Barrons AP human geography unit one vocabulary

First Law of Geography/Friction of Distance

*Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more closely related than far things. *"The friction of distance" means that the farther away something is, the less likely someone is to interact with it.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

- a software program that allows geographers to map, analyze, and model special data -uses the magic layers, consisting of individual maps that contain specific features such as roads, stream networks, or elevation contours

Peters Projection

-A cylindrical projection that retains accurate sizes of all the world's landmasses. -Reveals how large the landmasses near the equator actually are. -Often viewed as a political statement, an attempt to focus attention on the world's poorest countries.

Cognitive/Perceptual/Vernacular Regions

-Describe how people informally organize places in their mind -Even though formed by individuals, usually are shared between people because of culturally shared beliefs -Boundaries are imprecise, vague, or variable -For example: most people in the U.S. would draw similar boundaries around the "Deep South"

Contagious Expansion Diffusion

-Describes diffusion resulting from direct contact with an individual -All infectious diseases, such as AIDS, are spread by contagious diffusion

Distance Decay

-Describes the pattern of diminishing likelihood of interaction with a place with increasing distance from that place

Thematic maps

-Display one or more variables across a specific space such as population variables, voting patterns, or economic welfare

Distance Decay curve

-Line graph with "Interaction Intensity" on the vertical axis and the "Distance" on the horizontal axis -Interaction is very strong with a short distance -Interaction is minimal with a long distance

Maps

-Pictorial Models of reality that use symbols to convey meaning. Power comes in their ability to make something nonspatial (population rates), spatial, thereby facilitating the perception of spatial relationships. -The only way to see the entire earth's surface at once.

Azimuthal projections

-Planar projections, formed when a flat piece of paper is placed on top of the globe and a light source projects the surrounding areas onto the map -The North or South Pole is the center of the map, given that you are looking down or up at the Earth

Administrative regions

-Politically determined, boundaries are exact. -Are hierarchical or nested; for example, in the USA (an administrative region), states exist within the country, counties exist within states, and census tracts exist within counties.

Cartograms

-Transform space so that the political unit, such as a state or country, with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area and all other polygons are represented proportionately to that largest polygon

Reference maps

-Used to navigate between places and include topographic maps, atlases, road maps, and other navigational maps

pattern

A distribution concept that conveys how objects, features, or phenomena especially situated in relation to one another. for example, some features can have a linear pattern, some centralize, some triangular, ECT.

Conformal Projection

A map projection in which shape is preserved in small areas. And Minnie confirm our projections such as the Mira cater projection, compass direction is preserved making them useful for navigation purposes

Gravity Model

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

Connectivity

A measure of all the means of connection and communication between places, virtually synonymous with relative distance as some places are highly connected to one another yet separated by significant distances

Earth's Graticule

A network of lines representing the Earth's parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude.

Absolute Vs relative vs cognitive distance

Absolute Distance: an exact measure of the separation between two points using a standard measure (e.g. inches, meters, miles) Relative Distance: when less precise but often meaningful measures are used to describe separation between two points *The most common relative distance measure is time, or how long it takes to get from point A to point B, which is typically relative to a person's mode of transportation Cognitive Distance: based on one's perceived separation between two (or more) points. For example, the distance TO a location may be perceived as longer than the distance FROM the same location.

Absolute VS relative location

Absolute Location: the precise location of any objects or place on the earth's surface as determined by a standard grid or coordinate system. *The most common system used to determine absolute location is latitude and longitude. Relative location: describes a place's location in terms of its relationship to places around it. *Relative location descriptors are more common in everyday language.

Cartographic Scale

Also called a map scale, refers to the ratio between distance on a map an actual distance on earth surface can be presented as a ratio, marked graph or written /small-scale maps and large scale maps

Global Positioning System (GPS)

An integrated network of satellites that orbit the earth, broadcasting location information, in terms of latitude and longitude, to handheld receivers on the earth's surface.

Spatial Perspective

An intellectual framework that allows geographers to look at the earth in terms of the relationships between various places.

Generalization

Averaging Over details, any cartographic context generalization results from scale changes. Small scale maps have high generalization or less detail but show larger pieces of earths surface area. Large scale maps have less generalization or more detail but show smaller pieces of earths surface.

Functional Region

Boundaries are drawn around an interactional region every functional region has a node people interact with the special pattern of the interaction defines the region

equal area projection

Cartographers using or making these types of projection are interested in the preservation of an area. In other words, shapes or directions are distorted but the sizes of land masses are correct in relation to each other

Distribution Concepts

Concepts that are used to understand how certain objects, features, and phenomena are organized in space. Concentration, density, dispersion, and pattern are all distribution concepts

Formal(thematic) regions

Defined by one or more variables are themes examples include climate regions language religion or many other team that does not correspond to administrative boundaries

hierarchal expansion diffusion

Describes spread first to major notes and then down a hierarchy

scale

Geographic scale is a general concept refers to a conceptual hierarchy of spaces from small to large, that reflects actual levels of organization in the real world

Robinson Projection

In example of an attempt to balance projection errors. Does not maintain accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but minimizes errors in each

Isoline maps

Maps that use lines to represent quantities of equal value, most common example is a topographic map

Longitude

Often called meridians originate at the prime meridian, which passes through Greenwich England, and ends at the international date line. All lines of longitude me at the polls

Mercator Projection

Originally created by projecting the earths features onto a cylinder, which results in the lines of latitude becoming parallel rather than intersecting leading to tremendous distortion at the polls; preserves accurate compass direction but the storage area of land masses related to each other

sense of place

Peoples attitudes or feelings of attachment( positive or negative) towards a particular locale, Often developed as a result of experiences and memories associated with that particular location

Physical Geography

Physical geographers Study special characteristics of earths physical and biological systems including many natural sciences

remote sensing

Process of capturing images from earth surface from airplane platforms such as satellite or airplanes, images can be digital or analog photographs in data can be collected from several bands of the electromagnetic spectrum

Resolution

Refers Space to a map smallest discernible unit basically the smallest thing visible on the map

Simplification

Refers to the level of detail portrayed on a map; depends on the purpose of the map in the size of the area the map is portraying

Projection

Refers to the process by which the three dimensional surface of earth is transferred to a two dimensional map; currently produced through numerous different complicated mathematical equations

Latitude

Run parallel to one another and are often called parallels. They originate at the equator in terminate at the polls

Site vs. Situation

Site refers to the physical and cultural features of a place, independent of other places around it. Situation describes a place's relationship to other places around it.

Proportional Symbol Map

Size of the chosen symbol indicates relative magnitude of some value for a given geographic region, flowlines often uses show movement of goods or people over space. Lionsgate relatively thinner and decker as value shrink or Expand

Density

The amount Of a particular feature within a given area. For example population density is a number of people within a given area

network

The areal Pattern of connections between places. Some networks describe literal connections between places such as connections between a subway stop on a metro map however some are less literal for example many emerging Internet sites such as Facebook or social networks.

Spatial Association

The distribution of two or more features and how do you do or do not correspond to one another. Powerful concept and special analysis As it allows geographers to understand why certain special parents exist.

Human Geography

The field of geography that looks at Variations in human behavior over space; human geographers also look at the complicated relationship between humans and their environments

Time-space convergence

The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places

time-distance decay

The idea that the longer it takes for something to spread or move over space, the less likelihood of interaction with or spread of that phenomenon. Essentially description of time as a barrier of spacial diffusion

Environmental Geography

The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa.

landscape

The observable elements of a particular place

Regional Geography

The study of geographic regions.

Systematic Geography

The study of the earth's integrated systems as a whole, instead of focusing on particular phenomena in a single place

Diffusion

The ways in which phenomenon, such as technology inventions, cultural trends, or outbreaks of disease, travel over space Mainly expansion and relocation

Choropleth thematic map

Uses color or Tonal shading to represent categories of data forgiven geographic areas, A map of population density by country in the US might use five sheets of green to classify density values

Dot density maps

Uses points to represent particular values. For example Cortland harvested where each that represents 1000 bushels of corn; The disadvantage is that data That doesn't meet the threshold do not appear on the map

Concentration

When Spatial distribution of objects or features appear in close proximity to one another, they are said to be concentrated. Also called a cluster

Distortion

a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map, often the shape, area, and direction

Cognitive maps

a dynamic internal representation of a place or environment; highly individual dependent on information and individual deems important

Region

an area defined by one or more natural or cultural characteristics that set it apart from other areas

Stimulus Expansion Diffusion

describes the pattern by which a concept is diffused but not in the same form as in original contact

aggregation

refers to the size of the unit under investigation such as cities, counties, states, or countries

Cartography

science or art of making maps

Preference maps

show people's ideas about environmental, social, or economic quality of life in various places

barriers to diffusion

something that inhibits a phenomenon from spreading across space. Includes physical barriers, sociocultural factors and psychological barriers

Accessibility

the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place