Bio 102 chapter 40 and 41
who allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes?
A conformer
Which of the following characteristics is likely to be found in larger versus smaller animals?
A highly branched respiratory system
who uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation ?
A regulator
An epithelial cell with a relatively large amount of cytoplasm probably has what function?
Absorption and secretion
Why are an elephant's bone so think?
Because they are so big
How does an animal change its relationship to the environment?
Behavior
Characteristic of nerve cell
Cell body, axon, dendrites
Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity compared to organisms consisting of just one cell?
Cells can specialize
What type of tissue? Fibrous and loose, collagenous, elasticity
Connective
What results in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge?
Convergent evolution
Which of the following systems is correctly paired with one of its parts?
Endocrine system; thyroid gland
How do endotherms and ectotherms differ?
Endotherms and ectotherms differ in the means by which they regulate their body temperature.
What type of tissue? organ linings, skin. function = covering
Epithelial
T/F: Interstitial fluid is blood?
False
T/F: Skeletal muscle consists of cells that each have a single nucleus.
False
What are three categories animals can fall into for nutrition?
Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore
Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between hormone signaling and neuron signaling?
Hormone signals travel throughout the body, but neuron signals travel to specific locations.
Endocrine
Hormones
What part of the brain governs thermoregulation?
Hypothalamus
What is the effect of changing the shape of a clay cube to a round sphere?
It will decrease its surface area relative to its volume
__________ feedback most directly maintains homeostasis because it __________.
Negative; tends to keep a system at a desirable "set point"
what type of tissue? to send and receive info, nerve cells and glial cells
Nervous
Regarding Animal evolution of size and shape, what limits possible shaped for swimming animals?
Properties of water
4 ways an organism experiences heat exchange?
Radiation, conduction (touching), convection (wind), evaporation (sweat)
Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size?
Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need
Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences between simple squamous cells and stratified squamous cells?
Simple squamous cells form a single layer, which is useful for gas exchange, and stratified squamous cells are multilayered and regenerate rapidly.
What programs the the body plan of animals?
The Genome
An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?
The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.
Tunas, sharks, penguins, and dolphins all have a basic fusiform shape, tapered at both ends. What explains this similarity in shape?
The similarity is due to convergent evolution, because all these animals share similar environmental challenges.
What is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range?
Thermoregulation
Where in the body would you be most likely to find secretory cells shaped like dice?
Thyroid and salivary glands
T/F: An animal may be a regulator for one environmental variable but a conformer for another.
True
T/F: Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function
True
T/F: The interstitial fluid takes up nutrients and oxygen from the blood plasma for transfer to active cells, and the active cells are the source of wastes and carbon dioxide for transfer to the blood plasma.
True
Who runs the risk of losing essential nutrients?
Vegans
In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, _____.
a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change
Interstitial fluid is _____.
a common site of exchange between blood and body cells
What is the process called when homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment?
acclimatization
4 classes of essential nutrients
amnio acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins
Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians _____.
are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures
What are tendons?
attach muscle to bones
Which of the six major types of connective tissue has a rigid matrix that contains collagen and calcium salts?
bone
Ligaments connect ________ to ________.
bone; bone
Three types of muscle tissue
cardiac, smooth, skeletal
Microscopic analysis of an unknown tissue sample reveals the presence of chondrocytes, indicating that the sample was probably taken from __________ tissue.
cartilage
6 types of connective tissue
cartilage, blood, adipose, fibrous connective (tendons and ligaments), loose connective (binds epithelial to underlying tissue), bone
A neuron receives nerve impulses from other neurons via its _________ and __________
cell body; dendrites
least structured to most structured (organ, cell, organ system, tissues)
cells, tissues, organs, and organ system
Most types of communication between cells utilize _____.
chemical or electrical signals
cartilage contains
chondrocytes
what term governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours ?
circadian rhythm
Form and function are?
closely correlated
bone matrix contains
collagen and calcium salts
You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?
conformation
what are ligaments?
connect bones to joints
Function of connective tissues
connect, bind and support other tissues in the body
if you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect?
connective
The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is
connective tissue
The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is _____
connective tissue
An organ such as the heart or liver consists of __________.
connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue
What type of heat transfer is the transfer of heat by the movement of air or a liquid past the surface of a body
convention
If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return because the cartilage of your ear contains_____.
elastic fibers
Nervous
electrical impulses
Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the _____
endocrine system
An organism that generates body heat by means of its own metabolism is _________, and an organism that gains body heat from external sources is ________.
endothermic; ectothermic
Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____.
ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points
There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in _____.
environments with variable and limited food sources
You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely _____.
epithelial
Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _____.
epithelial tissue
Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of _____.
evaporation
The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by _____.
evaporation
T/F: Endotherms are more abundant and diverse than ectotherms.
false
ligaments is a type of
fibrous connective tissue
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed _____
homeostasis
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____.
hypothalamus
During a fever, the __________ readjusts the set point of the body to a __________ temperature.
hypothalamus; higher
example of negative feedback
insulin and blood glucose levels
All types of muscle tissue have ____
interactions between actin and myosin
Humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air, which is saturated with water molecules, __________.
interferes with heat loss by evaporation
In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm _____
invests little energy in temperature regulation
Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____.
its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has _____.
less surface area per unit of volume
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has
less surface area per unit of volume.
Homeostasis is the _____.
maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment
As the size of some animals has evolved to greater sizes, the effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the environment have also increased. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with _____
more branching or folds
All animals, whether large or small, have _____.
most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
Where are stratified epithelial cells located?
mouth
what type of tissue? used for all movement, actin and myosin
muscle
When a person's body temperature increases, sweating helps bring the temperature down. This is an example of __________.
negative feedback
When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of _____.
negative feedback
The four major categories of tissues are ____
nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle
The __________ system and the __________ system work together to coordinate and control the bodies of most animals.
nervous; endocrine
Seals and tun can both swim, are they related?
no, convergent evolution
The metabolic breakdown of specialized brown fat depots in certain animals is substantially increased during _____.
nonshivering thermogenesis
Eating in excessive amounts is ___ an adaptation that helps maintain body temperature
not
Bone-forming cells are called?
osteoblasts
In blood, the matrix component is ________, and the cellular component contains _________.
plasma; red and white blood cells
Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency, causing more contractions to occur until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of regulation?
positive feedback
Myosin and actin are __________.
proteins that play a major role in muscle contraction
A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to _____.
reduce the loss of body heat to the environment
Connective tissues typically have ____
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
what is negative feedback?
response system - when there are too many products, it returns the organism to homeostasis
Which of the following mammals would you expect to have the highest basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
shrew
Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is ____ pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a _____.
simple squamous epithelium
what affects the way an animal interacts with its environment?
size and shape
the _________ animal must have a higher breathing rate, blood volume (relative to its size), and heart rate.
smaller
Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _____.
smooth muscle
The type of muscle tissue surrounding the intestines and blood vessels is _____.
smooth muscle
what are 3 types of cells found in epithelial tissues?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Where are simple epithelial cells located?
stomach lining
Regarding Animal evolution of size and shape, what do physical laws govern?
strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange
Cardiac muscle cells are both _____.
striated and interconnected by intercalated disks
Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell's ____________ while amount of exchange material is proportional to a cell's ___________.
surface area, volume
Skeletal muscle is said to be "striated" because __________.
the arrangement of the sarcomeres gives it a striped appearance
Interstitial fluid is __________.
the fluid that fills the spaces between cells of vertebrates
In the alternation of generations in plants, ________
the haploid gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis and cellular differentiation
Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that _____.
the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite of it
Homeostasis is
the process of maintaining internal balance
Most cells are microscopic because at this small size, __________.
the ratio of surface area to cell volume is maximized
Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because _____
the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming
Evolution of size and shape: As animals increase in size what also happens ?
thicker skeletons are required for support
The main function(s) of connective tissues in the body is/are _________.
to hold tissues and organs in place and to join adjacent tissues together
A physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism that is an adaptation enabling animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions is known as _________.
torpor
Where are pseudostratified epithelial cells located?
trachea
T/f: birds and mammals are the only large taxa of endotherms
true, other vertebrates, and virtually all invertebrates, are ectotherms.
