B&B ch.6
100. Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ____. a. adaptation b. cross-adaptation c. umami d. PTC
ANSWER: b
78. Which statement is TRUE of various types of somatosensation? a. They are produced by varied responses by a single type of receptor. b. They involve different receptors but the spinal cord integrates the information c. They remain separate through the spinal cord, but are interpreted by a single set of cortical neurons. d. They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.,
ANSWER: d
92. Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was ____. a. vision b. vestibular c. pain d. chemical
ANSWER: d
93. A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on ____. a. axons that go directly from the skin to the cerebral cortex b. axons that make several synapses before reaching the spinal cord c. unusually fast axons d. unusually slow axons
ANSWER: d
97. Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the ____. a. frontal cortex b. striate cortex c. insular cortex d. endopiriform cortex
ANSWER: d
15. Adaptation occurs quickly to pheromones. a.true b. false
False
7. Phase differences are useful for detecting localization of low frequency sounds.a. True b.
False
81. A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ____. A more intense pain also releases ____. a. glutamate; substance P b. GABA; substance P c. glutamate; dopamine d. GABA; dopamine
a
44. A tonotopic map refers to a(n) ____. a. auditory cortex map of sounds b. diagram of which kinds of sounds are most common in different parts of the world c. diagram comparing the different tones to which different species are sensitive d. map showing connections between the auditory cortex and the visual cortex
a. auditory cortex map of sounds
89. Large-diameter pain axons ____. a. carry sharp pain information b. carry dull pain information c. readily respond to endorphins d. are associated with small cell bodies
a. carry sharp pain information
83. The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex. a. cingulate; somatosensory b. somatosensory; cingulate c. fusiform; premotor d. premotor; fusiform
a. cingulate
35. Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____. a. volley principle; frequency theory b. frequency theory; place theory c. place theory; volley principle d. gate theory; frequency theory
b
33. How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials? a. The tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve. b. The basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters. c. Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane. d. The scala vestibuli has receptors that create action potentials.
c. Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane.
47. Visual imagery is to ____ as auditory imagery is to ____. a. A1; A1 b. V1; V1 c. area MT; A1 d. V1; A1
d. V1; A1
99. In adult humans the taste buds are ____. a. evenly distributed across the front half of the tongue b. evenly distributed across the whole tongue c. concentrated near the center of the tongue d. concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue
d. concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue
10. Following exposure to painful stimuli, brain activation is limited to the somatosensory cortex. A. true B.False
false
12. Itching appears to be a type of pain message. a.true b.false
false
1. The amplitude of a sound wave is its intensity. a. True b. False
true
11. The Pacinian corpuscle detects sudden displacements or high-frequency vibrations on the skin. a. true b. true
true
13. There are hundreds of different types of olfactory receptors. a.True b. false
true
14. Taste receptors are continually being replaced. a. true b. false
true
2. The pinna helps us identify the location of a sound. a. True b. False
true
3. According to the place theory, the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency. a. True b. False
true
4. The structures within the ear amplify the sound waves coming into the ear. a. True b. False
true
5. Amusia refers to impaired detection of frequency changes. a. True b. False
true
9. The vestibular organ consists of the saccule, utricle, and three semicircular canals. A. true b. false
true
6. Surrounding the primary auditory cortex are additional auditory areas, in which cells respond more to changes in sounds than to any prolonged sound. a. True b.False
ANSWER: True
20. What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases? a. Pitch gets higher. b. Pitch gets lower. c. Loudness increases. d. Loudness decreases.
ANSWER: a
31. In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ____. a. mechanical displacement b. electromagnetic energy c. chemicals d. vestibular input
ANSWER: a
56. Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing ____. a. sudden-onset sounds b. gradual-onset sounds c. loud sounds d. bird alarm calls
ANSWER: a
67. Meissner's corpuscles are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings for touch b. simple bare neuron endings c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells d. important components of the blood
ANSWER: a
68. Ruffini's endings are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings for touch b. simple bare neuron endings c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells d. important components of the blood,
ANSWER: a
70. Pacinian corpuscles respond best to ____. a. rapid mechanical pressure b. low frequency sounds c. horizontal head movements d. slow mechanical movements
ANSWER: a
73. What is a dermatome? a. an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve b. an instrument used to record impulses in the spinal cord c. the point at which sensory nerves make contact with motor nerves d. an area of the skin that has no touch receptors
ANSWER: a
75. Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex? a. parietal lobe b. frontal lobe c. hippocampus d. limbic cortex
ANSWER: a
88. Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ____. a. emotion areas of the brain sing b. hypothalamus c. spinal cord d. somatosensory areas of the cortex
ANSWER: a
90. Anti-inflammatory such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by ____. a. reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues b. dulling the pain information c. blocking synapses d. numbing the damaged tissue,
ANSWER: a
95. Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as ____. a. across-fiber b. labeled-line c. hierarchical d. reciprocal-excitatory
ANSWER: a
17. The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second. a. pitch b. frequency c. amplitude d. loudness
ANSWER: b
19. Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound? a. amplitude b. frequency c. intensity d. across-fiber pattern coding
ANSWER: b
21. Loudness is to ____ as pitch is to ____. a. frequency: intensity b. amplitude :frequency c. pitch: tone d. amplitude: intensity
ANSWER: b
26. Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes ____. a. movement of the pinna b. hair cells to displace c. vibrations of the eardrum d. vestibular input
ANSWER: b
28. Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear? a. The inner membrane gets less sensitive with age. b. More force is needed to create waves in fluid. c. Much of the vibration is lost in the eardrum. d. Too much is lost through friction.
ANSWER: b
38. The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following? a. frequency theory only b. place theory only c. volley theory only d. both the frequency theory and the place theory
ANSWER: b
72. When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle ____. a. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions increases b. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases c. the membrane becomes hyperpolarized d. there is a sustained, long-term response to this pressure,
ANSWER: b
74. Each spinal nerve has ____. a. either a sensory or a motor component b. both a sensory and a motor component c. connections to most parts of the body d. connections to each of the major internal organs
ANSWER: b
76. Along each strip of somatosensory cortex different sub-areas respond to ____. a. different types of receptors b. different areas of the body c. different parts of the cortex d. different types of transmitters,
ANSWER: b
85. Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by ____. a. depleting substance P from parts of the nervous system b. mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses c. preventing sodium from crossing the membrane d. altering blood flow to various parts of the nervous system
ANSWER: b
86. What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain? a. Pain information grows more intense as it passes each synapse on its way to the brain. b. Non-pain information can inhibit pain information. c. Intense pain can shut out all other sensory information. d. The intensity of pain experience depends entirely on the excitability of pain receptors.
ANSWER: b
96. Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as ____. a. across-fiber b. labeled-line c. vestibular d. hierarchical
ANSWER: b
16. What is the intensity of a sound wave called? a. frequency b. loudness c. amplitude d. tone
ANSWER: c
22. The structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the ____. a. tympanic membrane b. stapes c. pinna d. malleus
ANSWER: c
23. The eardrum is also known as the ____. a. pinna b. ossicle c. tympanic membrane d. cochlea
ANSWER: c
24. The eardrum vibrates at ____. a. a much higher frequency than the sound waves that hit it b. half the frequency of the sound waves that hit it c. the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it d. a constant frequency regardless of the frequency of the sound
ANSWER: c
25. The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the ____. a. cochlea b. pinna c. oval window d. hair cells
ANSWER: c
30. The scala media makes up part of the ____. a. tympanic membrane b. middle ear c. cochlea d. ossicles
ANSWER: c
32. Where are the auditory receptor cells located? a. in the semicircular canal b. on the tympanic membrane c. on the basilar membrane d. in the malleus
ANSWER: c
34. According to the frequency theory, the ____. a. tectorial membrane vibrates in synchrony with the auditory nerve b. auditory nerve is responsible for perception of sound but not loudness c. basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency d. basilar membrane is tuned to a specific frequency and vibrates whenever that frequency is present
ANSWER: c
46. Patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of ____. a. location of sounds b. location of objects c. movement of objects and sounds d. high frequency sounds
ANSWER: c
51. Damage to V1 produces ____ and damage to A1 produces ____. a. blindness: complete deafness b. complete deafness: blindness c. blindness: deafness to complex sounds d. blindness: ringing in the ears
ANSWER: c
53. Tinnitus may be ____. a. suffered by those with conductive deafness b. seen in the very young c. due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb d. due to differential loudness
ANSWER: c
54. What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound? a. sound shadows and frequency b. frequency and amplitude c. loudness and timing d. timbre and rhythm
ANSWER: c
60. Which ability would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses? a. writing b. hearing c. visually tracking an object while dancing d. discriminating salt from sugar
ANSWER: c
63. Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation? a. cochlea and otolith organs b. semicircular canals and cochlea c. semicircular canals and otolith organs d. cerebellum and sinuses
ANSWER: c
66. The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____. a. sight and sound b. sound and touch c. the body and its movements d. the head and movements of the eyes
ANSWER: c
69. Pain receptors of the skin are ____. a. elaborate neuron endings b. also known as Ruffini endings c. simple, bare neuron endings d. also known as Meissner's corpuscles,
ANSWER: c
71. Stimulation of a touch receptor opens ____ channels in the axon. a. choline b. potassium c. sodium d. calcium
ANSWER: c
77. An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with ____. a. memory b. hearing c. ability to locate where they are being touched d. balance
ANSWER: c
79. What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain? a. dopamine b. serotonin c. substance P d. encephalin
ANSWER: c
80. The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body. a. anterior b. posterior c. ventral posterior d. ventral lateral
ANSWER: c
82. A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of ____. a. substance P b. substance P and glutamate c. glutamate d. neuromodulators
ANSWER: c
84. The brain chemicals known as endorphins produce effects similar to which substance? a. vitamin B-1 (thiamine) b. substance P c. opiates d. amphetamines
ANSWER: c
87. Morphine is effective in relieving ____. a. pain on the skin b. sharp pain c. slow dull pain d. pain in the interior of the body
ANSWER: c
91. Itching is primarily the result of ____. a. bad circulation b. baby powder c. histamine release d. substance P release
ANSWER: c
98. The receptors for taste are ____. a. true neurons b. covered in myelin c. modified skin cells d. modified blood cells
ANSWER: c
18. What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called? a. pitch b. frequency c. amplitude d. loudness
ANSWER: d
36. What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception? a. It cannot account for perception of low pitch sounds. b. It cannot account for perception of low amplitude sounds. c. It requires the cochlea to vibrate, and it does not. d. It requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do.
ANSWER: d
41. The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called ____. a. ultimate pitch b. sharp pitch c. tonal pitch d. absolute pitch
ANSWER: d
52. Which of the following is true for nerve deafness? a. It is usually temporary. b. It often can be corrected by surgery. c. It will involve a normal cochlea and auditory nerve. d. It can result from damage to the cochlea.
ANSWER: d
55. Humans localize low frequencies by ____ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences. a. timing: phase b. loudness: phase c. phase: timing d. phase: loudness
ANSWER: d
58. In terms of sound localization low frequencies are to ____ differences, as high frequencies are to ____ differences. a. timing: phase b. loudness: phase c. phase: timing d. phase: loudness,
ANSWER: d
59. What does the vestibular system detect? a. the degree of stretch of muscles b. vibrations on the skin c. the location of sounds d. movement of the head
ANSWER: d
64. The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ____ component and a ____ component. a. vestibular: somatosensory b. visual: vestibular c. auditory: taste d. auditory: vestibular
ANSWER: d
65. What kind of receptors detect pain warmth, and cold? a. cranial b. semicircular c. vestibular d. somatosensory
ANSWER: d
45. Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in ____. a. difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds b. complete deafness c. tone deafness d. inability to hear sounds other than one's own voice
a. difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds
37. The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following? a. frequency theory only b. place theory only c. volley theory only d. both the frequency theory and the place theory
a. frequency theory only
61. In the otolith organs the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that ____. a. push against hair cells when moved b. vibrate with different frequencies c. stabilize the semicircular canals d. enhance sound localization
a. push against hair cells when moved
39. The current view of how we perceive sounds less than 100 Hz is based on ____. a. the frequency of action potentials b. the area along the basilar membrane that responds most strongly c. volleys of responses d. the asymmetrical positioning of an individual's ears
a. the frequency of action potentials
8. Conductive deafness is primarily a problem with the auditory nerve. a. True b.False
b. False
27. Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones? a. They hold the tympanic membrane in place. b. They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure. c. They spread out the air waves over an area of larger diameter. d. They change the frequency of air waves into lower frequencies that can be heard.
b. They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure.
48. Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ____. a. detecting loudness of sounds b. analyzing the meaning of sounds c. determining location of sounds d. detecting pitch of sounds
b. analyzing the meaning of sounds
29. The scala vestibuli makes up part of the ____. a. tympanic membrane b. cochlea c. middle ear d. ossicles
b. cochlea
94. One difference between labeled-line coding and across-fiber pattern coding is that labeled-line is ____. a. only found in vertebrates b. less versatile c. more complicated d. slower
b. less versatile
49. Conductive deafness is also known as ____. a. nerve deafness b. middle ear deafness c. inner ear deafness d. outer ear deafness
b. middle ear deafness
50. What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells? a. conductive b. nerve c. temporary d. hysterical
b. nerve
43. To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent? a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal
b. temporal
42. Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain? a. the ipsilateral side b. the contralateral side c. the left hemisphere d. It depends on whether the individual is dominant for audition in the right or the left hemisphere
b. the contralateral side
62. An acceleration of the head at any angle causes ____. a. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to move to another canal b. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells c. fluid to spill out from the otolith organs into the semicircular canals d. hair cells to become stiff and straight
b. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells
40. The current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on ____. a. the frequency of responses by each auditory neuron b. volleys of responses by many auditory neurons c. where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly d. the ratio of firing among three types of receptors
c. where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly
57. A sound shadow refers to ____. a. out of phase sound waves b. in phase sound waves c. the time it takes sound waves to reach the ears d. how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound
d. how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound