Axial systemics

Postganglionic fibers from the inferior mesenteric ganglion provide parasympathetic innervation to the terminal portions of the large intestine, the kidney and bladder, and the sex organs. True False

False - preganglionic

Preganglionic fibers that originate within the collateral ganglia extend throughout the abdominopelvic cavity, innervating visceral tissues and organs. True False

False- postganglionic

Collateral ganglia lie lateral to each side of the vertebral column. True False

False-Sympathetic chain ganglia Collateral ganglia (also known as prevertebral ganglia) lie anterior to the vertebral column

All the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division release ________ at their synapses and neuroeffector junctions.

acetylcholine

Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ________. carry nerve impulses act as phagocytes process information in the nervous system transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord all of the above

act as phagocytes

The plasmalemma of an axon is called the _________ and the superficial cytoplasmic covering provided by the Schwann cells is known as the ____________

axolemma, neurolemma

Movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called ________. axonal transport axoplasmic transport osmosis diffusion neuroskeletal contraction

axoplasmic transport

Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? neuromuscular synapse neuroglandular synapse neuroneural synapse neuroaxonic synapses both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

Dual innervation is most prominent in the ________. kidneys and bladder brain and spinal cord digestive tract, heart, and lungs uterus and ovaries spleen and thymus

digestive tract, heart, and lungs

When sensory neurons bring information into the CNS that is subsequently distributed to neuronal pools throughout the spinal cord and brain, the type of processing is known as ________. parallel processing divergence convergence serial processing reverberation

divergence

Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? astrocytes ependymal cells microglia oligodendrocytes satellite cells

ependymal cells

The simplest receptors are the dendrites of sensory neurons, called ________. Merkel cells lamellated corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles free nerve endings tactile discs

free nerve endings

Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________. the number of neurons present the diameter of the axons anatomy rather than on functional grounds the location of the neurons function rather than on anatomical grounds

function rather than on anatomical grounds

Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) ________. nuclei peripheral centers roots ganglia all of the above

ganglia

In the PNS, the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ________. white matter nuclei ganglia columns tracts

ganglia -in the CNS called nuclei

The area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the _________________ of the axon is called the ________.

initial segment, axon hillock cell body->axon hillock-> initial segment

If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system? near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS near the axon of a neuron in the CNS near the lining of the ventricles of the brain at a neuromuscular synapse none of the above

near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS

Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon. neurofibrils neurofilaments telodendria terminal arborizations Nissl bodies

neurofibrils

Which cholinergic receptors are found on the surfaces of all ganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS? beta muscarinic alpha delta nicotinic

nicotinic -cholinergic means acetylcholine

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter at neuroeffector junctions? dopamine acetylcholine serotonin epinephrine norepinephrine cholecystokinin

norepinephrine

Nonvesicular synapses are unique because they have ________. two interacting neurons neurotransmitter release only a postsynaptic membrane a communicating junction receptor proteins

only a postsynaptic membrane ->Vesicular synapses, also termed chemical synapses

When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the ________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon. membrane potential glandular activity neural regeneration Wallerian degeneration permeability

permeability

Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ________ fibers. postganglionic ganglionic preganglionic efferent afferent

postganglionic

Small, unmyelinated axons leaving the ANS ganglia are called ________ fibers. ganglionic preganglionic excitatory postganglionic inhibitory

postganglionic

A type of information processing wherein information is relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next, is called ________. reverberation parallel processing divergence serial processing convergence

serial processing

Receptors may be classified as ________.

somatic and visceral

Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ________ fibers. sensoriganglionic preganglionic somatic motor fibers visceral motor fibers all of the above

visceral motor fibers

Which receptor type is located in the dermis, are also sensitive to pressure and distortion of the skin, but are tonically active and show little if any adaptation? tactile corpuscles Pacininan corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles baroreceptors root hair plexus

Ruffini corpuscles

________ respond to stretching and distortion of the dermis. Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini corpuscles Tactile discs Root hair plexuses Lamellated corpuscles

Ruffini corpuscles

Which of the following correctly describes thermoreceptors? There are structural differences between cold and warm thermoreceptors. They are tonic receptors. Thermoreceptors are found in the epidermis of the skin, in smooth muscles, in the liver, and in the epithalamus. Sensations detected by thermoreceptors are conducted along the spinothalamic tracts. Thermoreceptors are very active when the temperature is changing, but they slowly adapt to a stable temperature.

Sensations detected by thermoreceptors are conducted along the spinothalamic tracts. -quick to adapt- phasic

A communicating junction acts to facilitate ________. the passage of neurotransmitters between cells growth of Schwann cells a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane the passage of ions between the cells all of the above

The passage of ions between the cells ->vesicular communicate with NTs

A neuronal pool is ________. a group of identical nerve cells a group of neurons linked by communicating junctions a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions the group of neurons available to regenerate a damaged nerve a group of neurons linked by electrical synapses

a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions

Interneurons ________. are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons outnumber all other neurons combined all of the above

all of the above

Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors include ________. motor pathways descending pathways efferent pathways all of the above none of the above

all of the above

Sensations of slow pain ________. begin sooner and persist for a very short amount of time are also known as pricking pain are produced by deep cuts or similar injuries cease only after tissue damage has ended cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus

cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus

In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ________. the presence of a neuromuscular synapse between the cells communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells the activity of Schwann cells the number of neurons in the chain the effects of an energy drink

communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells- also called a nonvesicular synapse -

Muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ________.

effectors

Nonvesicular synapses, also termed ________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS. electrical synapses neuromuscular synapses chemical synapses communicating synapses all of the above

electrical synapses

The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs.

endocrine

The process of reverberation involves ________. a negative feedback loop through nerve circuits a single repeat of a stimulus prior to extinction extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons several neuronal pools processing information at one time all of the above

extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons

Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? visceral sensory neurons bipolar neurons interoceptors proprioceptors exteroceptors

exteroceptors- somatic nervous system (SNS), which controls skeletal muscle contractions, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), or visceral motor system, which regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.

A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another neuron or effector if ________. its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted the neurons are of different types the levels of microglia are too low there are too many astrocytes present the neurotransmitter is inhibitory

its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration ________. the axon proximal to the injury deteriorate macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons Schwann cells completely degenerate no trace is left of the path of the original axon that was damaged all of the above

macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons

Each varicosity of telodendritic branches is packed with ________ and neurotransmitter vesicles. mitochondria ribosomes lysosomes peroxisomes RER

mitochondria

Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ________. the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes the cause of the damage is removed within a period of weeks the cells can divide enough times to replace those that are lost all of the above none of the above

the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes

In the parasympathetic division, ________. the postganglionic fibers influence the same target organ a typical preganglionic fiber synapses on a single ganglionic neuron the effects are less specific than those of the sympathetic division the preganglionic fibers diverge more extensively than do those of the sympathetic division the effects are not localized as those of the sympathetic division

the postganglionic fibers influence the same target organ

In the sympathetic division of the ANS, ________. the preganglionic fibers are short and the postganglionic fibers are relatively long both the preganglionic fibers and the postganglionic fibers are short the preganglionic fibers are long and the postganglionic fibers are short both the preganglionic fibers and the postganglionic fibers are relatively long very long axons from modified ganglionic neurons (in the suprarenal medullae) end at capillaries that carry their secretions to the bloodstream

the preganglionic fibers are short and the postganglionic fibers are relatively long

Collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called ________. nerves centers tracts ganglia nuclei

tracts -called nerves in PNS