease in a church. For 10 points, name this outbreak of disease that forced the pilgrims in Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron to flee Florence.

Black Death

This organization lost much of its public support after three of its members executed 19-year-old Alex Rackley in New Haven. The murder of one of this group's members by the Chicago Police and the FBI led to the Weather Underground's declaration of war on the US government. That man, fred Hampton, was a leader of this group which demanded decent housing and an end to Police Brutality in its Ten-Point Program. This organization was founded in Oakland by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale who advocated for armed citizens' patrols to monitor police behavior. For 10 points name this militant black nationalist group.

Black Panther

This author who proclaims, "I was angry with my friend," at the beginning of one poem wrote ​Vala​ about characters like Luvah, Tharmas, and Urizen created by the fall of Albion, three of the title ​Four Zoas​. This author of "A Poison Tree" and "The Sick Rose" created a character who can "scarcely cry 'weep!'" in a poem which shares its title with one about a "little​ black thing among the snow," "The Chimney Sweeper." In one poem, this writer asks, "What immortal hand or eye, / Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?" and describes the title animal as "burning bright." Name this Romantic poet of "The Tyger," included in his collection Songs of Experience.

Blake

In the Huntington Library, this painting hangs across from a portrait of Sarah Barrett Moulton by Thomas Reynolds, that is entitled Pinkie. This painting was the artist's response to criticism from his rival, Joshua Reynolds, and depicts a fourteen-year-old named Jonathan Buttall. Identify this full-body portrait by Thomas Gainsborough that is partially named for a color.

Blue Boy

This scientist's namesake frequency rule requires that the frequency of a transmitted photon be related to a difference in energy levels. Along with one of his students, this scientist included wave function collapse within a formulation for the reasoning behind quantum mechanics known as the Copenhagen Interpretation. That student of this scientist was Werner Heisenberg. A value named for this scientist equals the maximum probability density between electrons and the nucleus and is called this man's "radius."Identify this Danish physicist who theorized ring-like orbitals in his namesake atomic model.

Bohr

Palomo was the best known horse utilized by this leader, who was once saved from an assassination attempt by his longtime mistress, Manuela Saenz. This man established a short-lived republic at the conclusion of the Admirable Campaign, during which he issued the "Decree of War to the Death," which noted that atrocities would be committed against any Spanish citizens not supportive of his cause. Near the end of his military career, this ruler assisted Antonio Jose de Sucre and Jose de San Martin in securing independence for Peru. Name this ruler whose fight for South American independence led to him receiving the nickname "The Liberator."

Bolivar

An equation named for this man is derived using the molecular chaos assumption and probabilistically describes the kinetics of a system not at equilibrium. A theorem named for this man claims a quantity denoted H will always decrease and is analogous to the second law of thermodynamics. After the base definition shift in the SI, the Kelvin is now defined based on a value named for this man. Three-halves times the temperature times this man's namesake constant is equal to a particle's kinetic energy. That constant is equal to the gas constant divided by Avogadro's number. For 10 points, name this scientist who names a constant symbolized k-sub-b.

Boltzmann

In a story by this author, a Czech man who touches a map of India is granted exactly one year to finish his play before he is executed by Nazis. Throughout the 1950s and '60s, this author worked as director of his National Library. This author reversed the perspective of his story "The Secret Miracle" in the story "Deutches Requiem." In a story by this blind author, the narrator and Bioy Casares find that one copy of an encyclopedia includes the fictional country of Uqbar. In another of his stories, the narrator searches the title infinite hexagonal array for the "catalogue of catalogues." For 10 points, name this Argentinian author of "The Library of Babel" and "The Aleph."

Borges

One of this author's characters postulates that "reality may avoid the obligation to be interesting, but hypotheses may not" while investigating a series of three murders, until he himself is killed by Red Scharlach. Another story begins after the death of Beatriz Viterbo and ends with her cousin attempting to write an epic on General San Martin. In addition to "Death and the Compass," this man wrote a work in which Stephen Albert is killed by the descendant of Ts'ui Pen, Yu Tsun, to reveal the location of a British artillery park. For 10 points, name this Argentinian author of "The Aleph" and "The Garden of Forking Paths."

Borges

The victors at the Battle of Bitonto were members of his royal house. A cadet branch of this house was founded by Philip, Duke of Parma. A disputed ruler of this house was offered a throne in 1870 but refused, saying the nation's flag should be restored to a white banner last flown in 1790. Legitimists and ​Orleanists dispute which branch of this family is the legitimate pretender. The first major ruling member of this family declared, "Paris is worth a mass," and converted to Catholicism. That ruler was Henry IV. Name this current ruling house of Spain and Luxembourg, which ruled France for over three centuries until the execution of Louis XVI.

Bourbon

This type of action is named for an employee of Lord Erne during the Lough Mask affair. That person was targeted based on suggestions from Charles Parnell after some Irish farmers were evicted from their land. This action was taken by some Americans during the 1960s to support the Delano Grape Strike. The case of Browder v. Gayle ended a year-long instance of this action organized by people who then founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference when buses were finally integrated in Montgomery, Alabama. Name this type of action in which people stop patronizing a business or type of business as a form of protest.

Boycott

This author included the lines "I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold" in one poem. This poet is asked "moved you not, restless, waiting for him?" in an "Homage" by John Berryman. This author of four "quaternion" poems wrote how she "washed thy face, but more defects I saw" in a poem beginning "Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain." She depicted "pleasant things" lying in ashes in "Verses Upon the Burning of Our House," and declared "If ever two were one, then surely we" in her poem "To My Dear and Loving Husband." For 10 points, name this 17th-century American author of the poetry collection The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America

Bradstreet

It's not Japan or Lebanon, but one CEO from this country is in prison for accounting fraud after being forced to step down as chairman of Nissan. In an interview with Ellen Page, this country's president insisted that he didn't mean for his past homophobic comments to apply to her. This is the birthplace of businessman Carlos Ghosn. This country impeached its president in 2016 as part of the "Car Wash" corruption investigation. This country's Workers' Party nominated Fernando Haddad for president after the popular Lula da Silva was barred from running. For 10 points, name this country where Jair Bolsonaro won a recent presidential election.

Brazil

Alongside Dominique Dawes, this man was appointed co-chair of the President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition by Barack Obama. This man sent a controversial tweet comparing NFL allegations against his teammates to "weapons of mass destruction" during the BountyGate scandal. In 2018, this quarterback broke Brett Favre's record for most career pass completions. This player was drafted by the Chargers after graduating from Purdue in 2001, and was named the 2009 Super Bowl MVP. He served as quarterback during his current team's first season back in the Superdome after Hurricane Katrina. For 10 points, name this quarterback for the New Orleans Saints.

Brees

This person gave a sermon that had no words; he only held up a white flower. This person gave many sermons at Vulture Peak. This person's mother had a dream of a white elephant with six tusks as a sign of the conception of this person. This man's charioteer Channa accompanied him when he saw a sick man, a dead man, and an ascetic. A relic of this person's tooth is kept at a temple in Kandy, Sri Lanka. This man held his first sermon at Deer Park, where he taught about the Four Noble Truths and the Eight-Fold Way. Name this founder of an Asian religion who attained enlightenment.

Buddha

Shortly after the Battle of Little Bighorn, this person killed Yellow Hair at the affair on Warbonnet Creek. That event happened years after this person won an eight-hour contest against William Comstock. This person acted in the play The Scouts of the Prairie by Ned Buntline, who had written legends about him. This person ran a traveling Congress of Rough Riders of the World, and he employed Frank Butler, Sitting Bull, Calamity Jane, and Annie Oakley. A town in Wyoming is named for this entertainer. Name this man who hosted a Wild West show.

Buffalo Bill

Major Norman Pringle was charged with protecting private property during this event. At least a dozen men were killed during this event because of an accidental explosion of gunpowder at an arsenal now named Fort McNair. An escape from this event was recounted in the memoirs of former slave Paul Jennings. George Cockburn and Robert Ross carried out this event following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg. The appearance of a tornado contributed to the end of this event, which spared the U.S. Patent Office. A portrait by Gilbert Stuart of George Washington was allegedly saved from damage during this event by Dolly Madison. Name this 1814 event that prompted the reconstruction of the White House.

Burning of Washington

This man's political career effectively ended after he lost a gubernatorial election to the little-known Morgan Lewis. This man was later betrayed by the Governor of the Louisiana Territory, James Wilkinson, who claimed that this man intended to seize control of a large region in Spanish Texas. James A. Bayard's decision to cast a blank ballot in one election cost this man the presidency, and that election led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment. For 10 points name this 3rd Vice President of the United States who fought a duel with Alexander Hamilton.

Burr

Photo·diode and photo·resistor 43 can detect this compound because it has a strong absorption band at 4300 nanometers, and there is another strong band at 15 microns. The Weyburn-Midale Project is an attempt to store this compound in a geological formation. An increase in this compound is believed to have caused the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. This compound has gone from under 300 parts per million in our atmosphere to over 400 within the past 200 years, which has increased ocean acidification and provoked climate change. Name this greenhouse gas that is consumed in photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide

In this film, the main character rigs a game of roulette in order to help a Bulgarian couple. That character in this film hides an object given to him by Ugarte in a piano. After Strasser is killed in this film, a police chief says to "round up the usual suspects"; that scene happens after Victor Laszlo boards the plane to Lisbon. The opening of this film shows the journey of refugees fleeing Europe during World War II. In a scene from this film, the singing of "Die Wacht am Rhein" by German officers is drowned out by "La Marseillaise." Ilsa and Rick are played by Ingrid Bergman and Humphrey Bogart in, for 10 points, what film, set in the title Moroccan city?

Casablanca

A restoration of this artwork in the 1980s was fought by James Beck of ArtWatch International. As it was painted, this artwork's figures became much larger and its compositions less crowded. This artwork depicts mysterious male nudes called ignudi as well as twelve Prophets and five Sibyls. Its narrative ends with the Drunkenness of Noah and begins with the Separation of Light from Darkness. This painting was commissioned by Julius II and sits above the same artist's massive Last Judgment. God is shown reaching out to touch Adam's finger in—for 10 points—what series of frescoes by Michelangelo, which decorate a chapel in the Vatican?

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Haydn's C-major concerto for this instrument was rediscovered in 1961, and was written 20 years before his other, D-major concerto for it. This instrument is prominently featured in a late set of pieces Mozart wrote for the king of Prussia. Luigi Boccherini played this instrument, for which Beethoven wrote five sonatas. A D-major piece for one of these instruments with five strings ends a set of six pieces for it by Johann Sebastian Bach. This instrument, which uses an endpin, is typically tuned "C, G, D, A." For 10 points, name this low string instrument played by Jacqueline Du Pré and Yo-Yo Ma.

Cello

Victor Herbert, a player of this instrument, inspired another composer to write a B minor concerto for it. Leo Stern premiered that concerto by Antonín Dvořák. Mstislav Rostropovich and Pablo Casals are famous players of this instrument. A prelude begins and a gigue ends each of a set of six suites by Bach for this instrument. It also plays along with the piano in the 13th movement of Camille Saint-Saens' Carnival of the Animals, entitled "The Swan." For 10 points, name this instrument played by Yo Yo Ma, which is the lowest instrument in a standard string quartet.

Cello

Within a frame named for this physical quantity, the total momentum is zero. When an object is affected by different gravitational strengths, this quantity is constant. Rotational inertia is calculated for a axis passing through this point. Momentum is equal to the velocity of this point according to Euler's First Law. This quantity can be calculated for the point, (x,y) by summing each individual mass divided by the total mass for each respective axis. Identify this 3-word term which describes a point in which an object will balance freely.

Center of mass

This leader's half-brother Austen shared a Nobel Peace Prize with Charles Dawes for his work on the Locarno Pact. This man, who succeeded Stanley Baldwin, served as Prime Minister during the so-called "Phoney War." This man was forced to resign following a vote of no confidence in the aftermath of the "Norway Debate." This man promised "Peace for Our Time" after ceding the Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler in the Munich Agreement. Identify this British Prime Minister who was the predecessor to Winston Churchill.

Chamberlain

An advisor to this ruler once said "In the absence of governance, the strong will follow the weak." During one campaign, this man's army executed the satraps Nicanor and Philip to expand his empire. Life under this ruler was documented in the Indica by Megasthenes. This leader influenced the outcome of the Battle of Ipsus by giving 500 war elephants to Seleucus I Nicator, having just married Seleucus' daughter. The Arthashastra was a major political treatise composed by his mentor, Chanakya. For 10 points, name this first ruler to unify India, the founder of the Mauryan empire

Chandragupta

Masha, Irina, and Olga are title characters in this author's novel Three Sisters. In another play by this author, Nina ends up marrying Arkadina's lover Trigorin. In another play by this author, Madame Ranevskaya sells the title plot of land despite it being in her family for generations. Identify this author of The Seagull and The Cherry Orchard

Chekhov

According to this country's mythology, when the Four Mountains gave a man the task of stopping a flood, he stole swelling earth from the gods in an attempt to do so. This country's creation myth features a hairy, horned giant who emerged from a cosmic egg after 18 thousand years. A mythological archer from this country shot down 9 of the 10 suns, and was rewarded with a pill of immortality. That archer's wife ate the pill and became the goddess of the moon, with only a rabbit as her companion. For 10 points, the Jade Emperor oversaw a race between the animals to create the zodiac in the mythology of what country?

China

A text in this language extolls practical, nonverbal knowledge through anecdotes about a wheelwright and a butcher who cuts in the spaces between the joints. Another text in this language begins with a series of rhetorical questions like "To study and...to practice what one has studied, is this not a pleasure?" A text in this language critiques rationalism with a story in which the speaker wonders if he's dreaming of a butterfly or vice versa. Five virtues, including "Humaneness and compassion" and "filial piety" are central to the Analects, which were written in—for 10 points—what language used by Zhuangzi and Confucius?

Chinese

Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein characterized this compound's receptor, which is activated by SREBP. In one process involving this molecule, HMG-CoA reductase creates mevalonate, and they can turn macrophages into foam cells. The synthesis of this compound involves squalene synthase. This compound's solid form was first identified in ​gallstones, and it is a precursor for the formation of steroid hormones and vitamin D. Myocardial infarctions and atherosclerosis can result from the formation of plaques by this organic compound in blood vessels. Name this lipid that maintains fluidity in cell membranes and is transported by LDL and HDL proteins.

Cholesterol

A piece by Claude Debussy for this instrument opens with the soloist playing the notes F, A-flat, B-flat and was written for the Paris Conservatory; that piece is his Première rhapsodie. Heinrich Baermann premiered Carl Maria von Weber's two concertos for this instrument. A prominent player of this instrument composed a concerto for this instrument that ends with an altissimo C; that player is Artie Shaw. A concerto for this instrument, strings, harp, and piano was composed by Aaron Copland and dedicated to Benny Goodman. This instrument plays an opening glissando in George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue. For 10 points, name this single-reed instrument pitched in B-flat.

Clarinet

An attempt to make these objects more reflective by taking advantage of the Twomey effect is the marine brightening of these objects, which could be used to at least partially offset climate change. Dry ice, potassium iodide, or silver iodide can be released as condensation nuclei to make these objects form. Contrails are essentially artificial versions of these objects. During the summer, noctilucent examples of these things form even higher than the cirrostratus and cumulus types of these things. Name these objects in the sky formed from water droplets.

Clouds

Elliot Aronson's "Forbidden Toy" experiment analyzed this phenomenon which he believed was more pronounced in people with high self esteem. Merrill Carlsmith tested this phenomenon in the "Induced-Paradigm" experiment in which subjects were paid either 1 or 20 dollars to tell other people that they enjoyed turning a peg for an hour. The work that popularized this concept studied the coping mechanisms of a failed UFO doomsday cult. When Prophecy Fails explores this concept which was first observed by Leon Festinger. For 10 points, name this psychological discomfort that arises when a person tries to reconcile conflicting beliefs

Cognitive dissonance

During this current (As of 2019) NBA player's rookie year, he played for Coach Don Nelson in Nelson's final season. This player began his career playing alongside Monta Ellis, who then moved to the Bucks. This athlete is the only current NBA player from Davidson College. This person grew up watching his father Dell play for the Charlotte Hornets. He was the AP Male Sportsman of the Year in 2015 after leading his team to its first NBA title since 1975. In 2016, he helped recruit Kevin Durant to his team. This player and Klay Thompson are called the "Splash Brothers". Name this Golden State Warrior who holds several three-point shooting records.

Curry

In a novel from this country, a man who sells stolen dogs is sent to a mental hospital before being captured by his own troops for wearing a Russian uniform. In another novel from this country, a postcard reading "Optimism is the opium of the people" is sent to Marketa by Ludvik Jahn. The author of that novel wrote about a dog named Karenin who dies of cancer in another novel in which a surgeon and a photographer are killed in a car accident. The Good Soldier Svejk is from this country, as is a novel that follows Franz, Sabina, Tereza, and Tomas during a 1968 invasion. For 10 points, name this home country of Milan Kundera, whose novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being is set during the Prague Spring

Czech Republic

It's not about affirmative action, but Judge William Alsup made a ruling regarding this policy in a case for which the plaintiffs included the Regents of the University of California. An expansion of this policy was halted in ​Texas v. United States​ with a tie vote from the Supreme Court. This policy was inspired by a failed bill introduced in 2001 by​ Dick Durbin and Orrin Hatch. Under this policy, people may pay $495 every two years to apply for protections, and in 2017, Donald Trump announced that this policy would end in March 2018, placing about 800,000 people at risk of deportation. Identify this policy affecting immigrants who came to the U.S. illegally as minors.

DACA

According to Herodotus, the slave Oerbares helped this ruler gain the throne by making his horse neigh after he exposed the conspiracy of the false Smerdis with six other nobles. That event and his restoration of order to the empire is affirmed by the Behistun Inscription, which claims he is the legitimate successor to Cambyses II. He reorganized his empire into twenty satrapies and successfully defeated revolts in Babylon and Ionia after his ascension to the throne. Afterwards he dispatched Datis and Artaphernes to invade Greece where they were defeated at the Battle of Marathon. For 10 point, name this Persian king, the father of Xerxes I.

Darius

A theorem introduced by this man gives a formula to find the radii of four mutually tangent circles. The second book of a work by this mathematician consists of a classification of algebraic curves, including his namesake "folium." This man is the inventor, and sometimes the namesake, of the field of analytic geometry. This man's three ​"laws of nature" were a major influence on Isaac Newton's laws of motion. An upper limit on the number of positive roots of a polynomial can be found using this mathematician's "rule of signs." In two dimensions, ordered pairs are used to represent the x- and y-coordinates of numbers in his namesake coordinate system. Name this French mathematician, who, in a famous work of philosophy, stated "Cogito ergo sum."

Descartes

The Laws of Manu is the oldest text in a collection named for this concept. This is the first part of a compound word that titles a collection of sayings of the Buddha in the Pali Canon. In Mahayana Buddhism, the stream of teachings is associated with the Three Turnings of an object connected to this concept. Along with the Buddha and sangha, this concept is one of the "Three Jewels" of Buddhism. This concept is often represented by a wheel, or chakra, and is sometimes translated as "cosmic law." For 10 points, name this concept that refers to both "duty" and "doctrine" in many Indian religions.

Dharma

This author wrote about conflicting wills—one of which gives an estate to Richard Carstone and Ada Clare—sparking the case Jarndyce and Jarndyce in a novel narrated in part by Esther Summerson. In another novel by this author, the title character is sent to Salem House after biting his stepfather, Edward Murdstone. That title character is helped by his aunt, Betsey Trotwood, and falls in love with Agnes Wickfield. Another novel by this author takes place years after the death of Jacob Marley and is about his business partner Ebenezer Scrooge. Name this author of Bleak House, David Copperfield, and A Christmas Carol

Dickens

This scientist's namesake temperature bound is inversely proportional to the lifetime of excited states, and applies to a technique named for this scientist in which atoms absorb and re-emit photons emmitted by a laser, causing them to cool. Echocardiograms use a phenomenon named for this man to measure the direction and velocity of blood flow. Canal rays underwent the transverse form of his namesake effect in the Ives-Stilwell experiment. The recessional velocity of galaxies are measured by noting how this scientist's namesake effect changes absorption spectra of stars. For 10 points, name this scientist whose effect causes redshift and explains the frequency change in moving sirens.

Doppler

The term "tritos" refers to a period between these general events and equals 135 synodic months. Some of these events are described by the equation L equals r times R-zero over R-s minus R-zero. A theory regarding one type of these events' effects states that turbulence in the atmosphere causes snake bands, also known as shadow bands. Baily's beads form during some types of these events, and one of these events in 1868 led Pierre Hansen to discover helium. One type of this event is called an occultation, and the one that occurred in the United States in 2017 was the total solar type. Name these events in which view of an astronomical object is blocked.

Eclipse

One character created by this author destroys a ship carrying Ippolito Nievo and writes anti-Semitic documents. That character, who interacts with many characters from history, is Simone Simonini. This author wrote The Prague Cemetery and a novel in which the dead body of Venantius is placed in a vat of pig's blood. That novel by this author is narrated by Adso of Melk and is set in a monastery during the 14th century. Name this Italian author who wrote about the friar William of Baskerville in The Name of the Rose.

Eco

At a 1981 victory parade, a president of this country was assassinated by a soldier who approached him hiding three grenades in his helmet. In 1956, another president of this country responded to Western withdrawal of funding for a dam by nationalizing a commercial waterway formerly held by the British. Menachem Begin and a president of this country signed the Camp David Accords. In 2011, a president of this country resigned during demonstrations in Tahrir Square; that man is Hosni Mubarak, who was injured during the assassination of his predecessor, Anwar el-Sadat. Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is currently (As of 2019) president of—for 10 points—what nation that controls the Suez Canal?

Egypt

R.T. Sanderson proposed a model of this quantity using the reciprocal of atomic volume. According to the Allen scale, neon has the highest value of this quantity. Robert S. Mulliken's model of this quantity used the mean of the first ionization energy and the electron affinity. This value generally decreases going down the periodic table and increases going left to right. The difference in this value for two elements is often used to determine whether a bond is ionic. Name this measure of how strongly an atom will attract an electron.

Electronegativity

A work in this genre calls on "lorn Urania...with veilèd eyes" and extols a soul that "beacons from the abode where the Eternal are." Another poem in this genre addresses a "strong son of God, immortal love" and depicts Nature as "red in tooth and claw." Another poem imagines "in this neglected spot...some heart once pregnant with celestial fire" and declares "The paths of glory lead but to the grave"; that poem mourns "some Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood" and begins "the curfew tolls the knell of parting day." For 10 points, "In Memoriam A.H.H." and a poem "Written in a Country Churchyard" by Thomas Gray are in what poetic form, usually a lament for the dead?

Elegy

A character with this first name lives in a house whose interior has not been seen for ten years, except by an old man-servant. After her father passes away, that character is given tax exemptions by her town's mayor Colonel Sartoris. Another character with this first name asks the question "Do any human beings realize life while they live it?" in a monologue. That character dies in childbirth and re-celebrates her twelfth birthday party with the help of the Stage Manager. That woman marries high school baseball phenom George Gibbs in Wilder's Our Town. For 10 points, William Faulkner wrote a short story titled "A Rose for" what character, also the first name of the author of Wuthering Heights?

Emily

A Holy Roman Emperor with this name tried to set Catholic domains back to the Peace of Augsburg boundaries through the Edict of Restitution. Another ruler with this name was the second king to abdicate in the abdications of Bayonne, following his father Charles IV. That man, sometimes called the Felon King, regained the throne after the abdication of Joseph Bonaparte. Another king with this name was the father of Joanna the Mad and was one of the two issuers of the Alhambra decree, making him a leader of the Spanish Inquisition. Give this name of a ruler who began the unification of Spain by marrying Isabella

Ferdinand

A character in this novel says "You hate me, but your abhorrence cannot equal that with which I regard myself" and describes himself as an "abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on". This novel opens with a series of letters from St. Petersburg to London addressed to Margaret Saville by Robert Walton. The last letter states that while traveling to the North Pole, Walton found the title character of this novel. This novel describes the title character's friendships with Henry Clerval and Elizabeth Lavenza before describing the problems caused by his scientific work. Name this novel by Mary Shelley about the creation of a monster.

Frankenstein

A prank by Jonathan Swift inspired this person to publish a false obituary for his rival Titan Leeds. Father Abraham advises a group before an auction in his essay "The Way to Wealth." As an apprentice, this author wrote many letters attributed to a middle-aged widow. This man is often erroneously cited as the creator of Daylight Saving Time. Silence Dogood was a pseudonym of this man, who wrote "Three can keep a secret, if two of them are dead" and "A penny saved is a penny earned" in a yearly publication. For 10 points, name this Founding Father and inventor who wrote Poor Richard's Almanack.

Franklin

This non-title character was deemed "negative and insignificant" in the essay that introduced the term "objective correlative." In a late speech, this character describes a girl with "Her clothes spread wide" lying where a "willow grows aslant a brook." This character dies after warning the title character "The drink, the drink! I am poisoned." This character is wryly accused of "thrift, thrift" for having had "marriage tables" that were "coldly furnished" with "funeral baked-meats." This character's quick remarriage causes her son to exclaim "Frailty, thy name is woman!" Polonius is stabbed in this woman's bedroom. For 10 points, name this wife of Claudius and mother of Hamlet

Gertrude

This modern African country's founding fathers, known as the Big Six, were arrested after three veterans were killed at Christiansborg Castle. In a series of military coups in this country during the 1970s, Kutu Acheampong took power and was then replaced by Fred Akuffo, who was replaced by Jerry Rawlings. This country gained independence from the British and was unified under the Convention People's Party by its first leader, who started the Volta River Project. Kofi Annan was born in what is now this country and became Secretary-General of the United Nations. Name this country once headed by Kwame Nkrumah that was called the Gold Coast.

Ghana

A woman in this novel says that she was sent a gas blue dress with lavender beads that was worth 265 dollars. That conversation involves three Mr. Mumbles and a debate as to whether this novel's title character had been a German spy or in the American army. Later, one character in this novel says "That yellow car I was driving this afternoon wasn't mine,do you hear?"; those words are spoken to George Wilson after the car was in a hit-and-run that killed George's wife, Myrtle. Though Daisy Buchanan was driving the car, George blames this novel's title character. Name this novel narrated by Nick Carraway and written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Great Gatsby

In one scene, this character uses reverse psychology to get a phone, but later drops it into the toilet after his Aunt Veronica facetimes him. Earlier, he signs up to be a tree in a play to pelt Patty with apples in revenge for making him fail a geography quiz. This great-grandson of "Meemaw" is known as "Bubba" by his younger brother and had an intense crush on Holly Hills during middle school. In The Third Wheel, Abigail Williams causes this character to become jealous of his best friend, Rowley Jefferson. Rodrick and Manny are brothers of, for 10 points, which protagonist of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series?

Greg

One character in this musical performs "Take Back Your Mink" at the Hot Box, and this musical is based on two short stories by Damon Runyon entitled "Blood Pressure" and "The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown." In this musical, Rusty Charlie, Benny Southstreet, and Nicely-Nicely Johnson argue about horse racing in the song "Fugue for Tinhorns." Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows wrote the book for this musical which includes the songs "Luck Be a Lady" and "A Bushel and a Peck." Identify this Frank Loesser musical about Nathan Detroit's floating craps game.

Guys and Dolls

This dynasty's general, Ma Yuan, was sent to suppress a Yue rebellion led by the Vietnamese Trung sisters in 40 AD. A book written during this dynasty was begun by Sima Tan and finished by Sima Qian. That book was the Records of the Grand Historian. This dynasty was interrupted by the Xin Dynasty, and it was preceded by the Three Kingdom Periods. What Chinese dynasty lends its name to the ethnic majority?

Han

This U.S. President was criticized by his own party for appointing ex-Confederate lieutenant colonel David Key as his Postmaster General and appointing Liberal Republican Party co-founder Carl Schurz as his Interior Secretary. This president's wife was a temperance movement supporter and probably influenced his decision to ban alcohol from the White House. This person supported a "let alone" policy towards the South, so federal troops ended involvement in Southern politics when he became president. Name this man whose ascent to the presidency was due to an Electoral Commission selecting him over Samuel Tilden in 1877.

Hayes

In a painting by this artist, lyrics to a folk song are written on the wall behind the subject, who sits in a chair surrounded by cut hair. This artist's body is pierced by nails and has a pillar for a spine in the painting The Broken Column. The title woman is on the ground, floating in midair surrounded by clouds, and hanging out of a window in this artist's The Suicide of Dorothy Hale. Veins connect the hearts of two people, one dressed in traditional Tehuana dress and the other in a Victorian dress, in a painting in which this artist showed two different versions of herself. Name this Mexican artist who painted many self-portraits depicting her pain from being injured in a streetcar collision.

Kahlo

A character in this play states that five fiends have been in Tom, the last of whom is Flibbertigibbet. That character states "The prince of darkness is a gentleman" while pretending to be Tom o' Bedlam. Earlier in this play, Edmund pretends to be attacked by that character, whose real name is Edgar. In this play, the Duke of Albany and Duke of Cornwall seem destined to inherit half of Britain because they married the ruler's daughters Goneril and Regan. Name this William Shakespeare play in which those two women flatter the title king, though their sister Cordelia does not.

King Lear

A holder of this title obtained a charm to ward off thunder and lightning by dedicating sprats, onions, and human hair. One man was prophesied to hold this title when an eagle took his cap and returned it shortly after. A holder of this title had Mettius Fufetius drawn and quartered after taking the city of Alba Longa. The last holder of this title twice refused to buy the Sibylline Books. Its first holder ordered the abduction of the Sabine women to populate his new city. The last holder of this title was exiled after his son Sextus Tarquinius raped the noblewoman Lucretia. For 10 points, what title was supposedly held by seven men, including Tullus Hostilius, Numa Pompilius, and Romulus?

King of Rome

In this opera, two characters sing the aria "O soave fanciulla" after one sees the other bathed in moonlight. At the end of this opera, one character presents another with a pink bonnet as a souvenir of their love. That character sings the aria "Che gelida manina" after another character asks him to light her candle. In this opera, Musetta sings the aria "Quando m'en vo' " as she tricks her old lover Alcindoro and seduces Marcello at the Café Momus. This opera ends with Rodolfo weeping after Mimi dies of tuberculosis. For 10 points, name this opera about a group of artists living in the poor Latin Quarter of Paris, written by Giacomo Puccini.

La Boheme

In one work by this author, a man who attends graduate school in Rhode Island meets Holly and Joshua on the beach but marries Gauri after Udayan's death. This author of "Teach Yourself Italian," which marked an end to this writer's work in English, wrote a short story in which Miranda buys new clothes after her lover whispers to her in the Mapparium. Bobby gets attacked by​ monkeys in this author's story about the tour guide Mr. Kapasi. This author of The Lowland, Unaccustomed Earth, and "Sexy" described a character named for a Russian writer in The Namesake. Name this Indian American author of Interpreter of Maladies.

Lahiri

An organism living in one of these entities exhibits frequency-dependent selection for left or right mouths because of its lepidophagous behaviour. The stratification of the meromictic form of these entities allows examples of them with high pressure CO2 buildups to undergo limnic eruptions. The amount of nutrients in these entities differentiate mesotrophic and eutrophic examples of them. River meanders that are cut off from the main body are termed "oxbow" [these things]. For 10 points, name these large bodies of water surrounded by land, such as "great" ones found at Erie and Superior.

Lakes

This poem has two stanzas of ten lines each, and the last three lines of the first stanza end with question marks. This poem's eighth line asks "Making all the vales rejoice?". This poem's second stanza opens with two identical lines including the phrase "I'll tell thee", and it ends with two identical lines including the phrase "God bless thee!". This poem asks its title animal "Dost thou know who made thee?". The writer of this poem referenced it in a later work, asking, "Did he who made" this poem's title animal "make thee?" Name this poem from William Blake's Songs of Innocence.

Lamb

This character exceeds the strength of seven men by lifting the lid of a tomb before crossing a sword shaped bridge to enter the kingdom of a foe. This character slays Meleagant in a poem in which he humiliates himself by riding in a cart; that poem was written by Chrétien de Troyes. This man saves a lady trapped in a boiling bath; that princess later tricks this man into sleeping with her by disguising herself as his lover. This character and his cousins Lionel and Bors were raised by the Lady of the Lake. With Elaine of Corbenic, this man fathered Galahad. For 10 points, name this greatest Knight of the Round Table, who carries on an affair with Queen Guinevere.

Lancelot

Two men in this work test each other on their knowledge of the wilderness in order to gain each other's trust. In this novel, a warrior asks a character to heal his wife's madness and leads him to a cave, unaware that he is followed by a man in a bear disguise. The sage Tamenund frees some prisoners in this novel, including a singing-master named David Gamut who tries to teach beavers to sing. This novel begins as Duncan Heyward and Hawk-Eye escort the Munro sisters to Fort Henry, only to be deceived by Magua. For 10 points, name this novel in which Uncas dies in battle and leaves Chingachgook as the title character, the second of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales.

Last of the Mohicans

One part of this work describes the female body as "the bath of birth" and lists "the skin, the sunburnt shade, freckles, hair." The speaker of this work details a "vast similitude" that interlocks "all lives and deaths, all of the past, present, future" while "On the Beach At Night Alone." One section of this work describes "a shy and hidden bird... warbling a song" and describes a "lustrous and​ drooping star," while another opens, "Flood-tide below me!" This collection also contains a poem that states, "I am large, I contain multitudes" and has 52 sections. Name this poetry collection that includes "Song of Myself", written by Walt Whitman.

Leaves of Grass

The word for these things describes all points in the closure set of a function. The definition of big-O notation in asymptotic analysis uses one form of this thing. The delta-epsilon rule can be used to determine whether or not these things are present. If the numerator and denominator of a rational function have derivatives, then L'Hopital's Rule is useful when solving for this thing. One of these things applies to the difference quotient in one definition of the derivative. If these things are different on either side of a point, the most general one for the problem does not exist. Name these things which functions "approach."

Limit

In one poem, this character's lover proclaims "Out of me unworthy and unknown / The vibrations of deathless music." In addition to that Edgar Lee Masters poem about this character's lover "Anne Rutledge," the narrator of another poem asks "who will bring white peace" so that this character "may sleep upon his hill again." That Vachel Lindsay poem is titled for this character, who "Walks at Midnight." Another narrator compares this character to a "great star early droop'd in the western sky." "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" by Walt Whitman is about the death of what president?

Lincoln

This person's autobiography WE details his marriage to the journalist Anne Morrow. This first recipient of Time's Man of the Year Award fled to England after the execution of Bruno Richard Hauptmann. A high energy dance originating from Harlem was known as this man's "hop." He was accused of being a Nazi sympathizer after becoming the spokesperson of the isolationist America First Committee. The kidnapping and murder of this man's infant son in 1932 was labelled the "Crime of the Century." For 10 points, name this aviator who, with his plane The Spirit of St. Louis, became the first person to fly across the Atlantic.

Lindbergh

One character in this novel contributes 25 dollars "toward making Father comfortable and bringing him home". When another character in this novel asks how she got the money, the first character takes off her bonnet to show that she had gotten the money by selling her hair. The mother in this novel, who travels to Blank Hospital in Washington, D.C. when the father gets pneumonia, is often referred to as "Marmee". In this novel, John Brooke marries Meg, who teaches and takes care of her little sisters. Name this novel about Jo, Beth, and Amy March that was written by Louisa May Alcott.

Little Women

This author wrote about a man who boxes against Danny Ward and another character who fails to defeat the "man in the red sweater." This author of "The Mexican" described the Whitechapel District and its East End surroundings in ​The People of the Abyss​. Sailors attempt to mutiny against Wolf Larsen in this author's ​The Sea-Wolf, and a man freezes to death in his "To Build a Fire." One of this author's protagonists bests Spitz in a fight, forms a close bond with Thornton, and witnesses the Klondike Gold Rush. That character created by this author of White Fang is Buck, a dog. Identify this naturalist author of White Fang and The Call of the Wild.

London

This poet described a boy as "brown as a green moon" who holds a "willow rod," in a poem about "The Taking of Little Tony" on the highway. His most famous poem includes sections about "The Spilled Blood" and "The Laid-Out Body," repeating lines like "I don't want to see it!" and "at five in the afternoon." Only women have speaking roles in his most famous play, which ends with Adela hanging herself after her lover is shot at by the title overbearing matriarch. For 10 points, name this poet who wrote Gypsy Ballads and "Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter" as well as plays like The House of Bernarda Alba.

Lorca

At the Truce of Ratisbon, this leader gained control of Strasbourg from Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I and control of Luxembourg from Charles II of Spain, ending the War of the Reunions. This leader was a cousin of English King James II and hosted him after James was deposed. This leader also fought to keep his grandson Philip V in power in the War of the Spanish Succession. At the beginning of this leader's reign, power was wielded by his mother Anne of Austria and by First Minister Cardinal Mazarin. Name this leader who for 72 years was the "Sun King" of France.

Louis XIV

Near the end of this novel, a song about "birds and sunshine and green leaves" is sung by a blind beggar who had been thrown in asylum. After moving to its main setting, a woman in this novel burns her dried wedding bouquet. This novel's protagonist receives a letter at the bottom of a basket of apricots, which her husband obliviously eats. Its last sentence tells us that the pompous pharmacist Homais receives the Legion of Honor. This novel's title character tries to escape the boredom of country life by having affairs with Léon and Rodolphe. The bland doctor Charles marries the title woman, who kills herself with arsenic in—for 10 points—what novel by Gustave Flaubert?

Madame Bovary

This person was killed by Thomas Hagan and some accomplices a week after this man's house was firebombed. A year before being killed, this man gave a speech stating "It's time now for you and me to become more politically mature and realize what the ballot is for." That speech, given after this person formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity, is called "The Ballot or the Bullet". This person was born with the last name "Little", and towards the end of his life he went by the name "El-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz". Name this person who left Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam and who said that African Americans should advance "by any means necessary".

Malcolm X

A novel by this author includes a note explaining that the twelve-tone system it describes was actually invented by Arnold Schoenberg. This author thought his greatest work was a four-volume retelling of Genesis running from Jacob to Joseph. Serenus Zeitblom recounts how his friend purposefully contracted syphilis to become a mad genius in this author's novel about the composer Adrian Leverkühn, called Doctor Faustus. The protagonist of a novella by this author dies after ignoring a cholera epidemic, eating overripe strawberries, and watching the Polish boy Tadzio. The gay character Gustav von Aschenbach is a stand-in for—for 10 points—what author of Death in Venice?

Mann

A gravestone in the "wheat-bearing land of Gela" celebrates a man who fought against the "long-haired" foe in this battle. Before this battle, the god Pan supposedly appeared to one member of the winning side to ask why "they had no care of him." The celebration of the Carneia festival was Sparta's excuse for not fighting in this battle. Due to a lack of cavalry, Datis and Artaphernes were defeated by Miltiades at this battle. In this 490 B.C. battle, Darius I lost to the Athenians. For 10 points, name this battle that ended the first Persian invasion of Greece, after which the Athenian messenger Pheidippides ran around 26 miles nonstop.

Marathon

One poem started by this writer contains the line "It lies not in our power to love or hate." That poem, which was completed by George Chapman when this writer died, is Hero and Leander. Another poem by this writer promises "I will make thee beds of roses" and got a poetic reply from Walter Raleigh. In addition to poetry, this author wrote several plays, including one about a vengeful man named Barabas. This writer was born in the same year as William Shakespeare. Name this author who wrote the line "Come live with me and be my love" at the beginning of "The Passionate Shepherd To His Love", and who also wrote The Jew of Malta.

Marlowe

In a short story by this author, a woman gains the ability to see character-revealing animal heads on people's bodies after getting surgery to fit her eyes with blue lenses. Five cousins of this author inspired J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan. Nat Hocken and his family barricade themselves in their house in Cornwall to protect against the title animals in a short story by this author. This author created the conniving Mrs. Danvers, who burns down the estate of Maxim de Winter at the end of a novel that begins "Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again." For 10 points, name this author of "The Birds" and Rebecca.

Maurier

A largely discredited Richard Hofstadter theory traced this man's supporters to the populists of the late 19th century. Hofstadter coined the term "paranoid style" in an essay about this man, who was indirectly criticized in Margaret Chase Smith's "Declaration of Conscience" speech. This man was censured by the Watkins Committee for his unacceptable behavior as a Senator, although he is more famous for his indirect involvement with the House Committee for Un-American Activities. For 10 points, name this Wisconsin Senator who began the Second Red Scare by claiming that he had the names of 205 Communists in the State Department.

McCarthy

A poet from this nation discussed the "pyramidal death-born shadow" in a poem concluding "The world illuminated and I awake" titled "First Dream." A poet from this country wrote The Traps of Faith about a fellow poet and analyzed "the turning course of the river" in a 584-line poem that begins "a willow of crystal, a poplar of water." A poet from this country discussed indigenous culture his collection The Labyrinth of Solitude, which includes the essay "The Sons of La Malinche". For 10 points, identify this home country of Juana Ines de la Cruz and Octavio Paz, whose poem "Sunstone" was inspired by the Aztec empire.

Mexico

One campaign ad in this state's 2016 senate election featured a candidate assembling an AR-15 blindfolded. That candidate, Jason Kander, served as mayor of a city in this state. This state passed a ballot measure banning "right to work" laws in 2018. This state's senior senator is Roy Blunt, and after being indicted for invasion of privacy, this state's governor, Eric Greitens resigned from office. This state's former attorney general, Josh Hawley, defeated its incumbent Democratic senator, Claire McCaskill, in the 2018 midterms. For 10 points, name this state governed from Jefferson City.

Missouri

The outer layer of this organelle has some proteins whose names are derived from the phrase "sorting and assembly machinery" and other proteins whose names are derived from the phrase "trans·locase of the outer membrane". This organelle is where cytochrome C binds to cardiolipin to initiate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Folds in the inner membrane of this organelle are called cristae. In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in this organelle, making this organelle the source of ATP. Name this organelle often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria

A work of art in this medium was found in Pompeii and depicts a dog with an inscription that translates to "beware of the dog." A number of early works in this medium that depict hunting scenes have been discovered at Pella. Intricate works in this medium were often made using Opus vermiculatum. An artwork in this medium in Pompeii's House of the Faun depicts the Battle of Issus. The inside of the Hagia Sophia is decorated by artworks of this kind with gold backgrounds. These artworks consist of components known as tesserae, and they often decorated the floors of Roman baths. For 10 points, name these artworks made of small pieces of glass or stone.

Mosaic

Tom Ridge, John Ashcroft, and this man were defendants in an unsuccessful lawsuit put forth by Maher Arar under the Torture Victims Protection Act. This man temporarily worked as a partner for the law firm Wilmer Hale, and filed charges against attorney Alex van der Zwaan. This man ordered the dismissal of Peter Strzok, and Don McGahn threatened to resign if this man was fired. Violations of the Foreign Agents Registration Act were among the charges that this man filed against Rick Gates and Paul Manafort in October 2017. He is questioning Donald Trump about the dismissal of James Comey. For 10 points, name this head of the Special Counsel's Russia investigation.

Mueller

Co-variance equals the expected value of this operation on the deviations of the two variables. For a binomial distribution, the mean equals this operation applied to the number of trials and probability of success of each trial. To find the probability of event A happening and event B also happening, you apply this operation to the probability of A and the probability of "A given B". If A and B are independent, the probability of A and B both happening equals this operation applied to the probability of A and the probability of B separately. Name this operation that you can do to 1/6 and 1/4 to get the probability of rolling a six and drawing a spade.

Multiplication

At a show in Washington in 2015, this rock band injured a fan by throwing a guitar stand into the crowd. In 2013, this band cancelled some shows due to a subdural hematoma suffered by their bassist, Ted Dwane. Ben Lovett and Winston Marshall are also in this band. Their first album, which takes its name from a quote from Much Ado About Nothing, is Sigh No More. This group's first singles were "Little Lion Man" and "The Cave", and their more recent albums are Babel and Wilder Mind. Name this group that used the lyrics "I came home like a stone and I fell heavy into your arms" in their song "I Will Wait".

Mumford and Sons

One of this author's novels alternates between a fantasy world in which a man reads dreams from unicorn skulls and a science fiction world in which the data-stealing Semiotecs compete with the data shuffling Calcutecs. This author wrote about Aomame, who is reunited with Tengo after being transported to a world with two moons. Toru Okada searches for his cat Noboru Wataya in another novel by him. This author wrote about a love triangle between Naoko, Midori and Toru Watanabe in a novel that takes its title from a Beatles song. For 10 points, name this contemporary Japanese author of 1Q84, The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle, and Norwegian Wood.

Murakami

This author included a character who could cure illnesses with his hands named Ganesh Ramsumair. This author of the The Mystic Masseur wrote a novel in which the protagonist builds a Madonna cult in memory of his mother, and later has an affair with Yvette, the wife of an European scholar named Raymond. That character later gets his store confiscated by the "Big Man." In another novel, this man wrote about the title character's hatred of the Tulsi family after his marriage to Sharma and his struggle to acquire a house to symbolize his independence. For 10 points, name this Trinidadian author of A Bend in the River and A House for Mr. Biswas.

Naipaul

Charlotte gives one of these objects to her uptight cousin Arthur in a short story by Henry James. One of these objects appears in the title of a story in which a character is "made drunk with pleasure" at an event hosted by the Minister of Public Instruction. In that story, one of them is most likely left behind in a cab after the protagonist leaves a ball. That character and her husband work for ten years to pay back Madame Forestier after she loaned them one of these objects. In a twist ending, Madame Loisel discovers one of these objects was worthless. For 10 points, a Guy de Maupassant story is titled for what kind of jewelry?

Necklace

In this country's capital, thousands of coins are nailed to a stump that supposedly cures toothaches. Eyes pointing in four directions are a motif on a monument at Swayambhunath in this country. A snake-infested floodplain that contains this country's capital was supposedly drained by the bodhisattva Manjushri, and many of its temples were built by the Newar people. The Terai Swamp in this country's south contributed to its isolation. This country became a republic in 2008 and was once ruled by the Ranas. It is home to the largest Sherpa population in the world. Its well-above-sea-level capital was devastated by a 2015 earthquake. Name this mountainous Asian country with capital at Kathmandu.

Nepal

The Butler-Volmer equation simplifies to an equation named for this scientist in the case of zero overpotential. This scientist names a thermal analogue of the Hall effect discovered with von Ettingshausen. This scientist names the membrane potential at which a particular ion is in equilibrium, which for multi-ionic systems can be calculated from the Goldman Hodgkin-Katz equation. This man developed the Third Law of Thermodynamics. This scientist names an equation containing a term that multiplies the logarithm of the reaction quotient by "R-T over z-F." For 10 points, name this German scientist whose namesake equation gives the reduction potential of a half-cell.

Nernst

A speaker in one of this author's poems compares his lover to "the night, with its stillness and constellations" and proclaims "I like for you to be still." Another poem invokes a "white bee that buzzes" in the speaker's soul, "drunk with honey." In addition to "Ah Vastness of Pines," this author wrote a poem that describes the "white hills, white thighs" of a woman's body. The final poem in that collection refers to a woman as a "pit of debris" and a jar that "house[s]...infinite tenderness," repeating the refrain "in you everything sank!" Another poem begins "Tonight I can write the saddest lines." For 10 points, name this Chilean author of Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.

Neruda

In 2016, four of these things were first observed connected to each other, and GISANS is a scattering technique used to detect these things. Bertram Brockhouse and Clifford Shull won a Nobel Prize for their work with these things, which can be organized into categories like "epithermal" and ​"fast." These things are captured in the r-process and they were discovered by observing how boron interacted with alpha radiation in an experiment by James Chadwick. These things are composed of two down quarks and one up quark, and isotopes are differentiated by their numbers of these particles. Name these particles found in the nucleus with no charge.

Neutron

One of this man's works begins with a titular figure descending from a mountain after 10 years of isolation, after which he meets and old Saint in the forests and beholds a tightrope-dancer in the marketplace. That figure then goes on to preach to the crowd, analogizing the rope to man's journey from animality to overcoming. In addition to critiquing Christian slave morality in On the Genealogy of Morals, this thinker argued that the next evolution of mankind would see the coming of the Übermensch. For 10 points, name this German philosopher who proclaimed "God is dead" in The Gay Science and penned Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

Nietzsche

One work by this thinker used the example of lambs being eaten by eagles to argue that the "priestly class" invented evil, and he also dichotomized the title concept using pairs of words like "good bad" as master and slave types. This author wrote On the Genealogy of Morals and a novel in which the title prophet urges men to reject Platonism and become "supermen", or "übermenschen". Name this German philosopher who proclaimed that "God is dead" in The Gay Science and wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

Nietzsche

This process has eight proton/electron transfers and eight intermediates, according to Lowe and Thorneley's kinetic model. Enzymes involved in this process are encoded by nif genes. Oxygen is supplied to organisms that carry out this process by leghemoglobin. Enzymes involved in this process have an iron cofactor that frequently also contains vanadium or molybdenum, known as a FeMoCo center. Frankia and Rhizobia are two genuses that perform this process. This process's industrial analogue is the Haber-Bosch process. For 10 points, name this process in which soil bacteria convert the most abundant atmospheric gas into ammonia.

Nitrogen fixation

Adamastor and Slide Mountain are examples of this type of feature that stopped existing millions of years ago, though some of these features still exist. One of the largest historical examples of this type of feature is Mirovia, which was eventually replaced by Panthalassa. The hadal and abyssal zones are parts of this type of feature. Scientists disagree about how many of these features currently exist on Earth because the Southern, or Antarctic, one may not be separate and the Arctic one may be something else. These features cover about 70% of the Earth's surface. Name this type of feature found between continents.

Ocean

There are many old mansions in this city's Delancey Place, which is near the Rittenhouse Fitler Historic District. Rudolf Siemering designed this city's Washington Monument Fountain, which is in The Oval between this city's Museum of Art and its Rodin Museum. Its city hall is in a square that interrupts both Market Street and Broad Street. This city recently opened the Museum of the American Revolution near the First Bank of the United States and Carpenters' Hall. Those buildings are near the place where the Declaration of Independence and Constitution were ratified, Independence Hall. The Liberty Bell is kept in what city in southeast Pennsylvania?

Philadelphia

This artist painted six circus performers all looking away from each other in a desert-like landscape. This artist of Family of Saltimbanques drew a famous black-and-white sketch of Don Quixote. This artist was also inspired by background figures in El Greco's The Opening of the Fifth Seal to create a painting of five mask-wearing prostitutes, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. A bull, a horse, and several dismembered people scream in this artist's Guernica. Name this Spanish cubist artist who went through Rose and Blue Periods.

Picasso

In one play by this man, Beth shares stories to Duff about her past romantic episodes and romantic reverie. Another of his characters admires the stripes on crockery while the toilet refuses to flush. This author of Landscape created a character who is raped when the lights go out during Blind Man's Bluff; that play's protagonist is taken away from Peter and Meg Bole's boardinghouse by Goldberg and McCann. In another play by this man, two characters argue over the meaning of the phrase "light the kettle" after one of them receives some matches. That play's ending suggests that Ben will shoot Gus. For 10 points, name this playwright of The Birthday Party and The Dumb Waiter.

Pinter

One thinker from this school of thought used the example of how to pay for a horse-car fare to support the idea that all questions begin with Doubt and Belief. Another thinker from this school compares those who follow "principles," who he calls "tender-minded," with those who follow "facts," who he calls "tough- minded." That thinker from this school used a man chasing a squirrel around a tree to explain this school's namesake method. This school was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce and popularized by William James. For 10 points, name this philosophical school that measures value through its practical application.

Pragmatism

This region of the spectrum can be studied by computing differences in arrival times to simulate having a giant telescope, in the technique of Very Long Baseline Interferometry. An electron spin-flip creates the "hydrogen line" in this region of the spectrum. The "Wow!" signal was detected in this region. Telescopes operating in this region include the Very Large Array and the Arecibo Observatory, and are usually made up of large parabolic dishes. The first device for producing waves in this region of the spectrum was invented by Guglielmo Marconi. Microwaves are high-frequency examples of—for 10 points—what electromagnetic waves with the lowest frequency?

Radio

Criticisms of a backdoor in the Dual_EC_DRBG algorithm for this task led NIST to withdraw its endorsement of it in 2014. In 1955, the RAND Corporation published a book with 100,000 entries to help with this task. John von Neumann proposed the primitive "middle-square method" for this task. It's not related to null or zero-value bits, but a special file in Unix's dev directory uses environmental noise to do this task. Most software methods perform a "pseudo" version of this task since they start from a preset seed value. Flipping coins and rolling dice are physical ways of performing—for 10 points—what probabilistic task abbreviated RNG?

Random number generation

This structure compresses incoming information using lateral inhibition, which leads to the "center-surround" organization of its cells. An abnormal white reflection from this structure, or leukocoria, can indicate a tumor of this structure resulting from a mutated Rb protein. Horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells send input to part of this structure. The second cranial nerve originates in this structure's ganglion cells. Patients with Tay-Sachs syndrome often have a cherry-red spot in this structure. This structure consists of a macula surrounding the fovea. For 10 points, name this structure containing rods and cones, which senses light at the back of the eye.

Retina

In 1326, this river's Falkenau Island became the site of a tolling station whose watchmen would block off this river with an iron chain. Distances along this river are measured via a namesake kilometric scale beginning in the town of Constance. Stolzenfels Castle overlooks this river's junction with the Moselle. A tributary of this river names an industrial region that contains cities like Essen and Dusseldorf. The Delta Works protect land around this river's juncture with the North Sea from flooding, and it passes through Cologne. For 10 points, name this river of western Europe that defines the border between France and Germany.

Rhine

A king of this name demanded that anyone who he looked at in court immediately bow to their knees. That ruler of this name executed several of the Lords Appellant and was murdered after his supporters launched the failed Epiphany Rebellion. Another king of this name was killed at a battle he lost a battle after the defection of the Stanleys. That king's skeleton was recently discovered under a parking lot. A ruler with this name was held prisoner in Vienna after returning from a military campaign where he fought Saladin and captured Jerusalem. For 10 points give this name shared by three kings of England, the first of which was known as "the Lionheart."

Richard

One work featuring this character takes place on Speranza and was written by Michel Tournier. In one appearance, this character's story is almost ignored by an English writer who would rather write about a woman's experiences in Bahia. This wearer of a straw hat who might have cut out a friend's tongue befriends Susan Barton in a work by J. M. Coetzee, and in another, he sells​ Xury to a ship captain. This character lands on the "Island of Despair" and converts a cannibal to Christianity, naming him after a day of the week. Most likely, this character is based on Alexander Selkirk. Name this title character of a novel by Daniel Defoe.

Robinson Crusoe

The "Letter of the Six" was written to one leader of this country before he was replaced by the National Salvation Front. One event in this country began after Hungarian pastor László Tőkés criticized this country's Systematisation Policy. Petru Groza forced this country's King Michael I to abdicate in ​1947. A revolt in this country's University Square followed a speech interrupted by chants of "Timișoara." The fascist Iron Guard installed Ion Antonescu in this country, which was also ruled by a dictator executed on Christmas. Name the Eastern European country once ruled by Nicolae Ceaușescu, with capital at Bucharest.

Romania

This man argued in favor of "trial marriages" between young people as well as eugenics in his book Marriage and Morals. This philosopher defined everything, nothing, and something before evaluating logical statements like "the father of Charles II was executed" and "the present King of France is bald" in his work "On Denoting". He advocated against making unverifiable statements that others were expected to prove using his namesake teapot analogy. "Why I am not a Christian" was written by what man who collaborated with Alfred North Whitehead to write Principia Mathematica?

Russell

The "Domesday wiches" refer to towns where the production of this commodity was important to Cheshire. Philip IV established a permanent tax on this substance in France called the gabelle. A common myth claims Roman soldiers were paid in this commodity instead of money. After the Third Punic War, this substance was supposedly spread on the ground of Carthage. In the Sahara Desert, this commodity was traded for gold. A British tax on this substance was the subject of a march led by Mahatma Gandhi. For 10 points, name this mineral which was incredibly valuable due to its ability to preserve food.

Salt

The "Guardians" of this country recognized Margaret of Norway as queen when its king rode over the cliffs at Kinghorn while inebriated. This country's king beheaded Henry de Bohun in battle after stabbing the Red Comyn to death at a church altar. This country sent Pope John XXII the Declaration of Arbroath to declare full independence. This country's king John Balliol teamed up with Philip the Fair of France to form the Auld Alliance. Edward II lost the Battle of Bannockburn to this country's king Robert the Bruce. Edward I of England was known as the "hammer" of—for 10 points—what country once led by William Wallace?

Scotland

This general sent columns under William Lindsay, Abraham Eustis, and Duncan Clinch on a mission that was supposed to converge at the Cove of the Withlacoochee, but that mission failed during the Second Seminole War. A few years earlier, this person was supposed to replace Henry Atkinson, but his soldiers suffered a cholera epidemic, and he arrived too late to be effective in the Black Hawk War. This person won the Siege of Veracruz after receiving many of Zachary Taylor's troops during the Mexican-American War. Name this long-serving general who was the Whig presidential nominee in 1852 and was nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers".

Scott

The sequence of Euler numbers are sometimes called zig numbers or named for this function because this function's Maclaurin series uses Euler numbers such as 1, 5, and 61. The inverse of this function is typically given a range from 0 to 𝜋, inclusive, except for 𝜋/2. This function's derivative is this function times the tangent function. This trig function's graph has a local minimum at its y-intercept, which is 𝑦 = 1. Name this trig function that can be defined in a right triangle as "hypotenuse over adjacent", making it the reciprocal of the cosine function.

Secant

The tesla—the unit of magnetic field strength—can be broken down as kilograms per amperes per this unit squared. The watt—the unit of power—equals a joule divided by this unit. This unit is referenced in the names of both the MKS and CGS systems. This unit is currently defined using approximately nine billion transitions of a cesium-133 atom. The newton—the unit of force—equals one kilogram times one meter over this unit squared. Light can travel about 3 × 10 to the 8th meters as this unit elapses. Name this unit of time.

Second

There is a global vault for these things in the Svalbard archipelago in Norway. Imbibition, which is crucial to the development of these structures, is the intake of water after dehydration causes the testa to form. The hypocotyl and radicle emerge from this structure. If there is a high concentration of abcissic acid in these structures, they will not germinate. Burrs and sweet fruits help animals dispurse these structures. Humans derive coconut meat and wheat flour from these structures. Name these structures that consist of a plant embryo surrounded by a protective coat.

Seeds

In one conflict, this deity lost a testicle, explaining why the domain over which he presides is infertile. This god's sister tricked him into condemning his own actions, leading to his defeat by a god whose left eye became the eye of a solar goddess. This god was angered when he learned that his wife had disguised herself as her sister and had a child with her brother-in-law. On a nightly journey through the sky, this deity protected ​Ra by slaying the serpent Apophis. This god lost a boat race after deceived into sailing a stone boat painted to look wooden, and he designed a coffin to trap his enemy inside and drowned him in the Nile. That enemy was Osiris. Name this Egyptian god of chaos.

Set

This god is typically depicted with an animal called the sha that resembles no real animal. Another god tried to harpoon this god but ended up getting her head cut off and replaced with a cow's head. A golden disk appeared on this god's forehead after he ate a piece of lettuce that contained semen. This god was often confused for Typhon and defeated his brother in combat by cutting him into 14 pieces. This god's primary rivalry was with his nephew Horus and his mother Isis. Name this Egyptian god of chaos and disorder.

Set

The radar jamming system used by low-flying Vautour planes in Operation Focus during this war so spooked the otherwise uninvolved Soviets that Nikolai Yergorychev purged many Polish officers. In the build-up to this war, a strike killed 18 people at Al-Samu and UN Emergency Forces were ordered out ofone country. One side lost 286 of its 420 MiG fighters on the tarmac on a single day in this war. In the buildup to this conflict, the port of Eilat was cut off from supplies by the closure of the Gulf of Aqaba. The Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and Gaza Strip were captured by the victors in this conflict, a defeat for Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser. Name this 1967 conflict in which Israel defeated its enemies in less than a week.

Six Day War

This country's city of Simon's Town is home to its navy and is located on the shores of False Bay. Another city in this country is located on the shores of Algoa Bay, just south of Addo Elephant National Park; that city is Port Elizabeth. This country's most populous province, Gauteng, contains this country's administrative capital and its largest city. This country contains much of the Orange River and the Kimberley diamond mines, and completely surrounds the country of Lesotho. Johannesburg is a city in, for 10 points, which country with three capitals at Bloemfontein, Cape Town, and Pretoria?

South Africa

In Plutarch's Parallel Lives, the second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, is compared to this city's founder, both of whom preached "moderation and frugality." Its land was divided into kleroi and distributed to its citizens, who were required to donate parts of their harvest to their syssitia, or dining groups. This city was nominally ruled by two kings of the Agiad and Eurypontid families, and its youth were brutally educated in the agoge system and would be sent out to murder members of the helot slave class during the krypteia to maintain a regime of terror. For 10 points, name this city-state whose leaders include Lycurgus and Leonidas, a frequent rival of Athens.

Sparta

A book about this event recounts the trial of Ivan Frederick, an "All American poster soldier". That book about this event, which discusses similar events in Attica and Abu Ghraib, is entitled The Lucifer Effect. This event ended prematurely after its organizer was compelled to call it off by his girlfriend Christina Maslach. Held in Jordan Hall in its namesake location, some of it participants forced others to put bags over their heads among other cruel measures. Identify this psychological experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo at the namesake California university.

Stanford Prison Experiment

An ancient form of this substance developed in India may have derived strength from carbon nano·tubes and hardness from cementite, and was called "Wootz". Some products made of this material have a Specified Minimum Yield Strength. The Siemens-Martin process uses an open hearth furnace to make this substance. This substance is made by using blasts of air to remove impurities from molten pig iron in the Bessemer process. Incorporating chromium in this substance makes it "stainless". Name this alloy of iron and carbon found in Damascus swords, car bodies, and skyscrapers.

Steel

A depiction of one of these events begins with a measure of repeated sixteenth-note Gs, with the first an octave higher than the others. Act III of Verdi's Rigoletto builds up to a depiction of one of these events, another of which is depicted at the beginning of Wagner's Die Walküre. A musical depiction of one of these events is followed by a "Shepherd's song" expressing "Cheerful and thankful feelings." One of these events is depicted in the tumultuous fourth movement of Beethoven's "Pastoral" Symphony. The last movement of "Summer" from Vivaldi's Four Seasons depicts—for 10 points—what kind of weather event?

Storms

Because it has 57 measures without a rest, this composer's Concerto in D Major for Oboe and Small Orchestra is difficult to play. That piece references this composer's Metamorphosen, which was also written in 1945. Another work by this composer has a "Sunrise" theme with rising C, G, C notes, and it also features a "world riddle" motif. This composer wrote a tone poem inspired by a trickster from German folktales. Name this composer who wrote Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks and Also sprach Zarathustra.

Strauss

Hyaluronic acid is the only GAG that does not contain this element. Two oxygens are double-bonded to this element in a functional group used to make alcohols undergo SN2 reactions, called a tosyl group. The rigid structure of keratin is due to the presence of stabilizing bonds between two atoms of this element. This element is replaced with selenium in analogues of the amino acids methionine and cysteine, which form "bridges" with this element. This element is added to create cross-linking in rubber in vulcanization, and its most common allotrope is an eight-atom ring. For 10 points, what element combines with hydrogen to form a gas that smells like rotten eggs?

Sulfur

Gravity Probe B relied on the fact that spinning examples of these materials produce a magnetic field in line with their spin axis. In lanthanum barium copper oxide, replacing the lanthanum with the yttrium increases the temperature at which these materials are formed. That substance, ​YBCO, is described by the Ginzburg-Landau theory and phonons in these materials allow Cooper pairs to form. The Meissner effect leads to these materials expelling a magnetic field, thus allowing these materials to levitate. Name materials usually found at low temperatures which do not have electrical resistance.

Superconductor

The northern coast of this lake is home to Sleeping Giant Provincial Park. Madeline and Stockton are the two largest of the Apostle Islands that are located within this lake. In 1975, the SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank in this body of water which drains via the St. Mary's River. Isle Royale is the largest island in this lake that includes the port cities of Duluth and Thunder Bay. Identify this largest freshwater lake in the world that is the largest of the Great Lakes.

Superior

The Salassi people lived in what is now this mountain range until they were enslaved in ancient times, living near what is now the city of Aosta. This range's Lepontine subrange contains the Simplon Tunnel to make it easier to reach the town of Brig. The Reschen Pass borders the Ötztal subrange of these mountains, which is in Tyrol. One city in this mountain range contains the Mole Antonelliana, a very tall museum near the Po River in Turin. Name these mountains that can be seen from Innsbruck, Salzburg, and pretty much any location in Switzerland.

Switzerland

This country's city of Darayya was the site of a 2012 massacre and 2016 evacuation, though thousands of the evacuees returned in August 2018. Many of the evacuees went to Idlib, which is also in this country and was captured by the al-Nusra Front. Idlib is near Aleppo, which has been controlled by this country's government since 2016. Both of those cities are near Turkey, which is trying to get rid of the millions of refugees it has taken in from this country. Russia became involved in this country's civil war in 2015. Name this country led by Bashar al-Assad.

Syria

This U.S. president got involved with the First Moroccan Crisis by organizing the Algeciras Conference and sending ships to the Mediterranean Sea. Scott Joplin's first opera, A Guest of Honor, is about this president hosting a dinner for Booker T. Washington. This president also sent the Great White Fleet to show off American naval power to the world. The Venezuela Crisis led to this president's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. This president described his foreign policy as "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Name this successor to William McKinley who led the Rough Riders and, after leaving office, unsuccessfully ran on the ticket of the "Bull Moose" Party.

T. Roosevelt

Some people claim that this political movement started with a five-minute rant that included the sentence "All you capitalists that want to show up to Lake Michigan, I'm going to start organizing." That speech, in reaction to the Homeowners Affordability and Stability Plan, was given by Rick Santelli. A congressional caucus named for this movement was headed by Michele Bachmann. One of the groups that was part of this movement was 9/12, started by Glenn Beck when he had a show on Fox News. Identify this conservative political movement, named for a much earlier event in Boston, that was opposed to President Barack Obama.

Tea Party

In one work by this poet, the narrator complains "How dull it is to pause, to make an end" after stating "I am a part of all that I have met." That poem is a dramatic monologue told by a legendary leader. This author wrote "I hope to see my Pilot face to face" in a poem considered a metaphor for dying, "Crossing the Bar". This writer of "Ulysses" wrote another poem which begins "Half a league, half a league, half a league onward." That poem tells about 600 British soldiers who died at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. Name this author of "The Charge of the Light Brigade".

Tennyson

In August 2017, a former leader of this country was convicted for negligence during a failed race subsidy program. That woman who formerly led this country was elected promising to continue the policies of her exiled brother, Taksin. In July 2018, Saman Guman was suffocated in this country's Chiang Rai Province during a dive operation. That incident occurred as part of a rescue mission to save 12 boys who were trapped with their soccer coach in this country's Tham Luang cave system. Prior to his death in 2016, this country's king was the longest ruling monarch in the world. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian country where Rama IX once ruled from Bangkok.

Thailand

This prime minister supported the Ridley Plan, which wanted an end to "statutory monopolies in the public sector". Soon after this person became prime minister, a Housing Act strengthened the Right to Buy for council houses, which had previously been public housing. The privatization was extended to Power·gen, National Power, and the national coal company. In response to this prime minister's actions, Arthur Scargill of the National Union of Mine·workers led a major strike. This prime minister worked very well with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and defeated Argentina in the Falklands War. Name this British prime minister for the entirety of the 1980s.

Thatcher

One character in this novel plays a Chopin impromptu while the protagonist reads a letter from a man who fled to Mexico. This novel's protagonist is contrasted with "mother-women" exemplified by Madame Ratignolle. A parrot in this novel repeatedly says "Allez vous-en! Allez vous-en!" to the protagonist's husband. Out of dissatisfaction with her marriage to Léonce, this novel's protagonist has an affair with Alcée Arobin and falls in love with Robert Lebrun. After swimming out into the Gulf Mexico, Edna Pontellier drowns at the end of—for 10 points—what novel by Kate Chopin?

The Awakening

In this place, an epilepsy-related necklace is traded for a botched restoration of a painting. An umbrella is used to move a coat stand in this place after an argument about roulette being a game of skill. In this place, an actor is shown a bar of chocolate and interrogated about the kings of Austria and Prussia because another man thinks "That is not the real Ben Franklin. I am 99% sure." In this place, the Asian actor Steve fakes a family photo and learns a voicemail password to "impersonate" a friend. In this place, one man is told "Identity theft is not a joke!" after declaring "Bears. Beets. Battlestar Galactica." For 10 points, name this place where Jim and Pam prank Dwight Schrute.

The Office

A poem based on this one explains how "The rest complains of cares to come" after the "Rivers rage and Rocks grow cold." That poem, in which the speaker bases his actions on the contingent that "could youth last, and love still breed," is framed as a response from a nymph. The speaker of this poem plans to make "A belt of straw and Ivy buds/With Coral clasps and Amber studs" as well as "beds of Roses/And a thousand fragrant posies" for the second title character. Sir Walter Raleigh wrote a response to what poem in which the speaker implores "Then live with me, and be my love," written by Christopher Marlowe?

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

In this novel, the protagonist works in a store six days per week while Sam, Lige, and Walter sit on the porch and tell stories about Matt Bonner's mule. When the mule runs away in this novel, the protagonist's husband Jody buys it; Jody later becomes mayor but develops kidney disease. Before marrying Jody, this novel's protagonist was convinced by her nanny to marry Logan Killicks. This novel eventually depicts its protagonist on trial for the murder of her third husband, Tea Cake. Name this nove labout Janie Crawford that was set in Eatonville, Florida by Zora Neale Hurston.

Their Eyes Were Watching God

One of these things is called "rude, unbending, lusty" in a poem that remarks "I think of little else than of [my own dear friends]." One of these things makes the speaker think of "manly love" in a Walt Whitman "Calamus" poem set in Louisiana. A poem about these things claims that "Earth's the right place for love" and describes a scene that'd make you think "the inner dome of heaven had fallen" after imagining "some boy too far from town to learn baseball." The speaker claims "I think that I shall never see / A poem lovely as" one of these plants in a poem by Joyce Kilmer. Robert Frost reimagined the aftermath of an ice storm as a boy swinging from—for 10 points—what plants?

Trees

A poem named after this figure discusses men who "ever with a frolic welcome took the thunder and the sunshine" and oppose "free hearts, free foreheads." This character who has "become a name" states that he will "drink life to the lees" and decides to "sail beyond the sunset." A woman in a novel titled for this character states "yes I said yes I will yes" to a marriage proposal and has an affair with Blazes Boylan. That novel, set on June 16, 1904, follows Leopold Bloom's journey through Dublin. A poem titled for this figure ends "to strive, to seek, to find, but not to yield." For 10 points, name this "idle king" of a Tennyson poem and the title mythical figure of a James Joyce novel.

Ulysses

This author wrote about Alexandra Spofford, Jane Smart, and Sukie Rougemont who live in the title town in one novel. This author wrote a novel in which a Toyota Dealership is inherited by Janice and he also wrote a novel in which that same dealership is passed on to her son, Nelson. Accompanying those two novels were two of this author's other novels, Redux and Remembered, all titled for the nickname of Harry Angstrom. Identify this author of The Witches of Eastwick, a repeat winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 and 1991 for his novels Rabbit is Rich and Rabbit at Rest respectively.

Updike

Zorn's lemma states that if every chain of a poset has one of these things, then the poset must have a maximal element. A completeness property which is fulfilled by the reals is known as the "least [this thing]" property because it requires that every subset of the reals have a least one of these things, which is also known as a supremum. An element x is one of these for a set S if it is larger than the maximum element of S. Identify these things which provide a limit to how large the elements of a set can be.

Upper Bound

The founder of Newnham College was a member of this philosophical school and wrote ​The Methods of Ethics​, which argued that intuition cannot resolve conflicts between values. In addition to Henry Sidgwick, this school contained a thinker criticized for his commitment to psychological egoism. A book named for this school argues against the idea that all​ pleasures are equal. The founder of this school designed a prison with a single watchman called the Panopticon and was a predecessor of John Stuart Mill named Jeremy Bentham. Identify this philosophical school concerned with giving the greatest number of people possible the greatest happiness possible.

Utilitarianism

A painting by this artist inspired a series of works by the English painter Francis Bacon in which a ghostly seated man screams. Pablo Picasso painted 58 geometric reinterpretations of a painting by this artist. A drunkard kneels and is crowned with a branch by a god in this artist's Los Borrachos. In a painting by this artist, King Philip IV and Queen Mariana can be seen in a mirror in the background and a dwarf stands next to a sleeping dog. The Infanta Margaret Theresa stands at the center of that painting by this artist. Name this Spanish painter of Las Meninas.

Velazquez

Along with Frans Hals, this painter's loose, vivid brushstrokes were a major inspiration for Édouard Manet. This artist showed the myth of Arachne being woven onto a tapestry in the background of one painting. This artist's painting of a reclining nude Venus looking into a mirror was slashed by the suffragette Mary Richardson. A painting by this artist of The Spinners shows a drink being offered in a red cup by a kneeling girl with a butterfly pin. This painter of the Rokeby Venus depicted his patron Philip IV in the mirror in a painting that includes a dog, a dwarf, and the painter himself at work. For 10 points, name this Spanish Golden Age painter of Las Meninas.

Velazquez

This country's Acción Democrática party was built up by Rómulo Betancourt. The party was started by members of the Generation of 1928, which was opposed to this country's control by Juan Vicente Gómez, who took advantage of this country's strong oil reserves. In 1999, this South American country started calling itself a "Bolivarian Republic" and aligned itself with Cuba. Its president died in 2013, and it has faced food shortages since then. Name this country that has recently been led by Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro.

Venezuela

One painting by this artist features a chandelier with a double-headed eagle above a painting of the Seventeen Provinces and depicts a man painting a woman in blue holding a book and a trumpet. Another work by this artist shows a girl seated at a virginal while a viol lays on a blue-and-white checkered floor. This artist of The Art of Painting painted dark clouds over the Schie Canal in a painting of his hometown, Delft. In his most famous work, a girl wears a blue-and-yellow turban turning towards the viewer, revealing a large piece of jewelry. For 10 points, name this Dutch artist of The Music Lesson and Girl With a Pearl Earring.

Vermeer

This artist painted a double eagle on a chandelier above a man painting in front of a map of the Netherlands. This artist's painting of a woman at a harpsichord, a man with a lute, and a woman singing was stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. This creator of The Concert and The Art of Painting showed a foot warmer next to tiles depicting Cupid behind a woman who stands at a table with bread and pours from a jug; that painting is The Milkmaid. He also painted a portrait of a woman with a blue headscarf who wears the title piece of jewelry. Name this Dutch painter who created Girl with a Pearl Earring.

Vermeer

Instead of the Adopt-a-Highway program that exists in other states, this U.S. state celebrates Green Up Day each May to clean up roadside trash. This state's most populous city runs completely on renewable energy, contains Church Street Marketplace, and has a population only slightly above 40,000 people. Killington Peak is near the town of Rutland in this state. Students who live in this state's town of Norwich attend middle school and high school in an adjacent state, in the town of Hanover. This state is the east shore of Lake Champlain, and it contains the Green Mountains. Name this state whose most populous city is Burlington and whose capital is Montpelier.

Vermont

A president called for a "great and solemn referendum" on this document, but was replaced for his party's nomination by James M. Cox. William Borah and Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. were among the Irreconciliables who opposed signing this document. It was called a "Carthaginian peace" by the economist John Maynard Keynes. The Young and Dawes plans attempted to repair a country's economy after the signing of this treaty. The basis for this treaty was the Fourteen Points, which later formed the League of Nations. For 10 points, name this treaty signed by Woodrow Wilson at the end of World War I.

Versailles

Molybdenum and an element symbolized by this letter are the only two elements that form sextuple bonds. Scheelite is the principal ore of the element whose symbol is this letter. A quantity symbolized by this letter equals the integral of pressure with respect to volume. It's not a Greek letter, but entropy is proportional to the logarithm of a quantity represented by this letter in Boltzmann's formula. Internal energy equals: a quantity symbolized by this letter, plus heat. This letter symbolizes both the number of microstates of a system and the most common element in light bulb filaments. Tungsten's chemical symbol is—for 10 points—what letter that represents work?

W

At a United Nations address, one leader of this country announced his nation "would be proud to extend its hand in peace." That address occurred in Vienna, and happened after eleven aid workers from this country were killed by a bomb set off by Rumlow. This country's most well-known leader defeated a member of the Jabari tribe, M'Baku, in ritual combat. An invader of this country, Killmonger, died in a mine for a certain metal from an ancient meteor that helps grant superhuman powers; that material is vibranium. For 10 points, name this East African country, most famously led by T'Challa, the "Black Panther."

Wakanda

In a prisoner-of-war camp, this novel's protagonist meets an optimistic, honest peasant named after the philosopher Plato. This novel's protagonist learns numerology from the Freemasons, and "discovers" that his antagonist's name stands for 666. This novel begins with almost a full page of dialogue in French and includes numerous tangents about its author's disagreements with Great Man history. After breaking off her engagement to Andrei Bolkonsky, Natasha Rostova ends up married to this novel's protagonist. For 10 points, name this massive novel in which Pierre Bezukhov plans to kill Napoleon, by Leo Tolstoy.

War and Peace

As of 2017, the WNBA franchise in this city is the only one that has not reached the WNBA Finals. In 2017 that team from this city made a trade with the Chicago Sky to receive Elena Delle Donne. After selecting Jan Vesely in 2011, the NBA team in this city received the third overall pick in 2012 and 2013, which they used to take Otto Porter and Bradley Beal. The WNBA's Mystics play in what city, where Scott Brooks coaches, and John Wall plays for, the NBA's Wizards?

Washington D.C.

One procedure to perform this task uses a polymer of m-phenylene diamine and trimesoyl chloride; that procedure also uses a cellulose triacetate membrane. Another procedure used to perform this task uses heat exchangers and is called multi-stage flash. The substance that has undergone this process can be labelled Milli-Q, dd, or DI. This task can be performed by electrodeionization or reverse osmosis, which lowers solute concentration and is preceded by using an activated carbon filter to trap chlorine and organic chemicals. For 10 points, name this process of removing impurities from H2O.

Water purification

This is the color of the "Q" flag in the International Maritime Signal system. Though it isn't white, a flag of this color paired with a sign reading "SC" indicates that a safety car is on the track in a Formula One race. This is the background color of both the flag of the Qing Dynasty and the Gadsden flag, the latter of which depicts a black rattlesnake above the slogan "Don't Tread on Me." A star of this color appears on the flag of Vietnam, and a cross of this color appears on the flag of Sweden. For 10 points, name this primary color found at the bottom of the German flag beneath stripes of black and red.

Yellow

One of the powerful priests of this religion was Kartir, who advised several Sassanid emperors. This religion's holy book describes the exploits of the legendary Kayanian dynasty, which included this religion's first royal supporter, King Vishtasp. Many adherents of this religion were poorly treated by Muslims, so they moved to India, where theyare called Parsi. This religion started when its founder had a vision of Vohu Manah, who taught asha, or truth. That vision probably occurred in what is now Iran. Name this religion that worships Ahura Mazda, who may be the first monotheistic god.

Zoroastrianism

Proteins called CBP20 and CBP80 recognize mature versions of these molecules for transport. The complex RISC cleaves these molecules using enzymes like Drosha and Dicer. The turnover of these molecules is reflected in the abundance of structures called P-bodies. One process which modifies these molecules uses snRNPs to create a lariat loop and is known as splicing. A 7-methylguanylate cap is attached to one end of these molecules, while the other end has a poly(A) tail. Recognition of three-base codons on these molecules allows for peptide synthesis. For 10 points, name this single-stranded nucleic acid that carries information to the ribosome.

mRNA

During his reign, this ruler squashed the Avar March, and along with the Byzantine ruler Nikephoros I, this man signed the Pax Nicephori. This man was the namesake of a "miniscule script" that was later used to write St. Jerome's Vulgate Bible. This brother of Carloman had a school built in Aachen that was led by Alcuin of York. The historian Einhard wrote the biography of this man who divided his kingdom three ways in the Treaty of Verdun. What ruler was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day 800?

Charlemagne

In one poem by this author, a poet talks to a knight about a chess game, but the knight is actually talking about his wife's death. That poem was inspired by the death of John of Gaunt's wife, Blanche of Lancaster. This author of The Book of the Duchess wrote a story in which a Sultan is killed during his daughter's wedding because his mother is upset that he is converting to Christianity. In yet another story, this author wrote about Nicholas convincing John to sleep in a tub so that Nicholas can be with John's wife, Alison. Those stories are narrated by a Man of Law and a Miller. Name this person who wrote about pilgrims to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in The Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer

The Enerparc and Rodina firms built a solar farm on the former site of this event in 2018. This event led the British Food Standards Agency to implement a mandatory sheep testing program that persisted until 2012. The town of Slavutych was built to accommodate people displaced by this event, which forced a nearby capital to switch its water supply to the Desna River after the Dnieper was found to be contaminated. A concrete "sarcophagus" covers the present site of this disaster, which occurred after a power surge generated a steam explosion that destroyed a Soviet nuclear facility. For 10 points, name this 1986 nuclear meltdown in Northern Ukraine.

Chernobyl

It's not a shark, but one of these animals is shown outside a small house surrounded by palm trees in Winslow Homer's Native Huts, Nassau. In another Homer painting, a white and pink clad girl holds a white one of these animals in a painting titled for a sick one of these. Katsushika Hokusai notably dipped the legs of one of these animals into red paint prior to placing it on a canvas to create maple leaves. In another painting, a dead one of these animals is held in an illuminated girl's belt. Identify this kind of bird that appears in Rembrandt's The Night Watch.

Chicken

One component of these systems shifts via "assimilation" and "discard" in the core-frame model. Edward Ullman and Chauncy Harris proposed that these systems have "multiple nuclei," and another man's study of "communication routes" in these systems led him to divide them into "sectors." Ernest Burgess' model of these systems can be used to visualize the bid-rent curve, and features an outer ring called a "commuter zone." These entities are based around a central business district, and are often divided according to industrial and residential land use. For 10 points, name these urban areas, where suburbs are located outside of.

Cities

The chemical looping type of this process minimizes trace pollutants like nitric oxide. Some areas designed to contain this process can be classified as can, cannular, or annular. Calx is formed when this process is done to metals, but the more common products of this process are called flue gas. Compression achieves the temperature needed for flash-point ignition of this reaction in a Diesel engine. Incomplete forms of this reaction generate carbon monoxide. Name this exothermic reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide, light, and flames.

Combustion

An artist from this movement painted a nail and a rope in the top left corner of his painting Man with a Guitar. Georges Braque pioneered this movement in collaboration with an artist who showed Iberian masks in a painting of five prostitutes, called Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. In another work by that artist from this movement, newspaper print covers a screaming horse's body next to the head of a bull in an image inspired by a bombing during the Spanish Civil War. Name this movement of which Guernica, by Pablo Picasso, was a part.

Cubism

This philosopher proposed that an increase in distraction and the existence of too many "publics" impedes democracy in a book written partially as a response to Walter Lippmann's The Phantom Public. This philosopher critiqued the rise of Marxism in America in a book tracing the roots of fascism, Freedom and Culture. Immature members of society must be taught the social customs and practices of its society according to a book by this philosopher which seeks to advance democracy through the title action. Identify this American pragmatist who wrote The Public and Its Problems and Democracy and Education.

Dewey

This man defeated an unseeded Jo-Wilfried Tsonga to win his first ever major championship in 2008. In 2018, after this man lost to Cheung Hyeung, he underwent surgery on his elbow. It's not Rafael Nadal, but following his victory in 2016 at the French Open, this man became only the 8th man ever to complete the Career Slam by winning all four majors. After dropping down the ATP Rankings, this man re-hired his longtime confidant Marjan Vajda and won the 2018 Wimbledon and US Open titles. For 10 points, name this current (As of 2019) world-number-one Serbian tennis great, nicknamed "the Djoker."

Djokovic

One work by this artist has the reverse side hollowed out so that replicas could be created by pouring in molten glass, and is called Virgin and Child with Four Angels. This artist was influenced by Eastern Orthodox icons of Mary of Egypt to create an unnaturally emaciated wooden sculpture in the Penitent Magdalene. One of his most iconic sculptures depicts the condottieri Erasmo of Narni riding a horse that balances a hoof on a cannonball. This artist created the first nude male sculpture of the Renaissance, the subject of which stands victorious with a sword over the head of Goliath. For 10 points, name this sculptor of Gattamelata and a bronze David.

Donatello

The NF-kappaB pathway is associated with the immune response to this organism, and the C4BPA gene is down regulated in subjects resilient to this organism. This organism is the leading cause of cystitis and can synthesize some K vitamins. The O157:H7​ ​strain of this organism produces Shiga toxins and can lead to hemolytic-uremic syndrome as well as bloody​ diarrhea. This pathogen was infected by T2 bacteriophages to prove DNA carries genetic material in the Hershey-Chase experiment and this organism was used to prove the semiconservative replication of DNA. Name this rod shaped model organism found in the lower intestine

E. Coli

Gangliosides are present in mammals and members of this phylum, leading some members of this phylum to be used as model organisms for treating Alzheimer's disease. Another species in this phylum can create namesake "barrens" in typically biodiverse coastal waters due to the destruction of kelp forests. That species in this phylum has mouthparts known as "Aristotle's Lantern." In this largest group of non-chordate deuterostomes, water enters through the madreporite, which links to their water vascular system. Members of this phylum typically possess pentaradial symmetry. For 10 points, what phylum contains sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea stars?

Echinodermata

One resident of this land dreamed of squeezing grapes from a three-branched vine, while another dreamed that birds ate bread from the three baskets on his head. In the Islamic tradition, those dreams were interpreted by a slave of Aziz, who is named in the Judeo-Christian tradition as Potiphar. To escape the Seven Year Famine, the sons of Jacob search for food in this land, which had been amply provisioned by Joseph after he became its chief minister, although later generations of Israelites would be confined to the land of Goshen. For 10 points, name this biblical land that the Jews escape from during the Exodus.

Egypt

Pindar and Nicander stated that the gods escaped to this region in the form of animals while retreating from Typhon. The namesake of this region was a son of Belus who had 50 sons, 49 of whom were murdered by their wives. Some accounts state that Helen was replaced by an eidolon and actually spent the entire Trojan War in this region under the protection of King Proteus. Deities from this region were converted to Greek equivalents like Serapis and Harpocrates. After the Trojan War, Menelaus was stuck in this region until he wrestled the Old Man of the Sea, who lived in Pharos. For 10 points, name this region where the cult of Serapis derived from its worship of Osiris.

Egypt

This man used the example of inaccuracies in the Millikan oil-drop experiment to argue for avoiding fooling yourself in his lecture "Cargo Cult Science." One approach invented by this man involves computing amplitudes by integrating over all paths. This man, along with Schwinger and Tomonaga, proposed a theory which framed the electromagnetic force as mediated by photon exchange. Wavy lines indicate photons on his namesake diagrams, which show particle decays. For 10 points, name this Caltech scientist and pioneer of QED, the bongo-playing author of a popular three-volume set of lectures on physics.

Feynman

Differences in this quantity between two systems can be calculated by sampling each state using the Bennett acceptance ratio. That form of this quantity is equal to negative "k T times the logarithm of the partition function." Surface tension equals the partial derivative of one type of this quantity with respect to area. This quantity is used to classify reactions as spontaneous. Exergonic systems have negative values for this quantity. This quantity measures the maximum amount of work a system can do, and one form of it is equal to H minus TS. For ten points, name this quantity, examples of which are named for Gibbs and Helmholtz.

Free energy

Several of the main characters in this novel disagree over whether Ellen should help Emmie Slattery with her child's baptism. Ellen's husband Gerald reunites Pork with his wife, and their child Prissy ends up being a bad helper of this novel's protagonist. This novel's protagonist marries Charles Hamilton, who dies at war, and Frank Kennedy, who is a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Even though this novel's protagonist loves Ashley Wilkes, she takes Rhett Butler as her third husband. Name this novel that is about Scarlett O'Hara and was written by Margaret Mitchell.

Gone With the Wind

An image in one of this person's music videos makes reference to an ad campaign for Jean-Paul Gaultier. Fans of this performer criticized Wendy Williams for saying "She's 21. She'll forever look 12." Other people criticized this person in 2015 for saying "I hate America" and licking a doughnut on a counter. In 2017, 23 people were killed while leaving Manchester Arena after a performance by this musician. She portrayed Cat Valentine on the series Victorious and Sam & Cat. Name this performer of the hits "Problem", "Side to Side", and "No Tears Left to Cry".

Grande

Rituals performed on this day are observed by Diggory Venn as he crosses Egdon Heath at the beginning of The Return of the Native. The protagonist of a 2005 film based on a graphic novel assassinates Peter Creedy on this day before commandeering the public address system to play the 1812 Overture. Traditional festivities on this day include the purchasing of fireworks and the lighting of bonfires to burn straw effigies of a conspirator executed in 1606. For 10 points, name this British festival set on the 5th of November that celebrates the failure of the Gunpowder Plot

Guy Fawkes Night

This process yielded better results when compared to its predecessors, the Birkeland-Eyde and Frank-Caro processes. One of the inventors of this process modified it so that Germans were not reliant on Chilean Saltpeter during World War I. In 2007, Ertl was award a Nobel Prize for his explanation of the mechanisms of this process. One component of this process is derived from syngas, and this process uses an iron catalyst. Hydrogen and nitrogen gas fuse together in what process that produces ammonia.

Haber-Bosch

Percy Grainger wrote a "Clog Dance" for piano and orchestra named for "[this composer] in the Strand." A Passacaglia by this man was arranged for violin and viola by Johan Halvorsen. After his style of opera was roasted by John Gay, this composer switched to writing oratorios like Solomon, which includes "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba." An oratorio by this composer includes the aria "I know that my Redeemer liveth." After an old boss he'd snubbed became king of England, this composer of the coronation anthem Zadok the Priest supposedly appeased him by writing Water Music. For 10 points, name this composer who included the "Hallelujah Chorus" in Messiah.

Handel

This novel's protagonist repeats a "bedrock prayer" of "I am, I am" before adding, "I think of the word relish. I could eat a horse." This novel, in which Janine's baby Angela is declared to have been a "shredder" at a "Prayvaganza" ceremony, features the Latin phrase "nōlīte tē bastardēs carborundōrum." Aunt Lydia leads the Red Center in this novel, in which Ofglen hangs herself before the Eyes of God can come after her. This novel's protagonist sleeps with the chauffeur Nick and plays Scrabble with Serena Joy's husband, who is known as "The Commander." Offred is the narrator of—for 10 points—what novel set in Gilead and written by Margaret Atwood?

Handmaid's Tale

Description acceptable.​ In advance of this event, a leader asked his cousin to cover himself in a green cloak and sleep in his bed. Historians identify the Axumite king Armah with a man involved in the so-called "first" version of this event, Ashama ibn Abjar, who sheltered several ​sahaba​. A place of worship at Quba was founded during this event, in which two men stopped and prayed on Friday in the first instance of​ jumu'ah. The person who undertook this event ended up in Yathrib, which was renamed shortly afterward, and carried it out with Abu Bakr. This event, whose Julian date is April 19, 622 AD, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Name this flight of the prophet from one of Islam's holy cities to another.

Hijrah

In 2016, CalTech scientists presented data proposing the existence of the so called "Planet Nine" withing this location. In 2005, scientists discovered a large object in this location that they named "Xena" but later named Eris. Makemake and Haumea are found within this region located between Neptune and the Oort Cloud. The dwarf planet Pluto is the largest object within what belt shaped region at the edge of the solar system that is the source of short period comets?

Kuiper Belt

The development of this organ is quantified by the lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio, as those compounds are found in a DPPC-rich substance that this organ secretes. Absence of that substance forms hyaline membranes in IRDS, which inhibits this organ's function. These organs are surrounded by the pleural membranes. The compliance of this organ is increased in a condition that contributes to COPD. Surfactant lowers the surface tension of the sac-like clusters of alveoli found at the end of this organ's bronchioles. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to this organ. For 10 points, name this organ central to human respiration.

Lungs

A test evaluating impairment of cholesterol esterification called the filipin test can be used to diagnose one disease of this organelle. Deficiency of LAL, an enzyme found in this organelle, causes Wolman disease. Another disease of this organelle causes macrophages to have a "tissue paper" appearance. This organelle names a class of disorders which include Fabry disease and Gaucher's disease, as well as a storage disorder caused by a defective hexosaminidase enzyme known as Tay-Sachs disease. Proteins to be transported to this organelle are tagged with mannose-6-phosphate. For 10 points, name this acid-containing organelle that digests cellular wastes.

Lysosomes

This ion's function is mimicked by Memantine binding to NMDA receptors, where it serves as a voltage-sensitive block. Its sulfate salt treats a condition in which the spiral arteries fail to remodel during pregnancy, called pre-eclampsia. This cation is found in PCR mixes because it is a cofactor of Taq. This cation is found at the center of the chlorin ring of chlorophyll. A substance containing this cation named for its resemblance to milk is used as a laxative. Deficiency of this cation is treated by consuming Epsom salt. For 10 points, name this divalent cation with formula Mg 2+

Magnesium

A character in one of this man's works has fingers that look "like rows of short sausages." Another of this author's characters hides in a bell tower and rings it until an armistice is signed; that character, the prostitute Rachel, stabs an effeminate army captain to death with a cheese knife. In one of his stories, Cornudet annoys his fellow travellers by whistling the Marseillaise; that company is detained by an officer who demands to sleep with a prostitute before he lets them pass. In another work, Mathilde Loisel works off debt for ten years before learning that a piece of jewelry is fake. For 10 points, name this author of "Mademoiselle Fifi," "Boule de Suif," and "The Necklace."

Maupassant

In one role, one of these performers gushes that "Every woman changes my color, every woman makes me tremble" before hiding under a chair. This was the "fach" of Marilyn Horne and Marian Anderson. According to a common expression, these performers typically play "witches," "britches," and a third, rhythming word. Octavian from Der Rosenkavalier, Cherubino from The Marriage of Figaro, and other "trouser" roles are almost always played by these performers in male clothing. These singers are now being replaced by countertenors to sing castrato roles. For 10 points, name these female singers with voices lower than a soprano.

Mezzo

Characters in this novel visit the Pioneer Café, and due to distinctive birthmarks, one is nicknamed "Map-face" and has a father who wears a perfectly parted wig. In this novel, Aadam's first word is "abracadabra" and Ghani allows a man to see one part of a woman at a time through a sheet with a hole. One of the workers at a pickling factory in this novel is​ Mary Pereira. The protagonist of this novel, whose biological father is William Methwold, loses his ability to act as a "human radio" after getting sinus surgery and is named Saleem Sinai. Name this novel about a group of people born at the moment of Indian independence, a work by Salman Rushdie.

Midnight's Children

One character in this novel develops a habit of calling different things whatsitsname. That woman is courted by a man who falls in love with her through a perforated hole in a sheet. William Methwold sells villas for cheap prices in this novel and later seduces the wife of an accordionist named Wee Willie Winkie. The protagonist of this novel has an oversized nose that is constantly dripping and marries Parvati the Witch. Saleem Sinai is one member of the title group born precisely at the moment of India's independence in, for 10 points, what novel by Salman Rushdie?

Midnight's Children

This civilization was one of the earliest to use the labrys double-headed axe. The earliest "oxhide" ingots to be found were used by this civilization. This civilization utilized a rhyton, or conical drinking vessel, for its libation ceremonies. They often painted depictions of "bull-leaping" and worshipped a "snake goddess." This civilization supposedly broke up following the eruption of Thera. The untranslated script "Linear A" was used by this civilization, whose ruins were excavated by Sir Arthur Evans at Knossos. Name this Bronze-age civilization based on Crete and named for a mythical king with a labyrinth.

Minoan

One of these creatures was invincible in combat due to a boon which caused him to gain half of his opponent's strength. One of these creatures assumed that his brother was slain fighting the demon Mayavi and takes over his brother's kingdom. Vanaras like Vali and Sugriva took the form of these animals and populate Kishkinda. These animals built Adam's bridge in order to reach Lanka. A god in the form of one of these animals proved his loyalty to Rama and Sita by ripping open his chest. Earlier in the Ramayana, Ravana orders the torture of that deity in this form by burning his tail. Hanuman takes the form of—for 10 points—what animal?

Monkeys

One member of this group has a servant named Grimaud who communicates through body language. This group travels to a convent to rescue Madame Bonacieux. The ex-wife of one member of this group is discovered to have a fleur-de-lis branded on her back and is named Milady de Winter. They attempt to recover diamonds to hide an affair between Queen Anne and the Duke of Buckingham. This group has the motto "One for all, all for one," and d'Artagnan wants to become a member in an 1844 novel. For 10 points, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis are members of what group of French soldiers in an Alexander Dumas novel?

Musketeers

Californium-252 is used as a source of these particles. Another way to generate these particles is to send high-energy protons into liquid mercury, causing spallation. This particle breaks down into a proton, an electron, and an anti·neutrino. It is made up of one up quark and two down quarks. Nuclear power plants use moderators to control the speeds of these particles. The first nuclear chain reactions were made by bombarding uranium with these particles. Name this particle that is very slightly more massive than a proton and which combines with protons to form atomic nuclei.

Neutrons

One character in this musical named Joseph Buquet described how another figure used the Punjab lasso in his torture chamber. This musical is derived from a novel by Gaston Leroux and includes the song "Il Muto" that is sung by Piangi and Carlotta. One character in this musical wrote an opera entitled Don Juan Triumphant, which he demanded be headlined by Christine. The songs "Angel of Music" and "Music of the Night" appear in what Andrew Lloyd Webber musical about a deformed man named Erik.

Phantom of the Opera

A technique which relies on this effect corrects raw signals using a relative sensitivity factor. The maximum kinetic energy in this effect is equal to the stopping potential. The minimum energy required for this effect is equal to h times a threshold frequency, and is alternatively called the work function. This effect was first observed by Heinrich Hertz. It can can be explained by considering the particle nature of light and won Einstein the Nobel Prize in 1905. For ten points, name this effect where energetic photons strike a metal surface, resulting in the ejection of electrons.

Photoelectric effect

A series of 69 works in this medium depicts a woman working as a housewife, librarian, and actress to represent feminine clichés. Another artist who worked in this medium collaborated with Erskine Caldwell on the book You Have Seen Their Faces. This medium was used to depict identical twin girls in Roselle, New Jersey, and a boy in Central Park holding a hand grenade. Margaret Bourke-White worked in this medium, as did a woman who created many works featuring the Manzanar Relocation Center and a woman clutching her two children during the Great Depression. For 10 points, name this medium that Dorothea Lange used to capture Migrant Mother with a camera.

Photography

One character in this novel procures 20 boats, lines them with scarecrows, and fakes an aquatic attack in order to collect thousands of arrows from enemy forces. Characters in this novel prepare a black ox and a white horse to sacrifice in a peach garden, in which they swear an oath of loyalty to each other. In this novel, a vastly outnumbered army defeats the forces of Tsao Tsao at the Battle of Red Cliffs, which occurs after the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Identify this classic novel of China, in which Liu Bei, Zhang Fei, and Guan Yu rule the title provinces.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

This architect designed a brick building to which the sculptor Theodore Roszak added an aluminum spire and bell tower. Another of his buildings is raised on a circular brick platform while the roof curves down to the ground at three equidistant points, forming an eighth-sphere. Those are the MIT Chapel and the Kresge Auditorium. Mobile lounges are employed to move visitors between this architect's Dulles airport terminals, which make use of his iconic catenary curves. His most prominent use of a catenary curve is visible in the tallest accessible building in Missouri. For 10 points, name this architect of the Gateway Arch in St. Louis.

Saarinen

This rock forms the Coconino and Tapeats layers of the Grand Canyon. Paleocurrents can be tracked by planar cross‐bedding in this rock, like that at Zion Canyon. This rock's "arkose" variety contains more than 25 percent feldspar. Compression‐driven metamorphism of this rock in orogenic belts can form quartzite. Name this sedimentary rock that forms out of a namesake granular material found on beaches.

Sandstone

After one protagonist of this novel begins to face professional failure, he shoots his film producer Whisky Sisodia. Rose Diamond nurses the two protagonists of this novel to health after they survive a plane explosion over the English Channel. As a result of that explosion, Saladin Chamcha takes on characteristics of the devil, while Gibreel Farishta takes on characteristics of an angel. Ayatollah Komeini had a fatwa placed upon the Kashmiri author of this novel. Solman Rushdie wrote what novel that is named for some controversial Islamic texts?

Satanic Verses

One of these beings prophesies that the best thing for a man is not to be born, or to die as soon as possible. Poseidon saves the Danaid Amymone from being raped by one of these beings. One of these creatures picks up a flute after Athena casts it away because it puffs up her cheeks when she plays it. When that figure is unable to turn his flute upside down, the Muses vote that he is a far inferior musician to Apollo, who then flays him. Midas is given ass's ears after voting for Marsyas in that contest, and receives the golden touch for taking care of one of these beings called Silenus. Dionysus's followers include, for 10 points, what lusty goat-legged men of Greek mythology?

Satyrs

Soldiers from an alliance in this country defeated Leopold I of Austria and his knights in an ambush at the Battle of Morgarten. Heinrich Bullinger succeeded one religious leader in this country. During a series of wars between Protestants and Catholics in this country named for the Kappel monastery, Huldrych Zwingli was killed. This country was where Michael Servetus was burnt at the stake by the theocratic government of John Calvin, and a 1291 charter created a confederation of the Three Forest Cantons in this country, which was where the Helvetic Republic was formed. For 10 points, name this mountainous European country known for its historic neutrality.

Switzerland

One of these devices contains a component composed of eighteen hexagonal segments made out of gold plated beryllium. Another one of these devices corrected for a 4-micron manufacturing error with the COSTAR system. Both of those devices use Cassegrain mounting. These non-biological devices are subject to comas, astigmatisms, and chromatic aberrations. One of these devices captured images of Westerlund 2 and the Pillars of Creation, and that device will soon be replaced by another one of them named for James Webb. For 10 points, name these optical devices used to look at stars, the most famous of which is named after Edwin Hubble.

Telescopes

Terpene solution can be sprayed on Christmas trees to prevent this process. Cavitation, or the formation of bubbles, blocks this process. Solar stills use a method named for this process when the collection bags are placed over leafy trees. Xerophytes minimize this process by employing CAM photosynthesis and by having spines. This process is the dominant contributor to cloud formation above the Amazon rainforest. Cohesion-tension theory explains the mechanism of this process. The opening of guard cells and closing of stomata regulate this process. Name this process in which water is pulled through the xylem of plants by evaporation in the leaves.

Transpiration

This country seized Hatay from the Sanjak of Alexandretta in 1938. Nine years earlier this nation had Latinized its alphabet including a dotless i. During a speech in Kastamonu, this country's leader wore a Panama hat. The Treaty of Lausanne which led to a population transfer between this nation and Greece, superseded the borders of the Ottoman rump state. Name this country led by Kemal Ataturk.

Turkey

The zeroth component of a generalized form of this quantity equals ct. Two values for this vector quantity can be added by dividing their sum by one plus their product over a constant squared. The square of this quantity appears over c squared in the definition of the Lorentz gamma factor. Two inertial reference frames differ by a constant value of this vector quantity. The change in this quantity multiplies mass to give impulse; that change is also equal to the product of average acceleration and time. Lowercase v symbolizes, for ten points, what vector quantity representing displacement over time?

Velocity

An old Inuit woman who stole fish and turned into one of these animals after isolating herself was named Qisaruatsiaq. Another one of these animals had her tongue bitten off by Sigmund after honey was smeared around his mouth. After serving his son Nyctimus to Zeus, Lycaon was transformed into one of these animals. Two of these creatures named Skoll and Hati will eat the sun and the moon at Ragnarok. Another one was bound by the rope Gleipnir before biting off Tyr's hand. Fenrir is, for 10 points, what type of animal that also suckled Romulus and Remus?

Wolves

This modern country is where the sculptor and architect Radovan lived; he is credited with the Cathedral of Saint Lawrence in Trogir. This modern country contains the Stari Grad Plain, a system of walls set up by ancient Greeks to parcel out land on the island of Hvar. The much more recent Battle of Vukova took place in this country's eastern region, Slavonia. The south part of this country, which is separated from the rest of the country so that Bosnia and Herzegovina has a coast, contains the city of Dubrovnik. That coast is on the Adriatic Sea and includes the city of Split. Name this former part of Yugoslavia whose capital is Zagreb.

Zagreb

This painting is parodied in a Gordon Parks photograph of a government cleaning woman, Ella Watson. Mothers-in-law's tongue and beefsteak begonia are the two plants on a ledge in the background of this painting. One of the subjects of this painting wears a 19th-century colonial print apron; that subject was modeled by the artist's sister, who stood next to Byron McKeeby, a dentist. The title of this painting refers to the style of the house in the background next to a red barn. Name this painting of a farm couple, made by Grant Wood.

American Gothic

An "index" for this property is commonly calculated by either subtracting the magnitude V from B or B from a similar quantity U; those three quantities are determined using passband filters. Temperature, spectral type, or this property is plotted on the x-axis of a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. This property is used to classify stars in the UBV photometric system. Spectra qualitatively show a wide range of this property. This property is the perception of a light wave's frequency, and thus wavelength. For ten points, name this property, for which the star Rigel is blue-white.

Color

Planck's constant is about 4.14 times 10 to the -15 times this unit times seconds. Particle masses are often reported as powers of 10 times this unit over c squared; for instance, the proton has a mass of about 938 million times this unit over c squared. The binding energy of ground‐state hydrogen is 13.6 of this unit. A joule is roughly 10 to the 19 of what unit of energy symbolized eV?

Electrovolt

This man discovered several species of Hydrozoa, and the Prime Minister who served under this leader was believed to be assassinated by the League of Blood. This man survived the February 26th incident and he announced to his people that he had accepted the Potsdam Declaration in his infamous "Jewel Voice Broadcast." This son of Taisho was succeeded by the current emperor, Akihito. Identify this Japanese emperor who was in power during WWII.

Hirohito

In Design Patterns, the "Gang of Four" generally advocated the use of composition rather than this technique. In Java, protected members are only visible locally and when using this technique, and final methods cannot be overridden when using this technique. This technique is used both to avoid duplicated code and to describe the "is a" relationship. This technique is often taught using examples like "a Car is a Vehicle" and "Cats and Dogs are Animals." Name this technique in which a class gets some data or behavior from a parent class.

Inheritance

In one work by this author, Magdalena saves two houseguests from her husband, Buck Scales. A protagonist created by this author asks for money to fund her study in Germany from Doctor Archie. This author who described Godfrey St. Peter and the late Tom Outland in ​The Professor's House​ wrote about​ Thea Kronborg in another work. A cat climbs a telegraph pole at the beginning of this author's novel about Alexandra, which forms a cycle with one about Jim Burden and the title Bohemian woman and The Song of the Lark. Name this American author who set many works in Nebraska and included My Ántonia and O Pioneers! in her Prairie Trilogy.

Cather

The Scott Act expanded this U.S. law. The popular sentiment behind this law played out during the Rock Springs massacre. This law was further strengthened with provisions preventing bail and requiring people to carry papers in the Geary Act. Other than provisions regarding the ownership of property, this law was repealed during World War II by the Magnuson Act, and further repeal came with the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Name this 1882 law signed by President Chester Arthur that prevented a specific ethnic group from immigrating.

Chinese Exclusion

A complaint was filed by Adam Lovinger when he lost this in 2017. On the other hand, William McRaven wrote an open letter requesting to have this taken away. A letter removing this in another case mentioned "wild outbursts on the internet and television". The letter 'Q' in "Q Anon" refers to a level of this. Susan Rice, Andrew McCabe, and James Clapper were among the people accused by Sarah Huckabee Sanders of politicizing and monetizing this, and President Trump took this away from John Brennan. Name this authorization to view classified information.

Clearance

Decreased beta defensin activity in this disease leads to frequent Burkholderia and Pseudomonas [["su-doe-moan-as"]] infections. Commonly, patients with this disease have a deletion of three nucleotides that code for phenylalanine in the 508 position on chromosome 7. This disease may lead to clogging of the pancreatic ducts because the protein CFTR gets stuck in the endomembrane system. This disease, which may be diagnosed with a sweat test, is characterized by the inability to transport chloride ions. For 10 points, name this genetic disease in which mucus builds up in the airways.

Cystic fibrosis

This man published miscellany like obituaries and sports results in the "Along the Color Line" feature of the magazine he founded, The Crisis. This man coined the term "double consciousness" in his essay collection The Souls of Black Folk. Alongside William Monroe Trotter, this man founded the Niagara Movement, which was more militant than Booker T. Washington's approach. This man joined Archibald Grimke and Ida B. Wells, among others, to found the NAACP. Identify this early 20th century Civil Rights leader.

DuBois

This person was born in Ohio after his parents fled Canada because his father took part in the Mackenzie Rebellion. This person developed an electronic voting recorder that was rejected because it was too fast. Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone funded the Botanical Research Corporation that this person started in Fort Myers, Florida. This person built the Black Maria, which was considered America's first movie studio. A few years earlier, this person started General Electric. In 1878, this person was invited to the White House to demonstrate his phonograph. Name this "Wizard of Menlo Park" who developed an incandescent light bulb.

Edison

This composer wrote operas with librettos by Nicola Haym. His most performed opera, which features the aria "Svegliatevi nel core", is Giulio Cesare in Egitto. John Beard was often the first person to sing this composer's works, starting with the oratorio Alexander's Feast. The opening words to another oratorio by this composer are "Comfort ye, comfort ye my people, saith your God." That oratorio's choral portion also states "And he shall reign for ever and ever." Name this composer who was born in Germany but wrote the music for British coronations, and whose oratorio Messiah includes the "Hallelujah" chorus.

Handel

Prime Minister Anthony Eden popularized one of these objects called a homburg. Jazz musicians were fond of one of these objects named for its resemblance to a pork pie. People with African heritage may own one of these things known as a kufi. Milliners make these objects for women. A popular idiom refers to makers of these objects who got mercury poisoning and went insane. One type of these things woven from straw is its Panama type. A tassel is attached to a type of them called a fez. For 10 points, name this article of clothing, whose varieties include the beret and the sombrero.

Hats

When a feudal lord supporting this leader demanded the surrender of Dongnae, the opposing commander famously said "It is easy to fight and die, but difficult to let you pass." This leader rose to power by leading a commando raid to scale Mount Inaba. Li Rusong commanded a Ming relief force sent against this man's army. This person ordered the death of his nephew and successor after suspecting him of rebellion. His navy was repeatedly defeated by Admiral Yi's turtle ships. After he died in 1598, this leader was succeeded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Name this Japanese daimyo who furthered Oda Nobunaga's work of unifying Japan.

Hideyoshi

Harmonium is an artificial helium atom in which this law describes the potential of the force between the electron and the nucleus. One form of this law arises if the bulk modulus is constant, and other forms of this law use Young's modulus and the shear modulus in a tensor. This law states that stress is proportional to strain as long as the strain is under the elastic limit. Solving the second-order differential equation in this law results in a model of simple harmonic motion. The simplest form of this law says that force is proportional to displacement from equilibrium, but in the opposite direction. Name this law used to model the restoring force on springs.

Hooke's

This disease can potentially be triggered by inhibition of VEGF and renal artery stenosis is a possible secondary cause of this disease. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, and alpha blockers are all classes of agents used to treat this disease. This disease can be worsened by overuse of anti-inflammatory drugs and excessive salt intake. A sphygmomanometer can be used to monitor what very prevalent cardiovascular risk factor defined as abnormally high blood pressure?

Hypertension

A kingdom named for this city was formed after this city was surrendered by Iftikhar ad-Dawla to Raymond of Saint-Gilles. Before capturing this city, Peter the Hermit gave religious sermons to his troops at the Valley of Josaphat. The 16-year-old leper King Baldwin IV of this city won a surprise victory at the Battle of Montgisard, though 10 years later his successor decisively lost the Battle of Hattin. Though his forces reclaimed Jaffa and Acre, Richard I of England was never able to reclaim this city from Saladin. Name this holy city that Christian forces briefly claimed at the conclusion of the First Crusade.

Jerusalem

One film screenplay written by this man was based on a William Makepeace Thackeray novel about an Irish opportunist. This man supposedly forced Shelley Duvall to repeat a scene involving a staircase 127 times before he was satisfied. That film, which led to conspiracies that this man helped fake the moon landings, takes place in the Overlook Hotel. Another film directed by this man features a scene with a bone thrown into the air transitioning to a spaceship, and includes the evil robot HAL 9000. For 10 points, name this director of The Shining and 2001: A Space Odyssey.

Kubrick

In 1947, Paul Samuelson used this statement to explain the effects of auxiliary constraints on short-run elasticities. This statement explains one effect characterized by a reaction in which sodium chloride is added to aqueous silver chloride. Thermal runaway prevents the application of this statement in the short run during exothermic reactions, and this statement supports the​ common ion effect. According to this principle, the effect of a stress on a system is lowered as a result of equal rates of forward and reverse reactions. Name this principle that predicts a change in a quantity to counterbalance a shift in equilibrium, named for a French chemist.

Le Chatelier's principle

Some of this substance is in the medullary cavity. Myelotoxicity, which is sometimes called the suppression of this substance, can be caused by chemo·therapy. This substance is biopsied to test for leukemia, which is often treated by transplanting this substance. The apoptosis of some cells in this substance is slowed down by erythropoietin. This substance contains megakaryocytes that turn into platelets. One of the tissues within this substance is myeloid tissue and contains hematopoietic stem cells. That tissue is responsible for producing blood cells. Name this substance that fills the spaces of spongy bone.

Marrow

This mythological figure committed suicide in a manner similar to a real-life king of Phrygia with the same name, which, according to some sources, was drinking an ox's blood. A group of talking reeds which grew in a meadow whisper a secret this figure kept hidden with a turban. This figure hosted the lost and drunk satyr Silenus for ten days and was rewarded by​ Dionysus. This figure was cursed by Apollo when he thought a victory against Marsyas was unfair, and was given the ears of a donkey. This king reversed a certain gift by putting his fingers in running water after he accidentally turned his daughter into a statue. Name this king with the golden touch.

Midas

While working for this organization, Margaret Hamilton coined the term "software engineering." A member of this organization, Eileen Collins, has performed the 9 minute-long Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver. Mae Jemison worked for this organization for ten years, and it employed Katherine Johnson as a human "computer." This organization was blamed for the death of the teacher Christa McAuliffe and six others in a 1986 explosion that destroyed a vehicle previously used by Sally Ride. An employee of this organization said "That's one small step for man" on a mission with Buzz Aldrin. For 10 points, name this organization that sent Apollo 11 to the moon.

NASA

This American city has the largest Kurdish population of any city in the US, leading to its nickname of Little Kurdistan. This city was devastated by flooding in 2010 after the Cumberland River overflowed its banks. This city is home to a full scale replica of the Parthenon and its AT&T Building has been nicknamed the "Batman Building" due to its distinctive shape. This city's Ryman Auditorium hosted the Grand Ole Opry for more than thirty years. Identify this city that is home to Vanderbilt University that is known for being the home of country music.

Nashville

White mobs attacked African-Americans in this city's Robert Charles riots. Similar riots in this city and Memphis in 1866 increased popular support for Reconstruction. The region around this city was the site of the largest slave insurgency in U.S.history, the 1811 German Coast uprising. Due in part to poor planning by this city's Mayor Ray Nagin, this city suffered major damage in 2005 due to Hurricane Katrina. Shortly after the Treaty of Ghent was signed ending the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson fought a major battle near and named for this city. Name this city with a lively French Quarter, located on Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana.

New Orleans

An extremely popular biography of this leader titled for his "life and world" was written by Robert K. Massie. When he was young, this ruler established an elaborate toy army complete with actual grenadiers. This monarch separated civil from military service and provided a path for commoners to attain noble status when he established a system of promotion based on merit known as the Table of Ranks. Disguised as a ship builder, this leader went on a tour across Europe known as the Grand Embassy. In 1713, this leader moved his capital to a city on the Baltic Sea. Name this leader who reformed Russia.

Peter the Great

After World War II, peasant rebels from this country led the failed Huk Rebellion. Masaharu Homma was executed for his actions in this country. A battle off of the coast of this country was where the first kamikaze attacks took place and was the largest naval battle of World War II. Douglas MacArthur's comment "I shall return" refers to this country, the site of the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The Japanese committed atrocities during a trek of this country's citizens in the Bataan Death March. For 10 points, name this Asian island nation, the site of the earlier Battle of Manila Bay.

Philippines

The second section of the Prose Edda consists of a discussion about this topic in the form of a dialogue between Aegir and the god of this activity. The origin of this activity comes from the murder of a wise man born from the spit of the Aesir and Vanir named Kvasir. Kvasir's blood was mixed with honey to produce a mead that made its drinker skilled at this activity. "Kennings" were used in this activity, whose god has runes tattooed on his tongue. Bragi was the god of this activity, which was practiced by skalds. For 10 points, name this activity practiced by bards.

Poetry

These substances can be formed using dithiocarbamates in a RAFT reaction. Substances repeatedly used as reactants in processes to make these substances are termed "telechelic." The equation 1 over 1 minus p gives the degree to which these substances are made and is called Carother's equation. "Living" types of reactions that generate these compounds don't terminate and are a subtype of "chain-growth" reactions to synthesize them. Thermoplastics like ABS used in 3D printing are examples of these materials, which are strengthened by cross-linking after their formation. For 10 points, name these materials like rubber and nylon, made of repeating subunits called monomers.

Polymers

This town is the home of Solomon's Lodge, which claims to be the oldest Masonic lodge in the United States. A failed siege against this town during the Revolutionary War led to the death of Casimir Pulaski. The Girl Guides of America, which later became the Girl Scouts, started in this town under the leadership of Juliette Gordon Low. A telegram offered this town to Abraham Lincoln as a Christmas present. That telegram was sent when William Hardee escaped from this town rather than fight William Tecumseh Sherman's troops after Sherman had captured Atlanta. James Edward Oglethorpe designed this city. Name this city on the Georgia coast, where Sherman's March to the Sea ended.

Savannah

This character is told "You fear the world too much" when his fiancée breaks off their engagement. Just before that, this character and Dick Wilkins convert a warehouse where they are apprenticing into a party hall for their employer, Mr. Fezziwig. This character first refuses but later accepts a party invitation from Fred, who is the son of his sister Fan. This character eventually sends a turkey to his clerk, Bob Cratchit. Name this former business partner of Jacob Marley who is visited by several ghosts in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol.

Scrooge

In one novel by this author, a character says "Damn the man! Save the Mules!". This author's posthumously published The Coal War consists of material that had been taken out of that earlier novel about Hal Warner inspired by the Ludlow Massacre, King Coal. Another novel by this author begins with Marija Berczynskas arguing with a coachman so that she can get to the wedding reception of her cousin Ona. That reception takes place in Packingtown, which was a Chicago neighborhood. Name this socialist who depicted a disgusting meat industry in his novel about Jurgis Rudkus, The Jungle.

Sinclair

This country's invasion of Poland after the start of the Khmelnytsky Uprising marked the beginning of a period known as the "Deluge." This country gained the province of Ingria after England helped negotiate the Treaty of Stolbovo between it and Russia. The Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III gave refuge to this country's monarch and the cossack Ivan Mazeppa after his forces lost the Battle of Poltava. Another monarch of this country won the Battle of Breitenfeld, but died at Lützen, during this country's namesake phase of the Thirty Years' War. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country ruled by Charles XII and Gustavus Adolphus.

Sweden

In a play by this author, one character has to get the title woman a Coke after stuttering through an introduction. One of this author's plays is repeatedly interrupted by a ringing telephone, which is answered by Booster after he takes ownership of a taxi stand following the death of his father. In one of this author's plays, a son is angrily asked "What law is there say[ing] I'[ve] got to like you?" by his father, who was unable to play Major League Baseball. In that play by this author of Jitney, Cory is prevented from playing football by his garbage-collector father, Troy Maxson. Ma Rainey's Black Bottom is a play in the "Pittsburgh Cycle" of—for 10 points—what author of Fences?

Wilson

During one of these events, Patrick Prendergast shot Mayor Carter Harrison, and Frederick Jackson Turner first presented his Frontier Thesis. During one of these events, H.H. Holmes ran a "murder castle" described in Erik Larson's The Devil in the White City. The Louisiana Purchase was celebrated with a 1904 event of this kind in St. Louis, which has been cited for the nationwide spread of foods like the hamburger and the waffle cone. Two of these events held in Chicago were called "Century of Progress" and the "Columbian Exposition." For 10 points, name these international exhibitions

World Fair

This man's concept of "A Fireproof House for $5,000" inspired his design for the Stephen M. B. Hunt house. In 1948, this man designed an extension for the Rosenbaum house, which was modeled on an earlier residence he built for the Jacobs family. This architect included a "taproot core" and "lily-pad columns" in his design for the Johnson Wax Headquarters, which he completed in his studio at Taliesin. This creator of the Usonian style is most famous for designing a cantilevered home that sits over a cascade in southwest Pennsylvania. For 10 points, name this Prairie School architect of Fallingwater.

Wright

The initial narrator of this novel allows the old servant Joseph to take care of his horse when he goes to rent a house, and that narrator is offered wine after using a poker to threaten some dogs. In the next chapter of this novel, Zillah helps that narrator after the dogs attack. After a few chapters of being narrated by Lockwood, this novel switches to accounts by Nelly Dean. In this novel, Hindley tries to protect his sister Catherine from his adopted brother. Much of this novel takes place at Thrush·cross Grange, though it is named for another house. In this novel, Heathcliff is adopted into the Earnshaw family. Name this novel by Emily Brontë.

Wuthering Heights

This country has disputed its eastern border on the Essequibo River since the 1800s. A waterfall atop a "tepui", or table‐top mountain, in this country is named for an American aviator. In what is now this country, indigenous people constructed stilt houses that reminded Amerigo Vespucci of Venice, thus giving this country its name. Angel Falls is in what South American country whose capital is Caracas?

Venezuela

It's not snow, but this phenomenon is involved in the formation of gastrugi. Based on the time of day at which it is present, this phenomenon can be classified as "land" or "sea," and the station model represents this phenomenon in part with flags. This phenomenon forms systems named for Hadley and Ferrel, known as cells. Sudden examples of this phenomenon, which are measured by the Beaufort scale, include the squamish and willawaw. One prevailing form of this phenomenon which is often called either "wet" or "dry" and travels across South Asia is a monsoon. points, give this phenomenon that names a meteorological "chill," which can be classified as a breeze or gale

Wind

The leftmost standing figure in this work wears what is likely a Cholet handkerchief at his hip, as well as a white cockade across his chest. One man in this painting has only a left shoe; another has only a right sock. A young man peers over a pile of stones in this painting while holding a​ sword above a man in a white shirt lying on the ground. Headgear featured in this painting includes a Phrygian cap and a bicorne. The central figure of this painting, often associated with Marianne, is a topless woman who holds a rifle and a tricolor flag. Name this painting depicting the July Revolution by Eugene Delacroix.

Liberty Leading the People

This country's music inspired Le Bananier by one of its natives, Louis Moreau Gottschalk. Another composer from this country called for a pianoʹs strings to be scraped in his The Banshee and was named Henry Cowell. While living in this country, a composer wrote a symphony whose Largo second movement has an English horn solo. What country inspired Antonín Dvorák's "New World" symphony?

United States

One character in this opera attempts to seduce a bride during the duet "La ci darem la mano," and at the end of the first act of this opera, two characters pray for protection, but a third prays for vengeance in the trio "Protegga il giusto cielo." Masetto and Zerlina are two characters in this opera whose title translates as "The Rake Punished." The "Catalogue" aria is sung by Leporello in this opera, which begins with the seduction of Donna Anna. A statue of the Commendatore drags the title womanizer to Hell in this Mozart opera.

Don Giovanni

Lumpkin County in this state was the site of a gold rush during the 1830s that led to many Native Americans being forced off their land. That gold rush brought people to the towns of Auraria and Dahlonega, near the River. The south terminus of the Appalachian Trail is in this state's Chattahoochee National Forest. This state was the site of Andersonville Prison, near Oglethorpe. This state's flagship university is in Athens. Name this southern state whose capital and most populous city is Atlanta.

Georgia

One company in this sector is run by Mario Schlosser and named after Jared Kushner's great-grandfather Oscar. A lawsuit that was supported by 18 state attorneys general and two governors, led by attorney general Ken Paxton of Texas, would end many restrictions on these companies. The Trump Administration temporarily froze payments to these companies in July while adjusting the risk-adjustment program. Some of the largest companies in this sector are Anthem, Cigna, and Humana. Name these companies that were barred from discriminating on the basis of pre-existing conditions by the Affordable Care Act.

Health insurance

In Swidler & Berlin v. United States, this man argued his only case before the Supreme Court as part of the investigation into Vince Foster's suicide. In 2000, this man served as the pro bono counsel for six-year old Cuban refugee Elian Gonzalez, leading to his hiring as associate White House Counsel to George W. Bush. After a contentious confirmation, this man served as judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for almost twelve years before the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy. For 10 points, name this man, who, in 2018, President Trump nominated to serve as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

Kavanaugh

Arnauld's paradox points out that the existence of these numbers proves that the ratio of a smaller to a larger quantity can equal the ratio of the same larger quantity to the same smaller quantity. The signum function on these numbers does not equal zero or one. If a matrix's determinant is this type of number, the matrix represents a transformation that involves reflection. Using this kind of number in an exponent indicates that taking a reciprocal is involved. If the discriminant of a quadratic is this type of number, then the quadratic has no real solutions. Give this term for numbers that are left of zero on the number line.

Negatives

During the Middle Kingdom, this deity was merged with the Abydosian god Khenti-Amentiu, taking on the epithet "Foremost of the Westerners." This deity was the eldest son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, and is often depicted wearing an atef crown with a crook and flail in his hands. After being separated into fourteen pieces by his brother Set, this god's wife, assisted by her sister Nephthys, tracked down all remaining pieces before binding them back together. For 10 points, name this husband of Isis, the Egyptian god of the Underworld.

Osiris

Four atoms of this element are double bonded to osmium in a common method of forming syn-glycols at double bonds. mCPBA is a reagent commonly used to add a ring containing this element to olefins. One man credited with discovering this element heated a compound of it and mercury and is named Carl Scheele. The cause of cracking in rubber is a compound of this element. In compounds, primarily with ​silicon, this element makes up almost half of Earth's crust. The discovery of this element, which was named "acid-former" by Antoine Lavoisier, is sometimes credited to Joseph Priestley. Name this first element in the chalcogen series, which has atomic number 8.

Oxygen

In one poem, this character watches waterspouts like "glass chimneys" and comments "beautiful, yes, but not much company." As an old man, this character encounters Susan Barton as she searches for her kidnapped daughter. That character, whose story is reworked in a J. M. Coetzee work, appears in an earlier novel in which he is taken to Sallee by pirates before escaping with Xury. At the end of that novel, this character fights off wolves while crossing the Pyrenees. This character sees footprints that he thinks are the Devil's, but are actually left by a cannibal named Friday. For 10 points, name this castaway on the "Island of Despair," the protagonist of a Daniel Defoe novel.

Robinson Crusoe

In a parade staging area in Jacksonville, this politician exclaimed, "Who let the dogs out?" and he wrote a book about a sporting event entitled ​Turnaround​. This man's veto of a provision charging $295 per person to large businesses which did not provide health insurance was defeated by a state legislature in 2006. This man once claimed he had​ "binders full of women" and that 47% of Americans would never vote for him. This Republican has served as an organizer for the Salt Lake City Olympics, CEO of Bain Capital, and Governor of Massachusetts. Name this current candidate (As of 2019) for Junior Senator from Utah, the Republican nominee for president in 2012.

Romney

One section of this structure releases border cells and includes the mucilage sheath. Pneumatophores are negatively gravitropic examples of these structures. A high ratio of auxin to cytokinin tends to promote development of these structures. Apoplastic transport into the stele of these structures is prevented by their Casparian Strips. These structures may form mutualistic relationships with fungi called mycorrhizae. Carrots and turnips are edible examples of these structures. For 10 points, name these plant organs that anchor the plant to the ground and absorb nutrients from the soil.

Roots

In an opera by this composer, Ninetta sings the aria "Deh, tu reggi il momento" and is eventually put on trial for losing a silver spoon. An overture by this composer contains a duet for English horn and flute in the "Call to the Cows" section. In that opera, which features the aria "Sois immobile," Gessler seizes Jemmy and forces the protagonist to shoot an apple off his son's head. This composer of The Thieving Magpie wrote an opera in which Rosina and Count Almaviva marry beginning with the aria "Largo al factotum" sung by Figaro. For 10 points, identify this Italian composer of the operas William Tell and The Barber of Seville.

Rossini

This person wrote text for his brother-in-law Edward Steichen's photography exhibit The Family of Man. This poet wrote "The wind picks only / pearl cobwebs / pools of moonshine" at the end of a poem in which this person contrasted the effects of wind on smoke and on steel. Another poem by this author states "They tell me you are wicked and I believe them, for I have seen your painted women under the gas lamps luring the farm boys." That poem uses the line "Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat" to refer to the title city. Name this poet who used the phrases "Hog Butcher for the World" and "City of the Big Shoulders" to refer to "Chicago".

Sandburg

Scandinavian analogues to this figure include the gnomes nisse and tomte. In Dutch tradition, this figure is accompanied by a man wearing lipstick and blackface known as Zwarte Piet. The real-life inspiration for this figure slapped Arius while serving as the bishop of Myra in modern-day Turkey. German-speaking regions have a horned counterpart to this figure called the krampus. NORAD tracks the location of this figure, who travels with animals like Dasher, Donner, and Prancer. For 10 points, name this figure said to deliver presents to children for Christmas.

Santa

After a woman loses a locket-shaped ring in this novel, characters debate over the origin of a lock of hair. A character in this novel seduces the fifteen-year-old Eliza Williams and marries Sophia Grey to maintain his wealth. In this novel, one character is carried home by her future suitor after she injures her ankle during a rainstorm. Robert marries the gold-digger Lucy Steele in this novel, who had previously been engaged to Robert's brother Edward Ferrars. Instead of marrying John Willoughby in this novel, one woman ends up with Colonel Brandon. For 10 points, identify this first Jane Austen novel, where Elinor and Marianne Dashwood represent the two title traits.

Sense and Sensibility

One method for performing this technique involves using the intensity of light produced by luciferin to determine the amount of released pyrophosphate. Another method utilizes bridge-PCR to amplify fragments attached to a solid surface to form "clusters" and was pioneered by Illumina. The first process for performing this task was invented by Maxam and Gilbert. A method of performing this process that relies on ddNTPs for chain-termination is named for Sanger. That method has been replaced by "next-gen" methods for this process, including the "shotgun" method utilized by the Human Genome Project. For 10 points, name this process of determining the order of bases of DNA.

Sequencing

These points correspond to spacelike boundaries in a Penrose diagram. On Earth, the North Pole is an example of the "coordinate" type of this point, which can be removed by changing coordinate systems. A trapped null surface must exist for one of these points to exist, according to the Penrose-Hawking theorems. The cosmic censorship hypothesis suggests that there are no "naked" examples of these points. One of them is found at the coordinate origin of the Schwarzschild metric, and they are always enclosed by an event horizon. The center of a black hole contains—for 10 points—what type of point where the gravitational force becomes infinite?

Singularities

The Frisch-Smith experiment confirmed some elements of this theory by observing the lifetime of muons, and the Hafele-Keating experiment helped confirm this theory. In a coordinate transformation related to this theory, a quantity symbolized gamma equals the reciprocal of the square root of one minus v squared over c squared. That quantity is the Lorentz factor. This theory holds the invariance of mass across reference frames, and it predicts time dilation and length contraction near the speed of light. Name this theory postulated in 1905 by Albert Einstein that E=mc2, which preceded a related "general" theory

Special relatively

According to the Kaneshiro model, sexual selection plays a major role in this process. This process was observed in goats-beard flowers in the American West during the 20th century and was explained by hybridization and poly-ploidy. One type of this process used to be called the dumbbell model or the vicariant type of this process. The allopatric type of this process is caused by the separation of populations, which leads to genetic differences or unique mating preferences. Name this process in which populations lose the ability to breed with each other.

Speciation

This is the only real number aside from 1 whose infinite tetration yields its square. The reciprocal of "this number minus 1" equals "this number plus 1," which is known as the "silver ratio." This number is the ratio between the diameter of a circle and the side length of its inscribed square. This number is the subject of the most common proof by infinite descent of irrationality. The reciprocal of this value is the cosine of "pi over 4." This number is the norm of the vector (1,1) and it is the length of the hypotenuse for a right triangle whose legs each have length 1. For 10 points, give this number approximately equal to 1.414.

Square root of 2

Zachariah Hood fled Annapolis rather than enforce this law. A statement by Frederick County's 12 justices against the enforcement of this law is called the Repudiation Act. The Loyal Nine became the Sons of Liberty to oppose this law, and their violent actions caused many agents to resign. The Declaration of Rights and Grievances was passed by the First Congress of the American Colonies, which was called in reaction to this law. This law, which followed shortly after the Sugar Act, was a tax on newspapers and other printed materials. Name this 1765 act of Parliament named for an object that had to be attached to paper

Stamp Act

This architect's Pueblo Opera House was destroyed by a fire that occurred during a ball being held in it. Initially, Kehilath Anshe Ma'arav commissioned this architect to design a synagogue that is now known as the Pilgrim Baptist Church. Along with Henry Hobson Richardson and this man's mentee, this architect completes the "Trinity of American Architecture." That mentee of this architect was Frank Lloyd Wright. This architect's most famous work, which is located in St. Louis Missouri, was co-designed by himself and Dankmar Adler. Identify this "Father of Skyscrapers" who designed the Wainwright Building.

Sullivan

At pressures exceeding 150 GPa, hydrogen sulfide becomes one of these materials. The ratio of a coherence length to penetration depth is used to classify these materials. Josephson junctions join two of these materials together, whose properties are explained by the existence of Cooper pairs in BCS theory. YBCO is an example of a high temperature form of these materials, whose type I and II varieties are differentiated by their ability to completely expel magnetic fields in the Meissner effect. For 10 points, name these materials which have zero electrical resistance.

Superconductors

During a debate on allowing assisted suicide, this politician grabbed Gord Brown and elbowed a female politician before being called "pathetic" by Tom Mulcair. A debunked conspiracy which began on Reddit states that this politician is the child of Fidel Castro. This politician was found to have violated conflict of interest laws after going on a Christmas trip to a​ private island belonging to Aga Khan. This politician represents the riding of Papineau and he led the Liberal Party to an increase of 148 seats when he was elected to his current position (As of 2019), which led to the resignation of Stephen Harper. Name this current Prime Minister of Canada.

Trudeau

In the early stages of World War II, this Senator chaired a namesake committee to "investigate the National Defense Program" with the goal of reducing waste and inefficiencies. This politician was first elected to the Senate with the backing of Tom Pendergast, a political boss from Kansas City. This man was chosen as his party's vice presidential candidate as a replacement for Henry Wallace. The Taft-Hartley Act became law over the veto of this man one year before he was re-elected as president, despite the Chicago Daily Tribune declaring his loss to Thomas Dewey. Name this president who succeeded Franklin Roosevelt.

Truman

The object central to this event was formerly shown with the hashtag "With Syria" in 2014. Another depiction of the object central to this event was displayed prior to the 2017 UK election where one section was re-created to resemble the British flag. After this event took place, the caption "Going, going, gone..." was used for an instagram post showing the aftermath of this event by the artwork's creator. The object central to this event was verified by Pest Control, and that work has since been renamed, Love Is in the Bin. Identify this October 5, 2018 event that occurred after a graffiti artist's work was sold for 1,042,000 Euros at a Sotheby's auction.

Banksy shredding Balloon Girl

A religious hymn to his patron god by this leader was adapted by Philip Glass in the Portrait Trilogy. This leader disputed with Tushratta over wooden statues and hired the artisan Bek. This leader's relocated capital city, which is the namesake of both an art period and a set of letters, was on the East Bank of the Nile and is now called Amarna. Thutmose created a bust of this pharaoh's most famous wife. Name this 18th dynasty king of Egypt, the husband of Nefertiti and father of Tutankhamen, who founded the monotheistic worship of the sun disk Aten.

Akhenaten

Nessler's reagent turns yellow in the presence of this compound. The first commercial refrigerators used this compound as a coolant, and this compound is combined with hydrogen and water in many absorption refrigerators. This compound is combined with bleach to create a compound used both as a rocket fuel and a gas precursor in air bags: hydrazine. In the liver, the urea cycle turns this compound into urea. The Ostwald process turns this compound into nitric acid, often after this compound is made from two gases in the Haber-Bosch process. Name this compound that has a pungent odor and the formula N H3.

Ammonia

A character in a work by this man bestows the magistrate with a garland to dress him like a corpse until he storms off. In another work by this man, Wrong Logic wins an argument against Right Logic; that play begins with an old man counting his debts and calling upon a philosopher in a basket for help. Another play features agreements sworn over Thasian wine and the body of Reconciliation in the Acropolis. In a play by this man, Pheidippides beats his father Strepsiades after enrolling in the Thinkery; in another play, women swear off sex in order to end the Peloponnesian War. For 10 points, name this prolific writer of Greek comedies, who authored The Clouds and Lysistrata.

Aristophanes

Forces for this city lost the Battle of Embata under the leadership of Chares, who had fought for this city during the Social War along with Chabrias. This city won the Battle of Sphacteria under the leadership of Cleon and Demosthenes. When Mytilene revolted against this city, Cleon decided to kill all the men and sell the women and children into slavery, but politicians from this city did not allow it. Shortly after winning the Battle of Arginusae, this city's navy was defeated by Lysander at Aegospotami, ending the Peloponnesian War and the Delian League. Name this city that was led by Pericles and had a rivalry with Sparta.

Athens

In one work by this artist, a palm tree stretches over a crevice containing a lion that symbolizes the African continent. In another work by this artist, a figure draped in a lion skin carries an elderly man on his shoulder while a child clings close behind; that work is Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius. This artist created theater boxes with high-relief sculptures of Cornaro family members as supporting details to one work; he also depicted the Nile and Ganges as gods in his Fountain of the Four Rivers. For 10 points, name this sculptor who depicted an an angel thrusting a spear into the heart of a gasping nun in the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa.

Bernini

In one video game appearance, this character is able to drive an unlockable green and white airplane called the "Hurricane." This character is able to perform a sacrificial knockout via the side special "Flying Slam" in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, and is the game's heaviest playable fighter. In his first video game appearance, this character can be defeated by hitting an axe that destroys the bridge he is standing on. This character typically employs minions such as Hammer Bros and Bullet Bills in his quest to take over the Mushroom Kingdom. For 10 points, name this fire-breathing "King of the Koopas" who often kidnaps Princess Peach in the Mario franchise.

Bowser

In one story by this writer, Lydia tells George "You're beginning to feel unnecessary too" before calling the psychologist David McClean. This writer also had Lydia ask whether lions can get out of the nursery, which is in a Happylife Home. That story appears in a collection by this writer that also contains a story about searching for sun domes on Venus. That collection has a frame narrative involving a heavily tattooed person and is entitled The Illustrated Man. This author also wrote a novel in which a Mechanical Hound helps firemen burn books. Name this author who wrote about Guy Montag in Fahrenheit 451.

Bradbury

In this region, Cadman Plaza sits near one end of a long avenue called Flatbush which runs to the only indoor full-size shopping mall in this region. Fifteen golden figures adorn this region's main public library, which is in Grand Army Plaza. One architectural work named for this city was completed by Emily​ Roebling after her husband got caisson disease. This region within a larger city includes the Wonder Wheel and the Cyclone in its beachside amusement park. Home to Coney Island, name this most populous New York City borough which names a brick bridge, where the streets are full of hipsters

Brooklyn

A mineral named after this person is composed of nickel oxide. A reaction named for this scientist forms sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide. This person created an electrochemical cell to replace the far more expensive Grove cell. This person and Gustav Kirchhoff advanced spectroscopy and used their techniques to discover cesium and rubidium. With help from Peter Desaga, this person designed a piece of laboratory equipment that combines air with a flammable gas to create a steady, pale blue flame. Name this German chemist who developed that laboratory equipment, which is called his "burner".

Bunsen

After dreaming of a ladder, Jacob vowed that he would perform ma'sar kesafim, a form of this action, if God protected him. Maimonides developed a hierarchy of eight types of this action, the lowest form being doing this action out of pity. Jews prepare mishloach manot to perform this action, which literally translates to "righteousness." High Holiday liturgy instructs Jews to seek repentance, pray, and perform this action to be forgiven from sin, a practice known as tzedakah. In Islam, the baseline for this action is 2.5% and it is known as zakat. For 10 points, identify this religious obligation, examples of which include donating crops, gift baskets, or money to the poor.

Charity

The counter·current version of this technique uses a liquid held in place by centrifugal force. Theeluotropic series is used to rank substances by their efficacy in this technique. The retention factor can be calculated using the distance that the solvent front has migrated in this technique. An adsorbent material, such as silica gel on top of foil, is used in the thin-layer form of this technique. This technique uses mobile and stationary phases to separate compounds by their affinity for one of the phases. Name this technique that can be used to separate dyes along a roll of paper.

Chromatography

One of these locations is where the main character heals people in Martin Amis's novel Time's Arrow. People in this location were classified as "drowned" or "saved" in If This is a Man, a book which takes place in one of these locations. In one of these locations, the question "Where is God now?" is answered with "He is hanging here on this gallows." Art Spiegelman created a graphic novel about his parents' experiences in one of these locations, called Maus. A girl who refers to her diary as Kitty died in one of these locations. For 10 points, name these locations, the setting of Night and We Were in Auschwitz.

Concentration camps

The rate of this process appears in the numerator of the Nusselt number, which compares it to a competing process that is described by Fourier's law. The "natural" type of this phenomenon is due to differences in density, while its "forced" type is due to an external force. The grainy appearance of the Sun's photosphere is due to the occurrence of this process in the layer below. This process combines advection and diffusion to create vertically-rotating cells in fluids that are heated from below, as hot fluid rises and cold fluid falls. For 10 points, name this mode of heat transfer by bulk motion, which is contrasted with conduction.

Convection

Incoming and outgoing waves exposed to this phenomenon are the focus of Max von Laue's equations, and this term was coined by Francesco Grimaldi in 1660. This phenomenon occurs due to interference according to the Huygens-Fresnel Principle. This phenomenon was experienced by light waves in Young's double slit experiment, and when this phenomenon happens in a crystal lattice, it is described by Bragg's Law. What phenomenon occurs when light bends around an object?

Diffraction

When this function is applied to the period of a dynamical system, the first Feigenbaum constant gives the limiting ratio of bifurcation intervals. The time it takes for exponential functions to be equivalent to this function is calculated with the rule of 72. The Delian problem from antiquity is an attempt to apply this function to the volume of a cube. If this operation is performed to the side of a tesseract then the hypervolume is multiplied by 16, while when this operation is done to the side of a cube, the volume is multiplied by 8. Name this operation that, when performed to an integer, always results in an even number.

Doubling

This instrument was played by the gospel artist Sister Rosetta Tharpe for most of her career. John McLaughlin played this instrument in In a Silent Way and other jazz fusion albums by Miles Davis. B.B. King gave the name Lucille to this kind of instrument. Les Paul invented the solid-body type of this instrument and names a model made by Gibson. Reverb pedals cause this instrument to sound distorted. The song "Johnny B. Goode" opens with a riff on this instrument played by Chuck Berry. For 10 points, name this instrument played by rock and roll musicians like Jimi Hendrix.

Electric guitar

This quarterback played in college for Michigan State and Arizona. This quarterback won the 2014 Pro Bowl Offensive MVP after starting the year as a backup for Michael Vick. He played one year each for the St. Louis Rams and Kansas City Chiefs before rejoining his current (As of 2019) team. During this past season, this quarterback started the first two games and then did not play until leading his team to victory over the Rams in Week 15. This quarterback caught a pass from Trey Burton while leading his team to a Super Bowl victory over the New England Patriots in 2018. Name this quarterback who had spent much of the last two seasons backing up Carson Wentz.

Foles

A tip-surface interaction is quantified by a parameter for this phenomenon symbolized eta in a model developed by Prandtl. The head loss occurring due to this phenomenon is modeled by a quantity found on the left y-axis of a Moody chart in the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The effect of the entrainment velocity on this phenomenon is shown in the Stribeck Curve. Application of this force transfers charge in the triboelectric effect. Ball bearings are used to reduce the effect of this force. The strength of this force is proportional to the strength of the normal force by a coefficient of it symbolized µ. For 10 points, "rolling," "kinetic," and "static" are types of what force that resists motion?

Friction

Although radically popular, this man refused an invitation to dine with dignitaries in Tyneside, England according to the Newcastle Courant. A military unit led by this man invaded Trentino and secured a decisive victory at the Battle of Bezzecca. This leader of the "Hunters of the Alps" allied with Brazil and the Colorados during a civil war in Uruguay, leading to his nickname "Hero of the Two Worlds." After victories at Volturnus and Milazzo, this man's "Expedition of The Thousand" conquered Sicily and installed Victor Emmanuel II as King of his newly reunified nation. For 10 points, name this leader of the "Red Shirts" who helped unify Italy.

Garibaldi

A piece by this composer opens with the violin playing the descending half notes A, D, then up to E and down to A, which led to its nickname being "Fifths." A piece by this composer includes variations on a melody that would become the Deutschlandlied. This composer wrote a piece in which plucked strings imitate the ticking of a clock. One performance of another symphony by this composer ended with the members of the orchestra blowing out candles and leaving until only two muted violins remained. This composer wrote the Farewell Symphony and the Emperor Quartet. Name this Austrian composer known as the "father of the symphony."

Haydn

In the first of these poems, the speaker asks that the addressee "like adamant draw mine iron heart." In a poem from this collection, the speaker claims to be made of "elements and an angelic sprite," which are "betray'd to endless night," and calls himself "a little world made cunningly." Another of these poems declares that the speaker will never be "chaste, except you ravish me" and implores "Break, blow, burn, and make me new." ​This collection includes a poem that calls the addressee "slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men," as well as a poem beginning "Batter my heart, three-person'd God." Name these nineteen religious poems, including "Death, Be Not Proud," written by John Donne.

Holy Sonnets

This country's monarch Andrew II was forced to sign a document, comparable to England's Magna Carta, granting rights to this country's nobility in the Golden Bull of 1222. According to legend, Pope Sylvester II made this country's golden crown on Christmas Day in the year 1000, and in reality the U.S. stored the crown at Fort Knox for part of the 20th century. The crown was originally given to the son of Géza, who first ruled this country as part of the Árpád dynasty. Name this country, once lead by Saint Stephen, that was part of the Dual Monarchy with Austria and is home to the Magyar people

Hungary

In one play by this writer, a character claims that his destiny is "to be the thirteenth at the table". In that play by this writer, Relling tells that character about "cultivating the life-illusion" in a photographer who claims to be working on a great invention. In another play by this writer, a woman asks her husband to find a bank job for Kristine Linde. That woman, who had an earlier relationship with Krogstad, is Nora Helmer. Name this playwright of The Wild Duck and A Doll's House who wrote Peer Gynt based on a fairy tale from his native country, Norway.

Ibsen

A letter from this country is lost in the mail, leading two people from this country to settle on naming their child after a Russian author in the novel The Namesake. One poet from this country wrote "Thou hast made me endless, such is thy pleasure" in the opening poem of a collection of Song Offerings. This country is also home to an author who wrote a novel that opens with a plane explosion being survived by Saladin Chamcha and Gibreel Farishta. That author from this country had a fatwa placed on his head for writing Satanic Verses. Identify this home country of Rabindranath Tagore and Salman Rushdie.

India

In rings, elements with this property are known as units. A group is closed, associative, has an identity, and has elements with this property. Matrices with this property must have non-zero determinants, and are called non-singular. Functions that are bijections must have this property, since being injective and surjective implies they pass the horizontal line test. A function with this property will return f of x equals x when composed with a certain other function. For 10 points, functions with what property can be "undone" by a namesake function?

Invertible

The Gregory Clause restricted access to assistance during this event for anyone who owned more than a quarter acre of land. Many Catholic children agreed to receive a Protestant education in the aftermath of this event in a practice dubbed "souperism." To ease the effects of this event, Robert Peel agreed to repeal the Corn Laws. In the aftermath of this event, many people boarded so called "coffin ships" and attempted to migrate to the United States. Identify this 1845-1852 event in which over a million people starved to death following a blight of the namesake crop.

Irish Potato Famine

This language was used to write a story in which a cook convinces his master that cranes have one leg. A poem in this language describes "weep[ing] and speak[ing], between vain hopes and vain sorrow" in the "varied style" of "sounds with which I nourished my heart during my first youthful error," and begins by addressing "you who hear" them. A collection of 14th-century poems in this language is usually known as "songbook" or "scattered rhymes." A collection of poems in this language titled The New Life praises Beatrice, who guides its author through Paradise in a poem that describes the nine circles of Hell. For 10 points, name this language of Dante's Divine Comedy.

Italian

One man to hold this position received the epithet "the Lisp and Lame." Since 1818, the holder of this position has been a member of the House of Bernadotte. One man with this title was killed at the Siege of Fredriksten during a conflict in which he personally led his troops to victory at the 1700 Battle of Narva. Perhaps the best known man to hold this title was victorious at the Battle of Breitenfeld one year before his death at the 1632 Battle of Lutzen during the Thirty Years' War. Charles XII and Gustavus Adolphus were seventeenth century holders of what Scandinavian royal title?

King of Sweden

Leopold Forstner carried out this artist's plans for the interior of a mansion in Brussels. In a painting by this artist, a woman in a white dress sits in a white chair that is covered in figures that look like eyes, and her head is in front of what looks like a semicircular window. That picture depicts Fritza Riedler. Another portrait by this artist was returned to the subject's heirs in 2006, long after it was stolen by the Nazis. That portrait is sometimes called The Lady in Gold and is sometimes called Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer. Name this leader of the Vienna Secession who often portrayed sexuality and used gold leaf, such as in his painting The Kiss.

Klimt

These people were targeted by Richard Richardson in South Carolina's Snow Campaign. These people included Ben Franklin's son William, and a man named John Malcolm who was forced to drink hot tea as part of a gruesome public torture. These people, who were especially numerous in New York, were joined by many escaped slaves after Lord Dunmore's Proclamation. These people, who made up most of the defeated forces at Cowpens and King's Mountain, fled in droves to what is now Canada after Yorktown. For 10 points, name these American colonists who opposed the Patriots during the Revolutionary War

Loyalists

In the first movie in this franchise, the main character figures out that Jim Phelps is the mole by finding a Bible from Chicago's Drake Hotel. The main character of this franchise was married to Julia Meade, whose death is faked in Croatia. In the most recent film, Julia helps defuse a bomb at a medical center in Kashmir. In doing so, she helps Luther Stickell, who is played by Ving Rhames. This franchise, like the television show it is based on, uses the expressions "should you decide to accept it"and"this tape will self-destruct". Name this movie franchise starring Tom Cruise whose 2018 installment was Fallout.

Mission: Impossible

Plants involved in this phenomenon, such as the giant flower Rafflesia, have a haustorium. Smooth holes in the lower jaw of the dinosaur Sue are evidence that tyrannosaurs were affected by this phenomenon. European cuckoo chicks are raised via the brood form of this phenomenon. Male anglerfish are obligated to take part in this phenomenon when they attach themselves to females. When caterpillars attack plants, the plants release chemicals to attract the wasp named for this phenomenon. Plasmodium, lice, and tapeworms exhibit this phenomenon with respect to humans. Name this symbiotic interaction in which one organism benefits while another is harmed but usually not killed.

Parasitism

This city imposed a height limit of 11 stories after a single skyscraper was built in 1977. An obelisk from the Temple of Luxor was donated to a large square in this city in 1832. This city was built above several mineral mines, part of which were filled with bones due to cemetery overcrowding. This city's medieval neighborhoods were demolished in favor of huge parks and wide boulevards under Baron Haussmann. In 1871, socialists burned down this city's Tuileries Palace. In 1795, it was divided into 20 arrondissements. For 10 points, name this city whose streets were barricaded during the French Revolution.

Paris

A Mozart piece in this genre begins in 6-8 with fanfare-like ascending D major arpeggios and is infamous for its difficult two-voice canonic passages in sixteenth notes. A piece in this genre is often paired with a Fantasy in the same key of C minor. An A-major Mozart piece in this genre begins with an Andante set of variations in 6-8. Muzio Clementi pioneered this genre. Mozart's last piece in this genre is often nicknamed "Hunt" or "Trumpet," and his K. 545 is a C-major piece in this genre "for beginners." Mozart used a "Rondo alla Turca" to end a piece in—for 10 points—what genre of keyboard music?

Piano sonata

One of the leaders in this place was Thomas Prence, who worked with other leaders to oppose William Vassall's attempts to increase individual freedoms. Mourt's Relation, by Edward Winslow, documented the early history of this place. The first leader in this location was John Carver, who died shortly after working out a treaty with Massasoit, the leader of the Wampanoag people. After the murder of John Sassamon in this place, Native Americans were executed, leading to King Philip's War. Much of the history of this place was written by Governor William Bradford. Name this location settled by passengers from the Mayflower in 1620 in what is now Massachusetts.

Plymouth

This work's protagonist corrects her opinion of an unpleasant character after meeting the servant Mrs. Reynolds. In this work, Caroline praises the shy Georgiana for her piano skills in an attempt to woo her love interest. In this novel, Lady Catherine de Bourgh is idolized by the "silly man" Mr. Collins, who shocks everyone by his betrothal to Charlotte Lucas shortly after proposing to her friend. This novel sees Wickham elope with Lydia for her money, and begins by declaring "a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife" before introducing Bingley. For 10 points, name this novel ending with Elizabeth Bennet's marriage to Mr. Darcy, by Jane Austen.

Pride and Prejudice

In "Theme of the Traitor and Hero," Nolan, a translator of this author into Gaelic, creates a story surrounding the death of Fergus Kilpatrick referencing this author's works before killing him. In another story, the protagonist meets Daniel Thorpe at a convention held for this author, after which the protagonist considers writing a biography of this man. In that story which shares its title with the collection it appears in, Hermann Sörgel gains this man's memory, which causes him to not recognize modern conveniences. Identify this prolific Elizabethan playwright.

Shakespeare

One festival in this country which partially celebrates Catherine Cheynel, L'Escalade, commemorates a defeat of Charles Emmanuel I. One military leader from this country won the Sonderbund War and later founded an organization with Henry Dunant. This country was the last Western republic to allow women to vote, and its "Restoration and Regeneration" period followed the creation of a certain provision in the Congress of Vienna. A series of conventions in this country set protocols for humanitarian treatment and later led to the establishment of the Red Cross. Name this historically neutral country whose cities include Geneva and Zürich.

Switzerland

In the Book of Judges, Gideon's followers shout about one of these objects "of the Lord and of Gideon." The Book of Kells changes the word for these objects to the word for "joy" when Jesus says "I came not to bring peace, but" one of these items. During his arrest, Jesus healed a servant whose ear had been lopped off by Peter with what type of weapon that Isaiah declared shall be beaten into plowshares?

Sword

A character in this work cures his hiccups by sneezing and then opines that "the harmony of the body has a love of such noises and ticklings." That character in this work describes homosexuals as "valiant and manly" and states that only they "grow up to be our statesmen." A character in this work relates the ladder-like ascent to the Form of Beauty described to him by the woman Diotima. In this work, a primeval world in which people had two bodies connected at the back is described by Aristophanes. In this work, a drunk Alcibiades bursts in to describe his jilted love for Socrates. For 10 points, name this dialogue by Plato in which Love is discussed at a namesake party.

Symposium

In this novel, four men prepare chocolate for a character who gives another character a coin after killing his child by running him over with a carriage. That character, Marquis St. Evremonde, is killed by Gaspard. In this novel, Jerry Cruncher works as a runner for Tellson's Bank, and Dr. Manette spends his time shoemaking after an unjust 18-year imprisonment in the Bastille. Madame Defarge is killed in this novel in a scuffle with Ms. Pross. A letter in this novel condemns Charles Darnay because of his father's crimes, prompting Sydney Carton to take his place at the guillotine. For 10 points, name this novel set in both London and Paris by Charles Dickens.

Tale of Two Cities

An A-flat major concerto for this instrument was inspired by Armenian folk music and was composed by Alexander Arutunian. Jean-Baptiste Arban published a famous pedagogical method book for teaching this instrument. This instrument's "piccolo" variety was popularized in Baroque works like Brandenburg Concerto No. 2. Following a percussion introduction, this instrument plays rising notes F B-flat F to open Copland's Fanfare for the Common Man. This instrument's "Voluntary" by Jeremiah Clarke is often played at weddings. For 10 points, name this highest-pitched brass instrument played by Wynton Marsalis and Louis Armstrong.

Trumpet

This man's military reputation took a hit after British forces badly defeated his troops at the 1777 Battle of Paoli. However, this man was able to redeem himself in 1779 with a victory over British forces at the Battle of Stony Point. The Treaty of Greenville was signed after this man won a battle fought on the north shore of the Maumee River in northern Ohio. That battle saw this man defeat the forces of Little Turtle and Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Identify this Revolutionary War leader who names the second most-populous city in Indiana.

Wayne

In a play by this author, Moses and Homer are among the refugees fleeing a giant wall of ice who visit the central family. In that play by this author, the wheel and the alphabet are invented by George Antrobus. In a different play by this author, one character asks "Do any human beings ever realize life while they live it?". He wrote a play in which a girl tries to relive her 12th birthday after she marries George Gibbs. Emily Webb returns to her cemetery at the end of that play by this author, which is narrated by the Stage Manager and is set in Grover's Corners. For 10 points, name this American playwright of The Skin of Our Teeth and Our Town.

Wilder

This artist painted the overflow of his hometown pond in a work where water runs by a white farmhouse at sunset. That painting, Evening at Kuerners, was created in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, which is now home to the Brandywine Collection which houses much of his artwork. He notoriously painted many nudes of the Kuerners' caretaker without their knowledge in the Helga Pictures, but his best known work features a grey barn in the distance of a treeless landscape. That work features a woman with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in a pink dress crawling toward the Olson House. For 10 points, name this regionalist painter of Christina's World.

Wyeth

The characteristic energy of these phenomena is proportional to the square of atomic number according to Moseley's law. Charles Barkla and Manne Siegbahn both won Nobel Prizes for studying the elemental spectra of these phenomena. "Photo 51" is an image of DNA produced using these phenomena by Rosalind Franklin, who determined crystal structures via the diffraction of these phenomena, as described by Bragg's law. The discovery of this radiation won the first Nobel Prize in Physics for Wilhelm Röntgen. Ranging in frequency between UV and gamma rays, these are—for 10 points—what short-wavelength type of radiation that can be used to image bones?

X-ray

During this battle, Robert Abercromby led a force that only managed to temporarily disable some of the cannons of the winning side. The defensive points of redoubts 9 and 10 were captured during this battle. After this battle, the band of the surrendering force supposedly played the song "The World Turned Upside Down." The Comte de Rochambeau helped lead land forces during this battle, and the Comte de Grasse's navy prevented the losing side of this battle from receiving reinforcements. This battle ended with the surrender of the British general Lord Cornwallis. For 10 points, name this 1781 battle which ended the American Revolution

Yorktown

This man's second symphony begins in "3-4" time with the cellos and basses playing quarter notes "D, C-sharp, D" then a long "A" as the horns enter. He published several sets of short piano pieces as his Opuses 116 through 119. This friend of Joseph Joachim waited until he was 43 to write his C-minor first symphony, which he followed with three more. Early on, he lived with Robert Schumann and probably fell in love with Schumann's wife, Clara. This composer's fans liked to contrast him with Richard Wagner. His first symphony was dubbed "Beethoven's Tenth." Name this composer of A German Requiem and Hungarian Dances.

Brahms

"Barrios" or neighborhoods in this city are bisected by the heavily polluted Riachuelo River, which is actually part of the Matanza River. There is a prominent obelisk in the middle of this city's Avenida Nueve de Julio, the widest street in the world. This city's Casa Rosada or "Pink House" is the residence of its country's president, one of whom took over after the death of her husband Nestor. This city is just south of the delta of the Paraná River, which forms this city's country's border with Uruguay. Name this capital city on the Río de la Plata, the capital of Argentina.

Buenos Aires

Examples of these devices that are powerful for their volume are made from thin oxidized layers of tantalum. These devices can smooth the waveform of full-bridge rectifiers by preventing the drop off that occurs when AC switches polarity. They aren't inductors, but the reactance of these devices helps them function while in parallel with a load in a low-pass filter. These devices' namesake quantity is equal to charge divided by voltage. Inserting a dielectric between two parallel plates creates one of these devices. The strength of these circuit devices is typically measured in microfarads. For 10 points, name these circuit devices that can hold current for short amounts of time.

Capacitors

This artist depicted an angel with black wings playing the violin as Joseph holds sheet music in Rest on the Flight Into Egypt. A woman breastfeeds a man through a window in his painting Seven Works of Mercy. One figure has two cards tucked in his belt in this artist's painting, The Cardsharps while a basket of fruit sits on the edge of a table in this man's painting, Supper at Emmaus. The Contarelli Chapel is the location of this artist's painting that shows Jesus summoning the title tax collector. Identify this artist of The Calling of St. Matthew.

Caravaggio

In this novel, Chief Halfoat is kicked off base after Wintergreen strikes oil while digging for water. The rotting body of Kid Sampson reminds this novel's protagonist of Snowden, who died on the Avignon mission. After refusing to let him sign an oath, Captain Black accuses Major Major of being a Communist in this novel. This novel takes place on the island of Pianosa and features the 256th squadron, including Captain John Yossarian. Identify this novel by Joseph Heller, whose title is synonymous with a choice with two unfavorable outcomes.

Catch 22

The protagonist of this novel is given the number 6655321 and thrown in State Jail 84F, and he repeatedly asks the question "What's it going to be then, eh?". The title of this novel comes from a fictional manuscript in which the writer calls his writing implement a "sword-pen". That writer, F. Alexander, is brutally beaten by this novel's protagonist. This novel uses the word "gulliver" to mean "head" and the word "droog" to mean "friend", combining English with Russian to create the language Nadsat. Alex goes through a form of brainwashing called Ludovico's Technique in what novel by Anthony Burgess?

Clockwork Orange

The first Indian woman in space, Kalpana Chawla, flew two missions aboard this vessel. Admiral Hal Gehman led a team that investigated an incident involving this vessel. That incident involving this vessel occurred after a piece of insulation broke free shortly after take-off, damaging the left wing and causing this vessel to break apart. Identify this first American space shuttle which disintegrated upon its return to earth in 2003, killing all seven people on board.

Columbia

The Czech engraver Wenceslaus Hollar made panoramic engravings before and after this event. This event is commemorated by a 202-foot-tall monument topped by a golden urn that, until 1830, had an inscription blaming it on the "malice of the Popish faction"; that monument was co-designed by Robert Hooke, who was appointed surveyor after this event. Charles II was informed of this event by a man who wrote of burying his cheeses during it, Samuel Pepys. The Duke of York commanded troops that tore down buildings during this event. This event ended on Pie Corner, leading some to attribute it to God's wrath at the sin of gluttony, and supposedly began at a bakery on Pudding Lane. Name this 1666 conflagration in England's capital.

Great London Fire

This U.S. President said "We want most of all to enrich man's spirit" when he signed the Public Broadcasting Act. His administration also started the National Endowment for the Arts. This president significantly increased the funding of schools in poor areas through Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. This president signed legislation creating Medicare and Medicaid and oversaw the "War on Poverty", all of which were part of his Great Society initiative. This president used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to escalate American involvement in the Vietnam War. Name this president who was sworn in after the assassination of President Kennedy.

LBJ

The Batavia Muckdogs and the New Orleans Baby Cakes are minor league affiliates of this team. It's not the Rockies, but this team has never won their division, although they have won the World Series twice as a wildcard. A former player of this team signed a 13-year, $325 million contract with them before being traded to the New York Yankees; that player, formerly known as Mike, is Giancarlo Stanton. This team plays in a stadium with a large home run sculpture designed by Red Grooms and two large aquariums directly behind home plate. Name this southeastern baseball team, partially owned by Derek Jeter, which plays in Miami.

Marlins

A star's value for this quantity, along with its chemical composition, fully determines its structure according to the empirical Vogt-Russell theorem. This quantity is the non-constant value in the standard gravitational parameter. After finding an anomalous ratio of this quantity to luminosity in the Coma Cluster, Fritz Zwicky posited the existence of dark matter. The TOV and Chandrasekhar limits are upper bounds on this quantity for neutron stars and white dwarves. The gravitational force between two bodies equals "big G over r-squared", times this quantity for both bodies. For 10 points, name this quantity that, for the Sun, is around "2 times 10 to the thirtieth" kilograms.

Mass

Simon the Shoemaker is best known for his association with one of these people. Writings about one of these people are collected in Xenophon's Memorabilia. The Cyrenaics were a group of these people. A set of biographies of these people was written by the the 3rd-century writer Laërtius. One person with this vocation used a plucked chicken to mock other members of this vocation. One of these people founded the Lyceum and started the Peripatetic school. One person with this vocation was accused of "impiety" and forced to drink hemlock. For 10 points, name this vocation of Socrates and Plato.

Philosopher

The leader of this event would later meet with Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference. This event's leader was selected by the Congress Working Committee and one creator of this event initially suggested the focus to be on land revenue. This event led to over 200 members of the Khudai Khidmatgar being killed in the Qissa Khwani Bazaar Massacre. This event started from Sabarmati Ashram and its participants continued to travel until they reached the city of Dandi. Mohandas Gandhi led this nonviolent march named for a substance that can be extracted from seawater.

Salt March

This current (As of 2019) world leader recently had his ideas declared a separate school of thought from his predecessors. This leader targeted "tigers" in a popular anti-corruption campaign. This leader instituted the Social Credit system to track citizens' attitudes toward his government. This leader faced the Umbrella Revolution in one of his country's territories, and his resemblance to Winnie the Pooh led to images of the cartoon character being censored in his country. This leader has faced unrest among Muslims in his country's Western province of Xinjiang. For 10 points, name this current leader of China.

Xi

Leonard Susskind and Nobel laureate Gerard 't Hooft have supported the idea of the universe as this type of phenomenon using string theories and quantum gravity. Their theory is supported by the way a black hole's surface area increases when it gains matter. The original version of this phenomenon was made by re-creating wave·fronts using a reference beam, taking advantage of the principle of diffraction. Eliminating vertical parallax allowed Stephen Benton to create the "rainbow" version of this phenomenon, which can be viewed without a laser. This phenomenon was first created by Dennis Gabor. Name this type of photographic recording that appears to be three-dimensional.

Hologram

According to the score kept on a whiteboard in one episode, this character ends up in a 3-3 tie with God. At one point, this man ends a phone call by saying "Sorry, I'm about to lose you because I'm about to drive into a tunnel in a canyon on an airplane while hanging up on you." Part of this character's origin story is shown as a story about Carmen Electra, who is then replaced with a middle-aged man. This character, who works for Lisa Cuddy, claims that "everybody lies" and insists that "it's never lupus." For 10 points, name this limping, Vicodin-addicted doctor played by Hugh Laurie on a namesake TV show.

House

Besides limits on molecular mass and partition coefficients, two criteria limiting the extent of this phenomenon are used to check if compounds are druglike in Lipinski's Rule of Five. A broad absorption peak for alcohols in IR spectroscopy is explained by this interaction. Polar protic solvents exhibit this phenomenon, though polar aprotic solvents do not. Three of these interactions occur between guanine and cytosine, while two occur between adenine and thymine. Water's high specific heat is caused by this phenomenon since its atoms have partial charges. For 10 points, name these interactions between molecules containing nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine and the lightest element.

Hydrogen bonds

In a dialogue about this subject, Socrates compares himself to a "midwife" for ideas. In the Protagoras, Socrates argues that weakness of the will is impossible since virtue is really just this concept. This concept is "recovered" in a demonstration in which a slave learns how to double the area of a square. This concept is held to be mere anamnesis in a proof of the immortality of the soul from Plato's Meno. Plato's Theaetetus proposes, and then rejects a definition of this concept as "true judgment with an account." Epistemology is the study of—for 10 points—what combination of facts and understanding?

Knowledge

This architect developed a plan for a house which eliminated ceiling support beams in order to facilitate mass construction, known punningly as the Dom-Ino House. With Amédée Ozenfant, this architect co-founded Purism, a movement which strove to eliminate detail and was an offshoot of Cubism. This architect used a central ramp in one of the homes he designed in Poissy, and he built upon plans by Maciej Nowicki and Albert Mayer to design a​ planned city featuring an "open hand" motif and partially based on his "Radiant City." This designer of Chandigarh outlined five points in his Toward an Architecture. Name this Swiss-French architect behind the Villa Savoye.

Le Corbusier

One group in this country is thought to be controlled by a man nicknamed "The Professor" and is called the Black Eagles. This country is home to the ELN, or National Liberation Army. This country's First Search Bloc worked with Los Pepes in the 1990s against one​ criminal. In 2002, twelve government officials from this country's department of Valle del Cauca were kidnapped by an insurgent group opposed by Álvaro Uribe. In 2016, this country which experienced La Violencia rejected a peace deal with that group, its namesake Revolutionary Armed Forces, or FARC. Name this South American country with capital at Bogotá.

Colombia

This university's president Nicholas Murray Butler won the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize for his support of the Kellogg-Briand pact. After he came to the U.S. but before going to the University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi worked at this university. After Alexander Hamilton's acceptance to Princeton was revoked, he ended up graduating from this college, which was then known as King's College. Immediately before becoming president of the U.S., Dwight Eisenhower was the president of this university. Name this Ivy League university that was closed during the Revolutionary War when the British controlled New York City.

Columbia

In one section of this work, the difference between Chartists and St. Simonism is examined in a literary context. A 10-point program in this work advocates for confiscating rebel property and abolishing inheritance. This work declares "All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned", and it then adds "The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe." This work opens by stating "A spectre is haunting Europe", and it suggests that "Workers of the world Unite!". Name this pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Communist Manifesto

Dandelin spheres are tangent to a plane and this type of solid. This shape can be generated in spherical coordinates by setting the azimuthal angle equal to a constant, or in 3D Cartesian coordinates by the equation 𝑧 = √𝑥 to the 2nd + 𝑦 to the 2nd. Putting two of these shapes together gives a solid that is asymptotic to both types of hyperboloid, and which can be sliced by a plane to generate a hyperbola. A single one of these solids can be sliced to give a parabola or ellipse. Name this solid with one circular base and an apex.

Cone

The pIII protein of the M13 type of these organisms is used in their namesake "display" libraries. One of these organisms provided selection pressure in the Luria-Delbruck experiment. Most DNA ligase used in laboratories is isolated from a third one of these organisms. Sulfur-35 and Phosphorus-32 were used to label these organisms to show that DNA contains the information for inheritance in the Hershey-Chase experiment. Joshua and Esther Lederberg studied the lambda type of these organisms, which often infect E. coli. For 10 points, name these viruses which infect bacteria.

Phages

The Kingsley Dam was constructed on one tributary of this river to form Lake McConaughy; that tributary to this river also flows past Scotts Bluff National Monument. The mouth of this river is just south of a city in which one can visit the Durham Museum and Henry Doorly Zoo. In 1848, Fort Kearney was established along the banks of this river to assist travelers of the Oregon Trail. The "north" branch of this river flows near Chimney Rock, while the "south" branch flows through the city of Denver. Often described as "a mile wide and an inch deep," name this tributary of the Missouri River that is the chief river of Nebraska.

Platte

A rarely performed scene in this opera sees a character try to sweet talk another with the aria "Per queste tue manine." In the last scene before the final ensemble in this opera, that character in this opera complains about hearing the aria "Non piu andrai" all the time. In another scene in this opera, Zerlina ties a character to a chair before going off to find Masetto. In the catalogue aria, Leporello describes to Donna Elvira the many lovers of the title character of this opera, who is dragged to hell by the Commendatore. For 10 points, name this opera by Mozart about a Spanish seducer.

Don Giovanni

After this person's troops killed the runaway mercenary Dhondia Wagh in battle, this person paid for Wagh's orphaned son's education. This military commander wept openly after winning the brutal Siege of Badajoz. Jean-de-Dieu Soult was this man's constant adversary during the Peninsular War. It is unlikely that this man actually said that his most famous victory "was won on the playing fields of Eton". This commander collaborated with Gebhard von Blücher to defeat Marshal Ney. Name this British military commander who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.

Duke of Wellington

One species in this phylum is the preferred model organism for studying polyspermy and fertilization. Herbivores from this phylum decimated Pacific kelp forests when their predators, sea otters, were hunted nearly to extinction. Crinoids and sand dollars belong to this phylum. Animals in this phylum have a unique mouth organ called Aristotle's lantern. The madreporite supplies fluid to the these organisms' water vascular system. These animals move using tube feet and often have pentaradial symmetry. Name this phylum of "spiny-skinned" marine animals, including the sea cucumber, sea urchin, and starfish.

Echinodermata

This author created the fictional town of Apex, whose most naive member begins an affair with Peter Van Degan, leading to the suicide of Ralph Marvell. One work by this author examines the downfall of a socialite caused by a disastrous occasion on the yacht Sabrina at the hands of Bertha Dorset. This author of The Custom of The Country created a character described by an unnamed narrator as "the ruin of man" due to a suicide pact he formed with Mattie Silver, leading to a deadly sled crash into an elm tree. For 10 points each, name this American who wrote about Lily Bart's suicide in The House of Mirth and the title character in Ethan Frome.

Edith Wharton

In this decade, India won its first Cricket World Cup under captain Kapil Dev. Dale Earnhardt Sr. won his first NASCAR championship at the beginning of this decade, during which Tom Watson won five golf majors. In this decade, Trevor Berbick defeated Muhammad Ali, marking Ali's last professional fight. In one Olympics during this decade, Carl Lewis equaled Jesse Owens' feat by winning four gold medals in different track-and-field events. Olympics in this decade were held in Sarajevo and Seoul. For 10 points, name this decade, in which American champions often met with President Reagan.

1980's

A candidate in this election aired primetime infomercials in which he used a "voodoo stick" to display printed-out charts. During this election, one candidate was advised "don't forget healthcare" by James Carville. That candidate in this election infamously repudiated inflammatory remarks made by Sister Souljah. This election's victor used the slogan "It's the economy, stupid," and its losing incumbent faced a primary challenge from Pat Buchanan after breaking his promise, "Read my lips: no new taxes!" In this election, 19 percent of the vote went to the independent candidate Ross Perot. For 10 points, name this presidential election in which George H.W. Bush lost to Bill Clinton.

1992

In this century, the book Contrasts by A.W.N. Pugin claimed that medieval architecture could help revive Christian spirituality. A three-volume architectural history from this century was titled for The Stones of Venice. A namesake "Romanesque" style was created in this century by architect Henry Hobson Richardson. In this century, the book The Seven Lamps of Architecture by John Ruskin helped codify the Gothic Revival style. The Houses of Parliament were built in this century, in which the academic Beaux-Arts style became influential in the US. Louis Sullivan's Wainwright Building and other early skyscrapers were built at the end of—for 10 points—what century?

19th century

In the brain, this many layers form the majority of the neocortex. Germaine Tailleferre and Georges Auric were part of a group of this many French composers. This many fluoride anions bond to sulfur in a gas that lowers the pitch of the voice when inhaled. This is the smallest perfect number. 10 raised to the power of this number equals one million. Give this number of faces on a cube.

6

In 2019, the Supreme Court case of Timbs v. Indiana ruled that a portion of this amendment applies to the states through selective incorporation of the 14th amendment. That case concerning this amendment dealt with a car that was confiscated by police as part of an arrest. The 1988 case of United States v. Bajakajian marked the first time that the Supreme Court cited this amendment to declare a fine to be excessive. Identify this amendment to the US Constitution

8th

One character in this story recounts the story of Edgar Atkins Teagarden, who used to carve his initials into watermelons he gave to her. That character in this story mistakes a random road for one that leads to an old house she wants to show her family, which leads her son to flip their car into a ditch. The Misfit and his gang terrorize members of the central family in what story by Flannery O'Connor?

A Good Man is Hard to Find

This novel's protagonist claims that Tennyson was "only a rhymester," and is beaten by three boys for asserting that Byron was "the greatest poet." At the end of this novel, the protagonist leaves home to forge the "uncreated conscience" of his race. This 1916 novel was the first published book to portray the conflicted Irish Catholic Stephen Dedalus. Name this semi autobiographical novel by James Joyce.

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

In a postscript to this author's last work, he recalls fancying himself a god while discussing "Empedocles on Etna." In another work by this author of "A Note to a Certain Old Friend," the narrator's vision is repeatedly blocked by spectral spinning gears. At the end of a story by this author, a man steals an old woman's clothes after he sees her stealing the hair of corpses in a ruined gate. In another work by this man, a body is found next to a piece of rope and a comb. In that story, a woodcutter, the brigand Tajomaru, and Masago give conflicting accounts of the murder of the samurai Takehiro. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of the short stories "Rashomon" and "In a Grove."

Akutagawa

In one work by this author, a woman thinks her husband has lost the will to live because his mouth is full of leaves. This author created Kandata, who almost escapes the Pool of Blood in Hell because he did not step on a spider in the forest. In one story by this author, a man is consumed by his desire for the title food, "Yam Gruel." This author of "Cogwheels" and "The Spider's Thread" wrote a story about a woman whose​ robe is stolen while she is stealing hair from a corpse, which, along with one featuring different accounts of Takehiro's murder, was the basis for an Akira Kurosawa film. Name this Japanese short story writer behind "In a Grove" and "Rashomon."

Akutagawa

In the 20th century, this country terminated an alliance with China after calling the actions of Mao Zedong "anti-revolutionary." This country was said to be unified in the 15th century after a revolt against Ottoman rule led by Skanderbeg. After this country withdrew from the Warsaw Pact following the death of Joseph Stalin, its leader declared it to be the first atheist state. During World War II, Benito Mussolini deposed this country's King Zog. Identify this eastern European country that was governed from 1944-1985 by Enver Hoxha.

Albania

This Greek deity covered her face with mud to elude the advances of the river god Alpheus. This deity slew the twin giants Otus and Ephialtes by tricking them into throwing spears at each other. When Actaeon saw this deity bathing, he was transformed into a stag and eaten by his own dogs. After King Oeneus forgot to sacrifice to this deity, she sent the rampaging Calydonian Boar to his lands. Zeus once disguised himself as this goddess in order to seduce Callisto, who was later turned into a bear. Provoked by insults to her mother, this daughter of Leto killed the children of Niobe with her brother, Apollo. Name this Greek goddess of the hunt and the moon.

Artemis

This man's namesake "orchard" consists of a series of trees that are planted within a square lattice. This thinker utilized Plato's idea that rays emerge from the human eye as the basis for his book Optics. Playfair's Axiom is an extension of a concept formulated by this thinker who also offered a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem. This thinker laid out five concepts in his best known work, the last of which has become known as his "parallel postulate." Identify this Greek mathematician known as the "Father of Geometry" who wrote Elements.

Euclid

"This quantity of X, divided by a positive number a" gives an upper bound on the probability that X is less than a, according to Markov's inequality. For a CDF "f-of-x," this value equals the integral of "x f-of-x." "This function of X-squared, minus the square of this function of X" is equal to this function of the square of quantity: "X minus this function of X," which gives the variance of X. In the discrete case, this value equals the sum of all outcomes times their probabilities. By the law of large numbers, the sample mean converges to this value. For 10 points, name this value that, for a unifor distribution, equals the sum of the data divided by the number of datapoints.

Expected value

This person blamed the United States when the French freighter La Coubre exploded. Shortly after that event, this leader's National Institute for Agrarian Reform redistributed land, much of which had belonged to U.S. companies. This person's acceptance of medium-range ballistic nuclear missiles stationed in his country led to a U.S. quarantine and eventually the U.S. removal of missiles from Italy and Turkey. This person was replaced by his brother Raúl in 2008. Name this leader who overthrew Fulgencio Batista and was the target of the U.S. Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba.

Fidel Castro

This deity was first to bring the craft of seidr to the gods, although Odin was also associated with it despite it being a feminine craft. Among other things, this goddess' brother is a deity of phallic fertility, and she weeps tears of gold in the absence of her husband Odr. One of her titles is "Mare of the Vanir." She gets the first pick of warriors that are killed in battle, and she keeps them in Folkvangr. This goddess slept with four dwarves in order to obtain the necklace Brisingamen, and she rides a chariot pulled by two cats. For 10 points, name this Norse goddess of love and fertility, whose brother was Frey.

Freya

In 1966, BOAC Flight 911 crashed into the side of this mountain, killing 124 people. Along with Mt. Tate and Mt. Haku, this mountain is one of its nation's "Three Holy Mountains." A forest to the north of this mountain called Aokigahara is one of the world's most prevalent suicide sites. Depicted in many works by Hokusai, identify this large stratovolcano that is the tallest mountain in Japan.

Fuji

The only Amtrak station in this state is located in its town of Sandpoint. The town of Dickshooter lies in the Owyhee Mountains, which this state shares with its western neighbor. Challis National Forest contains this state's highest point, Borah Peak, which is located in this state's Lost River Range. Twin Falls is the nearest major city to this state's Craters of the Moon National Park. The Salmon River is a popular site for whitewater rafting in this state, which contains the cities of Pocatello and Coeur d'Alene. Name this "Gem State", with capital at Boise.

Idaho

A value described by this word appears in the top left of the Cayley table for the Klein-4 group. The unknot serves as this element for groups in which the knot sum is the operation. A matrix whose elements are given by the Kronecker delta is described by this term, and has ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. Multiplying an element by its inverse gives this element. For multiplication, this element is one. For 10 points, give this term that names a multiplicative property stating that any number times one is equal to itself.

Identity

CORBA and DCOM are two standards built on the distributed paradigm for these constructs. The "Rule of Five" dictates what must be defined when creating one of these constructs in C++. A class named for one of these constructs is the parent class of all other classes. "Setters" and "getters" may be used to access and modify their properties in accordance with the principles of encapsulation. These constructs are instances of classes and can be made through by calling a "constructor" method. For 10 points, name these constructs around which languages like Java and C++ are "oriented."

Objects

In one work by this composer, percussion instruments interject as a xylophone builds on a three-note theme, titled ​Gassenhauer​. One work by this composer ends with the apparition of the Greek goddess of love, while another work uses rhyming words to describe a foe as "monstrous and empty." This composer of ​Trionfo di Afrodite​ included the sections "Blanziflor et Helena" and "Court of​ Love" in a 25-movement vocal work. This developer of a namesake "approach" to music education wrote a work for male choir about monks drinking in a tavern, one of several settings of medieval poems. Name this composer of "O Fortuna" from his cantata Carmina Burana.

Orff

This country's belief in "sebastianismo" is a messianic strain based on the death of its king Sebastian I in a 1578 battle with the Saadi dynasty of Morrocco. The Acclamation War allowed it to break away from a dynastic union with its Eastern neighbor, and commenced the the rule of the House of Braganza. The Treaty of Tordesillas minimized colonial conflicts between Spain and what country that settled Brazil?

Portugal

This man was the subject of lobbyist Jack Burkman's "Profiling Project." This man's family sent a cease and desist letter to Rod Wheeler, an investigator recommended by Ed Butowsky. Cars.com pulled ads from Sean Hannity's show for its coverage of this man. An August 2017 lawsuit alleged that the Trump White House and Fox News falsely tied this man's death to leaked emails. Many conspiracy theories arose after the 2016 murder of what Democratic National Committee staffer?

Rich

This book states "Clearly the musician is wise, and he who is not a musician is foolish." This book critiques democracy by describing a captain being overpowered by a crew that does not know how to sail. This work describes a man who could not face consequences for his actions because he was invisible. In addition to the "Ship of Fools" and "Ring of Gyges" metaphors, this work includes a description told to Glaucon of men whose experience consists of looking at shadows projected onto a wall. Name this dialogue that includes the "Allegory of the Cave" and describes a city ruled by philosopher kings, a book by Plato.

The Republic

One character with this profession visits the Sufi Shiekh Ali al-Junaydi after failing to kill his former mentor Rauf Ilwan, one of the title "dogs" of a Naguib Mahfouz novel. In a different work, this occupation is held by Khwajah Hasan, who finds his compatriots dead after they are scalded with hot oil by Morgiana. In that story, a woodcutter hides in a bush and overhears the password to a cave where men with this profession hide their treasure. For 10 points, Ali Baba discovers a den of forty characters with what criminal occupation, also held by Fagin's gang of pickpockets in Oliver Twist?

Thievery

At these events, a prayer is said over a cup of wine before people drink from it. A Yichud is typically held after one of these events. The Sheva Brachot are a set of seven blessings said at these events, which are typically held at a chuppah. The modern form of reading a ketubah at these events replaces the old tradition of reading a mohar. Nissuin is the Hebrew word for what type of Jewish ceremonies, during which two people break a glass to symbolize their union?

Wedding

A prime number is a Sophie Germain prime if multiplying it by this number and adding one gives another prime. A Mersenne prime is one less than a power of this number. This number is the Euler characteristic of every convex polyhedron, which means that it equals the number of vertices plus the number of faces minus the number of edges. This is the larger number equal to its own factorial. Give this number that is used as a base in binary and is the only even prime.

2

A wood preservative containing copper, chromium, and this element was banned in 2004 in the US. A test to determine the presence of this element involves the oxidation of zinc and the reduction of this element's trioxide. Along with sulfur, this element, which is sometimes known as "inheritance powder," appears in the mineral​ orpiment. An 1836 test to detect this element was developed by James Marsh. Paul Ehrlich developed drugs containing this element to combat trypanosomiasis, known as Salvarsan. This element was used in green pigments in the 18th century and may have contributed to Napoleon's death. Name this toxic metalloid with symbol As.

Arsenic

This poet wrote "time will say nothing but I told you so" in the villanelle "If I Could Tell You." One of his poems describes "the lie of Authority / whose buildings grope the sky" and "children afraid of the night / Who have never been happy or good." Another poem depicts "something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky" and begins "About suffering they were never wrong, the Old Masters"; that poem was based on a Bruegel painting. The speaker of another poem contemplates how "the clever hopes expire / of a low dishonest decade" as he sits "in one of the dives / On 52nd street." For 10 points, name this poet of "Musée des Beaux Arts" and "September 1, 1939."

Auden

In a play by this writer, the protagonist points out that Mr. and Mrs. Croaker "are yet a little opposite in their dispositions, you know." That protagonist, who is often taken advantage of, is Mr. Honeywood. In another play by this writer, the observation "what will repair beauty at forty, will certainly improve it at twenty" is made by a character who speaks about jewels her uncle left her, Constance Neville. In that play, this author wrote about a woman trying to impress Charles Marlow by pretending to be a maid. In a novel by this writer, George's marriage to Arabella Wilmot is cancelled when George's father, Dr. Charles Primrose, loses his fortune. Name this author of The Good-Natur'd Man, She Stoops to Conquer, and The Vicar of Wakefield.

Goldsmith

This author describes a wound that "seemed both sore and sad / To every Christian eye" in his "Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog." That poem appears in a work in which Ephraim Jenkinson swindles Moses out of a horse for green spectacles. In one work by this man, Constance steals jewels to elope with Hastings; that play is subtitled "Mistakes of a Night" and sees Kate Hardcastle dress as a maid to seduce Charles Marlow. Squire Thornhill attempts to stage a mock wedding with Sophia in one of this author's novels, which ends with the marriage of Arabella Wilmot and George Primrose. For 10 points, name this author of She Stoops to Conquer and The Vicar of Wakefield.

Goldsmith

One scene in this film was made by burning part of a set from the original King Kong. Its opening crawl notoriously refers to a vanished world of "knights and their ladies fair." The term "production designer" was coined for William Cameron Menzies' work on this film. Hattie McDaniel became the first black Oscar winner for this film, for which producer David O. Selznick held a two-year casting search. Victor Fleming became director of this film in the middle of shooting The Wizard of Oz. Clark Gable's Rhett Butler says "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn" to Scarlett O'Hara at the end of—for 10 points—what 4-hour-long film about the South during the Civil War?

Gone With the Wind

One character in this novel remembers a garden with "the smell of turned earth, the plump shapes of bulbs" as a symbol of motherhood and sits on a pillow embroidered with "FAITH." One character in this novel leaves the "Red Center" by attacking Aunt Elizabeth. Knotly Wade appears in the epilogue of this novel, explaining tapes with Professor ​Pieixoto. The protagonist of this novel learns the code word "Mayday" from Moira and is forced to work for the husband of Serena Joy, the Commander, in the Republic of Gilead. Name this novel about Offred, a dystopian novel by Margaret Atwood.

Handmaid's tale

In a short story by this author, Jack Brennan bets the title amount against himself in his fight with Jimmy Walcott. In a novel by this author, the protagonist goes to the Irati River to fish with Bill Gorton. This author of "Fifty Grand" ended that novel with the lines "We could have had such a...good time together" and the protagonist's reply "Isn't it pretty to think so?" In that novel by this man, Mike Campbell ends up with Lady Brett Ashley. Catherine Barkley serves as nurse for a protagonist inspired by this man's service as an ambulance driver in World War I, named Frederic Henry. For 10 points, name this American author of The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms

Hemingway

In Macedon, Heracles was worshipped as the patron of this activity under the epithet Kynagidas. In a treatise on this activity, Xenophon discusses how Chiron used it to teach 21 heroes. Agamemnon was forced to sacrifice Iphigenia to atone for a crime he committed while performing this activity. Odysseus recalls doing this activity with Autolycus as he receives a footbath from Eurycleia. Gaia sent a giant scorpion to kill Orion in response to a threat he made while engaging in this activity. After doing this activity, Actaeon saw Artemis bathing, was turned into a stag, and was killed by his own hounds. Artemis used a bow and arrows to perform—for 10 points—what activity?

Hunting

Patterns in the formation of these objects, including the CCC and the "curved band," can be used to estimate their strength in the Dvorak technique. The tendency of these entities to slowly move westward and poleward is known as "beta drift." These systems can combine through the Fujiwhara interaction. These systems undergo a "rapid deepening," in which there is a huge drop in pressure at their center. These systems originate as "waves," which then strengthen to "depressions." The intensity of these systems is measured on the Saffir-Simpson scale, which splits them into five "categories" based on wind speeds. For 10 points, name these huge rotating storms that form an "eye."

Hurricanes

This compound is combined with iron in a compound used to decontaminate water, Fenton's re·agent. When skin is exposed to this compound, a white powdery appearance may result due to the formation of oxygen bubbles in the blood. The decomposition of this compound can be accelerated using the enzyme catalase or using potassium iodide in the "elephant toothpaste" reaction. This compound is used to bleach teeth and hair, and it is also used as a disinfectant. Name this compound whose formula is H2O2.

Hydrogen peroxide

A poem addressed to this man depicts the "always coming on / the always rising of the night." The speaker of a poem by this author finds "fair quiet" and "innocence" in the title place, exclaiming "No white nor red was ever seen / So am'rous as this lovely green." The speaker of another poem imagines finding rubies by the Indian Ganges' side and declares a "hundred years should go to praise / thine eyes." That poem describes a "vegetable love" that would grow "vaster than empires and more slow" if not for "time's wingèd chariot hurrying near," and begins "had we but world enough and time." For 10 points, name this metaphysical poet of "The Garden" and "To His Coy Mistress."

Marvell

William Claiborne repeatedly invaded this state in its early history in an effort to annex Kent Island. During the English Civil War, opposing factions fought the Battle of Severn in this state which was the site of the "Plundering Time." One woman from this state, Elizabeth Ann Seton, was the first native born American to be canonized. This state's namesake "Toleration Act" guaranteed religious freedom for Trinitarian Christians. For 10 points name this state which was the Southernmost state in a boundary dispute resolved by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon and has its capital at Annapolis.

Maryland

This man names a "construction" that aids the Van der Waals equation by ensuring stability through making sure that pressure and volume do not increase together. This scientist names a distribution of velocities, and along with Boltzmann, this scientist names a distribution that was initially used to analyze the speeds of ideal gases. This scientist is better known for his work in electromagnetism where he added the "displacement current" to Ampere's law. Identify this Scottish scientist who names a set of Four Equations.

Maxwell

This event spread when smallpox ravaged the nearby town of Andover. Memorable Providences and Wonders of the Invisible World were written by Cotton Mather about this event. In the months preceding this event, Dr. William Griggs was called by Samuel Parris to observe the strange behavior of his daughter Betty and his niece Abigail Williams, who blamed their behavior on the slave Tituba. Victims of this event were subjected to trial by water, in which they either drowned or were accused of using magic to stay afloat. Identify this event, in which women in the title Puritan Massachusetts town were accused of sorcery.

Salem Witch Trials

This artist left a mural entitled Sermon on the Mount unfinished at his death, and that work by this artist is a part of his series, the Triumph of Religion. One painting by this artist was the Royal Academy of Arts's 1919 picture of the year, and that painting shows a line of blindfolded figures walking after a mustard gas attack. This artist of Gassed depicted a flamenco dancer in a red dress dancing in El Jaleo. This artist may be best known for his depiction of Virginie Gautreau in a seven foot full-body portrait. Identify this artist of the Portrait of Madame X.

Sargent

The prelude to an opera by this composer consists of a 136-bar E-flat major chord begun in the double basses that has been described as "drone music". The prelude to another opera by this composer begins with the cellos playing the notes short-A long-high-F short-E, leading to an F, B, D-sharp, G-sharp chord whose dissonance led to that chord being named for that opera. This composer helped construct a theater in Bayreuth where a yearly festival presents productions of his operas. A character tastes dragon blood and can hear birdsong in an opera cycle by this composer that begins with Das Rheingold. Name this composer of the Ring Cycle, whose second entry is The Valkyrie.

Wagner

One of this author's works transposes some historical events, such as the divorce of Pompeia. This author of The Ides of March​ wrote one work that sees the monk Brother Juniper trying to learn why God's plan for five people had them die when the title structure​ collapses. One of this author's plays ends with one character saying goodbye to her mama's sunflowers and to "sleeping" and "waking up," and another play follows a family that survives an ice age, the Antrobus family. This writer of The Skin of Our Teeth wrote one play featuring Emily Webb and set in Grover's Corners. Name this playwright of Our Town.

Wilder

A site for working with this material in Hierapolis is thought to be the first machine with a connecting rod and crank. Joaquin Balaguer set rules relating to fences of this material, as described in ​Collapse​ by Jared Diamond. The world's largest bronze Buddha is housed in a building of this material. Due to depletion of this resource on Mangareva,​ Pitcairn became uninhabited. The presence of people who worked with this resource in one area led to a conflict ended by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, the Aroostook War. Russia is the largest producer of this resource due to large boreal forests. Name this material, which is acquired by logging trees.

Wood

Differential equations and systems of equations are called homogeneous if their constant terms equal this number. The function that sends every input to this number is the only function that is both even and odd. If a number is evenly divisible by a modulus, then it is congruent to this number under that modulus. A game in which every gain must be offset by a loss is said to "sum" to this number. A root of a function is an input at which the output is this number. Name this number that is called the additive identity because adding it to any number doesn't change the other number.

Zero

A photograph by this artist shows the moon floating above swirling clouds above a graveyard. Fred Archer and this person created a system that uses 11 symbolic tones, called the Zone System. This photographer's book Born Free and Equal consists of photographs he took at the Manzanar internment camp. This photographer and Willard van Dyke founded a photography group named after a particularly small aperture: group f /64. Name this photographer who created Moon and Half Dome and many other photos of Yosemite National Park.

Adams

If variables are correlated, then taking the variance after performing this operation is equal to performing this operation after taking the co·variances. If two sets are disjoint, then this operation on their cardinalities equals the cardinality of their union. Goldbach's conjecture states that every even number greater than 2 can be expressed by performing this operation on two primes. This operation can be done on vectors using the parallelogram rule. After the first two, each number in the Fibonacci sequence is found by performing this operation on the two previous numbers. Name this operation whose identity is zero.

Addition

In one novel by this author, Therese Lafirme tries to convince David Hosmer to remarry his ex-wife Fanny. One of this author's characters spends fifteen dollars on a fancy lunch and the title lavish garments. This author also wrote a story in which Armand Aubigny burns a letter revealing he is half-black after sending away his wife for having a mulatto child. The protagonist of one of her novels listens to Mademoiselle Reisz's piano recital before returning to Grand Isle, where she met Robert Lebrun. For 10 points, name this author of "A Pair of Silk Stockings" and "Desiree's Baby," who wrote about the drowning of Edna Pontellier in The Awakening.

Chopin

Part of this system was first accurately described in the book Christianismi Restitutio by the heretic Michael Servetus, and was rediscovered by Andreas Vesalius. The link between two halves of this system was first seen by Marcello Malpighi. In the Middle Ages, this system's associated humor was thought to cause a cheerful and social personality. The book De Motu Cordis by William Harvey disproved several of Galen's theories about this system. Thanks to the theories of Hippocrates, a humoral imbalance favoring this system was often "fixed" using leeches. For 10 points, name this system, from which an "excess" was "relieved" via bloodletting.

Circulatory

In the Golden Legend, the Queen of Sheba passes over a bridge that would eventually be repurposed for use in this event. St. Helena destroyed a temple to Venus built on the site of this event, during which a veil was split from top to bottom. An object supposedly used in connection with this event was photographed by Secondo Pia. The victim of this event may have been wrapped in the Shroud of Turin, which includes bloodstains corresponding to wounds inflicted by a crown of thorns. For 10 points, name this event in which a certain religious figure was executed by being nailed to a cross.

Crucifixion

This musician collaborated with George Coleman on the songs "Basin Street Blues" and "I Fall in Love Too Easily" on his album Seven Steps to Heaven. Red Garland left this man's recording group, which led this musician to play the piano on his sextext's first album, Milestones. This musician included a recording of the second movement of Joaquin Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez on the album, Sketches of Spain. "Flamenco Sketches" was a song by what Jazz musician of Kind of Blue?

Davis

This thinker ended one work with "The Meaning of All This," which proposes solutions for the Seventh Ward of Philadelphia. Eric Foner noted that this thinker broke with the Dunning School with his history of Reconstruction, and one work by this thinker includes "sorrow songs." This thinker wrote that the​ "color-line" was the "problem of the twentieth century," and argued for leadership by the Talented Tenth. This thinker coined a term for oppressed groups seeing themselves through oppressive eyes, "double consciousness," and opposed the Atlanta Compromise of Booker T. Washington. Name this African American sociologist behind The Souls of Black Folk.

Du Bois

One work by this artist was gifted to Walter Arensberg, and, contrary to its title, was thought to contain 125 cubic centimeters of gas. Another work by this artist was designed to look like a container of sugar cubes, but was actually a birdcage filled with a mercury thermometer and cubes of marble. Other than 50 cc of Paris Air and Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?, this artist created a work called L.H.O.O.Q. which consists of a postcard of the Mona Lisa with a drawn-on moustache and beard. For 10 points, name this creator of readymade sculptures such as the sideways porcelain urinal he named Fountain.

Duchamp

Strict Catholic observance of this practice was finally relaxed with the passage of the Paenitemini by Pope Paul VI, who acknowledged the importance of economic disparities. In Islam, people often make donations called Fidya or Kaffara when they cannot perform this action, which some Jains swear by Sallekhana to perform to the death. Sujata is supposed to have given milk and rice pudding to the Buddha after he nearly died of this action. Many people perform this type of action on Lent and Yom Kippur. For 10 points, name this action in many religions in which people abstain from eating food.

Fasting

According to one legend, this man never actually passed away and will awaken from his magical slumber when a certain hunting horn is sounded three times. According to another tradition, the cursed maiden Sadhbh transformed back into woman after stepping onto the lands of this man. He defeated the fire-breathing monster Aillen with his father's crane-skin bag of weapons, and may have made the Giant's Causeway in order to walk to Scotland; the Isle of Mann was just an accident. For 10 points, name this folk hero of the British Isles who gained all the knowledge of the world by eating a certain magical salmon.

Finn McCool

A group with this many elements in which each element's square equals the identity is named for Felix Klein. Joseph-Louis Lagrange proved a theorem which states that every positive integer can be written as the sum of this many perfect squares. Most internal combustion engines operate with this number of distinct steps. The largest planar complete graph has this many vertices. The first major math​ proof to use a computer was one of a theorem named for this number of colors and relating to maps. Any hyperoperation of two and two will lead to this number. Name this integer, the degree of a quartic equation.

Four

Soldiers from this country killed Albert Mayer at the beginning of World War I at the Skirmish at Joncherey. Soon after that, this country had a disastrous implementation of Plan 17, losing the Battle of the Frontiers. This country's commander-in-chief Joseph Joffre was able to stop the advance into this country at the First Battle of the Marne. An unsuccessful strategy of invading this country by going through the Low Countries became known as the Schlieffen Plan. Name this Allied Power that was the site of much fighting against Germany on the Western Front during World War I, when this country's government was known as the Third Republic.

France

R. palustris and A. variabilis break down this compound using a vanadium-containing enzyme. Leghemoglobin is found in organisms which break down this compound, which often uses an enzyme containing an iron-molybdenum cofactor. Organisms in the root nodules of legumes break down the strong triple bond holding this molecule together. This compound has a bond-dissociation energy of 942 kilojoules per mole, and is also broken down using an iron catalyst in the Haber process, which produces two molecules of ammonia. For 10 points, name this gas "fixed" by some plants, the most abundant in the atmosphere.

Nitrogen

This material names a frequency above which metals become transparent. Like an ideal gas, the pressure exerted by this material equals number density times Boltzmann's constant times temperature. Irving Langmuir gave this material its name and devised a "probe" that can measure its properties. The strong magnetic field in stellarators and tokamaks confines this material at high temperatures for the purpose of nuclear fusion. This material is produced when high temperatures or large electric fields strip gaseous nuclei of their electrons. For 10 points, name this ionized material sometimes called the "fourth state of matter."

Plasma

This leader died after listening to a Voice of America broadcast saying that his government planned on turning him over to the United Nations. This leader divided his nation's population into three categories, and civilians known as "New People" were targeted by his government. This leader took the title of "Brother Number One." This leader turned a former high school into the S-21 prison. Choeung Ek was one of the "killing fields" his regime operated, and he was overthrown by forces from neighboring Vietnam. For 10 points, name this dictator of Cambodia who led the Khmer Rouge.

Pol Pot

This man traveled to Cuba to negotiate the release of captain José Villa in the Johnny Express incident. This politician appointed Eric Delvalle as one of his disposable "Kleenex presidents" in the same year that he ordered the murder of physician Hugo Spadafora. After the death of Robert Paz, the U.S. invaded the country of this former CIA informant in Operation Nifty Package. During that offensive, the U.S. Army played songs by AC/DC and Guns N' Roses to force this man out of his country's Vatican City embassy. George H.W. Bush launched Operation Just Cause to depose—for 10 points—what 1980s-era president of Panama?

Noriega

At low energies, the Klein-Nishina formula models the Thomson version of this phenomenon, in which the cross-section varies with the square of the Compton wavelength and the fine structure constant. The Raman version of this effect is inelastic and occurs on excited molecules. The Tyndall effect is a version of this phenomenon in colloids, where the large particle size makes this effect different than the Rayleigh version of this phenomenon, which helps explain the dispersion that makes the sky blue. It was very surprising when this phenomenon occurred in the gold foil experiment. Name this effect in which a particle's path changes substantially and that often affects light.

Scattering

Sergei Prokofiev wrote a "Fantasia on [this composition]," and its last movement includes a violin solo that represents the title character. The third movement in this composition depicts a young prince and princess, and its second movement depicts the Kalandar Prince. A shipwreck is symbolized in the last movement of this composition, and its first movement is titled "The Sea and Sinbad's Ship." Identify this symphonic suite by Rimsky-Korsakov that is named for the main character of Arabian Nights.

Scheherazade

If you know only the significance level, whether a hypothesis is one-tailed or two-tailed, and this value, then you can calculate the p value. This value is typically used as the input for a table of standard normal probabilities. This value is equal to the actual value of a variable for a standard normal distribution. A t-score is similar to this value but based on an adjusted mean and standard deviation. This value is calculated as a particular data point minus the mean, all divided by the standard deviation. Name this value that tells how many standard deviations a given value is above or below the mean.

Standard

This thinker proved the central limit theorem using the Gaussian error function, and he included a state register in one mathematical model. Lambda calculus demonstrates a "completeness" named for this thinker. This thinker notably used the Banburismus process, which relied on comparing corresponding​ letters in different sentences. That system was used by this thinker in collaboration with Joan Clarke to create bombes for decryption. A head that reads and writes bits on an infinitely long strip of tape are this scientist's namesake machines. Name this British computer scientist who helped crack the Enigma code.

Turing

One work by an artist associated with this city features a short man with a green parrot on his arm at a wedding. It's not Antwerp, but two peacocks sit at the right of a painting by an artist associated with this city, in which Heracles suckles at Hera's breast, resulting in ​The Origin of the Milky Way​. An artist associated with this city painted a Biblical scene lit from the left with a​ diagonal table. The first reclining nude in Western painting is associated with this city, as is the artist behind Sacred and Profane Love and the Venus of Urbino. Name this Italian city associated with Tintoretto, Giorgione, and Titian from its namesake school of painting, home to many canals

Venice

After this battle, one leader declared that a metaphorical "Father of Waters once again goes unvexed." During this battle, the smaller Battle of Milliken's Bend secured Union control. After this battle, William Tecumseh Sherman was given control of the Army of the Tennessee. This battle ended the day after Gettysburg on July 4th, which supposedly led its namesake city not to celebrate Independence Day for 80 years. Ulysses S. Grant defeated John C. Pemberton at this battle, which completed the goal of the Anaconda Plan. For 10 points, name this lengthy siege that split the confederacy in two by giving the Union total control of the Mississippi river.

Vicksburg

One noble with this name took rule after the death of his father Roger II and fought against his chancellor Maio of Bari. Two nobles of this name ruled as kings of Sicily, and another man of this name died while hunting in the New Forest. One man with this name received French support to win the Battle of Val-es-Dunes. That ruler launched the Harrying of the North and married Matilda of Flanders, and he also compiled the Domesday Book and completed his conquest in 1066. Give this name of a ruler who won the Battle of Hastings, known as the Conqueror.

William

An upper bound to this quantity for white dwarfs is set by the Chandrasekhar limit. This quantity appears twice in Newton's law of gravitation, and weight can be calculated as the acceleration due to gravity times this quantity. Identify this quantity that can be measured in kilograms.

Mass

A scholar who worked for this ruler moved the relics of Saint Marcellinus to Seligenstadt after prying some of them away from Hilduin. This ruler dramatically expanded the work of investigators known as the missi dominici to root out corruption in his government. This employer of Einhart built a palace school at Aachen. This man was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day 800 by Pope Leo III. Name this "King of the Franks" whose educational reforms lead to the Carolingian Renaissance

Charlemagne

During World War II, conscripts diverted to work in this industry were known as "Bevin Boys." Unrest in this industry forced the government of Edward Heath to implement the unpopular "Three-Day Week." Mark Ashton founded the group "Lesbians and Gays Support [members of this industry]" to solicit donations during a strike. Arthur Scargill led the NUM during that 1984-85 strike in this industry, which faced intransigent opposition by Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government and ended with the closure of most British pits. For 10 points, name this formerly dominant British industry based on the extraction of a hard black fossil fuel.

Coal

Self-perception theory was proposed by Daryl Behm to explain this phenomenon, which he studied in female college students who rated household appliances. A 1957 book outlined the "belief disconfirmation" theory of this phenomenon. An early study of this phenomenon created the "forced compliance" paradigm, and involved participants turning pegs and being paid either $1 or $20. This phenomenon was studied in a UFO cult in the book When Prophecy Fails by Leon Festinger. This phenomenon is typically reduced by rationalizing, like when you use "self-care" to justify cheating on a diet. For 10 points, name this discomfort caused by holding two opposed beliefs.

Cognitive dissonance

A so-called "train" named for this type of reaction is used to analyze how much carbon and hydrogen is in a sample. The ratio of actual reactants to stoichiometric reactants in this type of reaction is called the equivalence ratio. In classrooms, this type of reaction is often demonstrated using a "whoosh bottle"of alcohol. In complete versions of this reaction produce carbon monoxide. Many engines have a chamber named for this process where the fuel is used up. Name this type of reaction in which oxygen is used up and the output is water, carbon dioxide, and heat.

Combustion

The Sirius Patrol works within this region's largest national park, which includes Land named after King Frederick VIII. Cape Morris Jesup is regarded as the northernmost point in this region. The Dorset Culture once lived in the extreme northwest of this region, prior to their expulsion by the Thule Culture. Following its discovery by Gunnbjorn, Eastern and Western Settlements were settled in this region by the Norse. More than one third of this island's population lives in its capital of Nuuk, and over seven eighths of its population is Inuit. Containing the only non-Antarctic permanent ice cap, name this largest island in the world.

Greenland

A spring holiday in this religion involves a bonfire where people pray for their evil to be destroyed, remembering an evil woman who sat on a fire with a cloak under her. Weddings in this religion typically include a ritual in which the bride and groom circle around a yajna, or ritual flame. This religion has a "festival of colors" in which people smear colored powder on each other. This religion's funeral rites, called antyesti, involve cremating the body and placing the ashes in a nearby body of water. Name this religion from India in which the Upanishads, Vedas, and Bhagavad Gita are sacred texts.

Hinduism

A film by this director uses cuts during close-ups into objects of uniform color to make the film appear as if it were created in one continuous shot. This director of Rope directed a film in which a character goes to the Legion of Honor to gaze at a portrait of Carlotta Valdes. Roger Thornhill is caught up in a plan to smuggle out microfilm with government secrets in a film by this director in which a man is chased by a plane in front of Mount Rushmore. A woman is stabbed in the shower in a film by this director in which Norman Bates runs a motel. Name this director of Vertigo, North by Northwest, and Psycho.

Hitchcock

Cholangiocytes line certain ducts in this organ, which make up this organ's triads. In the Cori cycle, lactate is transported to this organ. Ascites results from backup of blood flow into this organ. Hemoglobin is converted to stercobilin and bilirubin in this organ. This organ's namesake portal vein joins the inferior vena cava. It's not the kidney, but urea is produced from ammonia primarily in this organ. One product of this organ which emulsifies lipids is stored in the neighboring gallbladder. For ten points, name this organ which produces bile and detoxifies substances.

Liver

A William Blake poem says that the narrator went to a "garden of" this concept, but he found a chapel and graves. A Rupert Brooke poem says this concept "is a breach in the walls, a broken gate, where that comes in that shall not go again". Tom Stoppard's play about the poet A. E. Housman is titled The Invention of this concept. This concept can be used as a verb, and one poem says this verb can be done "freely, as men strive for right", and "purely, as they turn from praise". Name this concept that is done "to the depth and breadth and height my soul can reach"according to an Elizabeth Barrett Browning sonnet.

Love

Emile Driant died defending the Bois des Caures during the initial stage of this battle, which also saw the capture of Forts Vaux and Douaumont. General Erich von Falkenhayn believed it would force the enemy to "bleed itself white," but trucks carrying supplies along the "Sacred Way" enabled the survival of the opposing force. The so-called "Lion" of this battle was future Vichy leader Phillippe Pétain, who restored national confidence in the capabilities of the French Army. For 10 points, name this longest continuous battle of the First World War, a crucial French victory on the banks of the Meuse River.

Verdun

Inhabitants of these objects call the speaker to live with them in a Rabindranath Tagore poem named for these things and waves. An exiled man asks one of these objects to bring his wife a message in a poem by Kalidasa. One of these objects is invoked in the first line of a poem whose speaker "little thought / What wealth the show to me had brought," and which ends by describing "that inward eye / Which is the bliss of solitude." One of these things "floats on high o'er hills and vales" at the beginning of a poem whose speaker sees "A host of golden daffodils." William Wordsworth "wandered lonely as"—for 10 points—what atmospheric objects?

Clouds

Wu Sangui revolted against this dynasty in the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, though he had helped conquer the previous dynasty, whose last ruler hanged himself in a garden. This dynasty included 60-year reigns by both the Kangxi emperor and his grandson the Qianlong emperor. One of this dynasty's last rulers, the dowager empress Cixi, had much of her power taken away by foreign powers during the Boxer Rebellion. Dorgon, who was a regent of this dynasty, mandated that all Chinese men shave their foreheads and wear braids. Name this dynasty whose last emperor, Pu Yi, ended his reign when the Republic of China was established.

Qing

This author lamented land confiscations in his poem "Maledictions" and in a collection that also describes Corydon's love for Alexis. In that collection, this author predicts that a boy heralded as the "great increase of Jove" will inaugurate a golden age in a supposedly "Messianic" poem. This poet's epyllion about Aristaeus describes bees as a model for human society. This author describes a hero who is driven "to Lavinian shores...by cruel Juno's remorseless anger" in a poem that begins "I sing of arms and the man." For 10 points, name this author of the Eclogues and the Georgics, a Roman poet who describes an exile from Troy in his epic Aeneid.

Virgil

This leader called his daughter Julia a "disease in my flesh" and exiled her to the island of Pandateria. Though this person was not a censor and usually was not a tribune, he had the powers given to both positions as part of the Second Settlement. This leader, who had Caesarion executed, referred to himself as "princeps", or "first citizen". Troops led by this leader's admiral Marcus Agrippa escaped the Ambracian gulf and crushed the quinqueremes of Marc Antony at the Battle of Actium. This leader—who was succeeded by Tiberius—started a long era of no major wars for his empire, known as the Pax Romana. Name this first emperor of Rome.

Augustus

After two of this man's sons were taken captive, this man led forces against Henry Pate at the Battle of Black Jack. Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Franklin Sanborn were members of the "Secret Six" that funded the actions of this man. This man killed five people during the 1856 Pottawatomie Massacre in Kansas. Robert E. Lee led a group of Marines who put down an event led by this man, which was attempting to seize weapons in preparation for a slave revolt. Identify this abolitionist who led the 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry.

Brown

This country is the site of a condition called zud, where large numbers of livestock die annually from freezing to death or starvation. This country is home to the Erdene Zuu monastery, the oldest Buddhist monastery in the world. This country shares Uvs Lake, a World Heritage Site, with its northern neighbor. After Kazakhstan, this country is the second largest landlocked country in the world. The southern portion of this country is dominated by the Gobi Desert. Identify this Asian country whose capital is Ulaanbaatar.

Mongolia

One of these works opens Khachaturian's Masquerade Suite. A work in this genre by von Weber, Invitation to the Dance, was orchestrated by Berlioz and became the first concert piece of this type. Beethoven allegedly insulted one of these works as a "cobbler's patch" but then wrote 33 variations on it; that piece was written by Antonio Diabelli. One piece in this genre evokes the image of a dog chasing its tail; the composer of that piece wrote 18 works of this genre that includes mazurkas and polonaises. Johann Strauss, Jr. was dubbed the king of this genre for writing pieces of this type named "Emperor" and "Danube River." For 10 points, name this usually lively dance in ¾ time.

Waltz

It's not Gustav Klimt, but this artist used gold leaf to decorate a portfolio of sketches called A Gold Book. This artist included the words, "sometimes less is more..." in a work entitled I. Miller Shoes. This artist featured Mary Woronov and Gerard Malanga in performance art piece that was a part of his Exploding Plastic Inevitable. This artist filmed John Giorno performing the title action for six hours in Sleep, and his New York studio was called "The Factory." Mao Zedong, Elvis Presley, and Marilyn Monroe were all depicted by what American pop artist?

Warhol

A work consisting of several inventions was published in this empire as the Book of Ingenious Devices. This empire's ruler was made into a vassal of the Buyids. The Ghaznavids broke away from this empire. This empire was influenced by the Barmakid family and this empire came to power after winning the Battle of the Zab. The House of Wisdom was an academic institution in this empire's capital city, which was sacked and destroyed by Hulagu Khan in 1258. For 10 points, name this caliphate that succeeded the Umayyads, ruled from Baghdad.

Abbasid

In Shia tradition, this man's first child is a sole daughter, Anaq, though all his children afterwards were sets of twins. According to some hadith, this man was separated from his wife until they reunited at Mount Arafat. This man lived in Jannah with his wife Hawa. The angel Iblis refused to bow before this man, who, in the Qur'an, is taught the names of all things. This first prophet of Islam is said to have married Lilith and fathered Seth. This man was tempted by al-Shaitan. The Qur'an condemns murder after telling the story of this man's sons Cain and Abel. For 10 points, name this husband of Eve, the first man.

Adam

One provision of this law is the "waiver for state innovation", which is nicknamed the "Wyden waiver" and which Hawaii has taken advantage of in its prepaid program. This law also has a so-called "Cadillac Tax" that was supposed to go into effect in 2018 but has been delayed. This law is supposed to phase out the "donut-hole" gap by 2020. In 2018, the Trump administration announced that it would stop making payments under this law's risk adjustment provision. Republicans in Congress ended this law's individual mandate. Name this law passed in 2010 to expand health coverage.

Affordable Care Act

These materials have a solidus and liquidus temperature. Some of these materials can undergo a diffusionless transform from austenite to martensite. A type of these materials returns to their original shape after being deformed and heated - those are their "shape-memory" type. These materials are substitutional when all the atoms that comprise them have about the same atomic radius. Ferrite is a specific phase of one of these materials made in the Bessemer process and comprised of iron and carbon. These materials are solid solutions. For 10 points, what materials are a mixture of two or more metals and include brass, bronze and steel.

Alloys

This term is applied to a group of Irish abbots who studied under St. Finian in sixth-century Ireland. Shoghi Effendi applied this term to 19 people, starting with Mirzá Músá, in The Bahá'í World. In the LDS Church, members of the group that selects Church Presidents are referred to by this term. In the Christian Bible, this term refers to the group commissioned by Jesus after he spent a night praying by a mountainside. Though St. Paul was not part of that original group, this term was commonly applied to him. The Book of Acts is often called the "Acts of" these people. Give this term for 12 close followers of Jesus Christ.

Apostles

It's not Twitter, but heavy users of this company's services can be invited to its opaque "Vine Voices" program. Shares of this company fell in February 2019 in response to a law in India that prevents this company and its local rival, Flipkart, from doing business through subsidiaries. This company's properties include Goodreads, twitch.tv, and Zappos. The wife of this company's CEO will become the world's richest woman if assets are evenly split in their upcoming divorce. This company initially announced that Crystal City, Virginia and Long Island City in Queens would be the sites of its new HQ2 headquarters, then pulled out of the latter. For 10 points, name this online retailer led by Jeff Bezos.

Amazon

This property of an electromagnetic field equals the integral with respect to position of vacuum permittivity times the cross product of electric field and magnetic field potential. The vector components of this quantity are complementary variables in Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The specific relative type of this quantity is used in the two-body problem and can be used to prove Kepler's second law. The conservation of this quantity explains some types of precession and is used by some athletes to change their rate of rotation. A net torque is requires to change what conserved quantity, equal to moment of inertia times angular velocity?

Angular momentum

After viewing a painting of Jesus and Pontius Pilate, one character in this novel commissions a portrait of his lover from Mikhailov once he realizes that he cannot paint her adequately. One character in this novel grows suspicious of his wife after she pays close attention to a horse race in which Frou-Frou's back is accidentally broken. That woman visits her son Seryozha during secret visits to St Petersburg, though she fears being caught by the husband she left for Count Vronsky. Ending with the title character throwing herself in front of a train, identify this Leo Tolstoy novel.

Anna Karenina

In a version of this play, a woman who sits knitting sweaters throughout the play goes up to her lavender-scented room to commit suicide. A play with the same name as this play criticizing the Vichy government was written by Jean Anouilh. In this play, a sentry discovers the title character performing an action originally decried by her sister Ismene and forbidden by the decree of Creon; that action is giving funeral rites to her brother. The title character's lover, Haemon, stabs himself after finding out the title character has hung herself. For 10 points, name this Sophocles play about a daughter of Oedipus.

Antigone

H. F. Verwoerd was called the architect of this policy, though he expanded it after it already existed. Donald Woods, who campaigned against this policy, was the first private citizen to address the U.N. Security Council. One of Woods' friends, who was beaten to death by security officers in 1977, was Steve Biko. This system limited people's mobility via the Pass Laws. The Sharpeville Massacre and Soweto Uprisings were demonstrations against this system. F. W. de Klerk worked with longtime political prisoner Nelson Mandela to end this practice. Name this system of racial segregation in South Africa.

Apartheid

During this process, Apaf-1 forms a heptamer which activates proteins after the release of cytochrome c. Caspases facilitate this process through their protease function. This process causes laddering of DNA. It's not arrest, but this process can be induced by p53 after DNA damage. This process aids in embryonic development by destroying the cells between digits. Protrusions called blebs form in the plasma membrane during this process, after which cell fragmentation occurs. For ten points, name this form of programmed cell death.

Apoptosis

One of the best examples of one of these structures from Classical Greece is the Tunnel of Eupalinos on the island of Samos. Underground versions of these structures called Qanats were often used in classical Persia. The Siege of Tenochtitlan was won after Pedro de Alvarado destroyed one of these connected to Chapultepec Springs. The four "great" examples of these structures leading into a certain city were the Anio Novus, Anio Vetus, Marcia, and Claudia, which made use of filtering tanks and complex piping. For 10 points, name these structures which provide water for bathing and drinking and saw widespread use in ancient Rome.

Aqueducts

Handel used this title for a slow movement in dotted rhythms that's played three times in the F-major first suite of Water Music. In the Baroque, these pieces typically used an "ABA" da capo form. Bach used this name for the second movement of his third Orchestral Suite and for the theme of the Goldberg Variations. "Double" examples of these pieces, which were popular in the 19th century, consist of a cabaletta and a cavatina. These pieces were typically prefaced with recitatives. A Bach movement with this name was famously arranged to be played "on the G string." For 10 points, what Italian name is used for a solo song in an opera?

Aria

A standard reading for this holiday is Genesis 3:19, the source for the most common practice on this holiday. The equivalent of this holiday in the Orthodox Church is Clean Monday. In the Catholic Church, this holiday is the first on which the Alleluia is not sung before the Gospel. This holiday's central practice uses the leftovers of Palm Sunday services, reflecting the fact that sinners "are dust and to dust [they] shall return." For 10 points, name this first day of Lent observed by some Western Christians with dark crosses drawn on their foreheads, the day after Fat Tuesday.

Ash Wednesday

This event was planned by a man nicknamed "Apis" who had previously overthrown Queen Draga and King Alexander I. The perpetrator of this event jumped into a river six inches deep after taking an ineffective dose of cyanide. Countess Sophie died in this event, which took place near the Latin Bridge. This event sparked the July Crisis, during which one country issued a "blank check" pledging allegiance to the other. This event was perpetrated in Sarajevo by a member of a secret society known as the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip. For 10 points, name this event, the killing of an archduke from Austria-Hungary that sparked World War I.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

This man succeeded his uncle, Rugila, who supposedly died after being struck by divine lightning. This man wielded the Sword of Mars and his court was visited by the historian Priscus. This ruler's son, Ellac, was killed at the battle of Nedao which ended this man's empire. This victor at the Battle of Utus called off one invasion after Pope Leo I likely bribed him. He probably assassinated his brother Bleda and may have been murdered by his bride, Ildico. Theodoric I died fighting this man's army at a battle where he was defeated by Flavius Aetius. For 10 points name this loser at the battle of the Catalaunian Plains, the leader of the Huns.

Attila

After the holder of this position underwent gall bladder surgery in 2004, there was nearly a dramatic meeting between the person with this position and someone who would later hold it, in the intensive care unit of George Washington University Hospital, regarding the status of the President's Surveillance Program. Those people who held this position were John Ashcroft and Alberto Gonzales. The person who held this position in the early 1960s later ran for president, but his campaign was cut short when he was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan. That person, Robert Kennedy, served in his brother's cabinet. Name this position originally held by Edmund Randolph and referred to as "the nation's top lawyer".

Attorney General

In a novel by an author from this country, Sybylla Melvyn forgoes marriage to Harold Beecham in order to pursue the title concept, My Brilliant Career. That author from this country is Miles Franklin. Two title characters make a bet about transporting a glass church to Bellingen in another novel by an author from this country. Yet another novelist from this country wrote about a list of Jewish people maintained by the title businessman, who saves them during the Holocaust. Identify this country, home to the author of Oscar and Lucinda, Peter Carey and the author of Schindler's Ark, Thomas Keneally.

Australia

This writer reputedly said, "Let's squeeze the juice from our bones," while directing the compilation of an anthology titled ​Monkey's Raincoat​. This author was inspired by ​Selection of Tales​ to include a story about stopping at an inn full of prostitutes in a travelogue. One collection compiled by this writer is titled for a children's game of comparison, ​The​ Seashell Game. One of this writer's poems describes "the splash of water" after "an ancient pond" is disturbed by a frog. This author wrote about traveling with his friend Sora in Narrow Road to the Deep North. Name this Japanese poet, sometimes called the "master of the haiku."

Basho

The disproportionation of an aldehyde occurs under an extreme version of this condition in the Cannizzaro reaction. The Wolff-Kischner reduction acts under this condition to achieve the same result as the Clemmensen reduction. Solutions containing Tris are used to maintain reaction conditions of this sort. Under this condition, redox reactions are balanced by adding water and a diatomic anion. The bicarbonate buffer system maintains a mild version of this condition in human blood. Litmus paper turns blue under this condition. A pH of greater than 7 characterizes—for 10 points—what sort of reaction condition dominated by species that react with acids?

Basic

The narrator of this poem describes wearing a dress made of gossamer and a scarf made of tulle. The narrator and title character of this poem pass a house with a "roof scarcely visible" that "seemed a swelling of the ground." At the end of this poem, the narrator realizes that the carriage she is riding in is heading "toward eternity." "He kindly stopped for me" follows the title line of what poem by Emily Dickinson?

Because I could not stop for Death

A psychologist from this school of thought contrasted a "satisfying state of affairs" with an "annoying state of affairs" and used "puzzle boxes" to formulate a "law of effect." A practitioner of this school collaborated with on an experiment that was performed in reverse by Mary Cover Jones and attempted to evoke fear in a child whenever he saw a white rat. Another psychologist from this school espoused its ideas in Beyond Freedom and Dignity and created a namesake box in which an animal is rewarded or punished when responding to stimuli. For 10 points, name this school of psychology developed by John Watson and B.F. Skinner focusing on observable phenomena.

Behaviorism

This person was the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee when Robert Bork was nominated to the Supreme Court. This person turned 30 just after being elected to the U.S. Senate; soon after that, his wife and daughter died in a car accident that also badly injured his young sons. A microphone picked up this person whispering the F-word to President Obama upon the passage of the Affordable Care Act. At that time, this person was not a Senate member but was the President of the Senate. Name this Delaware politician who served as Barack Obama's vice president.

Biden

In a novel set in this state, Magnus Derrick leads a group of ranchers against the development of a corrupt railroad. Weedpatch Camp in this state is where a group of old ladies talk about stillborn children. In this state, a man wears a glove full of vaseline and runs a farm on which two characters discuss owning "a little house" with Crooks. Lawrence Ferlinghetti founded City Lights Bookstore in this state, which propelled Beat Generation authors to publish their novels. In this state, the death of Curley's wife prompts George to shoot the mentally handicapped Lennie. For 10 points, name this state, the setting of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck and many "Hollywood novels."

California

This country's government refused its citizens medicine for malaria to sustain its policy of self-sufficiency. French missionary Francois Ponchaud documented guerilla fighters' burning of homes in this country. A high school in this country was converted into the torture center S-21 after the institution of puppet leader Norodom Sihanouk. A leader of this country carried out mass executions at Choeung Ek and implemented the Year Zero program. People who wore glasses and spoke foreign languages were executed in the "Killing Fields" of this country. For 10 points, name this country once controlled by the Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot.

Cambodia

One album by this musician includes a song named for his guitarist John McLaughlin and a track written by Joe Zawinul titled "Pharoah's Dance." Another of his albums has an arrangement of Joaquin Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez. The jazz fusion Bitches Brew and the Iberian inspired Sketches of Spain were albums by this composer of "Freddie Freeloader" and "So What." What Jazz trumpeter recorded Kind of Blue?

Davis

This quantity is multiplied by speed and characteristic length in the numerator of the equation for the Reynolds number. The kinematic viscosity is equal to the ratio of dynamic viscosity and this quantity. Buoyant force is equal to the volume of displaced fluid, times the acceleration due to gravity, times this property for the fluid. The pressure in a fluid is equal to the depth times the acceleration due to gravity times this property of the fluid. Identify this quantity equal to the ratio of mass to volume.

Density

P forms are mapped to P+1 forms by one form of this operation. One form of this operation is applied twice to yield the elements of the Hessian. Rolle's theorem gives a condition under which this operation must yield 0 somewhere on an interval. Finding extrema involves finding critical points where this operation on a function equals 0. This operation, which can be computed using the product or chain rules, is the opposite of integration according to the fundamental theorem of calculus. For 10 points, name this operation that gives the instantaneous rate of change of a function.

Derivative

One character with this profession discovers the black pearl of the Borgias after breaking a bust of Napoleon. A character with this profession learns of the murder of Rusty Regan and aids General Sternwood in The Big Sleep. Roberto Bolano wrote a novel titled for Savage people with this profession. A different character with this profession has a brother named Mycroft and fakes his death by pretending to fall off Reichenbach Falls. That member of this profession, whose arch-enemy is Moriarty, loves Irene Adler and appears in The Hound of the Baskervilles. For 10 points, identify this shared profession of Philip Marlowe and Sherlock Holmes.

Detectives

Abel's identity expresses an example of this operation used to prove linear independence, called the Wronskian. The characteristic polynomial is found using this operation after subtracting lambda times I, so its roots are eigenvalues. If this operation returns zero, the reduced row echelon form will always have fewer pivots than rows. The transpose does not change this operation's value. Multiplying the values of minors by cofactors and summing over a row calculates this operation. If this operation yields zero, the corresponding singular matrix cannot be inverted. For 10 points, name this operation calculated as ad-bc for a 2x2 matrix.

Determinant

A man wearing an obscene jacket criticizing this practice was the plaintiff in Cohen vs. California. This practice was opposed by the "Baltimore Four" and the "Catonsville Nine", who poured blood over and burned certain objects. A massive series of riots over this practice in 1863 levelled the Colored Orphan Asylum in Manhattan and forced Abraham Lincoln to call in state militias to restore order. Jimmy Carter pardoned people who avoided this practice by moving to Canada. For 10 points name this practice of forced conscription which can be illegally "dodged."

Draft

The fact that "the real numbers adjoin x" is a "unique [this word] domain" is necessary for most applications of this process. A cumbersome method for this process uses Lagrange interpolation and is named for Kronecker. All non-monomials can undergo this process in the complex plane, by the fundamental theorem of algebra. This process cannot be applied to irreducible polynomials. Quadratics can easily be solved with either the quadratic formula, completing the square, or this process. For 10 points, name this process of turning polynomials into a product of smaller-degree terms, such as turning "x-squared minus 1" into "x minus 1" times "x plus 1".

Factorization

In a Paul Laurence Dunbar poem, the main character hopes for rain so he can do this activity instead of plowing. An Elizabeth Bishop poem that begins with her doing this activity states "He didn't fight. He hadn't fought at all." Norman Maclean wrote "There was no clear line between religion" and this activity in his story "A River Runs Through It". In a short novel, a man is unsuccessful at this activity for 84 straight days, then seems to succeed, but sharks ruin his achievement. That man, who is assisted in this activity by Manolin, is Santiago. Name this activity portrayed in Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea.

Fishing

In one commercial appearance, this figure was captured on a Memorex tape singing a note so high that it shattered a glass. It's not Jaco Pastorius or Shirley Bassey, but this artist released albums subtitled ​The Birthday Concert​ and ​Mack the Knife​ which were recorded in Rome and Berlin, respectively. This artist for Verve Records recorded a song addressed to "Mr.​ Paganini" titled "(If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It," and in addition to singing the Cole Porter songbook, she collaborated on three albums with Louis Armstrong. Name this female jazz vocalist behind "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" who was renowned for her scat singing and nicknamed "Lady Ella."

Fitzgerald

In one novel by this author, the protagonist goes to a store to find out whether a woman has died and buys an engraving. This author wrote about Madame Arnoux, who was the subject of Frédéric Moreau's obsession. In another novel, this author wrote about a tax collector who always arrives at six o'clock and eats in the small parlor at the Lion d'Or. That character, Monsieur Binet, refuses to give money to this author's title character, who is in debt to Monsieur Lheureux. This author portrayed that title character's affairs with Leon and Rodolphe. Name this author of Sentimental Education and Madame Bovary.

Flaubert

One poem in this language begins with the lines "Long sobs of autumn violins" and was used to signal the start of an invasion. "Autumn Song" was written in this language, as well as a work that contains a poem that repeatedly implores the "loveliest of angels" to "take pity on my long misery!" Another work in that collection claims that the poet's "giant wings prevent him from walking." "The Albatross" and "The Litanies of Satan" are part of a collection in this language that marked the birth of the symbolist movement. For 10 points, Les Fleurs du Mal is written in what language used by Paul Verlaine and Charles Baudelaire?

French

The protagonist of this work compares two of his lovers to a purple gromwell and an orange blossom. That character kidnaps a ten-year-old girl who shares her name with this work's author, and brings her up as his ideal lady. The title character of this novel is banished to Suma due to his affair with a monarch's concubine. This work's final Uji chapters describe the rivalry between best friends Niou and Kaoru. "Vanished into the Clouds" titles a chapter in this work left entirely blank to imply the protagonist's death. The husband of Lady Aoi courts women such as Lady Utsusemi and Lady Fujitsubo in, for 10 points, what magnum opus of Murasaki Shikibu?

Genji

In 1964, this body of water was separated from the artificial reservoir Willard Bay. The Weber River, which is home to mountain whitefish, empties into this body of water. An effect named for this body of water causes the "Greatest Snow on Earth," and Pink Floyd was a​ flamingo often seen near this body of water. Robert Smithson created Spiral Jetty on the shores of this body of water. The so-called "golden spike" was originally located just north of this body of water, and this body of water is all that remains of Lake Bonneville. Name this lake in the Western United States, the namesake of a city in Utah.

Great Salt Lake

This action ends on a holiday celebrating the willingness of a prophet to sacrifice his son. Part of this action is a re-enactment of a search for water that was originally done by Hagar and her son Ishmael by running between two mountains. That search for water ended when the Zamzam well was found. This act also includes a symbolic stoning of the devil. Part of this action involves seven circuits around a building in the shape of a cube, which has a famous Black Stone set into it. This act is the fifth Pillar of Islam. Name this act that involves going to Mecca.

Hajj

Elements in this group are exchanged via the Finkelstein reaction. Elements in this family are often symbolized "X" in reaction mechanisms, where they are often leaving groups. Aqua regia is a mixture of nitric acid and an acid of one of these elements. These elements are strong oxidizing agents, due to their unfilled p orbitals. One of these elements possesses the highest Pauling electronegativity, since these elements contain seven valence electrons. For ten points, name this group of elements which includes fluorine and chlorine.

Halogens

A book by this author ends with the Wandering Jew informing the narrator that a door in his museum was made from the gate of ivory that Aeneas once passed through in Hades. That book by this writer ends with the story "The Virtuoso's Collection," and it includes a story in which Annie opens an ebony box and her infant child crushes Owen Warland's mechanical butterfly. Another of his stories ends by noting that "no hopeful verse" was carved on the tombstone of the title character's grave. This author included "The Artist of the Beautiful" in a collection named for his home, Mosses from an Old Manse, which also features a story set in Salem where the title character sees a procession in a forest. Name this author of "Young Goodman Brown."

Hawthorne

The nerve carrying this sense has its cell bodies in the spiral ganglion. This ability is mediated by receptors on the tectorial membrane that are activated at "tip links"; those cells, of which there are "inner" and "outer" types, are found in the organ of Corti. Pressure in a region central to this faculty is relieved via the Eustachian tube. The mechanotransduction pathway of this sense begins with transfer of stimuli between three bones and the tympanic membrane. For ten points, name this sense mediated by hair cells in the cochlea of the ear.

Hearing

The Clausius theorem states that the integral of the reciprocal of temperature times the differential of this quantity is at most zero. The change in entropy equals the change in this quantity divided by temperature. At constant pressure, the change in this quantity equals the change in enthalpy. In an isothermal process, the change in this quantity equals the amount of work. The first law of thermodynamics can be stated as "the change in internal energy equals the transfer of this quantity minus the work done". Name this energy that can only spontaneously flow from a warm object to a colder object.

Heat

This compound is often found in the body with serotonin and leukotrienes in basophils and mast cells. This compound causes smooth muscles to contract and blood vessels to dilate. A receptor of this compound stimulates the release of gastric acid and can be controlled by peptic-ulcer drugs like Zantac and Tagamet. People sometimes first notice a runny nose and watery eyes when this compound is released, and it also causes itching. Those reactions are inhibited by drugs like Allegra, Benadryl, and Claritin. Name this immune response compound that is responsible for many allergies.

Histamine

If two of these things are close to each other, they circulate each other as part of the Fujiwhara effect. These are the largest things that can be evaluated using the Dvorak technique, which uses satellite imagery and looks for rain·bands among other formations. These things are more likely to occur when there are both high pressure and temperature gradients, which are more common over warm ocean water. The Saffir-Simpson scale rates these things from 1 to 5. These things are most commonly generated over the Atlantic Ocean in June through November. Name these major storm systems.

Hurricanes

This world leader was given the key to the city of Detroit after donating $250,000 to a Chaldean church there. As a response to economic sanctions against this man's country, the U.N. passed the corrupt Oil for Food Program. Operation Red Dawn led to the capture of this man in a "spider hole." This father of Uday and Qusay and leader of his country's Ba'ath Party ordered poison gas attacks against the Kurds. He was executed for war crimes in 2006, three years after the United States led an invasion into his country. For 10 points, name this former president of Iraq.

Hussein

A leader of this country commissioned a report by T. B. Henderson-Brooks following poor planning by this country in one conflict. This country's first leader gave the "Tryst with Destiny" speech. Another leader of this country ruled by decree during the Emergency. That leader of this country was assassinated in revenge for Operation Blue Star, an attack on a temple. This country's first leader was a member of its Congress Party, which oversaw its independence from Britain in 1947. For 10 points, name this country that was first led by Jawaharlal Nehru, and later by his daughter, Indira Gandhi.

India

In a short story about this event, an asylum inmate who doesn't know what country his hometown is in ends up trapped between two barbed wire fences. The aftermath of this event is depicted in the last short story by Saadat Hasan Manto. In a novel set in this event's aftermath, The Widow forcibly sterilizes children and a silver spittoon hits the protagonist on the head, giving him amnesia. In that novel, the protagonist is switched just after this event with Shiva of the Knees, and has a telepathy-granting nose. Saleem Sinai and the other title characters of Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children are born just after—for 10 points—what historical event?

Indian independence

Secretion of this hormone is triggered through the closing of octameric potassium channels that consist of four IRK channels and four sulfonylurea receptors. This hormone is synthesized from its precursor through the cleavage of the 24-amino acid leader sequence and the 31-amino acid C-peptide. The bovine form of this protein was sequenced by Frederick Sanger. In the liver, this hormone stimulates production of glycogen. This hormone has the opposite effect of glucagon and is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. For 10 points, name this hormone whose deficiency results in diabetes mellitus.

Insulin

The secretion of this hormone is regulated by imidazoline receptor 3. The calcium-dependent release of this hormone is promoted by ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The secretion of this hormone is also stimulated by gastro·inhibitory peptide. The common name for the growth factor somatomedin C is based on its similarity to this hormone. This hormone was the first protein to have its amino acid sequence determined, winning a Nobel Prize for Frederick Sanger. This hormone is produced in the beta cells, and it reduces blood glucose concentration. Name this hormone that is often injected by people who have diabetes.

Insulin

Supporters of this ruler defeated the Portuguese-backed Joanna "la Beltraneja" at the Battle of Toro, ending the succession crisis created by the death of Henry the Impotent. The Dominican Friar Tomás de Torquemada was for many years the personal advisor to this ruler, who authorized the anti-Semitic Alhambra Decree at his behest. The capture of Granada occurred during her reign, which ended the 780 year-long Reconquista. Along with her husband Ferdinand II, this queen sponsored Columbus's voyages to the New World and began the Spanish Inquisition. For 10 points, name this first queen of a united Spain.

Isabela I

According to the Talmud, this person hid in a cedar tree that was sawn in half under orders by King Manasseh. God told this person to deliver the message "Be ever hearing, but never understanding." On Yom Kippur, Jews read a haftarah from this prophet's book, in which he asks "Is such the fast I desire, a day for men to starve their bodies?". This person also wrote "The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel", which is one of his predictions about a messiah. This person's writings are just before those of Jeremiah and Ezekiel in the Jewish Tanakh. Name this prophet who warned that the kingdom of Israel must change

Isaiah

This deity becomes enraged when she is reminded of a man who brought her dates but refused to sleep with her, after which she turned him into a mole. A partially-extant poem describes this deity turning a bandit woman into a waterskin. The ​gala-tura​ and the ​kur-jara​ rescue this deity after a journey in which she is repeatedly delayed by the gatekeeper Neti. This deity, who was attended by Ninshubur, was cursed with sixty diseases by Namtar. The Bull of Heaven was sent after Enkidu and Gilgamesh by this goddess, who removed one item of clothing at each of seven gates when descending to the underworld, which was ruled by her sister Ereshkigal. Name this wife of Dumuzid or Tammuz, the Mesopotamian goddess of love and sex.

Ishtar

A person of this ethnicity who fled the 1906 San Francisco earthquake founded Bank of America. A mayor of this ethnicity nicknamed "the Little Flower" names an act banning yellow-dog contracts with George Norris. Members of the Commission are typically of this ethnicity, including the heads of the Five Families. In 1921, workers at a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts were allegedly killed by two people of this ethnicity who were executed on flimsy evidence. Organized crime was dominated by people of this ethnicity with the surnames Gambino and Genovese. For 10 points, name this ethnicity of many Mafia members who emigrated from Sicily.

Italian

A director from this country used his trademark "pillow shots" in a film about a couple who finds their grown children are too busy to spend time with them. In one film from this country, a boy dies of starvation at a train station and his spirit is taken away by fireflies. In another film from this country, a bandit's crimes are witnessed by four characters with different memories of the event. This country is the setting of Ghost in the Shell, Akira, and monster movies called kaiju. For 10 points, name this country home to Akira Kurosawa, who directed Rashomon and The Seven Samurai.

Japan

In one piece in a series of prints from this country, a man saws through an enormous piece of wood next to a cloud of smoke, and a shirtless man paints the inside of a large barrel. That series from this country also includes a work depicting a mountain turned red from the setting sun, entitled Fine Wind, Clear Morning. Those works are from a genre from this country whose name translates to "pictures of the floating world". Another print from this country shows people lying down in ships caught in a tsunami, with a mountain in the background. Name this country, the origin of ukiyo-e works such as Hokusai's The Great Wave off Kanagawa from his 36 Views of Mount Fuji.

Japan

This country had an architecture movement that emphasized ideas about organic growth, called Metabolism. An architect from this country designed a building that lets in light through crossbar slits, called the Church of the Light. A tower in this country consists entirely of stacked square units and is called a "Capsule Tower". An airport on an artificial island in this country was designed by Renzo Piano, though the island has sunk 38 feet since 1994. A hotel in this country famously survived a 7.9 magnitude earthquake and was designed in a Maya Revival style. Name this country in which Frank Lloyd Wright designed one version of the Imperial Hotel and which was home to the architects Tadao Ando and Kenzo Tange.

Japan

Apache Ant is used to build files written in this language. In a library most commonly used with this language, Intents are used to switch between Activities. This language can use the Swing library for graphical user interfaces, and app development using the Android SDK is done with it. Programs in this language can be built into WAR and JAR files. This language is the most popular to support single, but not multiple, inheritance. In this programming language, bytecode is executed by its namesake virtual machine, which compiles its programs. For 10 points, name this object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems, which has a cup of coffee as its logo.

Java

This figure is usually thought to be the central figure of a text known as "The Star." The word "trustworthy" is often used to describe this figure, and according to Umar, this figure has jet black hair and white clothing. In one incident, this figure physically removed a man's​ heart in order to fill it with wisdom. In one incident, this figure urged a man to "proclaim." This nonhuman figure was the first being to be created by Allah, and in one religion, this figure told Mary she was pregnant with Christ. Name this archangel who delivered the first revelation to Muhammad.

Jibreel

A pet deer and a red theatrical curtain are featured in this artist's ​The Wounded Table​, and in another painting by this artist, a dress and a dead bird float in a bathtub. A woman in a black dress and yellow rose corsage lies dead at the foot of a building in this artist's painting of Dorothy Hale. This artist of ​What the Water Gave Me​ replaced a​ spine with the title Broken Column in another work, influenced in part by a bus accident. A blood vessel connects two depictions of this artist in one work, and she often painted herself with monkeys. Name this Mexican painter of numerous self-portraits which feature a unibrow.

Kahlo

In a painting by this artist, a woman has a crumbling pillar for a spine and nails all over her skin. This artist painted a self-portrait called The Wounded Deer and another Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird. A painting by this artist shows a person dressed in a traditional Tehuana costume next to a person in contemporary dress holding each other's hands, with their hearts connected by a vein floating in the air. This artist's spouse's face appears with three eyes in the painting Diego and I. Name this Mexican artist, many of whose works were inspired by her pain following a bus accident she was in at age 18.

Kahlo

This author once declared that "A novel that does not uncover a hitherto unknown segment of existence is immoral." This author explained his tendency to write seven-chapter novels in the book The Art of the Novel, and began to write in French with the novels Slowness, Identity, and Ignorance. This author used a discussion of Late Beethoven to open a novel whose protagonist compares the government to Oedipus and loses his job. This author imagined that Nietzsche's theory of the "eternal return" would lead to life being intolerably "weighty" in a novel about the dissidents Tereza and Tomáš. For 10 points, name this Czech author of The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Kundera

During this battle, Michael Wittmann's audacious defence of his battalion's left flank repulsed an assault that would have destroyed one side's communication lines. During this battle, Walter Model's forces were halted after just one day, leading to largely inconclusive fighting at Ponyri and Okhovatka. The more successful southern offensive was tactically successful at Prokhorovka, but withdrew following the Allied invasion of Sicily. For 10 points, name this decisive World War II battle code-named Operation Citadel, where the Germans attempted to close a large Soviet salient on the Eastern Front.

Kursk

A character in this opera explains how he got a job with an English gentleman who ordered him to play his violin until a parrot died. Two characters in this opera hold hands after candles go out during the aria "Che gelida manina". One character attempts to seduce her former lover Marcello in the aria "Quando m'en vo". In this opera, Musetta sells her earrings and Colline pawns his overcoat for medicine in order to save the lover of Rodolfo from tuberculosis. This opera, which is set in the Latin Quarter, ends with the death of Mimi. For 10 points, name this opera about poor Parisian artists by Giacomo Puccini.

La Boheme

Seven of this poem's twelve lines have a comma after their seventh syllable, providing examples of feminine caesura. One line in this poem that does not fit that pattern is "Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings." This poem's three stanzas each end with their shortest line; the first stanza ends "And live alone in the bee-loud glade". This poem expresses a longing for a location in Ireland, ending "While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey, I hear it in the deep heart's core." Name this poem by William Butler Yeats that begins "I will arise and go now."

Lake Isle of Innisfree

When Jose Mujica signed legislation for this purpose into law in Uruguay, Mario Vargas Llosa hailed it as "courageous." In March 2018, a bill for this cause, known as C-45, was passed by the Senate of Canada. Gonzales v. Reich was a 2005 Supreme Court case in response to Proposition 215, which performed this action in California. Attorney General Jeff Sessions rescinded the Cole Memorandum, restoring a federal attorney's power to enforce federal law in states, where this action can be used for medicinal purposes. For 10 points, name this action approved by ballot measures in eight states, allowing use and possession of a certain drug.

Legalization of marijuana

This person wrote that the financial oligarchy increases its power by pretending to be Social-Democrats in his essay Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. Many of this person's writings were inspired by reading and arguing with Nikolai Bukharin, who wanted this person to maintain war with Germany. Instead, this leader issued a Decree on Peace several months after criticizing war in his April Theses. This person sent Leon Trotsky to negotiate the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Name this person who was in exile during the February Revolution but played a leading role in the October Revolution and led the Soviet Union before Stalin.

Lenin

In the fourth part of this work, the author proclaims that "commonwealth is the mother of leisure" and "leisure is the mother of philosophy." This work denies the "greatest good" or "summum bonum" but affirms the opposite, "summum malum." Earlier, this work outlines 12 rights of the sovereign. This work posits that misinterpretation of the Bible led to the creation of a "Kingdom of Darkness", which is described after its political philosophy is reconciled with faith in a description of a Christian commonwealth. Name this book in which the state of nature is the "war of all against all" and is "nasty, brutish and short", a work of political theory by Thomas Hobbes.

Leviathan

A museum dedicated to this person in Blantyre, Scotland has a statue showing him being attacked by a lion. The lion attack, which permanently injured this person's left arm, took place in Mabotsa. This person was inspired by the work of Robert Moffat and married Moffat's daughter Mary. This person opposed the use of slaves and used the motto "Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization". This person's travels along the Zambezi River led him to be the first European to see Victoria Falls. Name this missionary and explorer who was found in 1871 near Lake Tanganyika by Henry Stanley.

Livingstone

A chef from this state, Paul Prudhomme, popularized the turducken. In this state, people have been encouraged to eat a large invasive rodent called the nutria. A sandwich popularized by Sicilian immigrants in this state contains olive salad and is called the muffuletta. This state is the origin of a doughnut covered with powdered sugar called a beignet. This state's Avery Island is the traditional growing site of the peppers that make up Tabasco sauce. Red beans and rice is a popular side dish here which may be served with a po'boy, jambalaya, or gumbo. For 10 points, name this state which prominently features Creole and Cajun cuisine.

Louisiana

In one poem by this writer, the narrator embraces "A sword, a horse, a shield". This writer addressed that poem to his love, asking her not to say that he is unkind, and he ended it with the line "I could not love thee, dear, so much / Loved I not honor more." In a poem addressed to a different lover, this poet imagines, "When I lie tangled in her hair". That poem was written after this poet was punished for presenting a petition. In that poem, this poet placed the line "Nor iron bars a cage" immediately after the line "Stone walls do not a prison make". Name this Cavalier poet who wrote "To Lucasta, Going to the Wars" and "To Althea, from Prison".

Lovelace

David Fallarino, who told this person he would "have to get creative in terms of income", reported a burglary of an iPad, a briefcase and a pair of sneakers in late August 2018. This person responded to Fallarino's message by going to Cindy Laporta. This person recommended Stephen Calk for the position of U.S. Army Secretary when Federal Savings Bank extended this person's mortgage. This person worked closely with Rick Gates while consulting for Viktor Yanukovych in Ukraine. In 2018 this person was found guilty of tax and bank fraud and later pleaded guilty to conspiracy. Name this person who served for eight weeks in 2016 as Donald Trump's campaign manager.

Manafort

In an early painting by this artist, two women with blue bonnets and bright yellow dresses sit on the left. A painting by this artist repeats the curves of the central woman in the shape of a glass bowl of oranges, which stands next to several bottles of alcohol. That painting by this artist depicts you, the viewer, as a man with a moustache in a top hat reflected in a mirror behind the central barmaid. In another painting by this artist, two fully-dressed men talk while a nude woman seated with them stares at the viewer. For 10 points, name this painter of A Bar at the Folies-Bergère and Luncheon on the Grass.

Manet

This island takes its name from a word meaning "the place for gathering sticks." In 1858, land on this island was developed according to the Greensward Plan. This island's limited-access areas include the Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary and its largest body of water, the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir. This island's eastern shoreline is occupied by FDR Drive, whose southern terminus is at Battery Park. This island is connected to an eastern neighbor by the Williamsburg Bridge, and it's connected to the mainland by the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels. The East and Hudson Rivers flow past—for 10 points—what densely-populated island home to Central Park?

Manhattan

Historian James Belich suggested that a war involving these people be named the "Potato Wars" due to the potato's impact on the economy of these people. One leader of these people cut down a flagstaff that he gifted to James Busby, the first British Resident of these people's country. Hone Heke was one leader of these people who fought a series of intertribal wars named for the firearms they obtained through Sydney-based merchants. James Hobson forced these participants in the Musket Wars to sign the Treaty of Waitangi on North Island. For 10 points, name these native people of New Zealand.

Maori

Commandino's theorem describes the concurrence of four of these constructs in a tetrahedron. If one of these constructs is drawn through the largest angle of a right triangle, its length is equal to half that of the hypotenuse. The length of these segments can be found from the squares of the side lengths of a triangle via Apollonius' theorem, and these segments are divided in a 2:1 ratio by a concurrence point known as the centroid. For 10 points, identify this line that connects the vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side, which shares its name with the middle value of a data set.

Median

This person released a document advising people to "be filial to your parents, affectionate to your brothers and sisters". That document was the Imperial Rescript on Education. This leader passed a new constitution that created a legislature with a House of Representatives and a House of Peers. Late in this person's life, his country defeated Russia, 10 years after defeating China in a war over control of Korea. This leader's Charter Oath of Five Principles set a plan for national modernization. Name this emperor who gained power in 1867, just before the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, in a restoration named for him.

Meiji

One portion of this process can be divided into leptotene, zygotene, and pachytene phases. The most common cause of aneuploidy is an error occurring during this process. Chiasmata frequently appear during this process, where they are the sites of a phenomenon which encourages genetic recombination. That phenomenon which occurs during this process is known as crossing over. The second stage of this process results in haploid daughter cells. Identify this cell division process which produces four haploid daughter cells.

Meiosis

In one work by this writer, the son of a cloth trader learns he has been speaking in prose for his entire life and lets his daughter marry a man disguised as the Sultan of Turkey. This creator of Jourdain wrote about a man who promises his daughter to a doctor-to-be, Thomas Diaforious, but decides to become a doctor himself after letting her marry​ Cléante. In a play by this writer, Oronte's poetry is insulted by Alceste, and this man who died while playing his character Argan wrote a play in which Orgon hides under a table and hears the title "hypocrite" making advances on Elmire. Name this French comic playwright of The Imaginary Invalid, The Misanthrope, and Tartuffe.

Moliere

This man is said to have arrived at Mount Judi in the 71st sura of the Quran, which is named for him. Mormon theology states that this man is the same as the archangel Gabriel. After planting a vineyard, this man became the first person to discover wine. This man condemned the descendants of his grandson Canaan to be slaves after his son Ham saw his "nakedness." This father of Japheth and Shem was given an olive branch by a dove he dispatched to look for land, eventually leading to the Rainbow Covenant with God. For 10 points, name this Biblical patriarch who created a namesake ark with two of every animal during the Great Flood.

Noah

Neil Bartlett synthesized a hexa·fluoro·plat·inate of one of these elements in 1962. The Lennard-Jones model for intermolecular forces was derived from experiments on an element in this group. It's not Group Twelve, but every one of these elements has a negative electron affinity. These elements are characterized by completely full electron shells which make them very inert, meaning that they do not form compounds readily. Identify this column of the periodic table composed entirely of elements which are gases at STP, the rightmost column of the table.

Noble gas

Members of this ethnicity formed a World War II resistance movement known as Milorg. This is the ethnicity of the first individual to hold the title Secretary-General of the U.N.; that man was Trygve Lie. The ship Fram was utilized during the expeditions of several explorers with this ethnicity, including Fridtjof Nansen. Other individuals with this nationality include a man who sailed across the Pacific Ocean in 1947 on a raft named Kon-Tiki and the first explorer to reach the South Pole. Name this nationality of Thor Heyerdahl and Roald Amundsen, both of whom were born south of Oslo.

Norwegian

One of these things was called an ónoma in Ancient Greece, and X-bar theory replaced one which said "S" is equivalent to "VP" plus one of these things. Determiners are combined with these things, which usually serve as specifiers in inflectional phrases. In many European languages, the word for these things is a cognate of "substantive." Some languages distinguish the​ alienable and inalienable types of these things. Nominalization results in certain words becoming these things. In a typical English sentence structure, the predicate directs a type of this part of speech called the subject. Name these parts of speech, usually described as people, places, or things.

Noun

One version of this compound can be created from adipoyl chloride and hexamethylenediamine to demonstrate interfacial polymerization in its namesake "rope trick." The "6" variety of this compound was created from caprolactam or CPL by Paul Schlack. The precursor to a third version of this compound is 1,6-diaminohexane. The company DuPont began its research on this compound in 1927, and this compound was used for toothbrush bristles. Wallace Carothers developed what material created from synthetic polymers that is often used in women's stockings?

Nylon

The northeast end of this lake is near the Frontenac Islands and the Thousand Islands. This lake's Black River Bay is located near where George Prévost and James Lucas Yeo were repelled by American forces at the Battle of Sackett's Harbor. This lake's west end is called the Golden Horseshoe; nearby are the cities of Oshawa and Hamilton, the latter of which is home to McMaster University. This lake is just north of Niagara Falls and the cities of Rochester and Syracuse. Name this lake that forms much of the northwest border of New York and much of the southern border of the Canadian province that shares its name.

Ontario

A tree stump in this state has been bobbing vertically for over 120 years and is known as the "Old Man of the Lake." This state's Wizard Island is located in a lake created by the eruption of Mount Mazama. After two of its residents flipped a coin, this state's largest city was named after a town in Maine, and this state's Malheur National Wildlife Refuge was the site of a 2016 occupation by militants led by Ammon Bundy. This state's highest point is Mount Hood, located in the Cascade Range. This state's largest city is located at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers. For 10 points, name this state home to Crater Lake, and whose largest city is Portland.

Oregon

A collection of six pieces for this instrument includes a B-minor Prelude, Fugue, and Variation. This instrument typically uses diapasons or "principals" and often has a Voix céleste. Marcel Dupré played this instrument, and his predecessor Charles-Marie Widor ended his Fifth Symphony with an F-major "Toccata" for it. Large examples of this instrument usually have three or more manuals, and include an enclosed "swell" division. Baroque composers for this instrument often wrote Voluntaries and Chorale Preludes. This instrument plays a solo in Camille Saint-Saëns's Third Symphony. Pedals are used to play—for 10 points—what keyboard instrument made of pipes?

Organ

The Horsehead Nebula is in this constellation, and the nebula named for this constellation is the closest region of massive star formation. Though this constellation is not on the ecliptic, part of it is between Taurus and Gemini. This constellation does not contain Aldebaran but is used to find it. Aldebaran lines up with this constellation's stars Mintaka, Alnitak, and Alnilam. The two brightest stars in this constellation are Rigel and Betelgeuse. Name this constellation in which three stars make up its "belt".

Orion

In one scene, this character declares "farewell" to the "pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!" In one soliloquy, this character's enemy declares "I will wear my heart upon my sleeve / For daws to peck at: I am not what I am." This man defends himself against accusations that he is "making the beast with two backs" by using witchcraft to seduce Brabantio's daughter. He is later angered over the loss of a strawberry- embroidered handkerchief, which he sees Cassio give the prostitute Bianca. For 10 points, name this character who is convinced of Desdemona's infidelity by Iago, the title "Moor of Venice" of a Shakespearean tragedy.

Othello

The narrator of this novel says "They liked the Beatles and thought Elvis Presley was out, and we thought the Beatles were rank and that Elvis was tuff." This novel's narrator wishes he looked like Paul Newman and tries to avoid trouble to please his brother Darry. Much of this novel takes place after Johnny stabs Bob, sparking a gang war. Bob's girlfriend is a cheerleader named Cherry Valance. This novel's narrator's other brother, who works with Steve Randle, is Sodapop. Name this novel about a Greaser named Ponyboy Curtis, written by S. E. Hinton.

Outsiders

In humans, this organ is covered by the germinale pithelium of Waldeyer. In plants, this organ has compartments called locules, and this organ's position is classified as superior or inferior. In a flower, this organ is at the base of the pistil, below the style. A temporary structure that forms inside this organ in humans eventually becomes a corpus albicans. That structure, the corpus luteum, is the primary source of progesterone produced by this organ. Name this organ that is located at the end of the Fallopian tubes and is responsible for the release of eggs.

Ovaries

The Brahui language is primarily spoken in this country, although other languages in the same family are mainly used in this country's eastern neighbor. This country's Balti people are largely found in its northernmost territory, which is also named for Gilgit. This nation's city of Quetta is the capital of its Balochistan province, while its northwest contains the Khyber Pass. This nation's main languages include Balochi and Sindhi, the latter of which is largely spoken in Karachi. For 10 points, name this South Asian nation which is home to Lahore and Islamabad.

Pakistan

The sum of the reciprocals of all these numbers approaches approximately 3.37. If you count 0 as one of these numbers, then there are ten of them less than 10, nineteen of them less than 100, and one hundred nine of them less than 1000. The only prime with an even number of digits and this property is 11. 343 and 1,331 are perfect cubes and also this type of number. All of the two-digit numbers of this type are multiples of 11. Give this term for a number that reads the same forward and backward.

Palindromic

In the Lux-Flood model, acids and bases are defined as acceptors and donors of an ion of this element. An ion of this element is the most common anion in the reactants of carbothermic reductions. It's not nitrogen, but an anion of this element forms passivation layers with metals. An ion of this element has a namesake dismutase that prevents cell damage; that free-radical ion of this element has the prefix "super." An ion of this element is common to corundum, hematite, and quartz. An ion of this element bonds with silver in tarnishing and with iron in rusting. Ozone is an allotrope of—for 10 points—what element that combines with hydrogen to form water?

Oxygen

The absorption spectrum of this element contains Schumann-Runge bands. Banded iron formations date to periods when this element was abundant. The Chapman cycle produces one allotrope of this element, whose concentration is measured in Dobson units. Levels of this element increased rapidly in a "great event" named for it, largely due to cyanobacteria. Chlorine radicals convert one allotrope of it into its molecular form, leading to decreased absorption of UV rays. This element was called "dephlogisticated air" by Joseph Priestley. For ten points, name this element present in ozone.

Oxygen

The concentration of this element dissolved in water is measured using the Winkler test. Platinum electrodes are used to measure the concentration of this element as part of a computerized closed-loop feedback fuel injection system to help catalytic converters. The Bessemer process has been improved by blowing this element, rather than air, over steel. Alcohols consist of carbon, hydrogen, and this element. In the strato·sphere, there is an allotrope consisting of three atoms of this element, called ozone. Name this element that is transported through humans by binding to hemoglobin.

Oxygen

One of this author's novels is divided into six chapters including "Into the Golden Age" and one which tells the story of Prem Bodasingh's persecution. In another of this author's novels, a character grieving the death of his son and wife helps construct a village's dam and church after donating milk. This author of Ah, But Your Land is Beautiful wrote about Napoleon Letsitsi's visit to Ndotsheni to help James Jarvis rebuild farmland. In that novel, Mr. Carmichael defends Arthur Jarvis's murderer, a boy named Absalom. For 10 points, name this South African author who wrote about Stephen Kumalo in Cry, The Beloved Country

Paton

One of these texts with disputed authorship opens with the words "Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets," while another analogizes the community to a human body to explain the diversity of spiritual gifts. That explanation is followed by the proclamation that "love is patient, love is kind," while another warns that "the wages of sin is death." They were supposedly written by a figure who visited the Third Heaven, although the authorship of Ephesians, Colossians, and Timothy are heavily disputed. For 10 points

Pauline Epistles

The Twelve Articles were issued during a war named for these people that was crushed by the Swabian League. Charles the Bad suppressed another uprising of these people during the Hundred Years' War in France called the Jacquerie. Martin Luther called for these people to be put down like "mad dogs" during a war named for them. A revolt of these people took place during the reign of Richard II due to the imposition of a poll tax, and was named for Wat Tyler. These people pushed for higher wages following the Black Death, and could not often leave the property of their lords. For 10 points, name this class of people that generally consisted of poor farmers.

Peasants

One of these creatures is told "here's to paying guests!" after bringing his host's slippers and displacing a dog to the kennel. One of these creatures is captured in a milk bottle at the end of a chase on a model train set. That one of these creatures tries to steal a diamond with a pair of robotic pants in the Wallace and Gromit short The Wrong Trousers. In a 2009 documentary about these animals, every part of their name was butchered multiple ways by Benedict Cumberbatch. Near the beginning of a 2005 Dreamworks film, four of these animals help Marty the zebra and Alex the lion escape a zoo. A namesake spinoff of Madagascar features—for 10 points-what flightless birds?

Penguins

This artist said that one of his paintings "came into existence because I had to paint it"; that painting uses a bluish-grey background amid the black outline of a dog lying down with two smaller figures. Computational fractal analysis was applied to disputed paintings by this artist to determine their authenticity. This artist of The She-Wolf painted eight dark diagonal lines in his Blue Poles. This painter used a trademark technique for his paintings Autumn Rhythm and Lavender Mist. Name this American abstract expressionist who employed a "drip" painting technique.

Pollock

The arrangements of these molecule's substituents can be isotactic, syndiotactic, or atactic. The degree of reactions producing these molecules can be calculated as one over the quantity one minus p according to the Carothers equation. Production of these molecules occurs either in step growth or chain growth mechanisms. These products are graphically depicted by a molecule in parentheses with a subscript of n. Polyethylene is a common example of these substances, which also include Kevlar and Nylon. For ten points, what molecules are composed of repeated monomer units?

Polymers

Art historians debate whether this painting depicts a section of the poem De natura rerum by Lucretius. The central woman in this painting has a red cloth draped over her right arm and holds that cloth to her left thigh with her left hand. Openings between trees in this painting form arches on both sides of her, and Cupid flies above her. Next to that woman in this painting, three women in white join hands in a circle as part of their dance. Those three women represent the Graces, and to the left of them is Mercury. Name this 15th-century painting that shows the progression of a season and was created by Sandro Botticelli.

Primavera

One of these devices containing an air gap to create an o-ray and e-ray and is named for Glan and Foucault. An anamorphic pair of these devices can be used alongside a laser diode to adjust the beam radius in one dimension. William Wollaston invented one of these devices that polarizes light using birefringence, and one of these devices can be used in place of a diffraction grating in a monochromator. Isaac Newton described the effects of dispersion through a triangular one of these objects in his treatise Opticks. For 10 points, name these transparent devices that can split white light into all the colors of the spectrum.

Prisms

On the night that Amadeo I of Spain died, this composer wrote Crisantemi for string quartets. As a graduation exercise, this composer wrote Messa di Gloria. This composer later reused melodies from both of those works and the aria "Donna non vidi mai" in his opera Manon Lescaut. In another opera, this composer had a tortured character sing "Tu, che di gel sei cinta". That opera also contains an aria whose title means "Nobody shall sleep", and whose Italian name is "Nessun dorma". This composer of Turandot also wrote an opera set in the Latin Quarter of Paris, in which Mimì has consumption. Name this composer of La bohème.

Puccini

A continuously variable transmission uses two of these machines in the shape of a cone. A sheave is a version of this simple machine with a groove in it. Thomas Aldridge Weston invented the differential type of this machine, which is also known as a chain hoist and is used for heavy loads. While a simple fixed one of these devices provides no mechanical advantage, these devices can be combined to form a block and tackle. Belt drives use these devices. Name this simple machine that consists of a wheel with a belt wrapped around it.

Pulley

This mineral is found on the apex of a diagram classifying igneous rocks by mineral percentage; it is also the first namesake of that diagram. One polymorph of this mineral is called coesite. The lowest position of the Goldich dissolution series is occupied by mineral, which is also the lowest mineral in Bowen's reaction series. Evidence for a meteor impact in the Chicxulub crater includes the presence of the "shocked" variety of this mineral. This mineral's piezoelectricity explains its use in watches. This mineral is a 7 on the Mohs hardness scale. For 10 points, name this mineral second only to feldspar in abundance on Earth, composed of silicon and oxygen.

Quartz

One leader of this cause stated that it had been defeated by "money and the ethnic vote." One political party supporting this cause was founded after the collapse of the Meech Lake Accords and was later led by Lucien Bouchard during a failed 1995 referendum. The Quiet Revolution led to it becoming an issue of national importance. A group which supported this cause kidnapped Pierre Laporte, causing a head of state to invoke the War Measures Act; that prime minister, Pierre Trudeau, led his country through the October Crisis. For 10 points, name this movement that aims to separate a French-speaking province from the rest of Canada.

Quebec independence

An instability named after this man and Taylor involves a more dense fluid resting atop a less dense fluid, and his dimensionless number decides whether convection will occur. This man's equations with Jeans describes blackbody radiation. Identify this scientist whose namesake scattering describes why the sky is blue.

Rayleigh

One section of this work analogizes organizing the central concept to painting a statue, noting that it would be absurd to make the eyes purple and disregard the rest of the body. That discussion was reached after explaining the Noble Lie, which postulates the existence of gold, silver, and bronze-souled people, or guardians, auxiliaries, and laborers respectively. Beginning after this work's central figure is forced by Polemarchus to attend a dinner conversation where he discusses the nature of justice, for 10 points, name this seminal work of western political philosophy written by Plato.

Republic

A painter in this movement was accused of prostituting his own wife for a portrait of an odalisque by Denis Diderot. That man, who depicted Marie Louise O'Murphy in his Blonde Odalisques, popularized the style of chinoiserie. A painting in this style features a golden boat surrounded by cherubs and a rose-covered statue of Venus on the right. Artists in this movement like François Boucher pioneered the fête galante, exemplified by paintings like The Embarkation for Cythera. An artist in this style depicts a woman in a pink dress kicking off her shoe in The Swing. For 10 points, name the ornate offshoot of the Baroque whose artists include Jean-Antoines Watteau and Fragonard.

Rococo

A student of this artist depicted a whirling couple in The Waltz and showed a woman on her knees to allegorize her break with this artist in The Mature Age. A branch of the Philadelphia Museum of Art holds the second-largest collection of works by this teacher of Camille Claudel. This artist inspired Alberto Giacometti with the "unfinished," boldly-textured torso The Walking Man. This man depicted Three Shades and an entwined Paolo and Francesca da Rimini in a group that includes Ugolino and His Children and The Kiss. Many of this man's works were studies for a depiction of Dante's Inferno called The Gates of Hell. For 10 points, name this French sculptor of The Thinker

Rodin

A "Song" by this poet tells the addressee: "if thou wilt, remember, / And if thou wilt, forget" when the speaker is "dead, my dearest." This poet used an irregular iambic meter and near-ABAB rhyme scheme for a poem whose main characters are likened to "two pigeons in one nest." In that poem by this author, one girl asks another to "suck my juices," causing the latter to ask "have you tasted / For my sake the fruit forbidden?" In that poem by this author, the title creatures use fruit to seduce Laura, who is saved by her sister Lizzie. For 10 points, name this Victorian poet who wrote "Goblin Market," the sister of Pre-Raphaelite poet Dante Gabriel.

Rossetti

This author appended his essay ​On the Use of the Chorus in Tragedy​ to a play in which Don Manuel and Don Caesar are the title character's feuding sons. The villain of another of his plays is killed when a peasant woman named Armgart and her children delay him by pleading for clemency in front of his horses. Another of his protagonists is torn between honoring the sacrifices of Roller and Schweizer and his love for Amalia von Edelreich ​after being banished from his home by his father, the Count. This author of The Bride of Messina wrote about the conflict between the brothers Franz and Karl Moor in one play, and another of his plays is titled for a huntsman who defies the Swiss tyrant Gessler. Name this German playwright of The Robbers and William Tell.

Schiller

An early textbook on these things was titled The Theory of these things of Points and was written by Grace Chisholm Young and William Henry Young. The von Neumann universe creates the cumulative hierarchy based on ranks of these things. A Cartesian product pairs two of these things together. Russell's paradox is a contradiction created by a definition of one of these things. The complement of one of these things is everything not in it but still in the universe. Union and intersection are operations whose input is this type of structure. Give this term for an unordered list of elements.

Set

A central moment in the history of this religion was the torture and execution of one its spiritual leaders by burning on a hot plate. That man's successor, Hargobind, instituted the doctrine of Miri-Piri, meaning spiritual and temporal sovereignty, by wearing two kirpans that feature prominently in the symbology of the Khanda. A radical transformation of this religion was instituted by its last human leader Gobind Singh, who instituted the Khalsa order and proclaimed the Guru Granth Sahib to be the final living Guru for all time. For 10 points, name this monotheistic faith originating in India, whose followers adhere to the Five Ks.

Sikhism

In the Philippe Halsman photograph In Voluptas Mors, a giant version of this object composed of 7 nude women is depicted behind Salvador Dalí. Paul Cézanne kept three of these object on the mantelpiece in his studio and often painted still lifes with them, including a Pyramid of [these objects]. In another painting, one of these objects appears highly distorted beneath a shelf that holds scientific instruments and a broken lute. Often appearing in depictions of St. Jerome as a memento mori symbolizing the omnipresence of death, for 10 points, name this skeletal object found at the bottom of The Ambassadors that gives structure to the human head.

Skull

The author of this work praises Lot's wife for looking back at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and likens himself to a pillar of salt. This novel's protagonist finds a diamond and a partial denture in an impresario's coat after a performance of Cinderella. In this novel, a character wearing nothing but a heart-shaped locket engraved with the serenity prayer is abducted to a zoo surrounded by cyanide. That woman, Montana Wildhack, repeatedly mates with the husband of Valencia Merble. The protagonist witnesses the firebombing of Dresden and is taken to Tralfamadore in, for 10 points, what novel by Kurt Vonnegut in which Billy Pilgrim becomes "unstuck in time?"

Slaughterhouse V

To defend the perpetrators of one of these events, Josiah Gibbs found a translator in New York City's harbor by counting from 1 to 10 in Mende. A man named Jemmy led one of these events named for Stono River. The perpetrators of one of the events were defended by John Quincy Adams, and attempted events of this type were led by Gabriel Prosser and Denmark Vesey. The perpetrators of one of these events steered the ship Amistad to Connecticut, and an 1831 event of this type in Virginia, which killed over fifty whites, was led by Nat Turner. For 10 points, name these violent events often led by African-Americans against Southern plantation owners.

Slave revolt

A disease in which this process occurs excessively is caused by antibodies to orexin-producing neurons. Z-drugs like zaleplon and zopiclone can help induce this process. Some people experience hypnagogic hallucinations when entering this process. A CPAP machine is used to treat a form of apnea that occurs during this process, which is common in obese people. It occurs excessively in narcolepsy and it can be divided into REM and non-REM phases. For 10 points, name this process which is impaired in insomnia

Sleep

The PER2 gene can cause people to perform this activity earlier than usual. K-complexes can be detected by an EEG in the second stage in this process. In birds and dolphins, this process can be uni·hemispheric. Restless leg syndrome is a disease of this process, as is a "sickness" caused by infection with trypanosome parasites. The pineal gland secretes melatonin to regulate this process. Narcoleptics undergo this process too much. Name this process whose most active phase involves rapid eye movement, or REM.

Sleep

A spacecraft focused on studying this phenomenon was launched in 1994 and uses a 3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle instrument. The termination shock occurs where this phenomenon slows to subsonic speeds. A current scientific debate asks whether extreme ultraviolet radiation or this phenomenon is responsible for stripping the atmosphere from Mars. This phenomenon causes the Earth's magnetic field to not have spherical symmetry, giving it a tail, and this phenomenon also affects the tail direction of comets. Name this stream of charged particles that comes from the Sun.

Solar wind

One of these people is enjoined to "wake" and to "rest" in twin poems by Sir Walter Scott. A poem titled for one of these people describes "a dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware" and proclaims that "there's some corner of a foreign field / that is forever England." Rupert Brooke wrote a poem titled for one these people. One of them describes "an ecstasy of fumbling" and "froth-corrupted lungs, obscene as cancer" in a poem titled for an "Old Lie" in Latin taken from Horace. A John McCrae poem says that these men "shall not sleep, though poppies grow." For 10 points, name these people who narrate Wilfred Owen's "Dulce et Decorum Est" and the poem "In Flanders Fields."

Soldiers

According to the Quran, this man settled a dispute between two farmers and their respective sheep and vineyard, before being taught to speak to ants. This man was punished for collecting 666 talents of gold from his people and his worship of Ashtoreth and Moloch. This father of Rehoboam and Menelik I collected material from Ophir and Egypt to build the First temple. A dialogue between lovers is detailed in a Biblical book named for him. Identify this husband of Sheba and author of the Book of Proverbs who succeeded his father David to rule Israel.

Solomon

During this conflict, the bishop Anselmo Polanco and Colonel d'Harcourt were executed after the city of Teruel was captured. During this conflict, the general Emilio Mola coined the term "fifth column." The winning side of this war included many veterans of the Rif War, and the losing side's government was led by Manuel Azaña. The Abraham Lincoln Brigade was one of the International Brigades that aided one side in this conflict. The Condor Legion aided one side in this war, which ended with the fall of Madrid. For 10 points, name this war from 1936-1939, where the Republicans were defeated by the Nationalists of Francisco Franco

Spanish Civil War

In the final novel of an author from this country, sexually explicit letters are written to politicians by a "Proud White Christian Woman." An author from this country examined "How Censorship Works" in this country in an edited collection titled What Happened To one of her novels. In that novel, Rosa's father Lionel is tried for treason against this country. In one novel from this country, a "liberal" family flees to the native village of the title servant, while in another Absalom Kumalo is arrested for the murder of Arthur Jarvis. Burger's Daughter, July's People and Cry, the Beloved Country are novels from—for 10 points—what home of Nadine Gordimer and Alan Paton?

South Africa

The protagonists of a novel set in this country learn to eat foods like mealie-meal and pap. It's the setting of a play in which Zachariah has his brother Morris meet his pen-pal Ethel Lange in his place. This country is the setting of a play in which the servants Sam and Willie prepare for a ballroom dance competition and the teenager Hally demands to be called the title name. It's home to the author of Blood Knot and Master Harold...and the Boys, Athol Fugard. In this country, the title servant of a novel helps load a bakkie in which Maureen and Bam Smales escape a riot. Nadine Gordimer's July's People protests the Apartheid system of what country?

South Africa

This modern country's flora and fauna were documented in the 18th century by explorer Robert Jacob Gordon. This country first became independent by the 1852 Sand River convention, before a gold rush in the 1880s. The book The Brunt of the War, and Where It Fell by Emily Hobhouse described horrid conditions in internment camps during a war in this country. Robert Baden-Powell withstood the siege of Mafeking in this country, which formed from the merger of the Natal, Orange River, Transvaal, and Cape colonies. For 10 points, name this modern country where the British fought Dutch-speaking colonists in the Second Boer War

South Africa

A photographer in one of this author's plays is mocked by a group of dancing girls who call his camera a "one-eyed box." This translator of Euripides' The Bacchae wrote of how Death discovered the Not-I Bird in another of his plays. In a play by this author, the teacher Lakunle is devastated after Sidi marries Chief Baroka. Olunde commits ritual suicide instead of his father Elesin in one of this author's plays, in which a policeman discovers Simon Pilkings wearing robes used for the egungun ceremony. For 10 points, identify this Nigerian playwright of The Lion and the Jewel and Death and the King's Horseman.

Soyinka

An architect from this country created a building with an undulating self-supporting facade, which is known as "The Stone Quarry." That same architect from this country designed a building with a pyramidal pediment of bone-shaped columns above the relatively austere Passion Façade, which typifies the Modernisme style. Another building in this country features an alabaster basin supported by 12 feline sculptures in its Court of the Lions, while an art museum made up of organic titanium forms can be found along its Nervion River. For 10 points, name this country home to the Sagrada Familía and the Guggenheim Bilbao.

Spain

The "brassino" class of these molecules is needed to form pollen tubes in plants. The presence of this hormone class in waste·water causes over-expression of the egg yolk gene in fish. Addison's disease results from the lack of one hormone from this class, cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands. Vitamin D is synthesized by breaking one of the four rings of this group's precursor, cholesterol. This class of molecules includes the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone. Violent behavior and muscle growth are effects of abusing the anabolic type of these molecules. Name these molecules that may be taken by athletes as a performance enhancer.

Steroids

Police prevented hippies from setting up a festival in this location in the Battle of the Beanfield. White circles near this place are known as Aubrey holes. Virginia has a replica of this place made out of foam, while Nebraska has one made from upturned cars. Sarsens were possibly transported up the River Avon to build this landmark in Salisbury Plain. The Wiltshire Plains are the location of this site, which may have been used as a solar calendar when it was built by people in the Neolithic Era. For 10 points, name this circular prehistoric site located in England.

Stonehenge

The coupling constant for this interaction is approximately 1. The exchange of virtual pions can explain the residual form of this interaction, which occurs at larger distances than the other version. This interaction affects baryons but not leptons. The theory behind this interaction is quantum chromo·dynamics, and its gauge boson is the gluon.. Grand unified theories attempt to unify this interaction with the electro·weak interaction. Name this interaction that binds quarks together as components of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

Strong force

Muhammad Ahmad led a rebellion in this country and replaced the hajj with jihad in his version of Sharia law. The Condominium Agreement of 1899 set one of this country's borders at the 22nd parallel. William Gladstone resigned over outrage following "Chinese" Gordon's death in this country. Lord​ Kitchener's victory at the Battle of Omdurman over the Mahdist rebellion in this country won it for the British. Omar al-Bashir has dealt with the war in Darfur in this country, whose southern part became an independent nation in 2011. Name this country with capital at Khartoum.

Sudan

This action done by a classmate named K is described in Sensei's letter in the novel Kokoro by Natsume Soseki. The protagonist of Haruki Murakami's Norwegian Wood recalls how Naoko's boyfriend Kizuki performed this action. This action is performed by pairs of lovers in bunraku plays set at Amijima and Sonezaki written by Chikamatsu. This action was performed by a bodybuilding-obsessed author at the end of a namesake "incident" shortly after finishing the Sea of Fertility tetralogy. After a failed attempt at a fascist coup, the author Yukio Mishima performed—for 10 points—what action that, in Japan, often takes the form of seppuku?

Suicide

One person involved in this event was suspected of the murder of his political rival, Albert Jennings Fountain. This event led to the Supreme Court ruling in McGrain v. Daugherty, which stated that Congress had the power to compel witness testimony. Senator Thomas J. Walsh from Montana led an investigation into this event, which was primarily orchestrated by the Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall. For 10 points, name this scandal involving the leasing of oil reserves in a certain Wyoming oil field to private oil companies that tarnished the reputation of the Harding Administration.

Teapot Dome

This quantity is determined to be non-zero by an accelerating reference frame through a vacuum in the Unruh effect. This quantity for electrons following a certain probability distribution is multiplied by the number density and the Boltzmann constant to find the plasma pressure. This quantity can be measured on the Rankine scale, and changes in it for air cause mirages. This quantity for an enclosed gas is directly proportional to pressure, according to Gay-Lussac's law, and it is multiplied by the number of moles and a constant symbolized R on one side of the ideal gas law. Name this quantity that can be measured on the Kelvin scale.

Temperature

The use of this service to provide the second factor in two-factor authentication is being phased out because it is too easy to hijack the use of this service. This service is not Twitter, but internally it breaks transmissions into chunks of 140 bytes. An extension of this service that allows media like images is called MMS. On Apple devices, a green background indicates the use of this service, while blue indicates the use of iMessage as a substitute for it. Name this mobile service used for exchanging written messages.

Texting

In a 2017 film about this company, the enterprising 10-year old Marina sells lemonade outside her family home. That film dramatizes Katherine Graham's anxiety over this company's 1972 stock-market launch. A 1976 film about this company popularized the phrases "non-denial denial" and "follow the money." This company's 2019 Super Bowl ad proclaims "Knowing keeps us free" and mourns Jamal Khashoggi. After the 2016 election, this company adopted the slogan "Democracy Dies in Darkness." The film All the President's Men depicts—for 10 points—what rival of the New York Times, the leading newspaper in the nation's capital?

The Washington Post

A unit named after this animal pioneered the extremely effective "dive and zoom" tactic and was divided into "Adam" and "Eve" divisions. The commander of that unit, Claire Chennault, served as an advisor to Chiang Kai-Shek during WWII. One ruler, whose name in Persian translates to this animal, defeated Rana Sanga at the Battle of Khanwa and Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. Another group named after this animal attacked the Four Four Bravo on the Jaffna Peninsula, sparking the Black July Riots and the beginning of the Sri Lankan Civil War. For 10 points, name this animal, which is preceded by "Flying" and "Tamil" in the names of certain historical entities.

Tiger

One paper about this concept concludes by identifying the writer's position with Hegel, who saw this concept as a "distorted reflexion" of reality that Kant referred to this concept as a "form of inner sense" in the Transcendental Aesthetic. The A-series and B-series theories of this concept were introduced in a J. M. E. McTaggart paper titled for the "unreality" of this concept. Henri Bergson ​paired this concept with "free will" in the title of a book that uses the term "duration." Theories of this concept include the "growing block," as well as a theory that holds that John F. Kennedy still exists. Name this concept, subject of theories like presentism, that Einstein united into a manifold with space.

Time

In this novel, Crazy Leo appears at every funeral in a certain city, and Mr. Schmuh discovers a jazz band. One character in this novel earns the nickname Jesus after vandalizing a chocolate factory and makes a key decision due to the idea that he might have to be a grocer. Roswitha dies in this novel in which patrons cry at th​e Onion Cellar. After finding a bloody ring finger, the protagonist of this novel is accused of killing Sister Dorothea. That protagonist of this first work of the Danzig Trilogy can shatter glass with his voice and stops growing at age three. Name this novel about Oskar Matzerath, a work by Günter Grass.

Tin Drum

A painting by this artist shows three rabbits, with two on a hill on the left side and one being chased by a dog on the right. In that painting by this artist, a nude woman holds an olive oil lamp and a clothed woman grasps a large black bowl while a small boy sitting between them reaches into a sarcophagus. This artist of Sacred and Profane Love painted a woman holding a red cloth and grasping onto a bull's horn in The Rape of Europa. This artist painted cheetahs pulling a chariot in Bacchus and Ariadne and a maid looking through a chest in the background of a painting in which a sleeping dog sits next to a nude woman on a bed. Name this painter of Venus of Urbino.

Titian

In bacteria, this process is started by sigma factor. The proteins created by Hox genes are used in this process. This process is sometimes followed immediately by polyadenylation, which adds a tail onto the result of this process. Co-repressors block this process, and this is the first of two processes that are blocked by repressors. This process takes place after RNA polymerase opens the strands of DNA. This process occurs before splicing and translation. Name this process in which a segment of DNA is used to create a strand of messenger RNA.

Transcription

These elements are found at the center of compounds that come in "fac" and "mer" isomers. Ions consisting solely of these elements are ordered in one of the two spectrochemical series. A class of compounds including these elements was first accurately described by Alfred Werner. The formulas of some non-polymer compounds containing these elements are written within square brackets. Ligands attach to these elements to form brightly-colored coordination complexes. These elements include the vast majority of those with an incomplete d shell. Name these metals in the middle of the periodic table, exemplified by iron and copper.

Transition metals

In this play, the "noble gull-catcher" Maria forges a fake love letter addressed to "M, O, A, I," instructing its recipient to constantly smile and wear yellow stockings. W. Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale takes its title from this play, in which the Duke of Illyria arrests Antonio, who becomes enraged after the theft of his purse. In this play, Malvolio targets Toby Belch for his drunkenness and acts as Olivia's steward. Duke Orsino marries the crossdressing page Cesario in this play, which recounts the events following a shipwreck. For 10 points, identify this Shakespeare comedy in which Viola reunites with her twin brother Sebastian.

Twelfth Night

This phenomenon and the "stickiness" of wages at equilibrium are explained by Shapiro-Stiglitz theory. Search and matching theory is most commonly used to model a form of this phenomenon that was formulated in the paper "Information in the Labor Market." Okun's law states that a one percent increase in this phenomenon causes a two percent drop in GDP. A "non-accelerating" measure of this phenomenon, known as NAIRU, has superseded the "natural" measure of this phenomenon. A transitional form of this phenomenon is its "frictional" type. Workers' lack of skills causes its "structural" type. For 10 points, name this measure of how many people are out of work.

Unemployment

Akunna struggles to assimilate into the culture of this country in the short story "The Thing Around Your Neck." That story is by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, who wrote about Ifemelu's education in this country in a novel named for it. Karl Rossmann befriends a stoker while traveling to this country in a novel named for it by Franz Kafka. The title character of My Antonia is a Bohemian immigrant to this country. Kunta Kinte is taken to this country as a slave in the novel Roots, which chronicles the "Saga" of a family from this country. For 10 points, name this country where Willa Cather's "Prairie" trilogy is set in the states of Nebraska and Colorado.

United States

This element has the highest atomic number of any primordial element. In the late 1800s, Henri Becquerel noticed spots on a photographic plate exposed to salts of this element isolated from pitchblende. This element's concentrated powder form is called yellowcake; this element undergoes neutron capture and beta decay to form plutonium. Name this element whose isotope 235 is used in nuclear power plants.

Uranium

Johannes Brahms collaborated on a piece for this instrument with Robert Schumann and Albert Dietrich, the F-A-E Sonata, which was premiered by the musician who inspired Brahms's concerto for this instrument: Joseph Joachim. Peter Tchaikovsky's concerto for this instrument is in D major, and the most commonly played concerto for this instrument is Mendelssohn's in E minor. Hilary Hahn and Itzhak Perlman are known for playing this instrument. Two of these instruments are used in most string quartets. Name this highest orchestral string instrument.

Violin

These entities can be identified based on their F1 and F2 formants. Two of these constructs occurring next to each other sometimes form a hiatus. Rhotic examples of these constructs occur when they follow the letter "R." The diachronic assimilation of these entities that leads them to become similar is referred to as their namesake "harmony." Otto Jespersen noted that these constructs underwent a gradual increase in height during their "Great Shift." A combination of these entities results in a diphthong, and features of these constructs include backness and roundness. For 10 points, name these sounds produced by the open vocal tract which are contrasted with consonants.

Vowels

In one story, a man asks this character to remind him of his limitations by recalling events in Norbury. That same man later calls this character "the one fixed point in a changing age." This character uses the qualities "obese, pompous, and slow" to describe Jabez Wilson, a member of "The Red-Headed League." At the end of another story, this character gets engaged to a governess named Mary Morstan. This former member of the 5th Northumberland Fusiliers rejects stories promoted by Scotland Yard and thus becomes the biographer of his roommate at 221B Baker Street. For 10 points, name this doctor and primary companion of Sherlock Holmes.

Watson

This variable and two physical constants are used to compute the Fresnel number. Planck's constant over "m times c" gives a value for this quantity used in Compton scattering, a process during which this quantity increases. As this quantity decreases, Mie scattering is replaced by Rayleigh scattering, whose intensity is inversely proportional to the fourth power of this quantity. Either this quantity or frequency determines the refractive index in dispersion. Frequency can be multiplied by this quantity to give the speed of light. Color is determined by—for 10 points—what property that falls between 400 and 700 nanometers for visible light?

Wavelength

A film by this director is known for its soundtrack, written by Anton Karas, which only uses the zither. That film has a scene on a Ferris wheel in which one character says that peace in Switzerland only managed to produce the cuckoo clock. Holly Martins tries to find Harry Lime in Vienna in this director's film The Third Man. This man directed a film whose cinematographic innovations included extensive use of deep focus. That film by this director opens with a scene at a mansion in Xanadu in which a man drops a snow globe and whispers "Rosebud". Name this director and star of Citizen Kane.

Welles

In one work, Boomer comments on the awkwardness of one of these animals. A man makes a distinction between "Lockean" and "Kantean" examples of these animals, which the cook Fleece prepares for Stubb in one work. In one novel, "gams" are meetings between groups hunting these animals like the ​Samuel Enderby​. One character uses a bone from this animal as a​ prosthetic leg, and hunters of them include a Parsee named Fedallah. A white one of these animals has taken off the leg of the captain of the Pequod, Ahab, leading to a voyage narrated by Ishmael. Identify these large aquatic mammals, one of whom titles the Herman Melville novel Moby-Dick.

Whale

During the 1940s, an effort to improve this crop in Mexico was successfully led by George Harrar and Norman Borlaug. During the 1960s the semi-dwarf variety of this crop was used to improve food security in India as part of the Green Revolution. This crop is in the genus Triticum. This is the most lucrative food crop in most of the Midwestern United States. Though this crop is widely used throughout the world for food, people with celiac disease must avoid foods made with it because they react adversely to gluten. Name this crop whose seeds are commonly crushed to make ordinary flour.

Wheat

In one play by this man, Lady Hunstanton fears that English "clever talk" will shock the Puritan Hester; a character later kisses her without consent, angering his son Gerald. In another play, Margaret threatens to slap a party guest with the title object for supposedly having an affair with her husband; that guest saves her from disgrace at the home of Lord Darlington and is revealed to be her mother. Another play opens with the servant Lane preparing sandwiches for Aunt Augusta and Cecily Cardew. In that play, Algernon and Jack woo their lovers by pretending to have the title name. For 10 points, name this Irish playwright of Lady Windermere's Fan and The Importance of Being Earnest.

Wilde

This character repeatedly asks "Did you marry the wrong woman?" after psychoanalyzing a paint-by-numbers painting of a boat. The camera shakes due to laughter when this character is told an improvised story about his friend's wife passing gas in her sleep. While sitting on a park bench, this man is reminded "I bet you can't tell me what it smells like in the Sistine Chapel." This character leaves for Stanford to "see about a girl," a line he steals from a man who repeatedly tells him "It's not your fault." Sean Maguire, played by Robin Williams, is the therapist of—for 10 points—what Matt Damon-played self-taught genius who's called "good" in the title of a 1997 film?

Will Hunting

This author debates having one famous character commit suicide, but decides against it, in Michael Cunningham's novel The Hours. Andrew dies fighting in World War I and Prue dies in childbirth in "Time Passes," a section of one novel by this author. In another novel by this author, an exchange between Rezia and Dr. Holmes leads to Septimus Smith jumping from a multi-story building. That novel by this author opens with the title character deciding to "buy the flowers herself" in preparation for a party she is throwing. Identify this Modernist author of To the Lighthouse and Mrs. Dalloway.

Woolf

Fellow artist Frolic Weymouth kept a series of this artist's paintings hidden from the public. This artist depicted a blonde-haired girl turned away from the viewer as she sits near a window in his painting, Lovers and depicted the same girl in the title hairstyle in his painting, Braids. Those paintings were set in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania where this artist was neighbors with Helga Testorf. This artist is best known for a painting set in Cushing, Maine that depicts a girl with polio climbing a grassy hill. What American artist created Christina's World?

Wyeth

This value is raised to the power of the integral of a function when calculating the integrating factor for a differential equation. This value is the solution to Steiner's problem, which seeks the value that maximizes x to the power of quantity 1 over x. Because quantity one plus one over n all to the nth power tends to this value, it is the base of the exponential term used to calculate continuously compounding interest. This number raised to the product of pi and i equals -1. For 10 points, name this transcendental number approximated as 2.718, the base of the natural logarithm

e

This number to the power of itself equals e to the power of negative 1/2 pi. This number's multiplicative inverse is the same as its additive inverse. In Euler's identity, e is raised to the power of this number times pi. This number can be written in polar form as "cis 1/2 pi". If this number is raised to a power that is a multiple of 4, the result is 1, while if it's raised to an even power that isn't a multiple of 4, the result is −1. Identify this number that is called the "imaginary unit" because every imaginary number can be written as a real number times this number.

i

One example of this literary form is written about Junior's transfer to the all-white Rearden School in a Sherman Alexie novel titled for this literary form of a Part-Time Indian. One of these works written over the span of a decade famously describes a phenomena "between churches and houses, as far as we could see up the hill of the City, in a most horrid malicious bloody flame." Another one of these was composed in Amsterdam, chronicles the author's time in the Secret Annex, and is addressed as "Kitty." Identify this literary form, famous authors of which include Samuel Pepys and Anne Frank.

Diary

This character's story was retold in the form of an interview with the author in a graphic novel titled for this character by Will Eisner. Most scholars believe that this character was based on Ikey Solomon. This character often warns others not to "peach" on him. The title character is brought to this character by his half-brother Monks. Insinuations of betrayal from this "receiver of stolen goods" result in the murder of Nancy by this man's former protegé Bill Sikes. Charley Bates and the Artful Dodger are the underlings of—for 10 points—what Jewish criminal in Oliver Twist?

Fagin

The Liouville-Roth constant essentially measures the extent to which a number is this type of number. Quadratic surds are often described by this term because they are all this type of number. When a Dedekind cut is this type of number, it fills a gap. One way to prove that a number belongs to this set is to show that its simple continued fraction representation never ends. This set of numbers includes all transcendental numbers and some algebraic numbers. Name these numbers that cannot be represented as an integer divided by another integer, and whose decimal representations do not terminate or repeat.

Irrational

This man's father played the flute and amassed massive debt before dying of "swelling." This character fires his gun at a woman after she mocks his ineptitude at hunting. Another character muses that this man's death would make "Perhaps not a whole chapter but a reasonable paragraph" in a book he plans to write. This man beats his wife during the Week of Peace and murders his adopted son Ikemefuna so he would not appear weak. He beheads a messenger after attempting to rally the people of Umuofia against the District Commissioner. For 10 points, name this central character of Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart.

Okonkwo

The history of this policy was the subject of a 2008 book by Susan Greenhalgh, who noted how it was partly inspired by a work entitled A Blueprint for Survival. Individuals known as heihaizi arose from this policy, which resulted in the Four-Two-One Problem. A phenomenon known as "Little Emperor Syndrome" originated as a result of this policy, which led to a rise in the female infant mortality rate. This policy did not apply to minorities, such as Tibetans, or those who gave birth in Hong Kong. Name this former policy meant to address overpopulation in China.

One Child Policy

In a 1879 work, Henry George claimed that this concept would be nonexistent if land was made the common property of all. This condition was explored by undercover journalist Barbara Ehrenreich in her 1996 book Nickel and Dimed, where she predicted that people experiencing this condition would advocate for greater wages. The Other America by Michael Harrington argued that 25% of the country lived in this condition, inspiring President Lyndon B. Johnson's "war" on this concept. The food budget multiplied by three forms the "line" of, for 10 points, what economic condition defined as the lack of wealth?

Poverty

This god used a severed head to found the city of Varanasi. Due to Vedic syncretism, the name "Rudra" is often synonymous with this god. This resident of Mount Kailash teaches yoga to the sages, and he takes the form of Nataraja to perform the cosmic dance atop the Dwarf of Ignorance. The monkey Hanuman is an avatar of this god. This god is the husband of Parvati and the father of Kartikeya and Ganesha. This god rides the white bull Nandi, and he completes the Trimurti with Brahma and Vishnu. Name this Hindu god of destruction.

Shiva

In a book by George Washington Plunkitt, a member of this organization described how it maintained power through "honest graft." This organization garnered support by shaving mens' facial hair after they had voted, so that they could return to the voting booth. William Leggett's Locofoco faction was created to oppose this entity. This organization was often portrayed as a tiger by cartoonist Thomas Nast, and its power rapidly decreased after the rise of mayor Fiorello LaGuardia. For 10 points, name this corrupt political machine that once run by "Boss" Tweed, and dominated New York politics in the late nineteenth century.

Tammany Hall

During this event, one person argued that the poets' knowledge cannot be connected to their inspiration after having interviewed some who couldn't explain their work. That person later uses the analogy of training a horse to describe the effects of being a positive influence. During this event, one person denies the accusation of inquiring "into things below the earth and in the sky" and dismisses Meletus' accusation of being a Sophist. The Memorabilia gives an account of this event, in which one person compares himself to a gadfly. Name this subject of books by Xenophon and Plato, which end with their teacher receiving the death penalty.

Trial of Socrates

In this shape, the sum of the tangents of the internal angles equals the product of the tangents of the internal angles. By setting parts of interior angles equal to each other, Henri Brocard identified a point inside this shape such that the co·tangent of the congruent angles equals the sum of the co·tangents of the interior angles. The so-called "ambiguous case" can arise when trying to find the side lengths and angles of one of these shapes using the law of sines. If the sides of this shape are all different, it is classified as scalene. Name this shape whose regular, or equilateral, form has internal angles measuring 60 degrees.

Triangle

The Supreme Court case Dillon v. Gloss allows time limits to be set during this process, and the case Hollingsworth v. Virginia states that presidents play no role in this process. This process cannot directly deprive a state of "its equal suffrage in the Senate". The Constitution allows two methods for this process, but the second method has only been used once, in 1933. This process is described in Article V of the Constitution and can involve state conventions. Name this process that can be carried out by two-thirds of both houses of Congress and legislatures of two-thirds of the states.

Amending the Constitution

This author wrote a short story about a woman who fantasizes about squirting a rapist in the eye with a plastic lemon. In a novel, this author wrote about the religious sect God's Gardeners, who are affected by an apocalypse caused by the sex enhancer pill BlyssPluss. This author of The Year of the Flood wrote another book in which the protagonist meets her college friend Moira at Jezebel's, a brothel. The protagonist of that novel plays Scrabble with the Commander, even though it is illegal in the Republic of Gilead. For 10 points, name this Canadian author, who wrote about Offred in The Handmaid's Tale.

Atwood

According to Diodorus Siculus, the walls of this city were built by a female ruler who later fought Stabrobates in a failed invasion of India. The conquest of this city is described on a cylindrical artifact discovered here in 1879, which includes what may be the earliest declaration of human rights. This home of Semiramis and Nabonidus was the subject of a 539 BC invasion by Cyrus the Great that freed the Jews from a namesake exile in this city. Marduk was the patron god of this city, whose king Nebuchadnezzar II may have built one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. For 10 points, name this city in modern-day Iraq that was once home to the Hanging Gardens.

Babylon

This man described a figure with "handcuffs on his wrists" who is imprisoned "for the colour of his hair" in one poem. This poet of "Oh Who Is That Young Sinner" described a "livelier liquor than the Muse" in a poem that notes that "malt does more than Milton can to justify God's ways to man." The speaker of one of this man's poems states "And oh, 'tis true, 'tis true" after being advised to "give crowns and pounds and guineas but not your heart away" when he was one-and-twenty. Another of his poems describes a crowd bringing the title figure home after he wins a race. For 10 points, name this English poet of "Terence, This is Stupid Stuff" and "To An Athlete Dying Young."

Housman

After thirty years of reign, holders of this position ran around a course four times in the Sed Festival. A holder of this title is shown about to decapitate his opponent with a mace in the Narmer Palette. Another holder of this position collected precious metals and spices on an expedition to Punt, which is located south of Nubia. Yet another holder of this title moved the capital to Amarna, where he instituted a monotheistic system of worship around the sun god Aten. A crook and a flail represent holders of this position, who were often buried at the Valley of the Kings. For 10 points, name this position, whose holders include Hatshepsut and King Tut.

Pharaohs

The mineral Schreibersite comprises iron, nickel, and this element, and may help explain the existence of life on Earth. Bone meal is a source of this element and calcium, which is why bone meal is used as a fertilizer. This element is one of the "Big Three" nutrients in plant fertilizer along with nitrogen and potassium. Southern blotting uses a radioactive form of this element to label DNA backbones. The U.S. has banned this element from detergents to prevent algal blooms and forbids the use of the incendiary white allotrope of this element against civilians. Name this element, one of whose acids gives a tangy flavor to soft drinks, whose name comes from its ability to glow in the dark.

Phosphorous

Dividing this quantity by the momentum of a massive particle yields the de Broglie wavelength. The change in position of a particle times its change in momentum is greater than or equal to one over four pi times this quantity. ​Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle includes a quantity equal to this quantity divided by two pi, its "reduced" form. This quantity's namesake was responsible for proving that the negative fifth power of wavelength is proportional to blackbody radiation. Name this quantity symbolized h, which is named for the German father of quantum theory

Planck's constant

One figure with this ability was locked in a cellar by Minos after discovering Glaucus in a cask of honey. It's not shape-shifting, but Menelaus travels to Pharos to capture Proteus, a sea deity with this ability. Odysseus entered the underworld to meet a man with this ability who once spent seven years as a woman. Laocoon was a Trojan priest with this ability who was strangled by serpents after warning the Trojans to be cautious of "Greeks bearing gifts." Tiresias possessed, for 10 points, what supernatural ability also held by the Oracle at Delphi?

Prophecy

In one story, a character with this profession cries at Constance's first communion, which had caused her to close "La Maison Tellier." At the end of another story, a title character with this profession weeps as Cornudet hums "La Marseillaise." In Crime and Punishment a character with this profession holds Marmeladov as he dies and reads Raskolnikov the story of Lazarus. Sonya has this profession, shared by the title character of Guy de Maupassant's "Boule de Suif," who upsets her fellow passengers by not sleeping with a Prussian officer. In Les Misérables, Fantine sells her hair and teeth and then, out of desperation, joins—for 10 points—what profession?

Prostitution

During this period, daybreak begins when the eye can distinguish a white thread from a black one. One of the most significant events during this holiday is the Laylat al-Qadr, the observance of which is said to be better than pious acts extended over 1000 months. Observers of this holiday engage in the practice of Sadaqah so that everyone has food for the final day. During this period, people wake up early to take Suhoor, and end their day with the Iftar meal. Muslims observe this month-long holiday commemorating the first revelation of the Prophet Muhammad by fasting from dawn to dusk. For 10 points, name this ninth month of the Islamic calendar.

Ramadan

This song's music video ends with shots of lead singer David Paich posing on a giant stack of books and a book in a library catching fire. This song is the highest charting hit for the band behind the songs "Hold the Line" and "Rosanna." Due to an online campaign, the band Weezer covered this song in May 2018. This song's lyrics describe how an "old man" "turned to me as if to say/'Hurry, boy, it's waiting there for you.'" The refrain notes "it's gonna take a lot to drag me away from you/There's nothing that a hundred men or more could ever do.'" For 10 points, name this 1982 song by Toto, whose lyrics say "I bless the rains down" in the title continent.

Africa

One chemical element in this group, or column, was discovered by Marguerite Perey and is the last element to be discovered in nature. Another element in this group is commonly bombarded with neutrons to form tritium in nuclear reactors and has ions that are used to treat bipolar disorder. In pure form, several elements in this group are silver-colored and are soft enough to be cut by a knife. Elements in this group are often stored under mineral oil or inert argon gas to prevent the formation of oxides. These elements react violently with water. Name this group that includes francium, lithium, and sodium, and which is the leftmost column of the periodic table.

Alkali metals

Two of these creatures named Harut and Marut supposedly taught magic to the residents of Babylon, while another named Maalik lords over Jahannam. Two others named Munkar and Nakir question the faith of the dead before yet another named Azrail carries the souls of men to the afterlife. The perfection of Adam was established by the fact that these creatures did not know the names of created things. Eight of these creatures are traditionally said to carry the throne of Allah. For 10 points, names these celestial beings whose number includes Jibreel, who revealed the Quran to Muhammad.

Angels

In a speech, this leader accused one man of "[trampling] under foot every vital principle of our government." This leader managed a newspaper financed by eccentric businessman George Francis Train called The Revolution. This leader broke with Henry Browne Blackwell and Lucy Stone over their support of what became the Fifteenth Amendment. The judge told the jury to produce a guilty verdict at this Rochester native's 1872 trial. As president of the NAWSA, this reformer was succeeded by Carrie Chapman Catt. Along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, this woman helped introduce what would become the Nineteenth Amendment. For 10 points, name this advocate of women's suffrage.

Anthony

This thinker partnered with Gerard Debreu on a paper that discussed the competitive equilibrium. This thinker discussed the concepts of "connectedness" and "transitivity" in his 1951 book Social Choice and Individual Values. This man's best-known theory expanded upon the concept of the Pareto efficiency and discussed the weaknesses of the "rank order" theory. Identify this thinker who stated that no voting system can properly rank candidates in an election in his namesake "impossibility theorem."

Arrow

One work that advocates this position uses the example of referring to children as monetarists, Keynesians, or Marxists to outline the absurdity of an opposing position. A 21st-century movement advocating this position has been supported by a group nicknamed "The Four Horsemen", including Daniel Dennett, Christopher Hitchens, and the author of Waking Up, Sam Harris. Russell's Teapot is an argument in favor of this position, and the theory of evolution is used to support it in The Blind Watchmaker by Richard Dawkins. Name this belief that there is no God.

Atheism

The "Greater temple" of a deity of these people contained a large stone of his sister and was said to mark the location of his birth, when he killed an army of 400 people. The Aubin and Florentine codices describe the myth of these people, one of whose deities was born from a ball of feathers. Five deities of these people successively occupied the sun, before which existed the god Ometeotl. Huitzilopochtli was a god of what Mesoamerican people, whose other deities including Xolotl and Quetzalcoatl?

Aztec

The riddle of what Odin whispered in this god's ear was used to defeat the giant Vafthrudnir. After this god died, Hyrrokkin pushed his funeral pyre to sea, causing a fire and an earthquake. Skadi's attempt to choose this god as her husband solely by looking at various feet resulted in her choosing Njordr. Only one giantess refused to weep for this god, causing this god to stay in Hel. Every object on earth vowed not to hurt this god except mistletoe, which Loki used to trick Hodur into killing him. Name this most beautiful Norse god, the son of Frigg and Odin.

Baldr

During one episode in this novel, the protagonist remembers Amy's gray eyes in contrast with Mrs. Garner's. One character in this novel is said to have a "tree on her back," and earlier, some relatives of a schoolteacher stole her milk. Another character in this novel, originally named Joshua, gives his wife to a​ white man and thus renames himself Stamp Paid. A central location in this novel was once inhabited by Baby Suggs after her departure from Sweet Home to Cincinnati and has the address 124 Bluestone Road. Name this novel in which Sethe kills her baby to save it from slavery, a work by Toni Morrison.

Beloved

For his actions in this city, Colonel Gail Halvorsen gained the nickname "Uncle Wiggly Wings." A relief effort for this city was led by Lucius D. Clay. Supplies were given to the residents of this city during Operation Little Vittles. An urban legend states that during a speech in this modern-day city, John F. Kennedy claimed he was a jelly doughnut. Americans flew planes over this city to provide supplies during a 1948 Soviet blockade. Ronald Reagan told Mikhail Gorbachev to 'tear down" a structure in this city. For 10 points, name this European capital whose east and west halves were divided by a wall.

Berlin

Reagents with a central atom of this element are used to add to alkenes in an anti-Markovnikov fashion in a reaction discovered by Brown. The wurtzite form of this element's nitride is harder than diamond. Clusters containing this element are classified as closo, nido or arachno by Wade's rules. This element's trifluoride is a strong Lewis acid. The coefficient of thermal expansion of silicate glass is increased by adding this element. This element violates the octet rule by forming compounds with 6 valence electrons. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number 5 and symbol B.

Boron

A pink paper crown hangs from a green curtain behind a person of this type in a painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. A one-eyed woman of this type stares eagerly ahead in the fifth plate of A Rake's Progress, whose central scene is parodied by two dogs in the lower right. Nine "malic molds" attempt to reach a woman of this type using a chocolate grinder in a Marcel Duchamp work also known as The Large Glass. In another work, a small dog stands at the feet of a woman of this type who appears to be pregnant and wears a green dress. For 10 points, name this type of woman, one of whom takes part in the titular ceremony of The Arnolfini Wedding.

Bride

One character in this novel is a former interrogator for the Inquisition who raises and coaches the singer La Perichole. After a bad infection kills his twin, Manuel lies to Abbess Madre Maria about his identity and agrees to sail with Captain Alvarado before dying in the central event of this novel. The Marquesa of Montemayor, Pepita, Uncle Pio, and Jaime are the other lives detailed in a book by the Franciscan monk Brother Juniper, who witnesses their deaths. Name this 1927 novel about the collapse of the title structure, a novel by Thornton Wilder.

Bridge of San Luis Rey

One thinker at this institution developed GMM, or the generalized method of moments, and is named Lars Peter Hansen. For much of the twentieth century, this institution was linked to a "freshwater" school of thought. The author of the self-questioning ​A Failure of Capitalism,​ Richard Posner, is associated with this​ university. Another thinker at this university predicted stagflation and described a natural rate of unemployment as part of his critique of Keynesian economics. That thinker from this university was the author of A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, Milton Friedman. Name this prestigious university located in Illinois.

Chicago

This actor played the lead role in 2009's ​Mystery Team​, about a group of child detectives, as well as playing street criminal Aaron Davis in ​Spider-Man: Homecoming​. This actor also portrayed astrophysicist Rich Purnell in ​The​ ​Martian​, and in an upcoming role, this man will play Lando Calrissian in Solo: A Star Wars Story. This man is slated to play Simba in 2019's live-action remake of The Lion King. This musician writes and directs for a show in which he plays the lead role of rap manager Earn Marks; that show is FX's Atlanta. Name this rapper of I Am Just a Rapper, Camp, and "Awaken, My Love!" whose real name is Donald Glover.

Childish Gambino

This character states "When sorrows come, they come not single spies, but in battalions." Soon after that, this character hears a loud noise from a populist uprising headed by a man intent on avenging that man's father's death. This character concocts a plan involving a fencing match with a poisoned foil; the plan goes horribly, leading to the death of this character, his wife, and his stepson, and allowing Fortinbras to increase his power. Name this king who gained power by murdering his brother and who is the husband of Gertrude in William Shakespeare's Hamlet.

Claudius

The All-American canal was constructed in 1942 to divert water from this river to use in the Imperial Valley. The Dolores River is a tributary of this river and forms the southern border of Arches National Park. Floodwaters from this river created the Salton Sea and this river's most notable feature was explored by John Wesley Powell. Lake Mead was created after the 1936 construction of the Hoover Dam on this river. This river defines the border between Arizona and California. Identify this river that flows through the Grand Canyon.

Colorado

Similarly to a Vasari story about Filippo Brunelleschi, this man supposedly crushed an egg to make it stand upright. The world before and after this man's most famous action was surveyed in two books by Charles C. Mann. This man, who enslaved many native Taíno and Arawak people, was condemned for his sale and rape of underaged sex slaves by Bartolomé de las Casas. This man names the "exchange" by which the potato and tobacco reached Europe, in return for smallpox. This man originated the use of the term "Indians" for Native Americans. For 10 points, name this Genoese explorer who reached the Caribbean in 1492.

Columbus

One of these events was recounted by the anonymous author of Gesta Francorum. The leader of one of these events was ransomed after being defeated at the Battle of Fariskur by the Ayyubids. One of these events included the blind ninety-seven year old Venetian ruler Enrico Dandolo leading troops in a sack of Constantinople. During another of these conflicts, the city of Acre was besieged and successfully captured from Saladin. At the 1095 Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II called for the first of what medieval conflicts in which Christians fought Muslims for control over the Holy Lands.

Crusades

One composer from this country wrote a piece with a dynamic marking for 24 fortes, the Florentiner March, as well as the piece Entry of the Gladiators. A symphonic poem written in this country opens with two flutes that represent streams merging into a river. A composer from this country included furiants and dumkas in his Slavonic Dances, and African-American spirituals such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" inspired the ninth symphony of that composer from this country. This country was home to the composers of Ma Vlást and the New World Symphony. For 10 points, name this home country of Julius Fučík, Bedřich Smetana, and Antonín Dvořák.

Czech Republic

In the essay "The Greater Common Good," Arundhati Roy slams the creation of these things, noting that they displace people in Madhya Pradesh for the benefit of Gujarat. Protests against these things in Madhya Pradesh are dubbed "Jal Satyagraha." Narmada Bachao Andolan is a movement opposed to the construction of a series of these things, the largest of which is called Sardar Sarovar. The 1961 construction of one of these structures, the Farakka Barrage, has been blamed for increasing flooding in Bihar and shifting the course of the Ganges. For 10 points, name these structures whose construction often displaces people by creating a reservoir where a river used to flow

Dam

Repackaging a security named for this concept forms its "squared" or "synthetic" version. That security named for this concept is divided up into "tranches" by seniority, which dictates the order in which payouts are given. A type of security widely blamed for the 2008 financial crisis was known as a "collateralized [this concept] obligation" or CDO. Firms that finance themselves in this fashion are called "levered," and the ratio of this quantity to equity is known as leverage. The ratio of a form of this quantity to GDP is projected to reach 100% by 2028; the value of that "national" type of this state is currently (As of 2019) 21.97 trillion dollars. For 10 points, name this state of owing money

Debt

To analyze the limits of human perception, this thinker used the examples of a partially submerged stick and an amputee who feels pain in his non-existent fingers. According to this thinker, ideas may be either factitious, innate, or adventitious. This thinker described animal spirits, now known as emotions, in ​The Passions of the Soul​, and described how reason is necessary to identify a​ melting ball of wax. In addition to naming the pineal gland the "seat of the soul," this thinker helped develop the idea of mind-body dualism. Identify this author of Meditations on First Philosophy who wrote in Discourse on the Method, "I think, therefore I am."

Descartes

This man claimed "you can't shoot an idea with a gun" in a debate with fellow Republican Harold Stassen. He was elected governor after serving as the special prosecutor who took down mobster Lucky Luciano. This New Yorker lost an election in which he was linked to the "do-nothing Congress." In 1948 the Chicago Daily Tribune incorrectly declared that what man had defeated Harry Truman for the presidency?

Dewey

The principle of complementarity was demonstrated by a version of this experiment, the Afshar experiment. The output is determined by the path of one particle in a variant of this experiment known as the quantum eraser. One phenomenon involved in this experiment results if the difference in path length is an integer multiple of another quantity. That phenomenon is​ constructive interference. This experiment contradicted the corpuscular theory of light by proving its wave-particle duality. Name this experiment where light was shined through two namesake apparatuses, first performed in 1801 by Thomas Young.

Double slit

One poem by this writer ends "Find me, and turn thy back on heaven." That poem is told from the perspective of a Hindu god. This poet wrote the line "Beauty is its own excuse for Being" in a poem that is subtitled "On being asked, whence is the flower". Another poem by this writer refers to a "votive stone" that was dedicated in 1837 where the poem was first performed. This poet wrote "Brahma" and "The Rhodora". Name this American poet who wrote the line "Here once the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard round the world" in his "Concord Hymn", and who was also known as a Transcendentalist essayist.

Emerson

This person devised a formula for Pythagorean triples: take any two integers, then a triple is formed by the difference of their squares, twice their product, and the sum of their squares. This person's first axiom is equivalent to the transitive property, and is stated as "Magnitudes which are equal to the same are equal to each other." This person wrote "If two lines are drawn which intersect a third in such a way that the sum of the inner angles on one side is less than two right angles, then the two lines inevitably must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough", which is his fifth postulate and is also called the parallel postulate. Name this ancient Greek mathematician whose textbook Elements was a cornerstone of geometry

Euclid

The vascular layer of this organ, which contains the Haller's layer and Bruch's membrane, is the choroid. The choroid and ciliary body are parts of this organ's uvea. A poor alignment of this organ is called strabismus, and poor development of this organ causes amblyopia. Much of this organ is taken up by a clear gel called the vitreous humor. The outer layer of this organ, the sclera, is white. The rods and cones act as photoreceptors in this organ's retina. Name this organ containing the cornea, pupil, iris, and lens.

Eye

A fictional resident of this U.S. state is described by his wife as "snotty and strong and quick, and like some kind of expensive animal". That character's life is contrasted with yacht owners who visit this state in Ernest Hemingway's To Have and Have Not. Another fictional resident of this state sets her husband's pistol so that he must go through three empty chambers before getting to a bullet, allowing her to shoot him with a rifle. This state is also where Jody Baxter is forced to kill Flag, his pet fawn. Name this state where Janie Crawford kills Tea Cake in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and which is also the setting of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings' The Yearling.

Florida

Participants in the Adonia festival created miniature examples of these things and threw them into the sea. Vergil deliberately left these places undiscussed in his Georgics, leading Columella to write a treatise about them. Sallust, Lucullus, and Maecenas patronized three of these places in Rome. Legend says that one of these places was created because Amytis of Media was homesick. In mythology, Heracles temporarily held up the sky while Atlas went to one of these places; that one of these places was inhabited by the dragon Ladon and the Hesperides. Nebuchadnezzar II created—for 10 points—"Hanging" examples of what locations in Babylon?

Gardens

In Denmark this equation is called the Bjerrum equation, since its logarithmic form was derived using Bjerrum's work on mass action. This equation can be used to find the isoelectric point of an amino acid or the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood. The concentration of the conjugate base is divided by that of the corresponding weak acid in what equation used to find the pH of a buffer solution?

Henderson-Hasselbach

An author with this surname described an animal entering "the dark hole of the head" in a poem beginning "I imagine this midnight moment's forest." That author with this surname included "The Thought-Fox" in the collection The Hawk in the Rain. A poet with this surname wrote about hearing a man on a "rickety stool" playing a "drowsy syncopated tune" on "Lenox Avenue." That poet considered that the title object may "dry up like a raisin in the sun" in a poem about "a dream deferred." For 10 points, identify this surname of the Sylvia Plath's husband Ted and the Harlem Renaissance author of "The Weary Blues" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers."

Hughes

One chronicler of the history of these people was known alternately as Master P. or Anonymus. Pechenegs attacked these people soon after their migration from the southern Urals, and they were defeated at the Battle of Mohi by the army of Subotai. These people's monarchs of the​ ​Arpad dynasty ruled under the Holy Crown named after the founder of their Kingdom. These people's raids from the Carpathian Basin were ended at the Battle of Lechfeld by Otto the Great. Led by ​Saint Stephen I and many kings named Béla in the Middle Ages, name these people who founded a nation with a capital eventually known as Budapest.

Hungarian

There were three wars fought for this country's independence in the mid-19th century. In the first such war, this country was defeated by Habsburg King Joseph Radetzky, leading to the abdication of King Charles Albert. In the other two wars, this country defeated Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph I, thanks to help from France and then Prussia. This country was unified via those wars and the Red Shirts' Expedition of the Thousand. Name this European country whose unification was led by Giuseppe Mazzini, Victor Emmanuel II, and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Italy

This person is credited for discovering that ferromagnetic materials change their size and shape when they are magnetized. The second law named for this person states that the specific internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature. This person's most famous experiment used a falling weight to turn a paddle wheel, which increased the temperature of water. The SI unit named for this person is equal to one coulomb-volt, or one watt-second, or one newton-meter. Identify this English physicist for whom the SI unit of energy is named.

Joule

A spacecraft currently orbiting this planet has three very large solar array wings to generate power. The Ulysses spacecraft used a fly-by of this planet to leave the ecliptic before studying polar regions of the Sun. This planet has the most powerful magnetosphere in our solar system, which is strengthened by the fact that this planet's outer core contains metallic hydrogen. Galileo discovered four of this planet's moons, including Ganymede. This planet is the innermost gas giant. Name this largest planet in our solar system.

Jupiter

It is unknown why the far end of this region suddenly has very few known objects, existing as a so-called cliff. The first object found in this region was originally called "Smiley" but is now called either Albion or QB1, and like many objects in this region, that object is a cubewano. Makemake is another cubewano in this region. This region is named for the Dutch-American scientist who used it to explain the existence of short-period comets. Name this region that contains some dwarf planets and includes the part of the solar system just beyond Neptune.

Kuiper Belt

In a work by this photographer, a man in a hat faces away from a crowd with his arms on a railing and his hands clasped next to a cup. This artist worked with Paul Taylor on a book titled An American Exodus. "White Angel Breadline" is a photograph taken by this artist, who is best known for working alongside photographers such as Walker Evans for the Farm Security Administration. At a pea pickers' camp in California, this artist took a photo of two children embracing Florence Owens Thompson. Name this Depression-era photographer who created Migrant Mother.

Lange

A major expansion of this institution occurred in 2017 with the opening of a Jean Nouvel-designed facility in Abu Dhabi, although an earlier satellite facility had been already founded in the French town of Lens. The Daru staircase lies between this institution's Sully and Denon wings, which flank a controversial outdoor structure commissioned by François Mitterrand in 1984. That structure is mirrored by an inverted pyramid in an adjacent mall, and was designed by I.M. Pei. For 10 points, name this Parisian palace that now serves as the world's largest art museum, its collection featuring iconic pieces like the Venus de Milo and the Mona Lisa.

Louvre

Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield used gradients in their development of this technique in 1970s. T1 and T2 weighted images can be generated using this technique, which often employs gadolinium‐based contrast agents to improve visibility. People with metal implants often cannot undergo this technique. Name this medical imaging modality that uses a strong magnetic field.

MRI

A novel from this country inspired by Tristram Shandy is narrated by a boy who was born nine months before the 500th anniversary of Columbus' journey to the New World. Another novel from this country is divided into sections named for months that each feature a recipe for food from this country. Those novels are Christopher Unborn and Like Water for Chocolate. One writer from this country wrote Eagle or Sun? and analyzed its culture in the essays "The Sons of La Malinche" and "The Day of the Dead," part of his The Labyrinth of Solitude. For 10 points, name this country home to Carlos Fuentes and Octavio Paz.

Mexico

Mary Ainsworth describes one of these figures as a safe base in the case of secure attachment, while her Strange Situation experiments showed the results of the disappearance of one of these figures. "Clothed" and "wire" variants of these figures were employed in a series of experiments involving monkeys conducted by Harry Harlow. The Oedipus complex is a young boy's desire to sexually obtain one of these figures. Identify these figures who relationship with their children is commonly studied by psychologists.

Mothers

This dynasty fought the War of 27 Years against the Maratha Confederacy, and this dynasty's lat emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was executed after it's involvement in the Sepoy Mutiny. One leader of this dynasty won at the Second Battle of Panipat, and this dynasty was founded by Babur the Great. Akbar the Great and Shah Jahan were leaders of what Indian dynasty?

Mughal

The generating station named for these Native American people uses coal from the Kayenta mine, which, due to the way the contracts were worked out, is part of the Black Mesa Peabody Coal controversy affecting the Hopi people and these people. These Native American people were led by Barboncito and Manuelito during the time leading up to their forced relocation to Bosque Redondo along with some Mescalero Apache people. That relocation is known as the Long Walk. Many of these people served in the U.S. Marines and played a major role in the victory at Iwo Jima during World War II. Name these Native Americans whose complex language made them ideal code talkers.

Navajo

A painting by this artist has dark blue streaks emerging from a center vertical black stripe and, via the red stripes on the left and right, was intended to resemble the American flag. A ponderosa pinetree is depicted from near its base in this artist's The Lawrence Tree. Rolling hills are behind an intensely close black cross in a painting this artist made in New Mexico. Retrospectives of this artist often include the intimate photographs taken by her spouse, Alfred Stieglitz. Name this American painter known for depictions of animal skulls and magnified flowers.

O'Keefe

In a story by this author, the elderly Mr. Behrman dies from a pneumonia epidemic in Greenwich Village while painting his "great masterpiece." In another of his stories, a character visits the shop of Madame Sofronie after sobbing about only having one dollar and eighty-seven cents on the day before Christmas. In that story by this author of "The Last Leaf," a watch chain and a set of combs are rendered useless after Della and Jim sacrifice their most prized possessions to buy each other presents. For 10 points, name this author of "The Gift of the Magi," whose short stories are characterized by twist endings.

O. Henry

People of this type were transported on unmarked freighters called "hell ships." Joseph Dietrich oversaw a massacre of 84 people of this type near the Belgian town of Malmedy. One person of this type was displayed naked in a tiger cage at the Ueno Zoo, and Roger Bushell led 76 of these people through the "Harry" tunnel in a "Great Escape" from Stalag Luft III. Louis Zamperini recounted his experiences as one of these people in his memoir Unbroken, in which he survives a B-29 crash before being placed in a Japanese work camp for the remainder of World War II. For 10 points, give this term for soldiers or civilians captured by enemy troops during an armed conflict

POWs

One of this ruler's more bizarre pastimes involved the collection of deformed human fetuses in an effort to disprove the existence of monsters. This ruler's navy saw its first major victory at the Battle of Gangut under the command of Admiral Apraksin, who had earlier suppressed the Bulavin Rebellion and served as his country's first governor of Azov. He imposed a tax on beards as part of his effort to reduce the power of the boyar nobility, one of his many westernizing reforms that were inspired by his "Grand Embassy" to Western Europe. For 10 points, name this modernizing tsar of Russia who founded a namesake Russian city.

Peter the Great

"Pinners" or "froggers" are used on these pieces of equipment to perform spot assays. These pieces of equipment are often used with a heat-treated mixture that contains blood and is named for its "chocolate" appearance. These pieces of equipment are commonly used with a tryptone-containing liquid known as "LB." A loop of wire is passed over the top of these pieces of equipment in "streaking," a technique developed by Robert Koch. These are the most common pieces of equipment used for 2D cell cultures and in vitro studies. For 10 points, name these circular pieces of laboratory glassware, which are often filled with agar and used to grow microorganisms.

Petri dish

If an electrode is inserted into one of these substances, its potential is constrained by a Debye sheath. The Z and theta forms of the Bennett pinch can be used to constrain these substances. ​They're not superconductors, but ​the conductivity of these substances can be considered infinite. In some​ fusion reactors, these substances are constrained into loops using particle beams or magnetic fields. Other forms of constraining these substances include the tokamak. These substances only naturally occur on earth during lightning strikes. Name this fourth state of matter with a higher energy than a gas.

Plasma

The fifth movement of this composer's All-Night Vigil was sung at his funeral. In several pieces, this composer used unusually widely spaced chords in order to imitate church bells, including a piece which begins with crescendoing chords alternating with low F half notes. This composer was inspired by an Arnold Bocklin painting to compose The Isle of the Dead. This composer's prelude in C-sharp minor is nicknamed "Bells of Moscow" and has four staves. Another piece by this composer is based on an Italian composer's 24th caprice for violin. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of four virtuosic piano concertos and Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.

Rachmaninoff

One innovation in this industry was introduced by slaughterhouse baron Gustavus Swift. Due to overinvestment in this industry, Jay Cooke's bank had to close in 1873, sparking that year's Panic. In the nineteenth century, companies in this industry were given "checkerboard" grants of land within 10-mile strips. Ulysses S. Grant's vice president was bribed with shares of a company in this industry called Crédit Mobilier. The spread of this industry led to the creation of the four standard U.S. time zones. The Vanderbilt family made their fortune in this industry. The Union Pacific company helped build a "transcontinental" project in—for 10 points—what industry?

Railroad

A housekeeper in this novel introduces herself using "a voice as cold and lifeless as her hands had been." Later in this novel, the housekeeper says "It's you that's the shadow and the ghost"; she then pushes the narrator towards a window, saying "It's you who ought to be dead." The narrator of this novel marries Maxim, whose ex-wife's body is eventually found in a boat with holes drilled in the bottom. The housekeeper Mrs. Danvers is obsessed with that deceased wife, who is this novel's title character. Name this novel that begins "Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again" and was written by Daphne du Maurier.

Rebecca

This word ends a quote from the liner notes of one album that reads "There will be no further explanation. There will just be" this, and one song on that album describes this thing as "big" ten times. On a recent Fifth Harmony single, this thing is "nothin' that a little love can't fix", and in Drake's "Hotline Bling", "ever since [he] left the city" his​ ex got one of these. Shawn Mendes is taken places that tear up his this in his song "There's Nothing Holding Me Back," and the first single of an album titled by this word says that the older version of its singer "can't come to the phone right now. Why? Oh, cause she's dead." Name this word that titles the latest album (2018) by Taylor Swift.

Reputation

These organelles are "frozen" using cycloheximide in their namesake profiling technique. The function of this organelle partly relies on GTP hydrolysis by EF-Tu Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines inhibit the function of this organelle in bacteria. This organelle usually binds to a Kozak or Shine-Dalgarno sequence upstream of a sequence which codes for methionine. A, P, and E sites transport tRNA molecules through these organelles, which are found either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. For 10 points, name these organelles which synthesize proteins.

Ribosomes

A group of reinforcements arrived late to this battle after traveling down the wrong road under the direction of Lew Wallace. Nathan Bedford Forrest made a failed cavalry charge during this battle. The tide of this battle turned following the arrival of reinforcements led by Don Carlos Buell and this battle saw fighting on a sunken road dubbed the "hornet's nest." P.G.T. Beauregard took over one side in this battle following the death of Albert Sidney Johnston. Identify this 1862 Civil War battle that was a victory for the forces of Ulysses S. Grant in southern Tennessee.

Shiloh

A string quartet by this composer has first, fourth, and fifth movements marked "Largo". This composer wrote two cello concertos for Mstislav Rostropovich. This composer's fifth symphony opens with strings playing ascending and descending minor sixths. This composer, who used a "D, E-flat, C, B" motif in many of his pieces, wrote a symphony that was called "a Soviet artist's creative response to justified criticism" in one article after the disastrous premiere of this composer's opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District. Name this Soviet composer whose seventh symphony is titled Leningrad.

Shostakovich

A character on this show claims to be a cyborg since he's "mortally dependent" on his pacemaker. On this show, Big Head breaks his potato cannon by trying to fire a Mr. Potato Head out of it. A character on this show figures out a way to detect if a given item is a hot dog or not. A character on this show slaps a kid who sold his friend fake Adderall. On this show, a "middle-out" scheme to increase a Weissman score is inspired by a calculation involving "tip-to-tip efficiency." By hacking into Jian-Yang's smart fridge, Gilfoyle accidentally saves this show's central company, Pied Piper. For 10 points, name this HBO series titled after a part of California with many tech startups.

Silicon Valley

In one operetta by this composer, the Marquis de Lavarre fights a Spanish army alone after marrying the title character. A wooden statue of Tecumseh is the dedicatee of his piece "Who's Who in Navy Blue?" Another work by this composer serves as the credits music in Monty Python's Flying Circus. This composer's magnum opus contains a piccolo obbligato in its trio section, and he commissioned J.W. Pepper to create a namesake brass instrument that wraps around the performer's body. His works for military band include "The Liberty Bell" and "The Stars and Stripes Forever". For 10 points, name this American "March King".

Sousa

In a book written in this language, a boy steals grapes from an abusive blind man. That book is often considered to be the first picaresque novel. This language was used to write a novel in which a priest and a barber burn the library of the title character, who battles and is defeated by the Knight of the White Moon. The phrase "tilting at windmills" originates from that novel in this language, which centers on a chivalrous nobleman who rides the horse Rozinante and travels with his squire Sancho Panza. For 10 points, name this language used to write Lazarillo de Tormes and Don Quixote.

Spanish

This war was fought soon after a politician was criticized in a letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, sparking a movement whose motto was "Go Home De Lôme". U.S. diplomacy at the end of this war was affected by the Teller Amendment, which was put in place because of the sugar market and replaced after this war by the Platt Amendment. This war started well for the United States with George Dewey's victory at the Battle of Manila Bay. The U.S. was also successful at this war's Battle of San Juan Hill, which was fought by the Rough Riders. Name this war fought in 1898 after the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor.

Spanish American

The only picture of the first day of this event was a staged photo taken by Fred McDarrah. In response to this event, Allen Ginsberg stated that a certain group "lost the wounded look they had ten years ago." Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott covered this event in The Village Voice, during which folk singer Dave Van Ronk was arrested by Seymour Pine. Protestors lit garbage on fire and mocked police by forming a kick line in this event, which began after police launched a surprise raid on a mafia-owned gay bar in Manhattan. For 10 points, name this 1969 event that often is cited as the birth of the Gay Rights movement.

Stonewall Riots

One character in this play recalls being "sort of-- thrilled" after her husband used her slipper to smash light bulbs on their wedding night. Another character in this play kisses a young man who sells newspapers for The Evening Star. A former English teacher in this play is fired for having an affair with a student. Mitch plays poker in this play while his former love interest is taken to a mental asylum as she claims "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers." Near the end of this play, Stella Kowalski refuses to believe her husband Stanley raped Blanche Dubois. For 10 points, name this Tennessee Williams play titled for a metaphorical vehicle.

Streetcar Named Desire

Compounds containing this ion together with chondroitin are located in cartilage tissue. A compound containing sodium dodecyl and this ion is used as a detergent in gel electrophoresis. This ion is combined with sodium before carbonate in the Leblanc process. This ion's calcium salt makes up gypsum, and its magnesium salt is used medically as Epsom salt. This ion has a tetrahedral shape and is formed from sulfuric acid. Name this ion whose charge is −2 and whose formula is SO42−.

Sulfate

In this opera, a clarinet solo opens a B minor spinto tenor aria whose melody is repeated in the final scene. This opera's third act begins with a shepherd boy singing "I give you sighs" in the Romanesco dialect. One character in this opera extols the acting abilities of her lover who she believes faked his death by firing squad. In this opera,​ Angelotti hides in a chapel while a painter compares his portrait of Mary Magdalene to his lover in "Recondita armonia." In this opera, one character sings "Vissi d'arte" before stabbing Baron Scarpia with a kitchen knife. Name this opera by Giacomo Puccini set in Rome in which the title singer leaps to her death off the Castel Sant' Angelo.

Tosca

These phenomena obey, and are the namesake of, the law that the second time derivative of a scalar function equals a constant squared times the Laplacian of the same scalar function. Planck's constant is divided by momentum to find the length associated with these phenomena in an equation credited to Louis de Broglie. These phenomena can be classified as transverse or longitudinal depending on whether the direction of propagation is in the direction of oscillation. The Huygens-Fresnel principle explains why these phenomena bend around obstacles during diffraction. Name these phenomena that also change direction during refraction.

Waves

In 1974, Samuel Byck unsuccessfully tried to hijack a plane and crash it into this place. The 21 year-old Frances Folsom got married in this location in 1886. In order to promote alternative energy, solar panels were installed here in 1979. James Hoban designed this building, which contains the China Room and the Blue Room. According to legend, a Gilbert Stuart painting was saved from this building by Dolley Madison after it was burned by the British during the War of 1812. For 10 points, name this building on 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, where the American president lives

White House

A character in this novel is accused of collecting "elf-bolts" to "hurt our heifers" at the Penistone Crags. Another character in this novel, which is set in a place described as a "perfect misanthropist's heaven," dreams of a ghost's hand breaking through a window after being hidden in that room by the housekeeper Zillah. Frances dies after giving birth to Hareton in this novel, the frame narrative of which is set at Thrushcross Grange. Mr. Lockwood and the maid Nelly Dean are the narrators of this novel, which features Edgar and Isabella Linton. The love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff is the central theme of—for 10 points—what Emily Brontë novel?

Wuthering Heights

This religion's judgment day involves a river of molten metal, in which only the unrighteous will burn, and a savior known as Saoshyant. The central deity of this religion created the yazads and the Amesha Spentas prior to creating Gayomard, the first man. This faith's dead are believed to pass over the Chinvat Bridge as part of their judgment, after they are buried on a Tower of Silence. This dualistic religion believes in the embodiment of an evil known as druj, which is opposed by Ahura Mazda, the embodiment of a universal good called asha. Name this Persian religion whose main religious text is the Avesta.

Zoroastrianism

A compound that has osmium in this oxidation state is commonly used to dihydroxylate alkenes. The element of this atomic number normally exists in a triplet state, explaining its paramagnetism. The Frasch process is used to produce an allotrope of sulfur which exists in a "puckered ring" of this many atoms. There are this many hydrogens in propane. With the exception of helium, noble gases typically have this many valence electrons. For 10 points, identify the number of carbons in octane

8

A dream about an oil tanker inspired this composer to write the movements "The Anfortas Wound" and "Meister Eckhardt and Quackie" in his orchestral work Harmonielehre. A work by this composer begins with a young boy repeating the word "missing" and features a children's chorus. In another work, a man descends from a plane called the "Spirit of '76" and attends a performance of The Red Detachment of Women. This composer wrote a work commissioned to commemorate the victims of 9/11; another work includes the aria "I am the wife of Mao Tse-Tung." For 10 points, name this composer of On the Transmigration of Souls and Nixon in China.

Adams

Strict rules for these things are described by the adjective "Ximenean." Leonard Dawe created one of these things falsely believed to have revealed classified information about D-Day. A competition involving one of these things selected people to work at Bletchley Park to try and crack the Enigma machines. Will Shortz edits these things in a newspaper where they increase in difficulty from Monday to Friday. They must have rotational symmetry and the "cryptic" variety has a higher ratio of black squares to whites. For 10 points, name these puzzles where people write in grids

Crosswords

This planet shrinks about two centimeters per year due to the Kelvin‐Helmholtz mechanism. The "Greek" and "Trojan" camps are at this planet's L4 and L5 Lagrange points, respectively. This planet's tidal interactions make one of its moons the most volcanically active body in the solar system. This planet's gravity tore apart comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9. Name this planet orbited by Io and the other Galilean moons.

Jupiter

Specialized structures to store this substance have been evolved by families like Aizo·aceae and Crassulaceae. This substance is excreted in guttation. This is the primary substance that moves through "symplastic" and "apoplastic" routes. Low levels of this substance prompt the production of abscisic acid. An excess of this substance causes guard cells to expand due to high turgor pressure. This substance is stored in a plant cell's central vacuole, and its lost through stomata in transpiration. This is the primary substance transported in xylem. Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and—for 10 points—what liquid?

Water

This was the first language to support the use of variadic templates, as discussed in a technical report often called "TR1". Its 2011 standard added "r‐value references" and an explicit constant for the null pointer. The Boost libraries work with this language, in which calls to "new" and "delete" have largely replaced "malloc" and "free" for memory allocation. Bjarne Stroustrup developed what object‐oriented language, partly named for a unary operator used to increment variables?

C++

Friedrich von Goetz chronicled this event, at which a meaningless protocol agreement was signed by the Marquis of Labrador. Krakow was affirmed as a free city at this conference, which ceded the former Grand Duchy of Warsaw to Russia. The Duke of Wellington left this event to fight Napoleon after the latter's return from Elba. Clemens von Metternich led what 1814 international diplomatic congress?

Congress of Vienna

This opera's title character uses the aria "Es gibt ein Reich" to rebut Truffaldino and Harlequin. It includes an extensive piano part in an infamously difficult coloratura aria "Großmächtige Prinzessin". In this work's prologue, a Composer rages when he learns his opera seria must be performed alongside a burlesque group. The soprano Zerbinetta leads that burlesque group what opera by Richard Strauss with an "opera‐within‐the‐opera" about the title abandoned Greek princess?

Ariadne auf Naxos

Two major cyber espionage groups are named after "fancy" and "cozy" examples of these animals. One of these animals walks under a white, red, and blue flag in the logo of the majority party in the State Duma. A prime minister who is often representedas one of these animals in cartoons annexed Crimea in 2014. Dmitri Medvedev's surname derives from what animal often used to symbolize Russia?

Bear

The geometry of these entities can be approximated by Flamm's paraboloid. One quantity related to these entities is equal to two times mass times "big G" divided by another constant squared. Under certain circumstances, these entities exhibit the Lense-Thirring effect, according to the Kerr metric. The ​Penrose process transfers momentum from these entities to objects passing through their ​ergosphere. These entities can be characterized by three externally observable properties, and they are surrounded by an event horizon inside which the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. Name these massive objects from which light cannot escape.

Black hole

In this borough, the artist Kara Walker exhibited a sculpture of a sphinx inside the original Domino Sugar Refinery. Wallabout Bay contains a "navy yard" named for this borough. Nathan's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest is held in this borough's Coney Island. Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier when he joined this borough's Dodgers. What borough is separated from Manhattan by a namesake bridge?

Brooklyn

In January 2018 a member of this legislature was suspended from Twitter for a tweet about "barbaric, gang‐raping hordes." In October 2017 Norbert Lammert ended a twelve‐year tenure as president of this body. The right‐wing AFD party gained 94 seats in this bodyʹs 2017 elections. The Christian Democratic Union holds a majority in what body that meets in the Reichstag, and is the parliament of Germany?

Bundestag

This thinker's first work in his main area of study argued against "soul sleep." Despite writing ​Response to Questions and Objections of a Certain Jew​, this thinker said that anyone "obeying the commands by faith working through love" belonged to the New Covenant. Martin Bucer invited this thinker to​ Strasbourg, and one of his followers was Theodore Beza. This thinker largely agreed with Huldrych Zwingli about the Eucharist and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. Adherents of this thinker's namesake sect believe in predestination. Name this early Protestant leader from Geneva.

Calvin

It is said that Isa will descend at this time on the Day of Judgment to defeat Dajjal. In English, the 89th and 113th surahs of the Quran are usually named after this time of day. A prayer recited at this time has two obligatory rak'ats. The sahur meal is eaten before this time of day, which is when the fajr prayer is recited. Name this time of day at which fasting begins during Ramadan.

Dawn

In 1941 Herbert Sorrell led a strike against a company named for this man, who later testified that Sorrell was a communist. This man founded the Laugh‐O‐Gram Studio in Kansas City. He teamed with Ub Iwerks to create a 1928 short depicting a chaotic river journey. Name this animation pioneer whose film Steamboat Willie popularized the characters of Minnie and Mickey Mouse.

Disney

During this event, branches called bacchoi were swung around during a procession along the "Sacred Way," which began in a cemetery. Participants in this event broke their fast by drinking a barley‐based drink called kykeon, which this event's dedicatee requested after she was taken in by Celeus. Triptolemus was one of the first initiates into the cult that staged this event, which was established after the return of Persephone. Name this Attic festival honoring Demeter.

Eleusinian Mysteries

This type of disaster leads to the discovery that Joanna Burden was murdered in William Faulkner's Light in August. A poem about this type of disaster laments "there lay that store I counted best" before stating "the world no longer let me love / my hope and treasure lies above." Anne Bradstreet's house was destroyed by what phenomenon that Guy Montag uses to destroy books in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451?

Fire

A young man in this musical is "promoted" from "idiot apprentice to incompetent clerk" and longs to see "the stuffed whale at Barnum's museum." Rudolf tells his wait staff about the imminent arrival of this musical's title woman, spurring them to dance "The Waiter's Gallop." A milliner in this musical falls in love with Cornelius Hackl, although she has been set up with his boss, Horace Vandergelder. The people of Yonkers insist you "put on your Sunday clothes" in what 1964 musical?

Hello, Dolly

This character calls himself a "shy" and "diffident" man whom others see as "an arbitrary overbearing bossing kind of person." This man, who employs a housekeeper named Mrs. Pearce, throws a ring into a fireplace and curses the time he spent with a "heartless guttersnipe." His rivals include a Hungarian named Nepommuck, who speaks 32 languages. In the Covent Garden flower market, Colonel Pickering makes a bet with what phonetics professor who trains Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion?

Henry Higgins

Peter Martyr d'Anghiera wrote a detailed account of this island in Latin, calling it "Quizqueia". Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo was in charge of the Fortaleza Ozama in this island. The town of Nueva Isabela was founded in this island, whose Taíno caciques helped another colonist construct La Navidad after the sinking of his ship, the Santa Maria. The first permanent European settlement in the Americas was founded by Christopher Columbus on what Caribbean island?

Hispaniola

In 1931 James Rolph resigned from this office to assume a state governorship. The first African‐American to hold this office, Willie Brown, was succeeded by his mente, Gavin Newsom. Mark Farrell currently (As of July, 2018) holds this office. George Moscone had this job in 1978 when he was shot by Dan White, who also killed Harvey Milk. Dianne Feinstein once held what elected position in a northern California city?

Mayor of San Francisco

One of these non-human animals appears below four expressionless Biblical figures in Paul Gauguin's ​The Green Christ​. In another work, one of these animals stands behind a column adorned with bronze dragons in the fountain of life. One poem describes one of these animals "making all the vales rejoice" and asks it, "Dost thou know who made thee?" That poem titled for one of these animals is found in Songs of Innocence. One Jan van Eyck artwork sometimes titled for the "Adoration" of one of these animals is more commonly known as the Ghent Altarpiece. Identify these animals which may be "sacrificial" and will eventually become adult sheep.

Lamb

This king's chief minister started a failed colony in Kourou and was forced to retire for overreacting to the Falklands Crisis. Pasquale Paoli fled into exile after this king's forces took Corsica. His forces won the Battle of Fontenoy and took the Austrian Netherlands, which he returned in the Treaty of Aix‐la‐Chapelle. Prussia ended its alliance with this king in the "Diplomatic Revolution." Name this French king who lost the Seven Years' War, the lover of Madame de Pompadour.

Louis XV

This author addressed his country with the lines "we will not dare to doubt thee / but ask whatever else, and we will dare!" in a "Commemoration Ode" he delivered at Harvard. One of his poems commnents "He who would write and can't write can surely review." The title knight decides not to quest for the Holy Grail in his poem "The Vision of Sir Launfal." Edgar Allan Poe was called "two fifths sheer fudge" by what Fireside Poet who wrote The Biglow Papers and A Fable for Critics?

Lowell

John Nathan's biography of this man claims that he wanted to die in an event he led with the "Shield Society." This man's essay Sun and Steel details his obsession with bodybuilding, which figures prominently in a Philip Glass‐scored film directed by Paul Schrader depicting his "life in four chapters." The pearl‐diver Hatsue appears in The Sound of Waves, a novel by what Japanese author of The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, who committed suicide in 1970 after leading a failed coup?

Mishima

In 2017 a special election in this U.S. state was lost by the writer of the country song "America . . . Pass It On," which was first‐time Democratic candidate Rob Quist. A controversial contract to repair Puerto Rico's power grid was awarded to a company from this state called Whitefish Energy, which is based in the hometown of Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke. Name this Western state governed from Helena.

Montana

This U.S. state is the site of the National Toy Hall of Fame, as well as the George Eastman Museum. Monastic architecture is evoked by the design of a medieval art museum in this state called the Cloisters. Other art museums in this state include the Frick Collection and an institution with one long spiral ramp of exhibits, the Guggenheim. What state contains the U.S.' largest art museum, the Met?

New York

One of these beings names a place that can turn anything as white as the film of an eggshell and is home to the parents of all swans. Fafnir tells Sigurd that these beings come from the Aesir, the elves, and the dwarves alike. These figures send Atli a vision of him being slain by Gudrun. Brynhild blames these beings for making her desire Sigurd. A trio of these beings named Verdandi, Skuld, and Urd water the roots of Yggdrasil. Name these Norse analogues of the Fates.

Norns

One of these structures is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism called attenuation. They can be "negative inducible" or "positive inducible" depending on what their inducer molecules bind to. The first of these structures to be discovered was found in E. coli by Jacob and Monod. Clusters of genes controlled by a single promoter make up what units of DNA, examples of which include "lac" and "trp"?

Operon

In this book, a man tries to reduce seasickness via the "chain links strategy" of tying boats together. An editor added this book's opening line explaining "the empire long divided must unite." This novel depicts the Battle of Red Cliffs. The "oath of the peach garden" commits Liu Bei to remain loyal to the Han dynasty in this novel. Wei, Shu, and Wu contend for dominance in what classic Chinese novel?

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

One of this song's performers dedicated it to Vail Cerullo, a Berklee College student who died in a motorcycle crash. Its refrain asks "how can we not talk about family when family is all we got?" This song plays as Brian shares a final drive with Dominic Toretto portrayed by Vin Diesel, in The Fate of the Furious. Name this Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth song written as an elegy for the actor Paul Walker.

See You Again

This deity tried to hail a ride from a ferryman, actually his father in disguise, but was insulted and ended up having to walk around the river. This deity obtained a deep cauldron for the sea god Aegir by throwing a goblet at its owner's head, and when his blood brother cut off his wife's hair, he had it replaced with a gold headpiece; his wife was the goddess ​Sif. When this god's name was uttered, Loki's flyting with the gods ended, since this god was summoned when his name was spoken. This god failed to wrestle an old lady, a deity of old age in disguise, and was forced to dress as Freyja in order to recover his weapon Mjolnir. Name this hammer-wielding Norse god of thunder.