ASH3930

Nationalists (KMT)

A political party in the Republic of China. Founded by Song Jiaoren and Sun Yat-sen shortly after the Xinhai rebellion. It was a nationalist revolutionary party which, initially, was supported by Soviet Russia. The KMT were able to control part of southern China when it was first formed. Later led by, Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT formed a military and succeeded in its northern expedition to unify much of China. The KMT joined forces with the CCP to combat Japanese invaders, but was eventually forced out by the CCP and fled to Taiwan.

Sun Yat-sen

Born in China in 1867 to peasant farmers, raised in Hawaii by his brother, received a western education, returned to China where he was baptized and attended medical school. He opposed the ideology of the Qing dynasty became a Chinese revolutionary and founded the Republic of China, and helped to form the KMT. He is often referred to as the Father of the Nation in the republic of China. He developed the Three Principles - nationalism, democracy, and socialism. He died of cancer in 1925 when china was under the rule of warlords.

The Chinese Republic

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), also called Communist Party of China (CPC), Pinyin Zhongguo Gongchan Dang, Wade-Giles romanization Chung-kuo Kung-ch'an Tang, political party and revolutionary movement that was founded in 1921 by revolutionaries, such as Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu, who came out of the May Fourth Movement and who turned to Marxism after the victory of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917) in Russia. In the turmoil of 1920s China, CCP members such as Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, and Li Lisan began organizing labour unions in the cities. The CCP joined with the Nationalist Party in 1924, and the alliance proved enormously successful at first. But after liberating Shanghai, the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) turned violently on the CCP and drove it underground in 1927.

May Fourth Movement

Chinese students against the Chinese government an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing in 1919, protesting the governments weak response to the treaty of Versailles, especially allowing Japan to receive territories in Shandong which had been surrendered to Germany. Beijing May 4, 1919 these demonstrations sparked national protests and marked upsurge of Chinese nationalism, a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards a populist belief base rather than intellectual elites. It served as an intellectual turning point in China. challenged Chinese traditional values. The KMT did not support the movement, the CCP did. It led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into communist party and gain organizational strength that would solidify the success of the communist revolution.

The Russo-Japanese War

Developed out of the rivalry between Russia and Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. In 1898, Russia pressured China into granting it a lease for the strategically important port of Port Arthur in Manchuria. Russia had concluded an alliance with China against Japan, and in the process won rights to extend the Trans-Siberian Railroad across the Chinese-held Manchuria to the Russian seaport of Vladivostok. Japan eventually forces Russia to abandon its expansion into the far East and the war was ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth, which was mediated by Teddy Roosevelt, it included recognition of Japan's exclusive rights to Korea, Russian leases in two Manchurian ports, control of the Russian railways. Japan became the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power.

Taisho Period

From 1912 to 1926, the era coincides with the reign of emperor Taisho. It is considered the time of the liberal movement known as Taisho democracy, it is preceded by he Meiji Restoration. It represented a continuation of Japan's rise on the international scene and liberalism at home. Politically the government moved toward representational government. Japan continued to push China for political and economic concessions and entered into treaties with western nations that acknowledged its interest in Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China. The end of the era saw an economic depression and much suffering.

The Korean Question

In 1869, the Japanese sent a mission trip to Korea to spread their culture and ideology. The Korean people were very conservative and saw China has the center of the cultural universe. They were unwilling to accept the Japanese emperor because they believed the Chinese emperor to be the true emperor. The Japanese were unsure of how to respond to Korea's rebuff. The "Korean Issue" has been influencing Japanese foreign policy since the 1870's. Korea became the "buffer zone of advantage" against the Russian and Chinese powers according to Japanese military strategist Yamagata Aritomo. The Treaty of Kanghwa was introduced in 1876, like the one imposed by Commodore Perry, it was unequal and imposed extraterritoriality upon the Korean people.

The Manchurian Incident

Japanese economic presence and political interest had been growing ever since the end of the Russo-Japanese War. The Treaty of Portsmouth that ended the war granted the Japanese the lease of the South Manchuria Railway, believing that a conflict in Manchuria would be int he best interests of Japan, a plan was devised to prompt Japan to invade Manchuria by provoking an incident from Chinese forces stationed nearby. On September 18, 1931, a small quantity of dynamite was detonated close to a railway line owned by Japan. Although the attack was weak, the Imperial Japanese Army, accusing the Chinese of the act, reacted with a full invasion that led to the occupation of Manchuria. The invasion led to the occupation of Manchuria, in which Japan established the puppet state of Manchuko.

Ratman

Mizuki pulls no punches when he describes the expansionist policies of a government dominated by armed forces it had difficulty controlling. Those policies would produce the infamous Rape of Nanking and other acts of brutality. Otoko, a yokai with a large face, buck teeth and whiskers invented by Mizuki) provides explanations and sardonic commentary. He is half yokai and half human. he is the trickster and sides with whoever looks like is going to come out on top, yet he always manages to be with Kitaro for the next adventure.

Sanki

The main character of the novel Shanghai by Yokomitsu Riichi. He is a Japanese man living in the Chinese city of shanghai in the 1930s. The author uses Sanki's story to highlight the darker sides of the city. He is a severely depressive person who is fired at his bank for arguing with the corrupt manager

The First Sino-Japanese War

The war was fought between Qing dynasty China and Meiji Japan over the control of Korea. There is a lot of Korean unrest over the economy and the foreign influence. the Korean government seeks help from the Chinese. To "protect Japanese residents," Japan sends troops and demands parity with China. Japanese troops seize the palace and force the king to declare war on China. The Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 grants Japan control of Taiwan, Liaodong peninsula, and railway rights in Manchuria. It marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. A 360 million yen indemnity was imposed on China. Chinese people are viewed as pigs, backwards, and feminine.

Mao Zedong

a Chinese communist leader and founder of the peoples republic of China.born to poor peasant farmers, trained as a teacher. Travelled to Beijing and studied in a Marxist library. He became a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party. He allied the CCP with the KMT to defeat the warlords but then the KMT launched an anti-communist purge. Mao led his followers in the long march to south east China. The CCP and the KMT allied shortly during world war 2. Civil war broke out after world war 2 and the CCP emerged victorious. Mao wanted to reshape Chinese society. He instituted the Great Leap Forward - industry came under state ownership, and formers were organized into collectives, he was attempting to introduce a more Chinese communism. He wanted to improve industrial and agricultural production but instead there was a massive decline in output which led to famine and death. When the Great Leap Forward failed, he instituted the cultural revolution. He wanted to purge the country of impure elements and revive the revolutionary spirit. One and a half million people died. Many cities were on the verge of anarchy, Mao sent an army to restore order. He appeared to have succeeded but his health was deteriorating. He attempted to form relations with the u.s., Japan, and Europe. President Nixon even visited China and met Mao.

Chiang Kai-shek

born in China , went to a military training college in Japan, he returned to China to take part in the uprising that overthrew the Qing dynasty, he later became a member of the KMT. he was made the commandant of the Whampoa military academy by Sun where he built up the nationalist army. After Sun's death he became the leader of the KMT. He spearheaded the Northern Expedition which reunified many parts of China under a nationalist government in Nanjing. oversaw a modest reform program in China, but he was mostly focused on combatting the communist party and the Japanese in Manchuria. Chiang's position in China weakened as his position abroad strengthened and he met with president FDR. He and his wife were very westernized when civil war between the KMT and the communists broke out, the KMT lost and the Peoples republic of China was founded. The KMT moved to Taiwan.

Social Darwinsim

explained how the adaptive process of natural selection determined which species managed to thrive and which were doomed to extinction. Organisms that were fitted best to survive in the constant struggle for limited resources that made existence possible were the ones that did survive. Through the laws of heredity, furthermore, the degree of adaption achieved by the species would be maintained or improved, published in England, was eventually translated into Chinese. Species of Origin was published in 1859. Herbert spencer made his own adaption called the Study if Sociology, published in 1873. Spencer applied Darwinism theories to the development of human societies. Thomas Huxley made another adaption called the Evolution of Ethics, published in 1893. Yan Fu read the evolution of Ethics during the self-strengthening period and translated the book into Chinese in 1896 and added his own commentary and added an emphasis on nationalism. Fu saw these writings as a way to transform and strengthen a society, and they had a great impact on scholars during the Qing dynasty. Scholars stated that China, through thought, intelligence, physique, and habits to strengthen their race and engage in the struggle for survival. Social Darwinism inevitably led the Chinese to ponder the problems of race and social strength. Mao's ideas were Darwinist. Empire or subordination.

Shiseidô Company

founded by Arinobu Fukuhara, former head pharmacist of the Japanese Imperial Navy. a major Japanese hair care and cosmetics producers. It is one of the oldest cosmetic companies in the world. It is the largest cosmetic firm in Japan, and the fourth largest in the world. Arinobu established the Shiseido pharmacy in 1872, after a visit to the west, he added a soda fountain to the store, this eventually led to the introduction of ice cream to Japan. the company took a broader perspective and considered aspects of culture and lifestyle, and sought to create new value.

Chinese Republic

• The Republic of China was formed when the Qing Dynasty fell in 1912. The republic had ended a very long reign of imperial rule. Sun Yat-sen was the leader of the opposition that led several civil unrests to unseat the Qing Dynasty from ruling China. The imperial rule was weak and unable to unite the country because of weak policies, corruption, and several foreign invasions. Several provinces declared independence from the Qing Dynasty and on January 1, 1912 elected Sun Yatsen as the first Provisional President of China. However he was unable to get enough support from other provinces and the military under the strong leadership of military general Yuan Shikai . To prevent civil war, Sun Yatsen turned over the presidency to Yuna Shikai. • After the War when Japan was defeated, control of power in China was still disputed by the Kuomintang and Communist Party. The United States supported Kuomintang while Soviet Union was behind the CCP. The people of China were favoring the CCP because of the Republic of China's failure to improve the lives of the people. Corruption was very rampant and political and economic problems continued to hamper the country's growth. The fighting between the CPP's forces and Kuomintang continued. The United States supported only by aiding weapons but no combat forces. The Communist Party continued to gain ground against their enemy. The undisciplined forces of Kuomintang were continuously defeated by Communist's Red Army. The government lost Nanjing then moved to Guangzhou, then lost once again and moved to Chongqing, then to Chengdu, then Xichang and lastly to Taiwan. Chiang Kai-shek and his troops fled to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, the Communist Party formed the People's Republic of China.

Nononba

• The personal sections of "Showa" have a warm, informal tone, especially when Mizuki recounts his adventures with "Nonnonba," a warm-hearted, hard-drinking old woman who became a sort of substitute grandmother. She teaches him about yokai, including such bizarre creatures as Betobeto-san, a spirit who embodies the creepy feeling someone is following you in the dark. Young Mizuki hears the clack of his wooden getta (clogs) behind him on paths at night. Nonnonba explains that if Mizuki politely allows Betobeto-san to pass by him, he'll go away. And he does.

Kanto Earthquake

• Who: Japanese • What: earthquake • Where: Kanto plain, on the Japanese main island of Honshu, • When: September 1, 1923 • Importance: devastated Tokyo, 6400 people were estimated to have been killed. Many were left homeless. The government considered moving the capital from Tokyo. Many people saw it as a sign to rebuild the city

Manchukuo

• Who: Manchus formed a minority in manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group was Han Chinese. There were also Japanese, Mongols, Russians and other minorities. • What: a puppet state in northeast China and Inner Mongolia, which was governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The area known as Manchuria, was designated by the Qing dynasty as the homeland of the ruling ethnic group, the Manchus. • Where: Japan, Manchuria, China, Inner Mongolia • When: in 1931 the region was seized by Japan following the Mukden incident and a pro-Japanese government was established • Importance: The last Qing emperor was brought out of retirement and made Manchukuo's ruler, but the state was actually rigidly controlled by the Japanese, who used it as their base for expansion into Asia. • Historical Context: An underground guerrilla movement composed of Manchurian soldiers, armed civilians, and Chinese communists opposed the occupying Japanese, many of whom had come over to settle in the new colony. After Japan's defeat in 1945 the settlers were repatriated.

Zhang Xueliang

• Who: Son of the warlord Zhang Zuolin who dominated Manchuria and parts of north China. He was prepared for a military career and rose through the ranks quickly and assumed command after the death of his father. He took control of Manchuria and formed an alliance with the nationalist government in Nanjing. • Where: his forces were forced from Manchuria by the Japanese and he moved to Shaanxi province • When: born in 1901 • Importance: he didn't believe that the KMT should be fighting with the CCP, but with the Japanese. Chiang came to Zhang to use his forces against the CCP but Zhang arrested him and held him captive until he agreed to form a national front with the CCP. • Historical context: Zhang returned to Nanjing where he was placed under house arrest, when the KMT was forced to flee to Taiwan he went with them and eventually moved to Hawaii.

Showa Period

• Who: a period in Japanese history - corresponds to the reign of emperor Hirohito • What: the name Showa translates to "bright peace" or "enlightened harmony." It was preceded by the Taisho period. • Where: Japan • When: 1926-1989 • Importance: rise of Japanese militarism in Japan, Japanese aggression in China and elsewhere in east and Southeast Asia. After world war 2, the era was marked by Japan's recovery and it's rise as a global economic powerhouse. Japan moved into political totalitarianism, ultranationalist and fascism. • Historical Context: world war 2

Kanto Army

• Who: an army group in the Imperial Japanese Army. • What: it became the most prestigious command in the IJA. It was largely responsible for the formation of Manchukuo. • Where: Japan Manchukuo • When: first half of the twentieth century, after the Russo Japanese war • Importance: it was established to defend the territory of Manchukuo. • Historical context: during world war 2 it continued to fight in border skirmishes against China. It surrendered the day after emperor Hirohito surrendered. It faced war crime accusations for experimenting with chemical and biological weapons.

Sonbi

• Who: character in Wonso Pond. • What: The main character - she is an orphan. Works for the landlord as a maid, is raped by him and becomes pregnant. She is banished from the village and goes to work in a silk factory. • Where: Seoul, Korea • When: 1930s • Importance: Really pretty, very uneducated. Naïve and becomes corrupted and dies abruptly and tragically • Historical Context: Japanese colonialism in Korea