Bio 191 Unit 2
What is being described? Causes the histone to relax, which results in increased transcription
Acetylation
What physiological group of the Archaea kingdom/domain is being described? Withstand ph 2.0 and lower
Acidophiles
What is being described? Found just under the plasma membrane in the cell
Actin
What is being described? Replication results in both original and new DNA dispersed among the two daughter strands
Dispersive replication
What is being described? Function: Stores water, ions, nutrients, and wastes. Help regulate osmosis. Assists in movement of some cells.
Vacuole
What is being described? Where tRNAs exit
E site
What is being described? Evolved when one cell of a prokaryotic species was engulfed by and lived of a cell of another species. The engulfed species provided their hosts with advantages because of special metabolic activities.
Endosymbiosis
What is being described? Genetic modifications are passed down without actual changes to the DNA sequence.
Epigenetic inheritance
The nucleic acid's primary structure is the _______ _______.
Nucleotide sequence
What is being described? Command and control center of the cell. Store hereditary information (DNA). Found in a form called chromatin
Nucleus
What do specialized cells start off as?
Stem cells
The _______ ______ _______ faces the exterior in DNA's secondary structure.
Sugar-phosphate backbone
What is being described? Caused by a frameshift mutations and base-pair substitutions. Neurodegenerative disorder
Tay-Sachs disease
What is being described? Tell the enzyme where to stop transcription of a gene
Termination sequence
What doe the messages sent out into the cell direct?
The assembly of proteins
What is being described? The process of using the mRNA to direct the production of a protein.
Translation
What is the picture below?
Trp operon
Each tRNA has:
A single amino acid, anticodon
What is being described? Receives new tRNA
A site
What are the 3 binding sites for transfer RNA called?
A, P, E sites
Where is the amino acid added to in tRNA?
3' end
Where are new nucleotides added?
3' end only
The nucleotide sequence is written in the ____ -> ____ direction.
5' -> 3'
What is the 1st statement of the Cell Theory?
A cell is a highly organized
What is the 4th statement of the Cell Theory?
All cells are essentially the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities
What is the 3rd statement of the Cell Theory?
All cells come from preexisting cells and DNA is passed from cell to cell during cell division
What is the 2nd statement of the Cell Theory?
All organisms are made of cells
Where is the unique anticodon attatched to in tRNA?
Amino acid
What is being described? Allow cells to form sheets. Sheets are tightly bound together, but still space to pass in between cells. Desmosomes created the junction.
Anchoring junction
What is being described? Single celled prokaryotes. Transcription and translation of DNA is more like eukaryotes than prokaryotes. Found in extreme environments (extremophiles). Split into physiological groupings.
Archaea kingdom/domain
What is being described? Largest domain of life by sheer number. All members of this domain are sing-cell and prokaryotic. Have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan. Decomposers, pathogenic, and make yogurt/cheeses.
Bacteria kingdom/domain
What are examples of prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria, archaea
What mutation is being described? Involves a change in one pair of nucleotides
Base-pair subsitution
What is the name for mutagens that cause cancer?
Carcinogens
What is being described? H2O2 -> H2O + O2
Catalase
How do cells become specialized?
Cell differentiation & gene expression
What is being descried? Allow cells to form strong connections. Facilitate or prevent passage of materials. Facilitate communication
Cell junctions
What is being described? Describes the steps for going from DNA to protein
Central dogma
What is being described? Complex structures that assemble microtubules in animal cells. Used during cell division to separate chromosomes
Centrioles
What helps assist in proper protein folding?
Chaperones
What is being described? Help move a cell. Many, shorter appendages
Cilia
How do cells move?
Cilia, flagella, pseudopodia
What is being described? The mRNA is read in three-nucleotide units. Corresponds to a particular amino acid.
Codons
What is being described? The two strands of DNA completely separate to act as templates for the assembly of two new strands. After replicating, the original strands rejoin, preserving the original DNA molecule and leaving a completely new one
Conservative replication
What are the 3 possible alternatives as to how DNA could serve as a template for a new DNA molecule?
Conservative, semiconservative, and dispersive replication
Elongation is ______ on the leading strand.
Continuous
Where does transcription and translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?
Cytoplasm
What is being described? Extensive network of protein fibers. Support: provides internal structure to the cell. Transport: or organelles and protein vesicles. Cell motility
Cytoskeleton
What is being described? Closes the gaps between the new DNA strands.
DNA ligase
What is being described? Incorporates complementary nucleotides and adds nucleotides at the 3' end, new strands elongate in opposite directions.
DNA polymerase
What did Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl find after testing the three alternative hypotheses for replication of DNA?
DNA replication was semiconservative
What is being described? Causes histones more positively charged, making them more tightly bound to negatively charged DNA, which results in decreased transcription levels.
Deactylation
The sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid is ______.
Directional (has polarity)
Elongation is ______ on the lagging strand causing the need for Okazaki Fragments.
Discontinuos
What is being described? Single or multi-cellular organism whose cell(s) are organized by internal membranes
Eukarya kingdom/domain
What is being described? Proteins coded by mRNA. Allows for rapid evolution of proteins "Evolution by exon shuffling"
Exons
Where do archaea live?
Extreme enviornments
What is being described? Helps move a cell. One or a few, long structures.Tail like.
Flagella
What mutation is being described? One or two nucleotide pairs are inserted into or deleted from the molecule, altering the reading. Codons downstream of the insertion or deletion site specify an entirely new sequence of amino acids
Frameshift mutation
What 2 things in RNA need to be modified before the process of transcription is completed to protect it from being degraded?
G-cap is attached backwards to the 5' end, poly A added to the 3' end
What is being described? Allows small ions to pass between cells. "Large pipes" or opening between cells
Gap junctions
What is being described? The use of information in DNA to direct the production of particular protein.
Gene expression
What is being described? The information contained in DNA is stored in blocks
Genes
What is being described? Modify molecules. Package molecules in vesicles. Distribute the molecules at the end destination
Golgi complex
What physiological group of the Archaea kingdom/domain is being described? Live in extreme salt environments
Halophiles
What is being described? Unwinds the DNA, which is held open with single strand binding proteins
Helicase
What type of bonding is between the complementary base pairs (A-T ad G-C)?
Hydrogen
What is the Trp operon and Lac operon used for?
Induce gene expression
What is being described? Ropes of intertwined protein
Intermediate filaments
What is being described? Parts of the DNA that give rise to mRNA segments that are cut out. Reason for noncoding regions (introns) is becoming clear. They could be important to the evolution of complex organisms
Intron
The ____ strand elongates away from the fork.
Lagging
What is being described? Has three binding sites for transfer RNA (tRNA) located directly adjective to the exposed rRNA sequence on the small subunit
Large subunit
The _____ strand elongates into the replication fork.
Leading
What is being described? Degrades proteins, carbs, fats. Degrades materials taken in by the cell. Degraded in the acidic environment pH 5
Lysosomes
Who tested the three alternative hypotheses for replication of DNA (1958)?
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
What binds to the cell surface to create a biochemical change within a cell?
Messanger molecule
What physiological group of the Archaea kingdom/domain is being described? Produce methane in anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions usually at extremely cold temps
Methanogens
What is being described? Adding methyl groups to Cytosine
Methylation
What is being described? Actin; long, slender microfilaments. Cross-linked into bundles and networks. Largest structure within the cell. Determine shape and can provide "Crawling motion" (different from the cilia and flagella for motion)
Microfilaments
What is being described? Tubulin; hollow tubes. Thickest filaments of the cytoskeleton Function in movement of chromosomes, movement of organelles, structural component of cilia and flagella, made of two proteins called A-tubulin and B-tubulin
Microtubules
What mutation is being described? May result in a polypeptide chain with one amino acid different from the normal sequence.
Missense mutation
Where do most mutations occur?
Mistakes in DNA replication, defects in meiosis or mitosis
What is being described? Site of cellular respiration. Surrounded by two membrane and has a very high surface area. Sites for chemical reactions - break the covalent bond in sugars. Has its own DNA (maternal inheritance).
Mitochondria
Where does the mitochondria receive its DNA from?
Mother
What is being described? Agents that cause mutation. Include various types of radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays, UV rays) and certain chemicals
Mutagens
What is being described? Genes undergo changes in nucleotide sequence of the DNA.
Mutation
The ______ _______ face the interior in DNA's secondary structure.
Nitrogenous bases
What mutation is being described? Convert an amino acid-specifying codon to a stop codon
Nonsense mutation
What is being described? The complementary strand of DNA.
Nontemplate strand
What is being described? The nuclear surface is bounded by a double-membrane.
Nuclear envelope
What is being described? Groups of proteins form openings that permit substance such as proteins and RNA to pass in and out of the nucleus.
Nuclear pores
What is being described? Is a subcellular structure where rRNA is made and subunits of the ribosome are assembled
Nucleolus
What is being described? The thick fluid inside of the nucleus (suspends and protects parts)
Nucleoplasm
What is the difference between transcription and DNA replication?
Only copying a piece of a strand of DNA
What is being described? Generates H2O2
Oxidases
What is being described? Receives peptide-bearing tRNA after peptide bond formation
P site
What 2 diseases are caused by the misfolded proteins that aggregate into plaques?
Parkinsons, alzheimers
The cell wall is made up of:
Peptidoglycan, lipids
What is being described? Small organelles that contain oxidases and catalase . Very abundant in liver and kidney cells. Functions: Deals with metabolic wastes and oxidative products
Peroxisomes
The cell membrane is made up of:
Phospholipids, proteins
What is being described? RNA primers are laid down on each strand with this enzyme
Primase
What is being described? Sometimes called a nucleotide. Single, long, very condensed DNA molecule in the form of a ring. Attached at one point to the plasma membrane
Prokaryotic genome
What are the 2 types of cells?
Prokaryotic, eukaryotic
What is being described? DNA sequences that act like switched that turn genes on/off. Located upstream of the structural gene.
Promoter
Where does RNA polymerase first bind to?
Promoter
The essential key players in the cell's moment-by-moment existence are ______.
Proteins
What do genes code for?
Proteins
What are examples of eukaryotic cells?
Protista, plants, fungi, animals
Instructions are copied from the DNA into messages comprised of ____.
RNA
What is being described? Protein that produces the mRNA copy of DNA during transcription
RNA polymerase
What replace RNA primers?
RNase H, DNA polymerase
What did Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl use to test the three alternative hypotheses for replication of DNA?
Radioactive isotopes of N
What is the 3 step process of replacing the RNA nucleotides?
Recognition of mismatch, excision of segment of DNA containing mismatch, resynthesis of excised fragment
What is created as DNA is unwinded?
Replication fork
What is being described? A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site. Turns off cell.
Repressor
What is being described? How prokaryotes reproduce asexually. One cell becomes two cells.
Reproduction by fission
Where does translation occur?
Ribosome
What is being described? not technically organelles (they are not membrane bound and they are found in prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. Translate RNA into a polypeptide sequence. Either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or free floating in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes
What is being described? Is an extensive system of internal membranes made by folding the plasma membrane. Used for protein synthesis.
Rough ER
What is being described? The DNA unzips and new complementary strands are assembled using each strand as a template. One original strand is preserved in each duplex
Semiconservative replication
What mutation is being described? Do not alter the amino sequence
Silent mutation
What is being described? Has a short sequence of its rRNA exposed that is identical to the leader sequence that begins all genes. mRNA binds to it.
Small subunit
What are ribosomes comprised of?
Small subunit, large subunit
What is being described? Is an extensive system of internal membranes made by folding the plasma membrane. Aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids.
Smooth ER
What physiological group of the Archaea kingdom/domain is being described? Live in extreme heat >90 degrees celsius or extreme cold
Thermophiles
What is being described? Solutes can't pass around/between cells. They can seal off cavities. Hold together like a zipper. Act as a barrier.
Tight junctions
What is being described? As the DNA unwinds, helps to prevent supercoiling
Topoisomerase
What is being described? The copying the portion of the DNA template (gene) require to express a protein.
Transcription
What is being described? The process when a messenger RNA (mRNA) is made from a gene within the DNA.
Transcription
When does transcription end?
When a termination signal is reached
If you see ______ think 2nd messenger.
cAMP
What is being described? Type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome.
mRNA
What need to be modified before leaving the nucleus?
mRNA
What is being described? Type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome
rRNA
What brings amino acids to the ribosome to use in making proteins?
tRNA molecules
What is being described? Type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA