Architectural Thinking II
Decorative Tiles
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Chicago Fire
1871 Gives the city a chance to rebuild from scratch and become a model for the design of modern cities today.
Art Nouveau
1890-1910 exploited the use of glass and metal to create lightness, and drew inspiration from nature; rejected history, but not tradition.; Art Nouveau believed in the perfectly crafted and unified interior
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Larkin Administration Building
Frank Lloyd Wright Buffalo, New York 1902-06 (demolished 1950)
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Robie House
Frank Lloyd Wright, Chicago 1906-08
NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: William Morris wallpaper
1834-96
Otto Wagner
"nothing that is not practical can be beautiful" "essential basis of natural forms as geometries" postparkasse, vienna secession, austrian, karlsplatz station,
Industrial Revolution
1760-1820/40 England. Modern society that was formally predominantly agricultural and rural, but now more focused on industry and urban living
Vienna Secession
1897-1905 regionally specific. art movement formed by a group of Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists. painters, sculptors, and architects including Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, and Otto Wagner. sought to create a total art unifying painting, architecture and decorative arts. Inspiration from William Morris and the Arts & Crafts movement. return to handwork could rescue society from moral decay.
Futurism
1910.A movement in modern art that grew out of cubism. Artists used implied motion by shifting planes and having multiple viewpoints of the subject. They strived to show mechanical as well as natural motion and speed. The beginning of the machine age is what inspired these artists. Frank Stella and Giacomo Balla were futurists.
Puddles iron
??
Steel
A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. fireproof, chicago, broke free of masonry traditions, primary structural element in high rise buildings, steel furniture, larkin administration building, steel beams, steel supports
Chicago school
A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.
Beaux-Arts
A style of architectural classicism widely practiced in the 1870s and 1880; valued monumentality, permanence, history and tradition.
Peter Behrens
AEG turbine factory, berlin? "He was called "Masters master" where his students are architects like Gropius, Breuer and Van de Rohe "
CLASSICISM AND CUBISM: Villa Muller
Adolf Loos, Prague, Czech Republic 1928-30
CLASSICISM AND CUBISM: Looshaus (Goldman and Salatsch Building)
Adolf Loos, Vienna, Austria 1909-11
FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Ford Motor Company
Albert Kahn, Highland Park, Michigan 1909
NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Casa Mila
Antoni Gaudi, Barcelona, Spain 1905-10
The Casa Mila
Antonio Gaudi Barcelona, Spain 1905 Art Nouveau curving/undulating facade African moorish influence curving, decorative, organic metalwork
FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: La Citta Nuova (The New City)
Antonio Sant'Elia 1913
DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: Apartment Building
Auguste Perret, Paris, 1903-4
INDUSTRIALIZATION: Opera
Charles Garnier, Paris, 1860-75
The Glasgow School of Art
Charles Rennie Mackintosh Glasgow, Scotland 1896-1909. entry that feels art nouveau style. interior arts & crafts. privileging of the wood and ornamentation. minimalism
NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Glasgow School of Art
Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Glasgow, United Kingdom 1897-1908
DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: Dom-ino House
Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier), France, 1914
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete into which steel reinforcing bars have been embedded to impart tensile strength to the construction.
METROPOLIS AND GARDEN CITIES: Plan of Chicago
Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennet, Chicago, 1909
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: World's Columbian Exhibition
Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root with F.L. Olmstead (landscape), Chicago, 1893
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Monadnock Building
Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root, Chicago 1889-91/92
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Reliance Building
Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root, Chicago, 1890-94
Make No Little Plans
Daniel Burnham and the American City "The Fair"
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Gauranty Building
Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, Buffalo, New York 1894-96 (VERY ORNAMENT)
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Auditorium Building
Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, Chicago 1886-89
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Wainwright Building
Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, St. Louis, Missouri 1890-91
Classicism
Deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint.
Blur Building
Diller + Scofidio, Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland 2002
Domestic Reform
Domestic policy covers a wide range of areas, including business, education, energy, healthcare, law enforcement, money and taxes, natural resources, social welfare, and personal rights and freedoms.
Garden City
Ebenezer Howard - british social reformers - touted the attraction of the garden city - he was opposed to the magnet of the big city, and the debilitating one of the countryside
Arts and Crafts Movement
England 1880s-1910s, US 1900-1916 a social and artistic movement of the second half of the 19th cent. Emphasizing a return to handwork, skilled craftsmanship, and attention to design in the decorative arts, from the mechanization and mass production of the Industrial Revolution
INDUSTRIALIZATION: Galerie des Machines
Ferdinand Dutert, Victor Contamin, Paris, Exposition Universelle, 1889, 19th century
DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: reinforced concrete construction system
Francois Hennebique 1890s
Sant'Elia and Marinetti Manifesto
Futurist Architecture 1914
Bruno Taut
Glass Pavilion, Cologne, Werkbund Exposition
INDUSTRIALIZATION: Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel, Paris, Exposition Universelle 1889
NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Metro stations
Hector Guimard, Paris, 1900
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Marshall Field Wholesale Store
Henry Hobson Richardson, Chicago, 1885-87
NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Office for Julius Meier-Graefe
Henry van de Velde 1901
METROPOLIS AND GARDEN CITIES: Burnham's Plan of Chicago 1909
Improvement of the lakefront, a regional highway system, improvement of railway terminals, new outer parks, systematic arrangement of streets, civic and cultural centers
DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: Woman's Club
Irving Gill, La Jolla, California 1912-13
FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Deutscher Werkbund
Its initial purpose was to establish a partnership of product manufacturers with design professionals to improve the competitiveness of German companies in global markets (England and US). Founded in Germany in October 1907 by 12 artists and 12 factory owners with the declared intent of improving the form and quality of consumer goods. Open to industry, and sought ways to engage mechanized production from the scale of utilitarian objects to the design of factory buildings. Lately influenced by the English Arts & Crafts movement, but adopted a more flexible attitude to machine manufacturing.
NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Secession Exhibition Building
Joseph Maria Olbrich, Vienna, Austria 1897-98
Crystal Palace
Joseph Paxton, London, 1851
World Expositions
London 1851, Paris 1889, Chicago 1893
Auditorium Building Chicago
Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler 1886-9. new form of civic buildings combined an opera house, hotel and offices in one building. classicism - stone cladding contradiction.
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Transportation Building (at World's Columbian Exhibition)
Louis Sullivan, Chicago 1891-93
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Schlesinger and Meyer Department Store (Carson, Pirie and Scott Store)
Louis Sullivan, Chicago, 1899-1904
transportation
The process by which passengers or goods are moved or delivered from one place to another.
Garden Cities
New, planned urban areas (towns) that have village-like communities and plenty of space for private gardens and public open space.
Adolf Loos Manifesto
Ornament and Crime 1908
Safety Elevator
Otis elevators. 1853 world's fair, new york
Vienna Savings Bank
Otto Wagner
NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Karlsplatz Station
Otto Wagner, Vienna, Austria 1898-99
INDUSTRIALIZATION: Postparkasse (Post Office Savings Bank)
Otto Wagner, Vienna, Austria. 1903-1906
FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: AEG Turbine Factory
Peter Behrens and Karl Bernhard, Berlin, Germany 1908-1909
INDUSTRIALIZATION: Histoire de l'Habitation: Charles Garnier, Paris, Exposition Universelle 1889
Represented 44 different cultures, 3 categories: prehistoric, historic and primitive contemporaries. intended to record human history for future generations to show how far humanity had advanced in technology, morals, and intelligence
DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: Concrete Bridge
Robert Mallart, Tavanasa, Switzerland 1905
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Pont du Gard
Roman aqueduct near Nimes, Frame (1st century AD)
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Scottish designer/ architect, influential with the Vienna SEcessionists. The GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART. influenced both art nouveau and secessionism. inspired by industrial revolution, asian, emerging modernist, japanese.
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Wainwright Building and Sullivans thought process
Sullivan believed that the skyscraper was a mergence of social and technological forces. The skyscraper was a new type, in search of a new form. Sullivan sought a direct and honest expression: "form follows function." This led to his tripartite division of base, middle, and top. Beyond function, Sullivan decided that the skyscraper would have a vertical emphasis
skyscrapers
Tall building with many floors supported by a lightweight steel frame. Birth of skyscraper: Chicago fire 1871. Louis Sullivan believed that the skyscraper was an emergence of social and technological forces. The skyscraper should reflect its interior program/use on the exterior. Vertical emphasis
METROPOLIS AND GARDEN CITIES: Cite Industrielle
Tony Garnier, Saint-Etienne, France 1917
FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash
Umberto Boccioni 1912
FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
Umberto Boccioni 1913
NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Tassel Residence
Victor Horta, Brussels, Belgium 1892-93
INDUSTRIALIZATION: Gare d'Orsay
Victor Laloux, Paris, 1887-1900
NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Proposal for a wrought-iron bracket
Viollet-le-duc published in 1971
FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Fagus Shoe Last Factory
Walter Gropius, Alfeld an der Leine, Germany 1911-13
Cladding
a material applied to the exterior of a building, typically for aesthetic purposes, and to provide protection from the elements. typically, cladding is not structural. sometimes referred to as a building's "skin"
Metropolis
a large city
Prairie Style
a style of housing designed by Frank Lloyd Wright with strong horizontal design that uses wood, stone, and materials found in the natural environment.
Adolf Loos
an Austrian architect and influential European theorist of modern architecture. believed that reason should determine the way we build. he opposed the donative Art Nouveau movement. impressed by the efficiency of American architecture. admired the work of Louis Sullivan. advocated for the controlled use of (and often elimination of) ornament. critical of prevailing architectural styles (including the Vienna Secession) that privileged historicism and the lavish use of ornament. "the suppression of decoration as necessary for regulating passion"
Wood
arts and crafts style, charles rennie mackintosh, caused chicago fire,
Antoni Gaudi
catalan or spanish, sagrada familia, modernism, catalán renaissance, Casa Mila
Terra-Cotta
ceramic clay used in pottery, statuary, and construction
Hygiene
conditions and practices that promote health-social housing for the poor
Glass
crystal palace, gare d'Orsay, postparkasse, art nouveau, adolf loos, taut, glass pavilion, larkin administration building, reliance building,
Louis Sullivan
first modernist architect. United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924), wainwright building, auditorium, transportation building, worked with dankmar, guaranty building, schlesinger
the chicago window
fixed central pane for illumination, flanked on each side by a slender double hung operable window; bay window increased office space and provided maximum light. non-operable windows. air conditioning. windows only used for light. increased the floor area
Auguste Perret
french, influenced by viollet-le-duc. apartment building 25b, "Truth is indispensible to Architecture & architectural lie concepts."
Antonio Sant'Elia
futurist, La Citta Nouva
Linoleum
gropius
Vernacular
historical, local materials, local cultural values
Wrought iron
iron having a low carbon content that is tough and malleable and so can be forged and welded, skeletal frame in marshall field wholesale store in chicago
Craft
made by hand
Fire Proofing
making sure the building will not catch fire using fire proof materials
Cast iron
molten iron poured into a mould to make a product, crystal palace, hector guimard, art nouveau, skeletal frame marshall field wholesale store in chicago 1885-97, cast iron ornament in schlesinger
Catalan Renaissance
opted for an abstraction of gothic forms, rather than an imitation, borrowing them in modern ways. modern building materials and styles. materials: brick and ceramic. construction types and techniques. structural innovation, exuberant ornament, unique
Factories
place in which workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods
Aluminum
postparkasse
Ornament
revealing inner structural forces of functional identity of a form. decoration/added on. relationship to structure
Hennebique Method
simple system of concrete columns and beams which allow for adventurous forms. reinforced concrete
Masonry
stonework or brickwork. traditional, sullivan,
Structure
the inside INSIDE of a building
Automobiles
the leading car industry started with Ford's Model T
Daylight
the natural light of the day
Air/Ventilation
use of AC or windows
Wallpaper
vistor horta, william morris
Textiles
william morris, form of cultural expression
