Basal ganglia

Only 1 limb of the internal capsule seen what is the cross section?

coronal

What are the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus also known as?

corpus striatum.

What kind of outcomes can occur with damage to the basal ganglia?

depending on where the damage is, could have akinesia cannot move (frozen) can't turn on motor cortex, or hyperkinetic cannot stop the movement from occurring (spontaneous movement like choreiform/Huntington's disorders) ballismus movement begins and doesn't stop until muscle fatigues

In a coronal section you won't see the thalamus unless you also see

globus pallidus

Inferior half of basal ganglia

globus pallidus

What kind of movements are regulated by the basal ganglia?

handwriting, walking, facial expression, a lay-up in basketball, and a double-front flip with a full twist off of the high dive into a swimming pool. It is the initiation and cessation of movements that are dramatically impaired by disrupting the basal ganglia.

What does the basal ganglia have that allows it to function?

has reverberating loop (cycle complete circuit) that takes the concept and organizes the movements into start and stop

Tissue between the limbs of the internal capsule is the lentiform nucleus looks like a lens, made up by

putamen (largest, most lateral) medial is globus pallidus

In coronal: see putamen and caudate w/o pallidus

anterior half of basal ganglia, see pallidus in posterior half

Superior basal ganglion

caudate and putamen

What are the nuclei of the basal ganglia?

caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus.

What sequences the movements?

Basal ganglia

what forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?

Caudate nucleus

What does the basal ganglia do?

Group of nuclei that links the idea of movement and the motor expression, they "consult the cerebral cortex"

Subthalamic nucleus:

Has its own blood supply Lesion is unique

Substantia nigra:

In tegmentum (bottom midbrain) Makes dopamine

What is the first thing to look for in a cross section?

Internal capsule see anterior limb, genu and posterior limb, only way to see all 3 = horizontal section

What is the globus pallidus also known as?

Paleostriatum Paleo does its own

When is the precentral gyrus activated?

Precentral gyrus is activate almost same time movement is occurring (triggers the movement) premotor is a little before that (thinking about the movement) basal gangia is prior to a movement too because it tells the cortex to turn on/off

When does the basal ganglia become active?

Prior to a movement

Just putamen without the GPL or GPM would indicate what area?

Putamen

What is lateral to the ALIC?

Putamen

How does the basal ganglia work?

Sends info back to cortex then cortex pulls trigger to make movement via CBST Cortex output to basal ganglia then basal ganglia to cortex then cortex to CBST -> lower motor neuron

What are the other nuclei closely associated with the basal ganglia, but not a part of it?

Substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

Globus pallidus is broken up into

lateral and a medial, GPL and GPM, functionally DIFFERENT!

The putamen and the globus pallidus form the

lentiform nucleus Lentiform nucleus = anatomical term (not functional term) where putamen and globus pallidus are group together these 2 nuclei in cross section look like a lens, NOT A FUNCTIONAL TERM JUST ANATOMIC

What would a quick and dirty description of the basal ganglia be?

motor planning of the movement

The caudate nucleus and the putamen are called

neostriatum neostriatum work together (the 2 nuclei)