Architectural Thinking II

Decorative Tiles

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Chicago Fire

1871 Gives the city a chance to rebuild from scratch and become a model for the design of modern cities today.

Art Nouveau

1890-1910 exploited the use of glass and metal to create lightness, and drew inspiration from nature; rejected history, but not tradition.; Art Nouveau believed in the perfectly crafted and unified interior

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Larkin Administration Building

Frank Lloyd Wright Buffalo, New York 1902-06 (demolished 1950)

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Robie House

Frank Lloyd Wright, Chicago 1906-08

NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: William Morris wallpaper

1834-96

Otto Wagner

"nothing that is not practical can be beautiful" "essential basis of natural forms as geometries" postparkasse, vienna secession, austrian, karlsplatz station,

Industrial Revolution

1760-1820/40 England. Modern society that was formally predominantly agricultural and rural, but now more focused on industry and urban living

Vienna Secession

1897-1905 regionally specific. art movement formed by a group of Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists. painters, sculptors, and architects including Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, and Otto Wagner. sought to create a total art unifying painting, architecture and decorative arts. Inspiration from William Morris and the Arts & Crafts movement. return to handwork could rescue society from moral decay.

Futurism

1910.A movement in modern art that grew out of cubism. Artists used implied motion by shifting planes and having multiple viewpoints of the subject. They strived to show mechanical as well as natural motion and speed. The beginning of the machine age is what inspired these artists. Frank Stella and Giacomo Balla were futurists.

Puddles iron

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Steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. fireproof, chicago, broke free of masonry traditions, primary structural element in high rise buildings, steel furniture, larkin administration building, steel beams, steel supports

Chicago school

A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.

Beaux-Arts

A style of architectural classicism widely practiced in the 1870s and 1880; valued monumentality, permanence, history and tradition.

Peter Behrens

AEG turbine factory, berlin? "He was called "Masters master" where his students are architects like Gropius, Breuer and Van de Rohe "

CLASSICISM AND CUBISM: Villa Muller

Adolf Loos, Prague, Czech Republic 1928-30

CLASSICISM AND CUBISM: Looshaus (Goldman and Salatsch Building)

Adolf Loos, Vienna, Austria 1909-11

FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Ford Motor Company

Albert Kahn, Highland Park, Michigan 1909

NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Casa Mila

Antoni Gaudi, Barcelona, Spain 1905-10

The Casa Mila

Antonio Gaudi Barcelona, Spain 1905 Art Nouveau curving/undulating facade African moorish influence curving, decorative, organic metalwork

FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: La Citta Nuova (The New City)

Antonio Sant'Elia 1913

DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: Apartment Building

Auguste Perret, Paris, 1903-4

INDUSTRIALIZATION: Opera

Charles Garnier, Paris, 1860-75

The Glasgow School of Art

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Glasgow, Scotland 1896-1909. entry that feels art nouveau style. interior arts & crafts. privileging of the wood and ornamentation. minimalism

NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Glasgow School of Art

Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Glasgow, United Kingdom 1897-1908

DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: Dom-ino House

Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier), France, 1914

Reinforced Concrete

Concrete into which steel reinforcing bars have been embedded to impart tensile strength to the construction.

METROPOLIS AND GARDEN CITIES: Plan of Chicago

Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennet, Chicago, 1909

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: World's Columbian Exhibition

Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root with F.L. Olmstead (landscape), Chicago, 1893

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Monadnock Building

Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root, Chicago 1889-91/92

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Reliance Building

Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root, Chicago, 1890-94

Make No Little Plans

Daniel Burnham and the American City "The Fair"

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Gauranty Building

Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, Buffalo, New York 1894-96 (VERY ORNAMENT)

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Auditorium Building

Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, Chicago 1886-89

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Wainwright Building

Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, St. Louis, Missouri 1890-91

Classicism

Deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint.

Blur Building

Diller + Scofidio, Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland 2002

Domestic Reform

Domestic policy covers a wide range of areas, including business, education, energy, healthcare, law enforcement, money and taxes, natural resources, social welfare, and personal rights and freedoms.

Garden City

Ebenezer Howard - british social reformers - touted the attraction of the garden city - he was opposed to the magnet of the big city, and the debilitating one of the countryside

Arts and Crafts Movement

England 1880s-1910s, US 1900-1916 a social and artistic movement of the second half of the 19th cent. Emphasizing a return to handwork, skilled craftsmanship, and attention to design in the decorative arts, from the mechanization and mass production of the Industrial Revolution

INDUSTRIALIZATION: Galerie des Machines

Ferdinand Dutert, Victor Contamin, Paris, Exposition Universelle, 1889, 19th century

DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: reinforced concrete construction system

Francois Hennebique 1890s

Sant'Elia and Marinetti Manifesto

Futurist Architecture 1914

Bruno Taut

Glass Pavilion, Cologne, Werkbund Exposition

INDUSTRIALIZATION: Eiffel Tower

Gustave Eiffel, Paris, Exposition Universelle 1889

NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Metro stations

Hector Guimard, Paris, 1900

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Marshall Field Wholesale Store

Henry Hobson Richardson, Chicago, 1885-87

NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Office for Julius Meier-Graefe

Henry van de Velde 1901

METROPOLIS AND GARDEN CITIES: Burnham's Plan of Chicago 1909

Improvement of the lakefront, a regional highway system, improvement of railway terminals, new outer parks, systematic arrangement of streets, civic and cultural centers

DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: Woman's Club

Irving Gill, La Jolla, California 1912-13

FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Deutscher Werkbund

Its initial purpose was to establish a partnership of product manufacturers with design professionals to improve the competitiveness of German companies in global markets (England and US). Founded in Germany in October 1907 by 12 artists and 12 factory owners with the declared intent of improving the form and quality of consumer goods. Open to industry, and sought ways to engage mechanized production from the scale of utilitarian objects to the design of factory buildings. Lately influenced by the English Arts & Crafts movement, but adopted a more flexible attitude to machine manufacturing.

NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Secession Exhibition Building

Joseph Maria Olbrich, Vienna, Austria 1897-98

Crystal Palace

Joseph Paxton, London, 1851

World Expositions

London 1851, Paris 1889, Chicago 1893

Auditorium Building Chicago

Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler 1886-9. new form of civic buildings combined an opera house, hotel and offices in one building. classicism - stone cladding contradiction.

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Transportation Building (at World's Columbian Exhibition)

Louis Sullivan, Chicago 1891-93

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Schlesinger and Meyer Department Store (Carson, Pirie and Scott Store)

Louis Sullivan, Chicago, 1899-1904

transportation

The process by which passengers or goods are moved or delivered from one place to another.

Garden Cities

New, planned urban areas (towns) that have village-like communities and plenty of space for private gardens and public open space.

Adolf Loos Manifesto

Ornament and Crime 1908

Safety Elevator

Otis elevators. 1853 world's fair, new york

Vienna Savings Bank

Otto Wagner

NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Karlsplatz Station

Otto Wagner, Vienna, Austria 1898-99

INDUSTRIALIZATION: Postparkasse (Post Office Savings Bank)

Otto Wagner, Vienna, Austria. 1903-1906

FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: AEG Turbine Factory

Peter Behrens and Karl Bernhard, Berlin, Germany 1908-1909

INDUSTRIALIZATION: Histoire de l'Habitation: Charles Garnier, Paris, Exposition Universelle 1889

Represented 44 different cultures, 3 categories: prehistoric, historic and primitive contemporaries. intended to record human history for future generations to show how far humanity had advanced in technology, morals, and intelligence

DOMESTICITY AND CONCRETE: Concrete Bridge

Robert Mallart, Tavanasa, Switzerland 1905

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Pont du Gard

Roman aqueduct near Nimes, Frame (1st century AD)

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Scottish designer/ architect, influential with the Vienna SEcessionists. The GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART. influenced both art nouveau and secessionism. inspired by industrial revolution, asian, emerging modernist, japanese.

THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND SKYSCRAPERS: Wainwright Building and Sullivans thought process

Sullivan believed that the skyscraper was a mergence of social and technological forces. The skyscraper was a new type, in search of a new form. Sullivan sought a direct and honest expression: "form follows function." This led to his tripartite division of base, middle, and top. Beyond function, Sullivan decided that the skyscraper would have a vertical emphasis

skyscrapers

Tall building with many floors supported by a lightweight steel frame. Birth of skyscraper: Chicago fire 1871. Louis Sullivan believed that the skyscraper was an emergence of social and technological forces. The skyscraper should reflect its interior program/use on the exterior. Vertical emphasis

METROPOLIS AND GARDEN CITIES: Cite Industrielle

Tony Garnier, Saint-Etienne, France 1917

FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash

Umberto Boccioni 1912

FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

Umberto Boccioni 1913

NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Tassel Residence

Victor Horta, Brussels, Belgium 1892-93

INDUSTRIALIZATION: Gare d'Orsay

Victor Laloux, Paris, 1887-1900

NEW FORMS AND ORNAMENT: Proposal for a wrought-iron bracket

Viollet-le-duc published in 1971

FACTORIES AND FUTURISM: Fagus Shoe Last Factory

Walter Gropius, Alfeld an der Leine, Germany 1911-13

Cladding

a material applied to the exterior of a building, typically for aesthetic purposes, and to provide protection from the elements. typically, cladding is not structural. sometimes referred to as a building's "skin"

Metropolis

a large city

Prairie Style

a style of housing designed by Frank Lloyd Wright with strong horizontal design that uses wood, stone, and materials found in the natural environment.

Adolf Loos

an Austrian architect and influential European theorist of modern architecture. believed that reason should determine the way we build. he opposed the donative Art Nouveau movement. impressed by the efficiency of American architecture. admired the work of Louis Sullivan. advocated for the controlled use of (and often elimination of) ornament. critical of prevailing architectural styles (including the Vienna Secession) that privileged historicism and the lavish use of ornament. "the suppression of decoration as necessary for regulating passion"

Wood

arts and crafts style, charles rennie mackintosh, caused chicago fire,

Antoni Gaudi

catalan or spanish, sagrada familia, modernism, catalán renaissance, Casa Mila

Terra-Cotta

ceramic clay used in pottery, statuary, and construction

Hygiene

conditions and practices that promote health-social housing for the poor

Glass

crystal palace, gare d'Orsay, postparkasse, art nouveau, adolf loos, taut, glass pavilion, larkin administration building, reliance building,

Louis Sullivan

first modernist architect. United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924), wainwright building, auditorium, transportation building, worked with dankmar, guaranty building, schlesinger

the chicago window

fixed central pane for illumination, flanked on each side by a slender double hung operable window; bay window increased office space and provided maximum light. non-operable windows. air conditioning. windows only used for light. increased the floor area

Auguste Perret

french, influenced by viollet-le-duc. apartment building 25b, "Truth is indispensible to Architecture & architectural lie concepts."

Antonio Sant'Elia

futurist, La Citta Nouva

Linoleum

gropius

Vernacular

historical, local materials, local cultural values

Wrought iron

iron having a low carbon content that is tough and malleable and so can be forged and welded, skeletal frame in marshall field wholesale store in chicago

Craft

made by hand

Fire Proofing

making sure the building will not catch fire using fire proof materials

Cast iron

molten iron poured into a mould to make a product, crystal palace, hector guimard, art nouveau, skeletal frame marshall field wholesale store in chicago 1885-97, cast iron ornament in schlesinger

Catalan Renaissance

opted for an abstraction of gothic forms, rather than an imitation, borrowing them in modern ways. modern building materials and styles. materials: brick and ceramic. construction types and techniques. structural innovation, exuberant ornament, unique

Factories

place in which workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods

Aluminum

postparkasse

Ornament

revealing inner structural forces of functional identity of a form. decoration/added on. relationship to structure

Hennebique Method

simple system of concrete columns and beams which allow for adventurous forms. reinforced concrete

Masonry

stonework or brickwork. traditional, sullivan,

Structure

the inside INSIDE of a building

Automobiles

the leading car industry started with Ford's Model T

Daylight

the natural light of the day

Air/Ventilation

use of AC or windows

Wallpaper

vistor horta, william morris

Textiles

william morris, form of cultural expression