BA 200 - Midterm 1 HW MCQs

You are typically using System 1 as opposed to System 2 when you: Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a answer "London" when asked for the capital of England. b keep your attention from wandering during lecture. c decide whether to purchase an insurance policy. d plan when to schedule next month's dentist appointment. e None of the above.

answer "London" when asked for the capital of England. Your answer

Natalia is asked whether Pizza Hut pizza is good. To answer, she asks herself how many times she can remember eating Pizza Hut and thinking it was good. This is an example of: Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a belief perseverance. b cognitive reflection. c availability heuristic. d evidence primacy effect. e motivated reasoning.

availability heuristic.

When we learn that an argument is deductively valid, how should we adjust our confidence in the conclusion? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Deductively valid arguments have maximum suppositional strength, so we should become certain that the conclusion is true. b We don't know: it depends on whether the premises are in fact true. c We should increase our confidence, but we shouldn't necessarily become certain: learning that an argument is valid gives us evidence for the truth of the conclusion, but it doesn't tell us exactly how confident we should be.

b We don't know: it depends on whether the premises are in fact true.

The three attributes that characterize a good reasoning mindset—being curious, thorough, and open—are best thought of as ways to: Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a help us achieve growth and success in reaching our goals. b overcome obstacles through persistence and determination. c have more accurate beliefs. d avoid becoming "fixed" in patterns of negative thinking.

have more accurate beliefs.

Which of the following is not true about System 1? a It is shared with many of our non-human ancestors. b It's associated with certain physiological high effort responses like elevated heart rate and dilated pupils. c It's very effective at specific tasks like facial recognition, gauging visual distance, and primary language recognition. d None of the above.

It's associated with certain physiological high effort responses like elevated heart rate and dilated pupils.

Which, if any, is a problem with the following argument:Only educated people should get to vote: voters determine laws that have concrete effects on peoples' lives, and it's important that people who take part in this process are sufficiently educated. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a sharp borders fallacy: "educated" is sufficiently vague so as to cause problems in determining who meets the criteria b lexical ambiguity: the word "educated" is lexically ambiguous c syntactic ambiguity: the phrase "should get to vote" is syntactically ambiguous d none of the above

none of the above

if any of the steps along the way were inductive,

the final step will be inductive.

nswering "yes" to which of the following questions would be the most worrisome indicator that you might be engaged in motivated reasoning? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Have you worked harder to gather evidence about this question than most other questions you've tried to answer? b Do you desire that the answer turns out one way rather than another? c Is this question about a topic that you feel you know more about than other people? d Does this question have a highly available intuitive response?

Do you desire that the answer turns out one way rather than another?

True or false?"Being a good reasoner is primarily about being able to win arguments." Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a True: Arguments are reasoning structures, so if you're good at winning arguments, then you're almost certainly good at reasoning well, too. b True: The skill of argumentation requires general intelligence, so if you usually win arguments, you're almost certainly good at reasoning. c False: Being a good reasoner is primarily about being able to use our intelligence to persuade other people, which may or may not actually happen when we judge ourselves. d False: Being a good reasoner is more about improving our own accuracy than it is about winning arguments.

False: Being a good reasoner is more about improving our own accuracy than it is about winning arguments.

Which of the following claims is false? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a We are not always aware of the cognitive processes that form our beliefs. b We sometimes employ System 2 as lawyers that merely defend the conclusions that System 1 suggests to us. c We sometimes construct plausible-sounding explanations for our beliefs and actions that don't accurately describe the real causal explanations. d We are wrong about the underlying reasons for our beliefs more often than we realize. e None of the above.

None of the above.

Which statement is true about the following argument:All lizards are reptiles.Some reptiles lay eggs.So some lizards lay eggs. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a The premises are true and the conclusion is true, so the argument is deductively valid. b At least one premise is false, so the conclusion is not deductively valid. c We should increase our confidence but we shouldn't necessarily become certain: learning that an argument is valid gives us evidence for the truth of the conclusion but it doesn't tell us exactly how confident we should be. The argument is deductively valid, because if the premises were true, the conclusion would be true as well. d The premises and conclusion are true, but the argument is not deductively valid because the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion.

The premises and conclusion are true, but the argument is not deductively valid because the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion.

Which of the following best describes the role of feelings in cultivating a better reasoning mindset? a We need to encourage positive feelings about changing our minds in response to new evidence: learning to feel proud when we notice reasons to doubt our beliefs and excited about the opportunity to update our views. b We need to be more logical and less emotional: we should use our S2s to make calculated decisions that are less guided by our feelings. c We need to learn to identify when we're having strong emotional S1 responses so that we can avoid using S1 to form important beliefs. d We need to cultivate feelings that correspond with our past accuracy track records: we should work to feel negatively about instances in which we've been wrong and proud about the times we've been right to train ourselves and increase future accuracy.

We need to encourage positive feelings about changing our minds in response to new evidence: learning to feel proud when we notice reasons to doubt our beliefs and excited about the opportunity to update our views.

Which of the following statements is/are false? Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a Any time we have a choice whether to use a deductive argument or an inductive argument we should choose the deductive argument. Your answer b Inductive arguments can never be as suppositionally strong as deductively valid arguments. c There are at least some cases in which it would be better to use a deductive argument. d So long as an argument has maximum suppositional strength we should increase our confidence in its conclusion.

a Any time we have a choice whether to use a deductive argument or an inductive argument we should choose the deductive argument. Your answer d So long as an argument has maximum suppositional strength we should increase our confidence in its conclusion.

In which cases are we likeliest to misjudge the validity of arguments? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a When we judge the conclusion to be true, we're overly likely to assume the argument is valid. b When the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion, we're overly likely to assume the argument is valid. c When the conclusion is false, we are overly likely to assume the argument is invalid. d When the premises are true but the conclusion is false, we're overly likely to assume the conclusion is invalid.

a When we judge the conclusion to be true, we're overly likely to assume the argument is valid.

Which of the following is the best counterexample to the following invalid argument?If Shai went to the store, there will be milk at home.There's milk at home.So he went to the store. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a If Sally likes Lucky Charms, then she likes sweet things. She does like sweet things. So, she'll like Lucky Charms. b If Sally doesn't like sweet things, then she won't like Lucky Charms. She does like sweet things, so she will like Lucky Charms. c If John lives in Michigan, he lives in the U.S. He does live in the U.S. So. he lives in Michigan. d If John live in the U.S., he might live in Michigan. He does live in the U.S. So, he might live in Michigan.

c If John lives in Michigan, he lives in the U.S. He does live in the U.S. So. he lives in Michigan.

Which of the following is true about the following argument? Some apartment buildings have over 80 stories. So some people live really high! Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a It's deductively valid. b The premise does entail the conclusion but it's not a case of deductive validity. c It's a pretty strong inductive argument. d The premise doesn't entail the the conclusion.

c It's a pretty strong inductive argument. d The premise doesn't entail the the conclusion.

Which of the following arguments is/are deductively valid? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Los Angeles is bigger than San Diego. Ann Arbor is bigger than Los Angeles. Therefore, Ann Arbor is bigger than San Diego. b My wallet must have been stolen by Patricia. It was on the table when she left and not a single other person entered the room. So, it could only have been her. c Only mammals can get cancer. This animal has cancer. So, it must be a mammal. d Some dates are boring. Some people go on dates to the movie theater. So, at least some dates to the movie theater are boring.

c Only mammals can get cancer. This animal has cancer. So, it must be a mammal.

Marta thinks that Cristiano Ronaldo is the greatest soccer player of all time. After watching a Euro Cup game in which Ronaldo scores three goals, she thinks to herself, "After that performance, how could anyone deny that Ronaldo's the greatest of all time? I can't imagine any stronger evidence than this!" The most significant concern about her assessment of the available evidence is: Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a that she is subject to possibility freeze. b that she is subject to introspection illusion. c that she is failing to decouple. d that she is using binary beliefs

c that she is failing to decouple.

Which of the following is true about the following argument? "Jose didn't turn in his teaching preferences, so he must not be teaching this term." Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Because the person uses the word "must," we should interpret the argument deductively. b It's deductively valid and seems to be a pretty strong argument. c It's not deductively valid, so the person has probably made a small logical error. d "Must" seems to indicate an inference to a conclusion the speaker finds likely given the premise, so we'd be better off treating it inductively.

d "Must" seems to indicate an inference to a conclusion the speaker finds likely given the premise, so we'd be better off treating it inductively.

If a play counts as a tragedy, someone dies a painful death.None of Beckett's plays have characters that die.So, none of Beckett's plays count as tragedies.What would it mean to "flip" this argument? b Suppose that at least one of Beckett's plays counts as a tragedy, and ask whether in that case the premises could possibly be true. The answer is "no", so the argument is not deductively valid. c Suppose that all of Beckett's plays count as tragedies, and ask whether in that case the premises could possibly be true. The answer is "yes", so the argument is deductively valid. d Suppose that at least one of Beckett's plays counts as a tragedy, and ask whether in that case the premises could possibly be true. The answer is "no", so the argument is deductively valid.

d Suppose that at least one of Beckett's plays counts as a tragedy, and ask whether in that case the premises could possibly be true. The answer is "no", so the argument is deductively valid.

Which of the following might be an example of confirmation bias at the evaluation stage of reasoning: Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a thinking that a given piece of information which cuts against our initial view is weak evidence b staying just as confident in our initial view when we know we've gotten new evidence against it c thinking that a given piece of information which supports our initial view is strong evidence d only identifying evidence that fits well with our initial view about what happened

thinking that a given piece of information which cuts against our initial view is weak evidence c thinking that a given piece of information which supports our initial view is strong evidence

Plato compares the human soul to a team of horses guided by a charioteer. The text suggests that this analogy is: Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a helpful because it highlights the distinction between reason and emotion. b unhelpful because cognitive scientists reject the notion of a "soul". c helpful because it highlights that the reasoning part of our minds is conscious in a way that the emotional or spirited part is not. d unhelpful because it treats reasoning processes as unified and voluntary.

unhelpful because it treats reasoning processes as unified and voluntary.