BBH FINAL

The flu is a type of coronavirus.

False

Lewy bodies are clusters of _________________ that form within neurons in Parkinson's disease.

Proteins

During which of the following sleep stages is sleep generally the lightest?

stage 1

Research consistently supports taking a multivitamin daily as a way to improve general health and increase longevity across all age groups.

False

The evidence suggests that increasing your intake of foods high in antioxidants is one of the best things you can do to improve your health.

False

There are "trademark" alleles and other genetic features that characterize racial groups in a way that separates one from another.

False

There are two ecological rules, known as Bengarm's rule and Almen's rule, that explain the variation in size and shape of bodies and extremities using latitude and temperature.

False

To be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, one must have obsessive thoughts and display repetitive, ritualistic behavior (e.g. excessive hand-washing).

False

Your body CANNOT store fat soluble vitamins.

False

Your body cannot store fat soluble vitamins.

False

________ are the most concentrated energy source in one's diet.

Fats

All the following are classified as macronutrients:

Fats Carbohydrates Water

Benzodiazepines primarily work on receptors for which neurotransmitter?

GABA

Which of best describes the "Thrifty Genotype Hypothesis"?

Humans evolved over time to have "thrifty-genes" that helped the body store fat and nutrients during times of famine.

Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in what structure?

Hypothalamus

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that there will be about 475,000 new cases of Alzheimer's disease in the United States this year. This statistic is a measure of the ____________ of Alzheimer's disease:

Incidence

This type of white blood cell is part of the non-specific immune system and causes the destruction of bodily cells that are infected by a pathogen:

Natural killer cell

L-DOPA is a:

Precursor to dopamine that the brain can use to synthesize dopamine

Bill is a college student who feels like his drinking has gotten a little out of control. After finally deciding he has to change his drinking behavior, he begins making plans to do so. He decides he is going to sit down with his friends and tell them that he is no longer going to go out with them on the weekends; he decides he will do so at the end of the week. What stage of the transtheoretical model is Bill in?

Preparation

Kara wants to start jogging for exercise has just bought a pair of shoes and workout clothes and has signed up to join a jogging group. Based on this information, what stage in the Stages of Change model is Kara in?

Preparation

In which sleep stage is brain activity very similar to being awake?

REM

In Alzheimer's disease, abnormally folded ____________ proteins accumulate in neurofibrillary tangles ____________ neurons.

Tau, within

A secondary immune response:

Tends to be stronger and faster-acting than the primary response

Tim has coronary heart disease. His doctor has prescribed a medication that thins his blood to reduce the risk of a heart attack. This is what type of prevention?

Tertiary

Which of the following is the best example of an endemic crisis?

The 1347 outbreak of the Bubonic Plague in Europe.

Poverty is an example of an economic determinate of health.

True

There are hundreds of known corona viruses.

True

A 5-year old boy of normal weight presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and fatigue---symptoms which came on suddenly. He is also found to be hyperglycemic. Of the choices below, which would he most likely be diagnosed with?

Type 1 diabetes

Fred is a 60-year-old male who is obese and physically inactive. He was recently diagnosed with diabetes by his physician, but he is not taking supplemental insulin. Which type of diabetes does he likely have?

Type 2

The vast majority of diabetes cases in the United States and world are cases of:

Type 2 diabetes

Beth is 5'4" and 100 pounds. According to a standard BMI chart, Beth is considered

Underweight

Blood travels back to the heart via the:

Veins

Home-bound persons or those who avoid sunlight to minimize their risk of developing skin cancer should be sure to take supplemental doses of what vitamin?

Vitamin D

Bill is suspected of having a blockage in his coronary artery. To verify this suspicion, he undergoes an angiography. This procedure entails:

A substance is injected into his bloodstream; it causes blood to be visible on x-rays, which are then used to visualize the blockage

Which of the following has the most calories per gram?

Alcohol

Which of the following, consumed in excess, is/are stored as fat in the body?

Alcohol Carbohydrates Fat

One of the alternative forms of a gene is known as a/an:

Allele

A term used to describe ultimate wear and tear to the body after stimulus of the fight-or-flight response is called:

Allostatic overload.

When someone suffers from emphysema, these structures can be damaged. They are the principal sites of gas exchange with the blood:

Alveoli

Intellectual Health is characterized by

An openness to new ideas and skills and a capacity to think critically

Intellectual Health is characterized by:

An openness to new ideas and skills and a capacity to think critically

After using cocaine for a year, the user has difficulty finding pleasure in activities he used to enjoy before using drugs. The term for this loss of pleasure is:

Anhedonia

After using methamphetamine for a prolonged period of time, the user has difficulty finding pleasure in activities he used to enjoy before using drugs. The term for this loss of pleasure is:

Anhedonia

Race is a social category forged historically through social forces, including discrimination. However, most geneticists agree that racial taxonomies at the DNA level are valid.

False

Race is primarily associated with biological rather than social characteristics.

False

A twin study determines that a reliable heritability estimate for insomnia is 48%. This means that:

about 48% of the variation in the population when it comes to insomnia can be traced back to genetic influences

The initial release of stress hormones triggered by a stressor occurs in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

alarm

Which of the following sounds like a description of a disease that would fit best under the biomedical model of health?

a person develops the disease when they are exposed to a pathogen (i.e. germ) that causes the disease

A sample differs from the population in that:

a sample is a group of individuals selected from the population who are thought to accurately represent the population

The most deadly form of cardiovascular disease is:

coronary artery disease

What characteristic of cancer must be present for a patient to be diagnosed as having stage IV cancer?

the cancer must have metastasized

The fight-or-flight mechanism causes

the increasing of blood pressure. sweating. the releasing of adrenaline.

Polyuria is a common symptom of diabetes primarily because:

excess glucose in the urine causes more water to be brought into urine, resulting in greater urine output

A twin study is conducted to estimate the heritability of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In the study, it is found that if the disorder is present in one identical twin, it is very likely to also be present in the other identical twin. The disorder is less likely to be seen in both siblings of a fraternal twin pair. This suggests that obsessive-compulsive disorder:

has a significant heritable component (is very heritable)

Susan has a stroke and afterwards experiences severe memory loss along with a lack of balance and equilibrium. What two structures were likely damaged in the stroke?

hippocampus & cerebellum

The hypothalamus primarily controls the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland into the bloodstream via:

hormones called releasing hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus

The hypothalamus primarily controls the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland via signaling from:

hormones called releasing hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus

The violent twitches that often wake us up out of stage 2 sleep are known as:

hypnic jerks

Hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus (i.e. oxytocin and vasopressin) are secreted into the bloodstream by the:

posterior pituitary

Women who smoke are are about 25% more likely to develop breast cancer than those who don't smoke, and the chance of any woman developing breast cancer at any point in her life is around 12%. The first statistic is an example of _____________ while the second statistic is an example of _____________.

relative risk, absolute risk

One of the functions of vasopressin is to:

signal the kidneys to conserve water (e.g by inhibiting urination)

Bradykinesia is a term that refers specifically to the _____________ seen in Parkinson's disease.

slow movement

Pain information is sent primarily to what part of the brain to be processed:

somatosensory cortex

A good dietary guideline would be to eliminate all fat from one's diet.

False

All stress is harmful to your health.

False

Most cancer deaths in women are attributed to breast cancer.

False

COVID-19 has a higher death toll than the SARS outbreak in 2003.

True

The main function of the large intestine is:

the absorption of water from food

How many known coronona viruses affect humans?

7

The most prevalent form of cardiovascular disease is:

Hypertension

This stage of sleep is also called "slow-wave sleep":

Non-REM 3

As a social construct, gender norms are the same across societies and do not change over time.

False

What is the myocardium?

muscle layer of the heart

In the middle of the twentieth century, heart disease was the leading cause of death in the United States. Today, it is ranked ___________ among the leading causes of death.

#1

As the body breaks foods down, it distinguishes between foods containing natural sugars and alternative sugars.

False

Which of the following would NOT be an adequate placebo for an experimental study?

A pill that resembles the pill in the treatment condition, but is significantly larger

Biological aging refers to the psychological changes a person undergoes as a consequence of aging.

False

Eating too much sugar causes diabetes.

False

Environmental health is a subfield of Occupational health.

False

Essential nutrients are nutrients produced by the body.

False

Which of the following p-values is generally considered statistically significant?

0.01

Jill has just finished eating a very satisfying dinner. She 1) gets up from the table and walks to the couch and 2) relaxes on the couch while her food begins to digest. Which of the following best describes the divisions of her nervous system that were involved (in the proper order):

1) somatic, 2) autonomic - parasympathetic

The 5-year survival rate for lung cancer is 16%. This means that:

16% of individuals diagnosed with lung cancer are still alive 5 years after their diagnosis

The five-year survival rate for lung cancer is 16%. This means that:

16% of individuals diagnosed with lung cancer are still alive 5 years after their diagnosis

Health disparities are defined as gaps in the health status between population subgroups in the United States.

False

Which of the following supplies the MOST energy?

A food that contains 10g of fat, 3g of protein, and 10g of carbohydrate

Aspiration pneumonia, a common cause of death in Parkinson's disease, is:

A lung disease caused by foreign material entering the lungs, often during the swallowing process

What characteristic is seen in malignant tumors, but not other tumors:

Ability of the tumor to metastasize

A research group is studying the effects of Adderall use on the occurrence of depression. The dependent variable is:

Adderall use

One accurate way of defining an artery is as a blood vessel that always carries oxygenated blood.

False

Individuals with pre-diabetes have blood glucose levels that are high enough for them to be diagnosed with diabetes but they have not as of yet obtained a diagnosis.

False

It is thought that most cancers can be traced back to a mutation in a single gene.

False

Life expectancy is the proportion of the population that expects to live to adulthood.

False

This endocrine structure synthesizes a number of hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):

Anterior pituitary

Researchers who conduct a cross-sectional survey find a significant correlation of -0.60 between number of minutes exercised per week and resting heart rate. This means that:

As number of minutes exercised per week increases, resting heart rate decreases

In class, we discussed one new discovery that came from the Bogalusa Heart Study. This discovery was:

Atherosclerosis can begin at a very early age

Minerals are manufactured by the body.

False

Psychological health is a broad category that encompasses all of the following EXCEPT:

Being physically fit

It is generally believed that most of the major complications of diabetes start with the effect of hyperglycemia on:

Blood vessels

This part of the brain is critical to survival, as neurons here regulate heartbeat, respiration, and other vital functions:

Brainstem

Which of the following groups could be labeled as "Good" cancers based on high 5-year survival rates when detection is made at an early stage?

Breast, testicular, & prostate

The stress response of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis involves a cascade of endocrine responses. The order of this cascade of responses is (CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone, ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone):

CRH, then ACTH, then cortisol

Researchers are interested in the relationship between hypertension and living below the poverty level. They recruit a sample of individuals, about half of whom have hypertension and half who do not. They then ask the participants about their income and analyze the data to determine if those who live below the poverty level are more likely to suffer from hypertension. What type of study is this?

Case-control

The "toxin removal" hypothesis of sleep suggests that:

Cerebrospinal fluid flow increases during sleep and in the process it carries waste products away from the brain

Researchers are interested in the relationship between sleep and being overweight. They recruit a sample of participants; about half of them sleep 8 hours a night and the other half only sleep 4-6 hours a night. None of them are overweight at the start of the study. Researchers follow up with the participants over the next 20 years to determine if the participants who sleep less are more likely to become overweight. This is what type of study?

Cohort

A meta-analysis primarily involves:

Combining & statistically analyzing the results of many studies to examine the overall effect without collecting new data

In a study examining the effect of daily exercise on cardiovascular disease risk, the researchers control for age. What is the main purpose for doing this?

Controlling for age allows researchers to examine the relationship between exercise and cardiovascular disease risk while removing the influence of age on both variables

When an infection occurs in some part of your body, your brain is notified by signaling proteins called:

Cytokines

Which of the following is a reason excessive hunger can be a symptom of diabetes:

Decreased sensitivity to insulin signaling causes more glucose to remain in the bloodstream, making the cells of the body crave more glucose

When neither the participants nor investigators know which group has received a treatment and which has not, the design is called (don't assume any additional blinding):

Double-blind

______________ refers to the part of the cardiac cycle where the heart is relaxed, ______________ refers to the part of the cardiac cycle where the heart is contracted.

Diastole, systole

Studies on antioxidant supplementation:

Do not consistently find a benefit to antioxidant supplementation

Parkinson's disease patients cannot be given dopamine as a treatment because:

Dopamine cannot cross from the bloodstream into the brain

What kind of energy makes the heart pump?

Electricity

Read the abstract for the article linked below. What type of study is this? Maternal overweight and obesity and risk of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.

Empirical

Whole grains contain ________, bran, and germ.

Endosperm

When the calories you consume equal the calories you expend, you have achieved:

Energy balance

Mark is a wage/hour employee who identifies as African American or Black. He lives in a neighborhood with a power plant that emits toxic fumes. The incidence of lung cancer is much higher in Mark's neighborhood than in a neighboring one, where the smoke does not reach. This is an example of a(n):

Environmental cause of health disparity

Without repeating definitions, please describe a connection between environmental and occupational health in your own words.

Environmental health and Occupational health can both threaten an individual's life. Environmental health is a persons state of complete health and wellness in their personal day to day life. Occupational health is a person's state of complete health and wellness in the person's work place. These two fields of health can connect if the occupational health of one's job diminishes causing their environmental health in their personal life to be affected. The same connection can happen the other way: a person's environmental health in their personal life affects their occupational health in the work place. Both environmental health and occupational health can overlap in this way.

One evolutionary explanation we discussed for why a tendency to store a large amount of energy as fat may have been adaptive suggests that:

Excess fat storage may have allowed individuals to create energy reserves that could be drawn upon in times of famine

Jason has been overwhelmed this semester. He has fallen behind in all his classes and, after two weeks of cramming and getting very little sleep, he has developed tension headaches. In addition, he has trouble eating. What stage of the general adaptation syndrome is Jason experiencing?

Exhaustion

Researchers are interested in examining the effectiveness of a new pharmaceutical drug to improve mood. They split a sample of participants into two groups. Group 1 receives the drug and group 2 receives a placebo. Then the experimenters assess any changes in mood. This is what type of study?

Experimental study

Which of the following study designs is best if the goal is to be able to identify a causal relationship between two variables (i.e. to say one variable causes the other)?

Experimental study

Which of the following represents evidence that contradicts the serotonin hypothesis of depression?

Experimentally depleting serotonin levels doesn't cause symptoms of depression

Obesity is associated with lower levels of this type of cholesterol.

HDL

Joe has been taking painkillers for 3 months to treat a back injury. He does not particularly enjoy the effects of the drugs and is anxious to stop taking them. When he tries to reduce the dose, he does not crave the drug psychologically but does experience physically uncomfortable withdrawal effects. Is Joe addicted to or dependent on painkillers?

He is dependent, but he is not addicted

Julia really wants to lose some weight, but she has a hard time getting the motivation to do it because she doesn't feel like she will be able to stick to a schedule of regular exercise. Thus, she feels a lack of control over her ability to lose weight. The fact that this keeps her from starting an exercise program is best explained by which theory of health behavior?

Health belief model

Bill experiences a traumatic brain injury after getting into a car accident. Afterwards, he displays an inability to form new memories. Which part of the brain was most likely damaged?

Hippocampus

Regulatory chemicals secreted by a number of glands in the body, then transported to various organs via the bloodstream, are called:

Hormones

During a heart attack, blood flow to the heart is diminished, causing the death of heart tissue. The specific term for this death of tissue is:

Infarction

______________ specifically refers to a restriction in blood supply to a tissue.

Ischemia

All the following statements describe chronic disease except:

It can easily be spread from one person to another.

All of the following are valid criticism of the food pyramid

It fails to emphasize the importance of limiting intake of foods like red meat It recommends a large number of carbohydrate servings per day without emphasizing the importance of focusing on unrefined carbohydrates It implies that dairy products are an essential part of a healthy diet

All of the following are valid criticism of the food pyramid?

It recommends 2-3 servings of dairy products per day, even though we now consider dairy products to not be an essential part of the diet It recommends a large number of carbohydrate servings per day without emphasizing the importance of focusing on unrefined carbohydrates It fails to specify that some fats are an important part of the diet (as long as they are "healthy fats")

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the food pyramid?

It recommends the use of olive and canola oils as healthy fats but does not mention other healthy oils like peanut oil

Which of the following would be considered a description of a phenotype?

John is 6 feet tall

Read the abstract for the article linked below. What type of study is this? Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ASD and ADHD): DSM-5, ICD-10, and ICD-11.

Literature review

Statins are drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease that work by:

Lowering blood cholesterol levels

Which of the following would be considered an example of sexual selection?

Male birds of paradise with the brightest colored feathers are more desirable to females and thus are more likely to procreate

Which of the following is the deadliest form of skin cancer?

Malignant melanoma

When someone gets a vaccine, which of the following cell types and branch of the immune system is primarily involved in causing them to develop long-lasting immunity to the pathogen?

Memory B cells, specific immune system

If Davis has high blood pressure, high blood glucose, and low levels of good cholesterol, which diagnosis will his physician most likely give?

Metabolic syndrome

This component of a neuron acts as insulation that keeps electrical signals from decaying as they travel down the neuron:

Myelin

Which of the following is an ethnicity response, as defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)?

Non-Hispanic or Latino Declined Unavailable

The biomedical model of health suggests that:

Pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria) are most often the cause of disease Psychology plays a very small role in health and disease Illness always has a biological cause

This stage of sleep is sometimes called "paradoxical sleep" because brain activity resembles brain activity seen when someone is awake:

REM sleep

The most common form of treatment for Alzheimer's disease works by _____________ levels of the neurotransmitter ________________ in the brain.

Raising, acetylcholine

Violet has been diagnosed with cancer of the bone and cartilage. What types of cancer does she have?

Sarcomas

Most nutrient absorption during digestion occurs in which organ?

Small intestine

The greatest concern with particulate matter is with particulates of this size:

Smaller than 10 micrometers

In those who are depressed, the hippocampus has a tendency to be:

Smaller than control patients

There is some debate as to whether tumors at this stage should be diagnosed as cancerous. Some prefer the term "pre-cancerous."

Stage 0

Which of these sleep stages is thought to be most important for memory consolidation?

Stage 3

An antigen is a:

Substance that triggers an immune response

Parkinson's disease is characterized primarily by the loss of dopamine neurons in the _____________.

Substantia nigra

De-oxygenated blood enters the heart via the:

Superior and inferior vena cava

What is one way stress-induced hypertension can increase the risk of atherosclerosis?

The increased pressure of hypertension can increase the risk of damage to the linings of arteries due to the impact of blood on the artery

According to the theory of planned behavior, the key factor in determining whether or not someone will engage in a health behavior is:

Their intention to change the behavior

Using cross-sectional data, a research group identifies a correlation between blood pressure and vitamin E intake. In their published study, they report that "vitamin E intake causes a reduction in blood pressure." Based on this information, what can we say is wrong with this statement and/or study design?

Their study design didn't allow them to determine causality

The idea that evolution occurs due to natural selection is one that has been repeatedly tested and supported by experimentation, so much so that it is almost universally accepted by the scientific community. It is an example of a:

Theory

Wes wants to quit smoking but can't get up the motivation to do it because he doesn't feel capable of doing it; thus, he feels a lack of control over the process of quitting. The fact that this causes him to continue smoking is best explained by which theory of health behavior?

Theory of planned behavior

Why are unrefined grains a better choice for carbohydrates than refined grains?

They have more fiber and nutrients

Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed.

True

Why are trans fats considered harmful?

They lower a person's levels of HDL cholesterol

In a cohort study investigating the association between caffeine intake and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), researchers found a relative risk of 6.2 for those who took in caffeine daily. This means that:

Those who take in caffeine daily are 6.2x more likely to develop GERD than those who do not

All of the following is true of "LDL Cholesterol"

Transport cholesterol away from the liver, and towards the heart's arteries At high levels, increases risk of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke Is called Low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)

The theory that a person progresses through 6 stages of change before achieving sustained behavior change is known as the

Transtheoretical model.

Antioxidants work by stabilizing free radicals that can harm cells.

True

Which of the following best describes anhedonia specifically?

a drug addict has a difficult time experiencing pleasure from anything in his life besides drug use

The leading cause of death in 15-24 year olds in the United States is

accidents/unintentional injuries

It is thought that low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, increases the risk of atherosclerosis due to its tendency to:

accumulate in the walls of blood vessels

Treatments for Alzheimer's disease mostly focus on increasing the levels of what neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine

The greatest risk factor for Parkinson's disease is:

age

Individuals who have an anxiety disorder are often found to have increased brain activity in the:

amygdala

All of the following factors have contributed to the obesity epidemic in the U.S.:

an excessive intake of foods high in fat a lack of physical activity an excessive intake of foods high in sugar

Researchers conduct a cross-sectional survey and find there is a significant -0.4 correlation between age and daily candy intake. This means that:

as age increases, candy intake decreases

This is the most common type of cancer:

carcinoma

This type of cancer arises from the cells that line the organs throughout the body:

carcinoma

The difference between distress and eustress is that:

distress is caused by negative stressors and eustress is caused by positive stressors.

Typically, electrical signaling in a neuron follows what path (beginning with where information is received):

dendrites-soma-axon

The difference between distress and eustress is that

distress is caused by negative stressors and eustress is caused by positive stressors.

In the main reward system pathway discussed in the lesson material, dopamine-releasing neurons travel:

from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens

Oncogenes are:

genes that promote excessive cell growth

Anxiety disorders are typically linked to ____________ brain activity.

increased

Diabetes is associated with all the following complications except

increased nerve sensitivity caused by hypoglycemia.

All of the following behaviors can reduce a personʹs risk for cardiovascular disease except:

keeping LDL cholesterol levels high.

Exposure to light just before bed time is thought to have a suppressive effect on the secretion of what hormone?

melatonin

The white matter of the brain is formed by which substance?

myelin

The technical difference between opiates and opioids is:

opiates are natural substances found within the opium poppy, opioids are at least semi-synthetic

The greatest risk factor for type 2 diabetes is:

overweight and obesity

Which of the following would be considered most dangerous as an environmental health risk?

particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers

Saying that Jill has red hair is a description of her:

phenotype

Refined carbohydrates are digested __________, leading to a ________ rise in blood glucose levels.

rapidly, rapid

When people are told that a certain type of cancer kills 30 people out of 100, they tend to think it is less serious than when they are told it kills 300 people out of 1000, even though the proportion is the same in both cases. This is an example of:

ratio bias

Health literacy includes the ability to

read, understand, evaluate, and follow medical instructions.

What is a reason children are more vulnerable to environmental risks than adults?

their central nervous system is still developing and more susceptible to harm they may be more likely to crawl on the ground, exposing themselves to dust and chemicals that may be found on the floor they have little control over their environment

What process do B cells undergo once they are activated?

they divide repeatedly, creating hundreds of additional cells that all form antibodies to attack the foreign invader

Patients diagnosed with this type of diabetes are more likely to have to depend on insulin administration to restore adequate insulin levels:

type 1

The vast majority of diabetes cases in the U.S. and world are:

type 2 diabetes