Bio 155 Midterm
useful for cell cycle studies
Yeast
Most common cancer in women lung cancer prostate cancer pancreatic cancer breast cancer colon cancer
breast cancer
Match each Theory of Aging with the correct description or example. Error Catastrophe theory Diabetes cancer can be age related disease Alzheimers Disease Menopause in women Osteoarthritis one gene produces hundreds of protein copies
one gene produces hundreds of protein copies
Age changes are compounding
progressive
In the US, the percentage of people age 65 years and older is 10% 13.5% 18% 20% 25%
13.5%
The Baby Boomers are an generational cohort born: 1928-1945 1946-1964 1965-1980 1981-1996 1997-2020
1946-1964
Millennials are a generational cohort born: 1928-1945 1946-1964 1965-1980 1981-1996 1997-2020
1981-1996
Collection of deleterious changes with aging
Senescence
key genes added at embryo stage
Transgenic strains
Age changes are permanent
irreversible
Pruitis
itching
The clinker theory of aging states that: free radical damage is the main reason for true aging. there is a limited number of times that the instructions in genes can be read. the substances that accumulate in the body interfere with the body function thus causing damage. aging is nothing more than the accumulation of injuries
the substances that accumulate in the body interfere with the body function thus causing damage
Shingles is caused by the chicken pox virus. true or false
true
There is a strong link between diet, obesity, and cancer. True or false
true
Match each generation with the new technology that they first used or adopted. Baby boomer generation phones antibiotics vaccinations microcomputers social media cell phones
vaccinations
Shingles are due to a _____ cause viral or bacterial
viral
Match each Theory of Aging with the correct description or example. Immune Theory Diabetes cancer can be age related disease Alzheimers Disease Menopause in women Osteoarthritis one gene produces hundreds of protein copies
Cancer can be age related disease
Which cells appear to violate the Hayflick Theory of Aging? Cancer cells Nerve cells Muscle cells B and C are correct. All of the above are correct.
Cancer cells
Produces cartilage in joints
Chondrocyte
Heart disease is a major cause of death for both men and women. Examine the demography data by age group and discuss the age and gender related risks. Which gender has the greatest overall risk? When is this risk realized? Who is more likely to die at younger ages? What likely accounts for these differences?
Considering all age groups, overall, heart disease is the number one killer of both men and women. Further review of the data indicates that women (396,666) are more likely to die from heart disease than men (383,547). However, more men die younger of heart disease than women (review data from 40-59 year olds, 60-79 year olds. Women do not "catch up" to men, in terms of cardiovascular death, until the data from the 80+ years olds are factored in, and one should consider that we all eventually die of some cause and at this age in life, many men have already died. Women's estrogen background seems to protect them from early cardiovascular death, and males more stressful, less healthy lifestyles are likely contributing factors to their earlier cardiovascular demise.
Based upon numbers of people affected and numbers of people dying, what are the three most common forms of cancer and what are the three most deadly...consider men vs women in your explanations? Name two forms of cancer that have high 5-year survival rates and two that have low 5-year survival rates.
Excluding skin cancers, based upon numbers affected, the three most common forms of cancer are Breast/Prostate, Lung, and Colon Cancers. Based upon numbers dying, Lung is #1 mortality for both sexes; Breast is the #2 mortality cancer for women, Prostate is #2 for men and #3 mortality for both genders is Colon. Cancers with high 5-year survival rates include Breast, Prostate, and Testicular Cancer. Cancers with low 5-year survival rates are Pancreatic, Lung, and Liver Cancer.
Geriatrics is the branch of science that studies all aspects of aging. True or False
False
Small animals have long life spans and low reproductive rates. True or False
False
Stress applied to the system increases the ability to maintain homeostasis. True or False
False
Due to a decline in B cells, vaccinations are unfortunately not very effective for the elderly. True or false
False B cells remain robust in later age and vaccines continue to be effective
About 35% of cancers are thought to be preventable by modification of behavior, diet, and environment. True or false
False about 85%
For all age groups, the number 1 cause of death is Cancer Accidents Heart Disease COPD Stroke
Heart Disease
Age changes are deliterious
Impairment
Explain how life span and specific causes of death have changed in the U.S. from 1900 to 2015. What accounts for these dramatic changes?
In 1900, the major cause of death was infectious diseases, including pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis, and diarrhea. Life span was fairly low at around 48.5 years, with men (46 yrs) and women (51 yrs). In the year 2015, the three major causes of death have changed dramatically, and include heart disease, cancer, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Women are now outliving men by about 5 years with lifespan about 77 for men and close to 82 for women. The causes of these changes are the developments of vaccinations, antibiotics, improved public healthcare and public sanitation, all of which reduce the chances of dying from infectious diseases. Today's major causes of death are largely linked to our ability to medically combat infectious diseases and now other lifestyle issues, including smoking, lack of exercise, diet, (high fat, low fiber), and simply living longer have a great impact on what ultimately kills us in the end. It is important to consider that none of us are immortal and the major causes of death (heart disease, cancer, stroke) are largely a result of us living longer.
Discuss the numeric life expectancy differences between men and women (in years and how are they different). What factors, including physiology differences, account for these differences?
In the U.S. and around the world, women tend to outlive men by approximately 5 years (in 2015, average life expectancy in U.S. is 77.1 for men, 81.9 for women). There are several aspects contributing to these results. First, there is a sex hormone difference, men being dominated by testosterone, women by estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen appears to be cardio-protective in women, and as a result, men are more likely to die earlier in life from heart disease and stroke. Also, in general, men seem to lead, riskier, more aggressive lifestyles, again, partially due to their testosterone background. Men are more likely to die from accidents, murders, and suicides, especially during their younger years, when compared to women. In the end, men are at higher risk to die young, which reduces their overall life expectancy.
Match each treatment with its mode of action. Resylane Increases division rate of the epidermis Increases vascularity to hair Removes top layer of Stratum Corneum Blocks dihydrotestosterone Injectable Filler
Injectable filler
Aging is likely genetically based
Intrinsic
Which large country has the longest life expectancy? China Correct! Japan United States Sweden Switzerland
Japan
When large countries are considered, what are the top three in terms of life expectancy? The U.S. does not make the top ten list. Discuss some ideas as to why this might be the case. The longest-lived populations actually come from small countries. What advantages might small countries have in terms of life expectancy? What factors likely account for the low life expectancies for some of the shortest lived countries on the last list?
Japan, Singapore, and Switzerland are the top three large countries in terms of life expectancy. The U.S. does not make the top thirty list, perhaps due to more stressful lifestyles, high fat, low fiber diets, and other health risks including lack of exercise/activity, and smoking. The top life expectancies in the world are small countries (Monnaco, Macau, San Marino). These small countries may have simpler, healthier, less stressful lifestyles, with overall, cleaner environments. War, disease (including HIV AIDS), access to education and poor government supervision of human medical care, sanitation, and environment (clean air and water resources) likely contribute to the low life expectancies in many of the countries at the bottom of the life expectancy list.
lack important genes
Knockout mice
Briefly discuss some of the ways that stress can lead to a decline in immune functioning in the elderly.
Many different stress types, like anxiety, depression, pain, and other diseases, can impair your immune system. As we get older, we tend to have more stress in our lives. When you become stressed, there is an excessive output of hormones called glucocorticoids. These exert anti-inflammatory actions and surprises the immune system, leading though susceptibility too diseases. An excellent example of this would be Shingles. Shingles are a reemergence of the varicella-zoster virus, otherwise known as the chickenpox. The older you get, the more stress, the more suppressed your immune system, the more likely this virus returns. However, there is a new vaccine called Shingrix for people 60 years of age ad older.
a fixed unchaining point
Maxium lifespand
The age where 50% of the population has died
Median lifespan
The most commonly reported age of death
Modal lifespand
The highly repeated ends of chromosomes that get shorter with each cell division are called:
Telomeres
What are telomeres? How do these structures relate to a DNA Repair Theory of Aging? How might telomeres relate to the "Hayflick Phenomenon?"
Telomeres are highly repeated DNA sequences found at the extreme ends of chromosomes. These areas are used to initiate DNA replication, but shorten each time a cell's genome is copied for cell division. They are not repaired by the normal DNA repair enzymes, so once, lost, the loss is permanent. The Hayflick phenomena suggests that cells have a limited number of cell divisions and this limit is likely due to the eventual shortening of these telomere regions. When these telomeres are eroded by numerous cell divisions, the cell is no longer able to replicate its genome and divide.
Briefly describe the "DNA Repair Theory of Aging", making sure to discuss factors that cause genetic damage, how damage is repaired, the role of "Error Catastrophy", and the potential disease complications.
The DNA Repair Theory of Aging seeks to describe the process of aging due to failure to repair damaged DNA. DNA is destroyed due to factors such as radiation exposure, diet, toxins, metabolic by-products, and free radicals. DNA is repaired by repair enzymes that. These enzymes remove faulty segments of DNA, synthesize new DNA, and place a new strand in place. As you get older, your supply of these repair enzymes decreases, causing less and less DNA repair. Error Catastrophe is when damaged genes turn into faulty protein products, and they start to multiply and create more of those faulty proteins. This can lead to thousands of defective molecules being created. There is an increased risk of cancer and many other autoimmune diseases due to this.
Define the Immune Theory of Aging. Discuss three good examples supporting this Theory. Do current COVID-19 data support this theory and if so, how?
The Immune Theory of Aging describes aging due to a decline in immune system function. This causes a decrease in resistance to infectious diseases like pneumonia and the flu. It also increases susceptibility to cancer and autoimmune diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis. Recent COVID-19 data supports this theory. The data shows that 77% of those who have died are elderly. The tables provided also show that the older you are, the more likely you will die from COVID-19. This is due to the decline in immune system health as one ages.
Comment on some of the health care cost implications for the anticipated increase in numbers of elderly in the next several decades in the U.S. What factors will drive the increase in the elderly population, what implications does this have on health care, and who will pay these costs?
The aging of the baby boomer generation is expected to add a large number of elderly over the next 50 years. Health care costs continue to accelerate well above the normal rate of inflation. Additionally, people are living longer and the older ages have an increased burden of health care costs, especially with the likelihood of dying from longer term illnesses such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, and heart disease. The chronic care associated with these diseases makes the treatment costs expensive. Most of the health care costs for those over 65 are handled through government health insurance programs such as Medicare, so ultimately, the burden of these health care costs are paid by the working age tax payer. Please note, the recent 2010 Affordable Health Care Act addressed health insurance for working aged Americans; Medicare coverage for health care of the elderly was enacted by the Johnson Administration in 1965!
Describe the first line of the body's defense against invading pathogens. Give several examples of tissue changes that increase the susceptibility of the elderly to infections.
The bodies first line of defense includes physical and chemical barriers. The physical barrier is the epithelial lining, including skin, digestive tract lining, and respiratory lining. Salivary secretions, mucus secretions, gastric secretions, and vaginal secretions are all considered chemical barriers. Chemical barriers have high pH levels, antibodies, and anti-bacterial agents to inhibit bacterial growth. Macrophages are also included in the first line of defense. These engulf viruses and bacteria on contact. If the virus or bacteria gets past these first barriers and makes its way into the bloodstream, we have another barrier called the Complement System. This can initiate bacterial or virus lysis in the absence of antibodies. Lastly, we have the induction of a fever. The rise in the blood temperature makes it impossible for some microbes to survive. As you get older, the Barries of your tissue start to break down. Your skin begins to thin, atrophy of the vaginal wall occurs, and there is a loss of cilia in your respiratory tract. This increases aging adults susceptibility to infection
What is the current mean life expectancy for men, women, and combined for people living in the U.S.? What is the oldest documented maximum life expectancy for humans and who was this person? What might be the projected maximum lifespan for people?
The current mean life expectancy for men is 77.1 years old, 81.9 for women, and 79.6 for combined people living in the U.S. The oldest documented maximum life expectancy for humans was Jeane Calmet and she lived to be 122 years old. The projected maximum lifespan for people is 130 years old.
List and Describe the three main structural components of skin. Be sure to include important cells and fibers in this description.
The three principle structural components of the skin are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is a thick layer of stratified squamous epithelial cells that are not actually penetrated by blood vessels. The principle structural cell is a keratinocyte that secretes a waxy, waterproof protein called keratin. There is a deep layer of rapidly dividing cells (stratum basalum or germinativum) that replenishes the epidermis continuously throughout life. Cells called melanocytes produce the pigment melanin, which colors skin and also causes tanning. The top layer of the epidermis is called the stratum corneum and it consists of 25-30 layers of dead, keratinized cells that continuously slough off. Other epidermal derivatives include hair and nails. The dermis is a thick, structural layer of collagen and elastin fibers produced by cells called fibroblasts. It contains sensory nerve endings, sweat glands, and a blood supply. It provides the deep structure for skin and can be tanned (crosslinked) by chemicals to produce leather. The hypodermis is not a true layer of skin, but rather a layer of fat and connective tissue that ties skin to underlying muscle and body tissue.
Identify and discuss five major factors that have contributed to the increase in the number of elderly in the United States during the last 120 years.
There are a number of factors that have led to a great increase in the number of elderly in the U.S. First, there was a large increase in the number of people born from 1946-64, the "baby boomers" who are now contributing to a large increase in the number of elderly. People are living longer because living conditions improved, notably clean drinking water supplies along with waste water treatment and public garbage removal. People are also living longer due to improvements in medicine including vaccinations, antibiotics, surgical techniques, medical imaging, and health care delivery. Finally, we now understand how to live a healthy lifestyle including the importance of low fat diets, exercise, and avoiding smoking.
contains the AG1 gene
c.elegens
Match each generation with the new technology that they first used or adopted. Generation Z phones antibiotics vaccinations microcomputers social media cell phones
cell phones
Interferes with DNA replication
chemotherapy
#3 rate and mortality lung cancer prostate cancer pancreatic cancer breast cancer colon cancer
colon cancer
general skin inflammation
dermatitis
As we age, the skin epidermis divides as a faster rate. True or false
false
Male pattern baldness is a genetic disorder causing hair loss in men and is not treatable. True or false
false
Highest mortality cancer lung cancer prostate cancer pancreatic cancer breast cancer colon cancer
lung cancer
the average death for all individuals in a population
mean lifespan
Match each Theory of Aging with the correct description or example. Endocrine theory Diabetes cancer can be age related disease Alzheimers Disease Menopause in women Osteoarthritis one gene produces hundreds of protein copies
menopause in women
Match each generation with the new technology that they first used or adopted. Generation X phones antibiotics vaccinations microcomputers social media cell phones
microcomputers
Match each Theory of Aging with the correct description or example. Wear and Tear Theory Diabetes cancer can be age related disease Alzheimers Disease Menopause in women Osteoarthritis one gene produces hundreds of protein copies
osteoarthritis
Wear and tear of aging model
osteoarthritis
Low 5 year survival rate lung cancer prostate cancer pancreatic cancer breast cancer colon cancer
pancreatic cancer
Match each generation with the new technology that they first used or adopted. Greatest Generation phones antibiotics vaccinations microcomputers social media cell phones
phones
Most common cancer in men lung cancer prostate cancer pancreatic cancer breast cancer colon cancer
prostate cancer
High energy waves break apart cellular DNA
radiation therapy
Autoimmune disorder
rheumatoid arthritis
benign lesion
skin tag
Match each generation with the new technology that they first used or adopted. Millennial phones antibiotics vaccinations microcomputers social media cell phones
social media
What year will the Baby Boomer Generation begin to enter the population aged 65 Years and older? 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
2010
Which of the following support the immune theory of aging? Rheumatoid arthritis Cancer Collagen crosslinking A and B are correct. All of the above are correct
A and B are correct
For the 15-24 year old group, the number 1 cause of death is Heart disease Cancer Accidents Stroke COPD
Accidents
Match each Theory of Aging with the correct description or example. Free Radical Theory Diabetes cancer can be age related disease Alzheimers Disease Menopause in women Osteoarthritis one gene produces hundreds of protein copies
Diabetes
Which of the following has been shown to increase both mean and maximum lifespan Dietary Restriction Lowering blood cholesterol Lowering blood sugar Estrogen replacement therapy Answers 2 and 3 are correct
Dietary Resriction
Anti Angiogenesis Compounds
Electric Field Therapy
Which theory of aging states that the age changes are not due to the genes themselves but rather to the damaged RNA and protein molecules? Death gene theory Error catastrophe theory Free radical theory Mitochondrial theory
Error catastrophe theory
Define the term "free radical" and briefly explain how free radicals can cause tissue damage. How does this relate to crosslinking? Give two relevant clinical examples.
Free radicals are chemical compounds containing unpaired electrons that oxidize or damage tissues that they contact. There are a number of free radical including glucose, peroxides, and hydroxols. As we age, these free radicals damage our tissues and cause cross linking in the collagen that makes up the dermis of skin, and the proteins that make up the lens of the eye. Crosslinking leads to structural changes in these tissues and makes them more rigid and less compliant. Relevant clinical examples would include Diabetes, which has several different oxidative stress changes (blood vessels, nerve damage, retina damage) and skin elasticity changes with aging, due to cross linking.
List five major functions of healthy skin.
Functions of skin:1. Protection from physical agents, chemicals, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic pathogens by the epidermis2. Thermal regulation and blood pressure regulation3. Sensory perception and neural elements4. Storage, excretory, and secretory functions5. Production of Vitamin D3 to assists with GI calcium absorption 6. Immune System protection through action of Langerhans cells
uniform genetic background
Inbred strains
Match each treatment with its mode of action. Rogaine Increases division rate of the epidermis Increases vascularity to hair Removes top layer of Stratum Corneum Blocks dihydrotestosterone Injectable Filler
Increases Vascularity to hair
Match each treatment with its mode of action. Retin A Increases division rate of the epidermis Increases vascularity to hair Removes top layer of Stratum Corneum Blocks dihydrotestosterone Injectable Filler
Increases division rate of the epidermis
Discuss and explain the behaviors, topic agents, and therapies that can be used to address skin and hair aging.
Skin can be protected from the aging process by reducing UV radiation contact (use sunscreens, avoiding prolonged, intense sun exposure) and using moisturizers. Retin A is shown to increase the division rate of the epidermis and reduce wrinkling. Alpha Hydroxy acids strip away the upper rough areas of the epidermis, making the remaining skin smoother and more youthful looking. Microdermabrasion can also be used to remove the outer rough areas of the epidermis. It is also beneficial to reduce contact with caustic soaps which can dry skin and strip it of its natural oils. Botox is an injectable that reduces wrinkles by paralyzing underlying facial muscles. Restylane is an injectable filler, used to pump up sagging skin and wrinkle lines. Hair is known to thin and grey with age. Coloring agents can address the loss of pigment with aging. Two compounds, Minoxidol or Rogaine, and Propecia are FDA approved to regrow hair. If used early, these may slow and reduce hair loss in balding areas.
Match each treatment with its mode of action. Propecia Increases division rate of the epidermis Increases vascularity to hair Removes top layer of Stratum Corneum Blocks dihydrotestosterone Injectable Filler
Blocks dihydrotestosterone
Lab activated T-cells to destroy cancer
CAR-T Therapy
Define and explain the differences between longitudinal and cross-sectional aging studies. Discuss some of the limitations of longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches in the study of human aging. What are some advantages of using animals in these studies?
A longitudinal study is a study of a group of the same people over an extended time. For example, studying the same group of people every 10, 15, or 20 years. This is a very accurate way of measurement, but there are many disadvantages to this approach. For example, it would cost a lot of many and take an extremely long amount of time. Also, due to people moving and changing in their life as they get older, it could be challenging to locate someone or get someone to commit to a study of this length. A cross-sectional study is a study of different age groups made into cohorts and compares them. This is one of the most common studies done; however, due to each age group possible growing up in different periods of history, say a 20-year-old compared against a 70-year-old may affect the study's outcome. This is due to environmental influences that affect someone's development, personality, and education. There are many advantages of using animals for these studies instead of humans. Animals have uniform genetic backgrounds, and their biology can be manipulated for studies. Genes can be taken out or added, and these animals can be raised in specific controlled environments. This is less time consuming and help create even more specific answers due to the control these scientists have.
Match each Theory of Aging with the correct description or example. Cellular Garbage Theory Diabetes cancer can be age related disease Alzheimers Disease Menopause in women Osteoarthritis one gene produces hundreds of protein copies
Alzheimers disease
prevent growth of blood vessels
Anti Angiogenesis Compounds
Measurements of people who are 65 years old in 1990 are compared with measurements of people who are 65 years old in 2010. This is an example of a: Longitudinal study Cross sectional study Time-lag study A and C are correct B and C are correct
B and C are correct
Describe the roles of B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and the changes observed with aging.
B lymphocytes, also called Plasma cells, produce antibodies. T cells are responsible for cellular immunity and will directly destroy abnormal (cancerous) and virally infected cells. A special fraction of T cells are called Helper T cells and will display foreign antigens, so that B cells can make specific antibodies. T cells show an age-related decline, which may be one reason why cancer (abnormal cells that T cells would remove) rates increase as we age. B cells seem to maintain their population and antibody production into old age. For this reason, vaccines remain effective in the elderly.
For the 55-64 year old group, the number 1 cause of death is Heart Disease Cancer Accidents Stroke COPD
Cancer
Match each treatment with its mode of action. Alpha hydroxy acids Increases division rate of the epidermis Increases vascularity to hair Removes top layer of Stratum Corneum Blocks dihydrotestosterone Injectable Filler
Removes top layer of stratum corneum
greasy, oval, colored lesion
Seborrheic Keratosis
Describe the three types of skin cancer. What are the risk factors for the disease? How can it be prevented? How are skin cancers recognized? Which is the most common? Which is the most deadly?
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer and the main risk factor for developing this disease is long-term exposure to sunlight, especially UV light. As such, prevention for skin cancer is behavior, avoiding sun exposure, especially mid day, when the sun's rays are strongest, covering up with long sleeves, wearing hats, and use of sunscreens for exposed areas of skin. Skin cancers are recognized by the ABCD rule, A = asymmetry, B= border (irregular), C = color (mixture of colors), D = diameter, anything larger than pencil eraser is suspect. There are three main forms of skin cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Malignant Melanoma. Basal Cell is the most common and Malignant Melanoma is the most deadly.
As they age, the elderly are less able to thermoregulate. True or false
True
Exposure to UV light is a major factor causing aging of skin and skin cancer. True or False
True
Senescence includes only detrimental age changes. True or False
True
The majority of skin cancers do not lead to metastasis and are not lethal. True or false
True
Without T cells, B cells are incapable of making antibodies against infections. True or false
True
Age changes happen to all population members
Universal
Discuss the top three death risk differences for 25-34 year olds vs. 45-54 year olds. What factors might account for these dramatic differences? Who is more vulnerable to dying young (men vs women) and what factors might contribute to this risk?
When the data are added collectively for both genders, accidents, homicide and suicide are the most common causes of death in the young, 25-34 year old group. In contrast, heart disease, cancer, and accidents are the most common causes of death in 45-54 year olds. It is important to note that if one adds the numbers up, men, in general, are more likely to die young, in both of these age groups, when compared with women, again suggesting that men overall, lead riskier lifestyles, and have a hormonal background that makes cardiovascular and cancer death more likely at younger ages, when compared with women.
Match each generation with the new technology that they first used or adopted. Silent Generation phones antibiotics vaccinations microcomputers social media cell phones
antibiotics