Bio 2 Final Exam (add ch.55 and 56)
Phylum Mollusca- Class Gastropoda
- 40,000 species, most marine40,000 species, most marine -Distinctive characteristic is the process of torsion Torsion - Visceral mass rotates 180 degrees, so that anus and mantle cavity are placed above the head -maybe for a balance advantage
Invertabrates
- 95% of animals on planet are invertabrates - animals without backbones - most animals are marine invertebrates on earth
Phylum Mollusca- Class Bivalvia
- Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops -two parts to shell -suspension feeders -trap food on mucus which coats the gills -Mainly sessile, but can move by using foot
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Tubellaria- free-living marine
- Known as planarians - Carnivores/scavengers - No specialized organs for gas exchange and circulation - Eye spot for light detection - Head Flaps for smell detection
Phylum Mollusca- Class Polyplacophora - The Chitons
- Oval plates with 8 dorsal plates - Found on rocky areas along coast
Cambrian explosion
- all major animal body plans developed within a short period from 543-525 mya first animals with hard, mineralized skeletons
sponge filtration
- primary responsibility for good sun visibility associated with reef areas - estimated sponges can filter entire water column over reef in 1-2 days - critical for coral reefs
Phylum Annelida: Class Oligochaeta
-Earthworms eat soil and extract nutrients -Wanted by gardeners and farmers as they till the soil -50,000 earthworms/ acre in one British Farmland -Giant Australian earthworm can reach 9'
Phylum Annelida: Class Hirudinea: Blood suckers (Parasites)
-Either use a bladelike jaw to slice through flesh - Or use a digestive enzyme that eats a hole through flesh
Phylum Platyhelminthes
-Flatworms -20,000 species marine, fw and terr. -Some parasitic -Bilateral and triploblastic -Mesoderm contributes to complex organs and true muscle tissue -Gastrovascular cavity with one opening for mouth an anus = incomplete -Acoelomates - no coelom
The Radiata- Phylum Cnidaria
-Hydras, jellies, sea anemones, and corals -10,000 species, mostly marine -They have a central digestive compartment known as a gastrovascular cavity -Diploblastic - eco and endoderm -No true muscle tissue -specialized muscle cells derived from ecto- and endoderm -centered as a ring around base of bell -a single opening acts as both mouth and anus-carnivores
Phylum Arthropoda
-Jointed Appendages -Segmented Coelomates, Ecdysozoans -These repeated segments are known as metameres and specialized segments can form metameres and specialized segments can form distinct regions = tagmosisdistinct regions = tagmosi -1 million species (mostly insects) -2 out of every 3 organisms known are arthropods -Most successful of all animal phyla -Success due to modifying segments of body to adapt to different environments
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Cestoidea - Tapeworms
-Parasitic, usually acquired from eating uncooked meat contaminated with cysts -No digestive tract, absorbs food predigested by host -Proglottids = sex organs -Scolex = head
Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms
-Protostomes, pseudocoelom, ecdysozoans -Found in most aquatic habitats -Not segmented -Cuticle covering body is shed as it grows -Lack a circulatory system, nutrients transported through fluid found in the psuedocoelem
Phylum Rotifera - Rotifers
-Pseudocoelomates - cavity not completely lined by mesoderm -Mainly freshwater, 1800 species -A Complete digestive tract - Has a separate mouth and anus -Crown of cilia that draws water into mouth
Phylum Annelida- Class Hirudinea: Leeches
-Secretes an anesthetic, so no pain -Secretes an anticoagulant so blood keeps flowing -Suck 10x its own weight in one meal -Used to stimulate circulation in recently replaced fingers and toes
Phylum Annelida
-Segmented worms -Closed circulatory system - Uses hemoglobin to transport oxygen -Each segment has a pair of excretory tubes known as metanephridia - remove wastes -Hermaphrodites -Exchange sperm -Clitellum secretes mucous cocoon which encases the egg and sperm and is released off animal as embryo develops -Asexual reproduction occurs by fragmentation
Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Con't
-Sexual Reproduction = Gonochoristic - SEPARATE SEXES - Internal fertilization -Important Decomposers of OM and nutrient recyclers; some are parasitic
Phylum Mollusca
-Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses and squids -150,000 species most marine, fw, and terr. -Most feed using a structure known as a radula for scraping up food -Hermaphrodites
Swim Bladder con't
-usually thing sticking out of mouth is its internal organs cuz the salomnic cavity (internal space) where all organs are housed is now filled with the swim bladder -the swim blader has no more pressure so gases expand and everything else goes out -if you released fish at that point it would bob out on the surface like a float cuz the swim bladder hasnt deflated -swim bladder takes awhile to deflate and inflate swim bladder through diffusive action -FWC (Florida fish and wildlife conservation) used to recommend was a hypodermic needle (essentially popping the swim bladder) -now we know causing this wound increases their infections rate and they are likely gonna die anyway -now, use a little hook that dissolves with a weight on it: you hook the fish with it and then the fish shoots to the bottom where the pressure increases, the organs are reabsorbed, and it has a better chance of survival
deuterostome (4 major animal divisions)
1. 8-cell stage is radial and indeterminate (cells are pluripotent) 2. enterocoelomates: coelom forms the bud of mesoderm, which come off the endoderm 3. blastopore (opening to archenteron) anus, mouth develops from second opening from blastoporeex: echinoderms and chordates
Coelon functions
1. cushions and protects internal organs 2. hydrostatic skeleton (used by soft-bodied animals for muscles to act upon) 3. enables internal organs to grow and move independently of outer body wall
Causes of animal diversification
1. ecological causes 2. geological causes 3. genetic causes(more than likely a mixture of all of these)
Stages of Early Embryonic development
1. flagellated sperm fertilizes non motile egg = zygote (2n) 2. zygote undergoes successive mitotic cell divisions = cleavage 3. leads to formation of multicellular hollow ball known as blastula 4. gastrulation: development of embryonic tissue (germ layers) 5. echo/endosperm produced
Evolutionary Biologists Beware! -It was not popular to support evolution -Creation by God alone was the accepted and widely supported reason for the diversity of life -Darwin waited __ years before he published his theory of evolution due to fear of public uproar
15
Phylum Arthropoda: Millipedes (Class Diplopoda):_ pairs of walking legs per segment
2
Shark Attacks: -70-100 per year globally (__-30 in Florida) -5-15 deaths
20
Shark Attacks: Should you should you be scared?: __ times as likely to get killed by a dog in U.S.
28
Extreme responses to Severe conditions Torpor -Body temps may drop to __- 36 degrees F
34
Phylum Arthropoda: Chelicerates: Chelicerae, pedipalps (sensory), and 4 pair of Chelicerae, pedipalps (sensory), and _ pair of walking legs
4
Monsanto- biggest biotech company -colorado potato beetle can pick leaves off plant overnight (biggest enemy) -__% of insecticides applied are for the beetle
40
Phylum Echinodermata: Class Echinoidea- -spines can move and aid in locomotion -no arms -has _ sharp teeth-like structures used to grind away at prey
5
only _% of all animals are vertebrates
5
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - Lamprey: Introduced to Great Lakes in 1800's -__% of fish attacked would die
85
The Primates Two major groups - Typically small -This animal is only _" long
9
Order Squamata - Lizards and snakes __% of reptiles
95
Extreme thermophiles ("heat lovers") - DOMAIN ___________ •Yellowstone Park hot springs; deep-sea hydrothermal vents. •Probably most closely related of all prokaryotes to eukaryotes.
ARCHAEA
Asexual Reproduction in Plants • Usually shoot or stem cuttings are used • __________ roots will develop from this region • Clones can also be produced from single leaves (African violets, Kalanchoe) or tubers- A potato can be cut up, each with an eye (a vegetative bud)
Adventitious
Emergence of Early Humans Incomplete fossil record - Fragments of jaws and teeth of hominids older than 1.5 mya only found in southeast _______
Africa
Vertebrates w/out a Backbone & Jaw ____________ - jawless fishes which also lack paired appendages
Agnathans
Modern examples of Natural Selection _________ Resistance- Resistant strains survive and reproduce
Antibiotic
Modern Amphibians Order ______ • "tail-less ones"; frogs and toads
Anura
Five Derived Characters unique to Land Plants 1. ________ Meristems- Localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots- Allows elongation to access natural resources
Apical
Shoot System • _________Dominance- Presence of terminal bud prevents axillary buds from growing - If removed axillary buds grow new branch with a new terminal bud - Evolutionary adaptation to grow taller and access more light
Apical
Phylum Arthropoda: Chelicerates: Class __________ - scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders
Arachnida
Thermoregulation adaptations Increase evaporative cooling -Spreading saliva and urine on body surface -____
Bats
Factors that divide populations and contribute to Reproductive Isolation Prezygotic barriers (before fertilization) 2. _____________ isolation- Mating signals, courtship displays, communication recognition
Behavioral
Stramenopila Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Seaweed adaptations to survive intertidal habitats: 2. _____________ - gel forming polysaccharides (algin) that give it a rubbery feel and cushions it and protects it from abrasion (also used for thickeners - puddings, etc.)
Biochemical
Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis 1. S.G. = life emerging from inanimate material (abiotic to biotic) 2. _____________ = life arises from reproduction of preexisting life
Biogenesis
Evidence for Evolution _______________- species on islands
Biogeography
Environment 2. ________: Influence of living things (other animals, plants, etc.)
Biotic
Niche • Earthworm niche - _______ - food for birds, bait for anglers, consumes detritus, recycles nutrients, parasite hosts
Biotic
_______ Coniferous Forest: The Taiga Northern/Boreal Coniferous Forest • Largest Terrestrial Biome Largest Terrestrial Biome • 12-28" precip annually - Over 9' in SE Alaska - Temperate rainforest • Long cold winters • Huge Annual Temp Changes - 90F in summer;-50F winter -Conifers dominate - spruce • Diverse mammals • Migratory birds Logging is a major concern
Boreal
Darwin's Background -Influenced by a ________ while earning his theology degree and became interested in biology
Botanist
Causes of Evolution: 1. Genetic Drift TWO TYPES: Population ____________: natural disasters may reduce the size of a population, unselectively changing the make-up of the population
Bottlenecks
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Merostomata - The Horseshoe Crab: First fossils from the early ____________ ~540mya
Cambrian
Vertebrates w/out a Backbone & Jaw Class ______________________ - Lampreys
Cephalaspidomorphi
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: Many have a specialized appendage called the _________, used for feeding and defense and manipulation of environment
Cheliped
Defense Mechanisms - Herbivores • __________ defense - Production of toxic compounds which kill insects - Production of toxins which make it distasteful or difficult to eat (onion = lachrymatory-factor synthase)
Chemical
Phylum Arthropoda: Centipede (Class ______________)
Chilopoda
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES 2.____________ - one partner benefits, the other is unaffected.Some Treponema (spirochetes) live between teeth & gums
Commensalism
In this type of relationship one organism benefits and the other is unaffected, such as a sharksucker and a shark.: _________________
Commensalism
Heat Exchange Pathways (1/4): ___________________: - Transfer of heat to an object in direct contact -Animal in pool of cold water -" sitting on a hot rock"
Conduction
____________________: - Allow their internal environment to vary with the external influences
Conformers
Gymnosperm Diversity, Continued-4 Phylum ______________ This phylum is the largest of the gymnosperm phyla Most species have woody cones, but a few have fleshy cones Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis all year round
Coniferophyta
Prokaryote Characteristics Genetic recombination via: _______________: direct transfer of genetic material (plasmids)
Conjugation
Heat Exchange Pathways (2/4):__________________: -Transfer of heat by the movement of air or a liquid past a surface -Breeze on an animals dry skin -Wind-chill factor -Circulating blood moves heat from body core to the cooler extremities
Convection
Prey Defense 5. Mechanical or Chemical defense __________ evolution occuring = animals from many different taxa have similar color patterns
Convergent
Modern examples of Natural Selection _____________ - Delta, Omicron
Coronavirus
Vertebrates w/out a Backbone & Jaw __________ - possess a skull covering the brain
Craniates
Biodiversity Crisis Extinction is a natural phenomena, but its current rate is worrisome - 100x long-term extinction rate • Could be 1000-10000x - The amount of human-altered land is approaching 50% - THE SIXTH EXTINCTION - More damage to biosphere and extinction of species than the asteroid impact in _____________ 65 mya
Cretaceous
Mass Extinctions 2. __________ (~ 65 mya) - Boundary between Mesozoic and Cenozoic Period - ½ of all marine species extinct - Dinosaurs extinct Asteroid Impact Hypothesis: - Thin layer of clay rich in iridiumiridium, found in abundance in meteorsmeteors, , separating the Mesozoic and d Cenozoic periods
Cretaceous
Phylum Echinodermata: Class ___________ - Sea Lilies
Crinoidea
Origin of Homo sapiens -Wise man -AKA ___-_________ - named after a valley in France where first fossils were found. - 100,000 years old
Cro-Magnons
Prey Defense 4. _________ coloration ~ camo - Passive defense = no energy
Cryptic
The accumulation of differences between groups is called ______________
DIVERGANCE
Causes of Evolution 4. Mutation - A change in an organism's ___ Rarely occurs and is not a big factor affecting microevolution
DNA
Osmosis __________ of water from a high concentration to a low concentration
Diffusion
Chromalveolata ______________ (dinoflagellates)- Abundant in phytoplankton - Armor of cellulose plates -Two flagella in perpendicular grooves which Two flagella in perpendicular grooves which cause a spinning mobility - Red tides and toxic blooms Pfiesteria - carnivorous on fish - Symbionts in coral
Dinoflagellata
_________ ("two houses")- Species has staminate flowers and carpellate flowers on separate plants (date palms)
Dioecious
Phylum Arthropoda: Millipedes (Class ____________)
Diplopoda
Types of selection __________ Selection - Favors phenotype of one extreme - Occurs during environmental change
Directional
Chordate Characteristics: 2. ______, Hollow Nerve cord
Dorsal
Learning Innate behaviors improve with performance Vervet Monkey 3 distinct calls and responses (2/3): ________ - look up
Eagle
Niche • __________ niche
Earthworm
Phylum Echinodermata: Class ____________ - Sea Urchins, Sand dollar
Echinoidea
___________: • Branch of biology • Study the relationships between organisms and their environment
Ecology
________________ - all interacting organisms in an area and their abiotic influences
Ecosystem
_________________: Animal which has an extremely low metabolic rate
Ectotherm
Class Aves - 8,600 extant species Birds ____ layers
Egg
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES _____________ - components of outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria (see below)e.g., salmonella.
Endotoxins
Endotherm: Have a high metabolic rate -Generates enough heat to keep its body substantially warmer than the surrounding environment ________________ expensive: -Need to consume much more food than ectotherms -Disadvantage if food supplies are limited
Energetically
Metabolism:_________ is provided for vital processes and activities and new material is assimilated
Energy
3 homeostasis mechanisms: (3/3): ______________ - how animals get rid of nitrogen - containing, metabolic wastes
Excretion
Phylum Arthropoda: ___________ is hard and water proof -Supportive role and resist desication
Exoskeleton
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES _____________ - toxic proteins secreted by bacteria.e.g., botulism, cholera, traveler's diarrhea.
Exotoxins
Extreme thermophiles ("heat lovers") - DOMAIN ARCHAEA •"_______________" - enzymes modified to avoid denaturation. -Optimal functioning at 60-80ºC(140-180º F); as high as 140ºC(285ºF).
Extremozymes
Bi-Annual Shark Migration in South Fl. -____ - head south to keys
Fall
Class Holothuroidea - Sea Cucumbers - special defense: ________ tentacles
Feeding
• ______= dull red or brown = rotten meat odor.
Flies
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: _______ was a key feature that allowed insects to diversify
Flight
The Earth's "thin" Crust 1. Plates "_____" on the mantle - mantle convection cells push them in various directions
Float
Plant Response to Stress __________- Pneumatophores of mangroves- Oxygen deprivation stimulates production of ethylene which induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) of roots cells • Creates air tubes provides oxygen to submerged roots
Flooding
Rhizaria _______________ (Forams) Marine, live in sand, on rocks, and plankton
Foraminifera
General Primate Characteristics __________ looking eyes
Forward
Class Mammalia evolved in Triassic, 220 mya -> Speciation took place in Cenozoic Era ______ evidence shows that mammalian anatomy slowly evolved in various organisms
Fossil
What can we do about it? Gas Prices are insane- ______ fuels release global warming gases and pollutants - Alternative forms of energy are cleaner and cheaper -Oil reserves will only last 30-50 more years
Fossil
Causes of Evolution: 1. Genetic Drift b.________ Effect • small populations that colonize new areas • Colonizing individuals may not represent their original population
Founder
___ p2 (speech gene)- attached human chromosome 7 -may have improved brain function for language skills
Fox
4 Major threats to Biodiversity 1. Habitat Destruction - ______________ - Selected harvest causes a fragmented ecosystem that may reduce connections and gene flow through the system
Fragmentation
Characteristics of Angiosperms -All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, Anthophyta Angiosperms have two key adaptations Flowers ______
Fruits
_________: -Originally classified as plants, but molecular evidence indicates they are closer relatives of animals
Fungi
Five Derived Characters unique to Land Plants 5. Multicellular _____________- Gametes produced within multicellular organs known as gametangia- Lost in advanced seed plants- Female = archegonia (1 egg)- Male = antheridia (Many sperm)
Gametangia
Factors that divide populations and contribute to Reproductive Isolation -Prezygotic barriers (before fertilization) __________ isolation - if two different species successfully have sex - Sperm of one species may not survive internal environment of another species, gamete cell molecular recognition
Gametic
Developing Seed -Prefertilization= Ovule 4. _____________ consists of nutritive material and egg
Gametophyte
Five Derived Characters unique to Land Plants 3. Alternation of _________ - Also evolved in some algal groups (analogous), but not found in charophyceans - Alternation between multicellular haploid stage (Gametophyte) and a multicellular diploid stage (Sporophyte)
Generations
PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION - ______ • Circular DNA concentrated in nucleoid region.
Genome
The Binomial A Two-Part Latinized Name for a Species Coryphaena hippurus Common Name = Dolphinfish, Mahi mahi 1st part = ______ 2nd part = species Homo sapiens
Genus
The Neanderthals - Named after region in _________ where fossils found -oldest fossils 200k yrs old
Germany
Tempo of Speciation ______________- New species arise gradually throughout a long time period A combination of both likely occurredduring evolutionary history
Gradualism
Reptiles - 7,000 Extant Species Three main species locally
Green Turtle, Loggerhead, and Leatherback
Cell Response -____-shock proteins maintain the integrity of proteins that would have been denatured by severe heat
Heat
Heat Exchange Pathways (1/4): Conduction •____ always conducted from a higher temperature to a lower one
Heat
Order Squamata - Lizards and snakes ____ detecting organs (infrared)
Heat
Non-Vascular Plants ___________ (Nonwoody - no lignin)
Herbaceous
____________: -Hyphae of two fungal mating types may fuse and exchange their haploid nuclei -These genetically different nuclei may not fuse for some time and these individuals are referred to as heterokaryons
Heterokaryon
Fungi ___________- Acquire nutrition through absorption- Digests food outside its body Digests food outside its body by secreting powerful enzymes known as exoenzymes
Heterotrophs
Emergence of Early Humans Australopithecus - the first hominids -____ is believed to be derived from these hominids
Homo
General Primate Characteristics: Hands and feet for grasping - Opposable thumb = allows precise manipulation - All primates except ____ have a big toe widely separated from other digits
Homo
The first hominid fossil found to use tools: _____ ________
Homo habilis
Major Land Plant Divisions Nonvascular plants 2. Phylum Anthocerophytra (________)
Hornworts
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Merostomata - The __________ Crab
Horseshoe
Japanese Honeybee Defense They hold it down and start the Honeybee _______
Huddle
Causes of Evolution 3. Gene Flow Reduces differences between populations that accumulated because of natural selection or genetic drift. (__________)
Humans
___________ = bright colors = poor sense of smell
Hummingbirds
Darwin's Influences ________ = Gradualism- Major geologic changes due to slow, but continuous processes
Hutton
-Faustino pacco grows potatoes with his family -make offerings of leaves for potatoes -practice the ancestors did -communication with mother earth -Andean farmers descendants from the ______, most sophisticated agricultural system -Spanish invaded in 16th century
Incas
Emergence of Early Humans ___________ fossil record
Incomplete
Major features of Human Evolution Brain Size - Homonoids - 400-450 cm^3 -Modern Humans 1300 cm^3 - ___________ in size with more advances species
Increase
marijuana: -1st discovered in _____ and china millions of years ago -was med treatment for dealing with pain before aspirin
India
Representative Non-Venomous Snakes Eastern _______ Snake (Drymarchon corais couperi) 60-90"
Indigo
Modern examples of Natural Selection ____________ Resistance- Resistant individuals survive and reproduce Passing on beneficial gene to next generation
Insecticide
Thermoregulation adaptations -Adjust rate of heat exchange -_______________: -Hair, feathers, fat reduces flow of heat to surroundings -Most land mammals and birds react to cold by raising their fur or feathers to trap a thick layer of air raising their fur or feathers to trap a thick layer of air
Insulation
-potato godsend for the _____ (tough to grow crops but procured in this place) -potatoes and cows milk was complete diet -very dependent on potato, population grew -irish only planted the lumper, 1 type of potato -dependent on 1 strain of potato -ship carried fungus in 1854 and the spore went across all of ireland and the potatoes turned to mush -3 yrs long, killed 1 mil ppl, 1 of every 8 ppl in ireland -cautionary tale of putting all ur eggs in 1 basket; monocultures -perable of importance of diversity
Irish
Koch's postulates: 4.____________ the same pathogen from the experimental host after the disease develops.
Isolate
Osmoconformer -_____________ to their surroundings
Isoosmotic
Osmosis ___________ solution = no net movement of water
Isotonic
Why is horseshoe crab blood blue?
It contains copper (copper-based)
Thermoregulation adaptations Increase evaporative cooling -Spreading saliva on body surfaces -_____________ and rodents
Kangaroos
Sexual Reproduction -Fungi sexual reproduction occurs in two distinct phase _____________- Fusion of the haploid nuclei - This stage may not occur for hours, days, weeks, years or even centuries (heterokaryon) -Once fusion occurs a diploid zygote is formed and this is the only diploid stage in the fungus life cycle
Karyogamy
Sharks - the exception - _________ remove some salt
Kidneys
Euglenozoa _____________ - A single, large mitochondrion which contains a A single, large mitochondrion which contains a large mass of DNA called a large mass of DNA called a Kinetoplast - Symbiotic Protists and some are pathogenic
Kinetoplastids
Specific niches • Some species have a very specific niche • ________ ______ - Only lives in areas of Australia that have eucalyptus trees • Eat leaves off this tree • Cannot tolerate low temperatures
Koala bear
Most Fishes are Ectothermic: EXCEPTION: ________ Powerful Swimmers
Large
Shark Structures: _______ line system -Row of microscopic organs sensitive to changes in water pressure
Lateral
Plant Body Plans 3 Major Organs: 1. ________ - photosynthesis = food production
Leaves
Homo erectus • The first hominid to migrate out of Africa • Upright man - 1.8mya - 200,000 years ago - Change in -Brain size = 1,100 cm3 - Social organization & communication skills were thought to be well developed -____ length increased making them taller
Leg
Learning Innate behaviors improve with performance Vervet Monkey 3 distinct calls and responses (1/3): __________ - climb tree
Leopard
Specialized Lifestyles 3. ________- symbiotic relationship between algal cells and fungal hyphae (usually ascomycetes) - Most of its mass is attributed to the fungus - Fungus provides the algal cells with a suitable physical environment for growth and the fungus receives food from the algae
Lichens
Body Plan of a Bird
Lightweight bones and feathers -hooks on feathers get dislodged, so preening is putting those hooks back in place for flyin
Alligators vs. Crocodiles • What's the difference? • Habitat - __________ organs - crocs secrete built up salts
Lingual
Class Osteichthyes - Bony Fishes 3 main groups of fishes: (2/3): ____-_______ fishes - Coelacanth
Lobe-finned
Class Osteichthyes - Bony Fishes 3 main groups of fishes: (3/3): _______________
Lungfishes
Darwin's Influences _____ = Uniformitarianism- Geologic processes occur at same rate throughout Earth's history
Lyell
Vector • ____ Disease - Vector = ticks; Host(s) can be dogs, cats, cows, birds, squirrels, etc. - Caused by a bacteria
Lyme
_______________ = describes patterns of changes in groups of related species over broad periods of geologic time.
Macroevolution
Phylum Echinodermata:_____________ is the opening to the water vascular system
Madreporite
Excretory System - __________ tubules - insects and other arthropods • Removes nitrogenous wastes and conserves water
Malphigian
Homologous Structures -Forelimbs of ___________
Mammals
The Rise of Mammals; Class Mammalia; 220 mya -> Cenozoic Era Mammalian Characteristics: ___________ glands - produce milk
Mammary
Mammals continued Pouched (____________) - Australia - Embryo born at early stage of development
Marsupials
Do birds learn to fly? Learning vs. ______________: - A change in behavior due to developmental changes in neuromuscular system
Maturation
Factors that divide populations and contribute to Reproductive Isolation Prezygotic barriers (before fertilization) 4. __________ isolation- Anatomically incompatible, floral anatomy targets species specific pollinators
Mechanical
Prey Defense 5. ___________ or Chemical defense - Toxins, synthesized or obtained from diet - Monarch butterflies eat milkweed plants as larvae
Mechanical
Shark Sizes: Largest ever was __________, got to be 60' long! (modern great whites only get to 24' max)
Megalodon
what type of shark is the movie Jaws based off of?
Megalodon
Developing Seed -Prefertilization= Ovule 2. ___________________- female reproductive structure; produces haploid megaspore via meiosis.
Megasporangium
Developing Seed -Prefertilization= Ovule 3. _______________ - divides via mitosis to produce gametophyte
Megaspore
__________________: The sum of an organisms chemical reactions
Metabolism
Specialized Lifestyles 1. ______ - a group of fungi that grows rapidly and only reproduce asexually - Fungi w/ no known sexual stages are known as imperfect fungi
Molds
Evidence for Evolution __________ biology - DNA and proteins
Molecular
Angiosperms Only 1 Phyla- Anthophyta (Flowering Plants) Two major groups (based on # of cotyledons= seed leaves) - ____________ = 1 cotyledonLillies, orchids, grasses
Monocots
_____________ ("one house")- Staminate and carpellate flowers are located on the same individual plant (corn)
Monoecious
Mammals continued: Egg-layers (_____________) - Spiny anteaters - Duck-billed platypus
Monotremes
Major Land Plant Divisions Nonvascular plants 3. Phylum Bryophyta (___________)
Mosses
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) _______ drop out of sky when they detect ultrasonic waves
Moths
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES 1._____________ - partners have mutually beneficial effects.N2-fixing Rhizobium & root nodules of legumes (peas, beans, alfalfa)(top)Vertebrate gut bacteria, e.g., Escherischia coli
Mutualism
Specialized Lifestyles 4. _________________ - mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi - Fungal hyphae increase the absorptive surface area of the plant root by accessing nutrients in soil that roots could not reach - Fungus gets organic nutrients synthesized by plant - Almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae - Look for fruiting bodies at the base of trees
Mycorrhizae
Vertebrates w/out a Backbone & Jaw Class _______ - Hagfish
Myxini
_________ _____________ is the process that drives evolution - Certain phenotypic characteristics increase survivability - Individuals containing these characteristics will successfully reproduce and pass on these beneficial genes to future generations
Natural selection
______________ and homo sapiens height and brain size the same (were homo sapiens) -Neanderthals more robust -good hunters; gone but we (homo sapiens) remained -migrated to Europe when it got cold
Neanderthals
Subphylum Vertebrata: Vertebrate Characteristics: 1. _______ Crest - a group of embryonic cells at the dorsal margin of the hollow, nerve cord
Neural
-farmers living on very small margins -if they didnt spray the chemicals they risk their livelihood -Monsanto (bigest biotech company) created method of killing colorado potato beetle that would reduce use of insecticides -created new potato (________ potato)
NewLeaf
_________: • The functional role of the organism
Niche
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: _____________ wastes are excreted through thin sections of the exoskeleton
Nitrogenous
Three Variations on Alternation of Generations in Plants: 1. Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte (___________ Plants)
Nonvascular
______ Shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum
Nurse
The Primates • First thought to have evolved in ___ World and some species rafted to the New World • Separate speciation events
Old
Phylum Arthropoda: Centipede (Class Chilopoda): ____ pair of walking legs per segment
One
Stramenopila _________ (Water Molds)- Cell walls made of cellulose Made up of hyphae (Analagous to Fungi hyphae) - Increase the surface area and therefore the Increase the absorptive ability
Oomycota
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: _____ Circulatory System
Open
__________ of Bony Fishes A protective flap that covers four or five pairs of gills
Operculum
Phylum Echinodermata: Class ____________ - Brittle Stars
Ophiuroidea
_______________: • Earliest & simplest life forms • Biomass greater than all remaining living organisms put together .• Found wherever life exists & often where other life forms cannot exist. • Far more are beneficial or benign than harmful, e.g., symbionts, decomposers, nutrient recyclers.
PROKARYOTES
The portabella mushroom belongs to this Phylum.: _________ _________________________
Phylum Basiodiomycota
Cephalopods are the only group of organisms within this Phylum with a closed circulatory system: ________ _______________
Phylum Mollusca
Defense Mechanisms - Herbivores • _________ barriers to herbivory- Thorns (roses) and spines (cacti)
Physical
____________: Conifers such as the Giant Sequoia and common pine trees
Pinophyta
Keystone species • Example - ___________ - a seastar which fed on an abundant mussel in the rocky intertidal zone
Pisaster
This apicomplexan is the pathogenic protist which causes malaria: _____________
Plasmodium
Sexual Reproduction -Fungi sexual reproduction occurs in two distinct phases 1. _________- Fusion of parents cytoplasm - Nuclei exchange takes place
Plasmogamy
UNIKONTA Slime Molds 1. ______________ Slime Molds-heterotrophic-feeding stage is called plasmodium - a "supercell" w/ a large mass of cytoplasm and many nuclei (2n)
Plasmoidal
Succession of life -____________ "ruled" for 1.5 b.y.- 3.5 - 2.0 bya (anaerobic atmosphere) -Photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) evolved 2.7 bya- Oxygen accumulation in atmosphere began - Steady increase until 2.1 bya, when oxygen accumulated rapidly - This sharp increase in OThis sharp increase in O22 doomed many doomed many prokaryotes due to Oprokaryotes due to O22 attack their chemical attack their chemical bonds
Prokaryotes
The Primates Two major groups ________________- Only found in parts of Africa and on the island of Madagascar
Prosimians
4. Origins of Heredity First hereditary material was ___- Also acted as a catalytic enzyme
RNA
Sharks - the exception - _________ Gland = specialized gland to remove salts
Rectal
__________________: - Maintain a nearly constant internal environment over a range of external conditions =Requires energy (active process)
Regulators
Phylogeny 1. _________ Dating- The sequence of events due to layering of The sequence of events due to layering of fossils
Relative
Isolating mechanisms keep speciation going Eventually newly formed species can no longer interbreed, and this is what keeps them distinct! -This is called ____________ Isolation!
Reproductive
___________: Common characteristic - Threadlike psuedopodia
Rhizaria
Non-vascular Plants _________, anchor to substrate - Differ from true vascular roots Not involved in absorption Not composed of tissues A strand of single cells
Rhizoids
Modified Shoots • Often mistaken for roots • __________ - Horizontal stems which grow underground (ginger)
Rhizomes
_______________ (Red Algae) No flagellated stages in their life cycle Not all rhodophytes are red!- All contain the red pigment phycoerythrin Most abundant algae in tropical waters
Rhodophyta
Xylem transport 1. ____ Pressure = upward push of xylem sap- Causes guttation
Root
Plant Body Plans 3 Major Organs: 3. _______ - support and water absorption
Roots
Plants & Charophyceans have four common traits: ____ shaped protein clusters in cell membrane- Produce cellulose used in cell wall -Produce cellulose used in cell wall
Rose
Mutualism 1. Termites 2. ___________ 3. Flowers and bees
Ruminants
Xylem transport -___ = fluid w/in vascular tissue
Sap
Plant Cell types 3. _____________- Thick celled walls and usually contain lignin- Dead at functional maturity -supportive - Occur in areas of the plant that have stopped growinga. Fibers (hemp) b. Sclereids (nutshells, seed coat)
Sclerenchyma
Keystone species -____ ________ feed on sea urchins -Sea urchins feed on algae (Kelp)
Sea otters
Plant Pathogen Defense 1. _____ off and contain the area- Lignin deposited to form a local barrier
Seal
Plant Growth ___________ Growth - thickening of roots and stems (woody plants only = trees) due to lateral meristems
Secondary
Prey Defense 2. ________________ = large grazing mammals protect their young
Self-defense
Flower _______ - usually green leaves that enclose the flower before it opens (bud).
Sepals
_________ Selection • Selection process leading to sexual dimorphism - The males and females are strikingly different • due to coloration, size or specialized structures
Sexual
Endothermic Insects _______________, by vibrating wings before take off warms up organism
Shivering
Plant Body Plans Two Main Systems: 1. The Root System 2. The _______ System (Leaves and Stems)
Shoot
Phylum Mollusca Con't
Similar body plans - Foot is used for movement - Visceral Mass contains most organs -Mantle - tissue lies over visceral mass and may secrete a shell -Mantle cavity - a water filled area which houses the gills
Phylum Arthropoda: Chelicerates: ___ pair of appendages
Six
Phylum Echinodermata: Dueterostome: ____ movers
Slow
Learning Innate behaviors improve with performance Vervet Monkey 3 distinct calls and responses (3/3): _______ - look down
Snake
To survive you must acclimate example Red-sided Garter __________
Snakes
The Honeybee Huddle ______ behavior - huddle together in groups to conserve heat and move between cooler edges and warm center to distribute heat throughout the hive
Social
The Honeybee Huddle: _______ behavior - huddle together in groups to conserve heat and move between cooler edges and warm center to distribute heat throughout the hive
Social
Phylum Pterophyta Ferns - most widespread and diverse - ____- clusters of sporangia Undersurface of fronds Contain haploid spores - Megaphylls = true leaves with foliage - Independent gametophyte stage
Sori
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: __________ appendages
Specialized
Adaptation to Land5. ______ are packaged as pollen; adapted for delivery by wind or animals - water is not required(Except Nonvascular and seedless vascular plants)
Sperm
Class Echinoidea - Sea Urchins, Sand dollar __________ can move and aid in locomotion
Spines
Shark Structures: _____ valve -Within the intestine; Increases surface area of a short digestive tract
Spiral
PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION • Chiefly unicellular 3 Basic forms: Cocci (Spherical) Bacilli (Rod-shaped) ________ (Helical)Used for identification purposes
Spirilla
Bi-Annual Shark Migration in South Fl. -_______ - head north to N.C.
Spring
Evidence of prokaryotic life has been found in special "rocks" ________________ = Fossilized mats of prokaryotes
Stromatolites
Stramenopila Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Seaweed adaptations to survive intertidal habitats: 1. ___________ - holdfast - anchors the alga to a hard substrate during violent conditions
Structural
Class Crinoidea - Sea Lilies -____________ feeders, move arms to mouth
Suspension
Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets - small, blade-like animals that live in marine, sandy bottoms ___________ feeders
Suspension
________________: The study of biological diversity through evolution
Systematics
3 homeostasis mechanisms: (1/3): _____________________ - how animals maintain internal temp. w/in a tolerable range
Thermoregulation
Non-Vascular Plants ____ bodies (1 - 3 cells thick)- Allows all cells to be close to water and dissolved minerals
Thin
Phylum Echinodermata: Dueterostome: ____ skin covers and endoskeleton w/ hard calcareous plates
Thin
Loss of Species Diversity (Richness) Endangered species = in danger of extinction throughout all or most of its range ___________ species = likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future 13% of all known bird species are threatened with extinction (1,183 species!) - In past 40 years migratory songbird populations In past 40 years migratory songbird populations have dropped by 50% Freshwater fish have been declining rapidly during historical times (loss of 20% of all sp.) -Lake Victoria in Africa lost 200 of its 300 species
Threatened
The father of ethology: ___________
Tinbergen
Ethology ____________ experiment-digger wasps use landmarks -particular arrangement of structures to find nest, rather than objects themselves
Tinbergen's
Adaptation to Land Water Transport 2. Vascular ______ 93% of all plants contain vascular tissue, which allow large more complex body designs
Tissue
Extreme responses to Severe conditions _______ -A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
Torpor
Prokaryote Characteristics Genetic recombination via: _______________: plasmids transferred between bacteria via infection by bacteriophage viruses.
Transduction
True or false: All Hox genes contain a homeobox
True
Euglenozoa Kinetoplastid ________________ Pathogenic, causes African Sleeping Sickness - Spread by the bite of the Tsete Fly
Trypanosoma
This protist causes African Sleeping Sickness.: _______________
Trypanosoma
Modified Shoots • _______ - swollen ends of rhizomes, specialized for food storage (potatoes) -Potato "eyes" are new lateral budsforming new shoots
Tubers
Subphylum Urochordata: ____________
Tunicates
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: ___ pair of antennae
Two
Plant Tissue Types 2. _________- Transport of materials throughout plant body- Xylem and Phloem found in strands known as vascular bundles in stem and in a vascular cylinder in roots
Vascular
Thermoregulation adaptations -Adjust rate of heat exchange -Altering the amount of blood flowing between body core and skin ___________________= decrease in the diameter of superficial blood vessels - Reduces blood flow and heat transfer
Vasoconstriction
Thermoregulation adaptations -Adjust rate of heat exchange -Altering the amount of blood flowing between body core and skin ______________ = increase in the diameter of superficial blood vessels - Results in elevated blood flow to skin - Usually warms the skin
Vasodilation
Heat Exchange Pathways (1/4): Conduction •_____ is 50-100x more effective than air in conducting heat
Water
Phylum Echinodermata: Dueterostome: _____ Vascular System
Water
What's the largest fish in the sea? (_____ _______)- Rhyncodon typus
Whale shark
Why should we care? Edward__________ = Biophilia - connection to nature
Wilson
Origin of Homo sapiens -____ man
Wise
Vascular tissue - Earliest vascular plants lacked seeds (such as in ferns) Two types of vascular tissue: 1. ______ - cells walls of dead cells act as pipes transporting water and minerals from roots
Xylem
Specialized Lifestyles 2. ______ - unicellular fungi 2. Reproduce asexually by cell division or buddingReproduce asexually by cell division or budding 3. Some Some reproduce sexuallyreproduce sexually and are classified as and are classified as asco- or basidio- mycetesasco- or basidio- mycetes 4. Some are grouped as imperfect fungiSome are grouped as imperfect fungi 5. Used to raise bread (CO2 released)Used to raise bread (CO2 released) 6. Used to brew beer Used to brew beer 7. Some yeasts grow on our shower curtains (pink Some yeasts grow on our shower curtains (pink in color) in color) Rhodotorula
Yeasts
Optimal Foraging Theory In other words, how can the crow reduce the amount of work (cost) to open the shell (benefit)? Scientist (____) conducted experiment to figure this out: Work = Height * Number of Drops
Zach
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: Appendages on thorax and _________
abdomen
Animals are much less susceptible to parasitic fungi than are plants The chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline or extinction of about 200 species of ___________ worldwide
amphibians
Waste Products -Most __________ convert ammonia to another form in order to store it and excrete it at another time
animals
Innate Behavior Kittiwakes (Gulls) nest on cliff ledges-young have innate ___________ to cliff edges and stay
aversion
Many ruminants and termites rely on these organisms to break down cellulose for nutrition: ______________
bacteria
Homeostasis: A budget - careful _____________ of gains and losses
balance
Endothermic Insects -Many ____ and moths and other flying insects
bees
Characteristics of Reptiles: Ectotherms; do not use metabolism to regulate body temperature; they regulate body temperature through ___________ adaptations
behavioral
Mutualism Relationship when two organisms live in close association and both ________
benefit
Gnathostomes - jawed vertebrates: 1. Cartilaginous fishes -some sharks and spotted eel ray are ______ feeders (shoel-like nose) which is used to find buried prey -a chimera (means riddle) are a mix of things (diff morphologies), they dont have bony Material -great white sharks (best known of all the sharks)
benthic
-goosebumps is with fight or flight response -raising your hair makes you look _______ to scare predators (threatening stance) -its a vestigial trait in us (not functional in humans anymore)
bigger
Dominant species • Species that have the highest abundance or _________: - Sum of weight of all individuals in the population
biomass
Spinner Shark: Spin body as they swim vertically through school of bait ______ in all directions along the way
biting
Mars, cold, dry red(rust) planet - Geologic formations (river beds and __________) - Polar ice caps
canyons
Causes of Evolution: 1. Genetic Drift Changes in the gene pool of a small population due to ______.
chance
Plants evolved from their aquatic ancestors, known as ____________- belong to the Chlorophyta Clade
charophytes
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - Lamprey: Introduced to Great Lakes in 1800's -Effective ________ control program
chemical
The Primates Prosimian -First primates to have evolved _______ vision
color
cephalization (only in bilateria)
concentration of sensory equipment anteriorly (the end animal is leading with)
A snake warming up on a hot road: ______________
conduction
Most Fishes are Ectothermic: Most are _____________ and have a very low metabolic rate
conformers
-1996, newleaf potato used in fast food -millions of ppl eating the genetically modified potatoes -weren't aware -wed been eating them for a few years -gene that codes for a protein -FDA said unless substantially diff, change nutrient profile, it doesn't need to be labeled -in late 1980s, issue of GMOS had intense opposition -ppl want to know what's going on in their bodies when eating GMOS -the bt potatoes offered farmers reduced costs, but doesn't benefit the _________ -since they dont know alot abt it, dont want it
consumers
potato is associated with ______
control
Advantages of Endothermy Also have mechanisms for ____________ their body in hot environments
cooling
Desert • Extremely low rainfall (<12"/yr) • Can be either hot or cold • Large ______ temp. changes
daily
Extreme responses to Severe conditions -Torpor -Estivation ~ Summer Torpor -Torpor is typically triggered by seasonal changes in ___ length
day
Habitat Cacti = _______
desert
Tropical rainforest soils = low nutrients due to lots of ___________
detritivores
gastrulation
development of embryonic tissue (germ layers), which leads to formation of body parts
This group has two interlocking shells composed of silica: __________
diatoms
Niche partitioning among warblers (small songbirds)
different types of warblers (ex. cape may warbler and bay-breasted warbler) can all live in the same tree but different parts of it
Chordate Characteristics: 3. Pharyngeal Slits -allows water entering mouth to exit without continuing through _____________ system
digestive
Order Squamata - Lizards and snakes Snakes = No __________, feel vibrations
eardrums
endysozoa (protostome)
ecdysis: shedding of an old exoskeleton (aka molting)
Thermoregulation adaptations Cooling by evaporative heat loss -Sweating or bathing to make skin wet enhances ___________ cooling
evaporative
Lamarckian Evolution Theory was flawed and ridiculed at the time - No ___________ that acquired characteristics (blacksmith bicep size) can be inherited
evidence
Cladistics - now accepted method of phylogenetic analysis Basic idea - members of a group/clade share a common ___________ history- More closely related to members within the group/clade than outside it
evolutionary
choanocyte (parts of sponge) responsible for sponge ability to _______ water -water naturally wants to go into sponge
filter
Phylum Annelida: Asexual reproduction occurs by _______________
fragmentation
Phylum Annelida: Class Hirudinea: leeches live in ______________ areas
freshwater
Phylum Rotifera - Rotifers live in a mainly __________ environment
freshwater
-Common backyard marsupial- oppossum Possums are _____-eaters -have pre-hensile tail (can wrap it around branch and hang from there)
fruit
-we have __________ to raise hair (when cold or scared) -attracts air to skin (the hair raising) which traps warm layer against skin to reduce heat loss
goosebumps
Pollen and Production of Sperm A microspore develops into a pollen _____ that consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall
grain
A bacterium with a large outer layer of peptidoglycan.: ____-________ ______________
gram-positive bacteria
Habitat Prarie dog = _____________
grassland
The Primates: Old World monkeys = also include ___________-dwellers
ground
Homo habilis - ________ man
handy
Phylum Annelida: Closed circulatory system - Uses __________ to transport oxygen
hemoglobin
Adaptation to Land 4. Production of Secondary Compounds Unique compounds produced by plants - bitter tastes, strong odors or toxic effects which defend plant from ________- Alkaloids, terpenes, and tanins
herbivores
All seed plants are ____________- Two different spores; each one produces a single type of gametophyte - Megasporangium = female - Microsporangium = male
heterosporous
Endotherm: Have a _____ metabolic rate
high
leads to formation of multicellular, which creates...
hollow ball known as blastula
Maintaining optimal internal conditions: ______________
homeostasis
Homo erectus The first __________ to migrate out of Africa
hominid
Protist Motility -Most are motile and utilize flagella or cilia Remember - Eukaryote and Prokaryote flagella are not ___________ structures- They have different structural make-ups
homologous
Heat Exchange Pathways (4/4): Evaporation Does not occur effectively in ______ environments -Reduces evaporation
humid
The Radiata- Phylum Cnidaria (two main body types) 1. polyp
hydra, sea anemones and corals -sessile, cylindrical, use tentacles to capture passing food
To survive you must acclimate -Birds and mammals also adjust the amount of ___________ in response to changes in temperatures
insulation
Lamarck's theory of evolution (1809) He studied ______________ fossils- Noticed lines of descent
invertebrate
Echinoderms, urochordates, and cephalochordates are all __________________
invertebrates
Keystone species • Example - With this seastar their were 15-20 species of _____________ in this habitat
invertebrates
Most ________, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles are ectotherms
inverts
Order Squamata - Lizards and snakes Specialized _____ to swallow larger prey (not connected to skull)
jaws
Loss of Genetic Diversity -The increasing decline in species richness, and local, as well as global extinctions, has a dramatic effect on genetic variation -Reduced genetic variation can leave reduced populations at risk of extinction -Reduces the built-in genetic adaptations of particular populations due to their _____ conditions
local
What is a gene pool? Total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time. - Consists of all alleles at all gene ____ in all individuals of the population
loci
Phylum Annelida: Class Polychaeta: These may have a sensory function, _________ or feeding
locomotion
Phylum Echinodermata: Dueterostome: Water Vascular System: -Network of hydraulic canals -Branch into extensions called tube feet -used for _____________, feeding and gas exchange
locomotion
Advantages of Endothermy Allow animals to perform vigorous activity for_________ periods of time
longer
Osmoregulators Must take in water to offset osmotic _____ if it lives in a hypertonic environment
loss
Key Characteristics of Amphibians Diverse social and _______ behavior (frog calls)
mating
3 major classes of cnidarians: Scyphozoa
medusa stage dominant
Phylum Echinodermata: Class Ophiuroidea - Brittle Stars -Lack tube feet for __________, move w/ snakelike undulations of arms
mobility
Phylum Arthropoda: Success due to ______________ segments of body to adapt to different environments
modifying
Key Characteristics of Amphibians Lay eggs in ______ environment
moist
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: ________ marine
mostly
Bony Fishes: Swim Bladder Allows the fish to remain __________ and conserve energy
motionless
Phylum Rotifera - Rotifers have a separate _______ and anus
mouth
General Primate Characteristics Flat ______ on the ends of the digits
nails
The mesozic era was the age of gymnosperms -Gymnosperm - "______ seed"
naked
4 potential agents which drive microevolution (Things that cause populations to evolve) 2)_________ selection
natural
Darwin's Background -took a volunteer position as a _________ on a research expedition around the world
naturalist
Why should we care? Evolution and Natural Selection forces us to realize that we are part of _______ and rely on it for everything we do
nature
Reptiles - 7,000 Extant Species Sea Turtles____ off our coast • Starts March ends in August
nest
shell is absent (_________)
octopus
Sharks, Cont: Regulate buoyancy = large amount of ____ in their huge liver - still negatively buoyant
oil
Pouched (Marisupials) -if a mother with babies, the babies may be still alive in the pouch -marsupials give birth at a very young age (before they complete development) -__________ and forelimbs are very developed at a young age of development cuz they smell their way to the mother's nipple -can stay with their moms for many years
olfaction
Koch's postulates: 1.Find the same _________ in all diseased individuals examined
pathogen
Fungi Some parasitic fungi are __________- (80 % of all plant diseases)
pathogenic
Shark Reproduction -Internal fertilization -Viviparous -The young develop within the uterus and are nourished by the mother's __________
placenta
Whale shark- Rhyncodon typus: -feeds on smallest creatures in the sea (______________) -mexico- head there during winter months
planktavores
DOMAIN ARCHEA •Largest known ___________ - possible biotechnology uses. •Applications - salt intrusion into soils makes agriculture difficult or impossible.- Possible use of halophile genetics for improving salt-tolerance of crops.
plasmids
PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION - • Circular _________ - small DNA rings with few genes -contain genes for antibiotic resistance and metabolism of rare molecules -Not responsible for essential cellular functions -Reproduce independently
plasmids
Thermoregulation adaptations Behavioral Responses -Used by both endo and ectotherms -Changes in __________ or moving in the environment to find more optimal conditions
posture
Thermoregulation adaptations Behavioral Responses -Used by both endo and ectotherms Changes in _________ or moving in the environment to find more optimal conditions
posture
NewLeaf Potato -genetically engineered (took gene from diff species) -used gene from common soil that kills _______ beetle using protein (bt, bacillus...) -not harmful to humans -beetle eats leaf, gets protein, it disrupts its digestive system and kills it -coud diminish spraying, they genereated their own pesticide
potato
Dominant species Why do species become dominant? 2. Species has a greater success of avoiding ___________
predation
Ecological Defense - Herbivores Recruitment of ____________
predators
Ecological causes (animal diversification)
preditor/ prey relationships (natural selection), developed new adaptations
-immigrate to US (Mexican Americans) was very important -jazz world soaked in cannabis -cannabis proposed time stopping and exploring ______ moment -African Americans cannabis common with them -1960's use of marijuana soared -entire generation embraced it despite being illegal for several years
present
Community Interactions • Many predators have special adaptations for catching _____ -Beneficial Predators
prey
Three-Spined Stickleback FAP Innate aggressive behavior triggered by ___ underside of other males
red
What is a flower? It is the _____________ structure of an angiosperm
reproductive
These parasites decimated the Great Lakes trout fishery when they invaded: ___ ___________
sea lampreys
Most fungi have hyphae divided into cells by _____, with pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles
septa
Major features of Human Evolution Jaw Shape - Homonoids had longer jaws = prognathic jaws • Jaws became _________ as species advanced
shorter
Rhizaria Radiolarians Slender psuedopods called axopodia which radiate from their body cavities - Reinforced by microtubules Most are planktonic Skeletons made of fused ________ plates
silica
Vertebrates w/out a Backbone & Jaw: Class Myxini - Hagfish Produce ______ -Wards off other scavengers -Defense -Can produce several liters if attacked - smothers gills of predator
slime
-spiny anteater can detect electrical currents using their ______ -theres a venomous mammal (duck-billed platypus hind claws have venom in them)
snouts
General Primate Characteristics Larger brains - Allow more complex ______ behavior
social
Excretory System • Terrestrial and marine adapted for maximum water conservation • Freshwater adapted for maximum _________ conservation
solute
The earliest prokaryotic fossils: ________________
stromatolites
To survive you must acclimate Acclimatization: -a physiological adjustment by an animal to a new range of environmental _______________ over a period of days or weeks
temperatures
Advantages of Endothermy -Allow animals to survive in __________ habitats, where temperature fluctuations are routine, when compared to aquatic habitats -Below freezing habitats , endotherms can live
terrestrial
what environments do phylum mollusca live in?: freshwater, marine, and ____________
terrestrial
Lobe-finned fishes are ancestral fish that led to evolution of ___________
tetrapods
The coelom; psuedocoelomated (4 major animal divisions)
the body cavity is present, but it is not completely lined by the mesoderm (phylum Rotifera and phylum Nematoda)
what is the most common sea turtle in Florida?
the loggerhead
-alligator has __________, less narrow snout
thicker
Endothermic Insects -Countercurrent heat exchanger to keep heat in _______
thorax
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Body has 3 main regions: (2/3): _______: 3 pair of walking legs attach here -1-2 pairs of wings extend from exoskeleton in this region
thorax
-Neanderthals able to make and use tools (stone tools) -tools for slaughtering animals or sharpening spears
true
Colonization of the Land Massesoccurred ~ 500 mya
true
Coming Soon! Tearless Onions!• The benefits of GMO's• Now that we know the pathway and chemicals involved, we just need to splice out that irritant gene. Finally! I am so happy I may cry
true
Coontie our only Florida native cycad
true
Desert -at night, temp drops to 30-40's (radiational cooling) -day 90-100 degrees -no water or clouds, heat rises into space and gets cold since losing the heat -deserts are harsh places to live
true
Lungfishes are specialized fish that can breathe air
true
Major Features of Human Evolution: Family Structure -most parental care -relates directly to brain size -not just mom or dad caring for kid, have individuals that work together to care for a bunch of ppl
true
Plant Response to Stress Tropical Regions have Wet/Dry Seasons induce leaf loss
true
Zombie Apocalypse Ophiocordyceps unilateralis
true
acid rain can directly impact amphibians
true
tetrapod is a 4-limbed terrestrial vertebrae
true
Urea -Mammals, most adult amphibians, marine fishes and turtles excrete _____
urea
Factors that divide populations and contribute to Reproductive Isolation Postzygotic barriers (after zygote has formed) 1. Reduced hybrid _____________- Typically aborted during development
viability
Thermoregulation adaptations -Adjust rate of heat exchange -Insulation: Hair loses its insulating power when ___ , so marine mammals depend on a very thick layer of fat called blubber
wet,
Optimal Foraging Theory Crows in British Columbia, Canada feed on mollusks called _______ - Break shell by flying to a particular height and Break shell by flying to a particular height and dropping onto rocks
whelks
what is torsion?
when visceral mass rotates 180 degrees, so that anus and mantle cavity are placed above the head
Cottonmouth behavior The flash of white contrasts with the snake's dark body colors to create a startling display. "Exposing the _____ of the mouth serves as a warning signal to potential predators."
white
Incomplete Fossil Record 1. Small fraction of fossils discovered 2. Favors species that existed for long periods and were abundant, ___________ and had hard parts
widespread
It provides the heat to an endothermic insect: _____ __________
wing muscles
Are Phylum Platyhelminthes tripoblastic and bilateral?
yes
Lophotrochozoa (protostome)
- some phyla hace trochopore larva stage - some phyla have a lophophore, which is a horseshoe shaped crown of ciliated tentacles used for feeding
Phylum Mollusca- Class Cephalopoda
-Squids and octopus -Beaklike jaws to bite prey -Shell is reduced and maybe internal (squid) or absent (octopus) -includes the Giant Squid - up to 17m long
Phylum Annelida: Class Polychaeta
-Usually have appendages known as parapodia extending off body. -Parapodia may have bristles called setae Most Marine -These may have a sensory function, locomotion or feeding
Sea Lice
-are the larvae of Thimble Jellies below -they release their nematocysts when they come in contact with your body -vinegar eases the stings -urine does not help -only vinegar (the acidity of it neutralizes the nematocysts) works against jellie stings -every lifeguard has vinegar -take benadryl for inflammation -use a heat source (will denature the venom in your skin, cold makes it worse)
Radiata- Phylum Ctenophora
-diploblastic and radial symmetry -eight rows of comblike plates composed of fused cilia- ctenes -pair of long retractable tentacles -colloblasts= adhesive structures used for food capture
Hoatzin - living wing-clawed bird
-found in South America along amazon river -has claws on its wings only in juvenile stages -when it thinks its ready to fly it does so -end up in the amazon river, and get swept away; use claws to grab onto mangroves -little claws drop off when they mature -closely related to the reptiles
Archaeopteryx, a Jurassic bird-reptile
-inside the mouth is teeth (reptilian trait) -has claws on the wings itself -has vertebral tail (reptilian trait) -thought to be a ground dweller -could jump off cliffs and glide down -could flap wings but couldn't sustain flight -not a big bird
characteristics of cottonmouth (venomous) snakes (water moccasin snakes)
-pointy snout -heat sensing pit -Elliptical pupil -very broad head, skinny neck
characteristics of watersnakes (non-venomous)
-round snout -round pupil -head is triangular, but not as broad
Phylum Cnidaria
-tentacles utilize specialized cells for feeding and defense = cnidocytes -contain capsule-like organelles = cnidae -some are stinging cells known as nematocysts
what is horseshoe crab blue blood used for?
-used in medical research (amazing immune system; protects against disease in water) -bacteria killed by horseshoe crab blood -trying to decontaminate medical equipment (sterilize it) with horseshoe crab blood -take a third of the horseshoe crab's blood and release them into the water so we dont kill off the population (we dont kill them and take their blood)
Characteristics of animals
1. heterotrophic eukaryotes (can't make own food) 2. animal cells lack cell walls- Body held together by structural proteins (collagen) 3. Nervous and Muscle Tissue 4. Sexual Reproduction w/ similar embryonic development 5. Hox Genes
3 major classes of cnidarians
1. hydrozoa 2. scyphozoa 3. anthozoans
Protosome (4 major animal divisions)
1. in 8-cell stage spiral and determinate (rotation of top four top cells) 2. ceolom schizocoeloms: coelom forms separate solid masses of mesoderm 3. blastopore (opening to archenteron) becomes mouthex: mollusks, annelids, arthropods
The Radiata- Phylum Cnidaria (two main body types)
1. polyp 2. medusa
Human Kidney - ~99% of water is reabsorbed as well - Only ____ L of filtrate remains as urine after this reabsorption process
1.5
Optimal Foraging Theory Observations showed that the average height crows dropped whelks was ____ m Amazing!
5.23
Reptiles - 7,000 Extant Species Order Testudines - Turtles Eggs take __-55 days to incubate
50
Shark Attacks: Should you should you be scared?: __ times more likely to die from a lightning strike in Fl.
56
The Primates Two major groups: 1. Prosimians 2. Anthropoids - Monkeys, apes and humans • Evolved more than __ millions years ago
60
Marijuana: -in natural world, 6-9 months seed to harvest -live entire life cycle in __ days now -nutrients, water, and light in specific amounts to get 90 day result -air circulation and ventilation fans moving hot air out of room -have full-time electronic nanny watching the plants all the time -plants right on the edge over time -stronger high and bigger bud (want)
90
DOMAIN _______ Distinguishing features -No peptidoglycan in cell walls -Distinctive ribosomes -Growth not inhibited by antibiotics
ARCHEA
DOMAIN ___________: Extreme halophiles ("salt lovers") •Tolerant of or require concentrated salt environment; Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake. •Maintenance of high osmotic concentrations via sugars, alcohols, amino acids, K+. •Enzymes have high salt tolerance; may be inactivated in absence of salt.
ARCHEA
Niche • Earthworm niche - ________ - soil particle size, soil moisture, pH, temp.
Abiotic
Phylogeny 2. ___________ Dating - Radiometric dating = measures radioactive Radiometric dating = measures radioactive isotopes (fixed rate of decay) and back isotopes (fixed rate of decay) and back calculates date
Absolute
Protist Nutrition 2. ____________ (fungus-like)
Absorptive
____________: Inherited characteristics that result in a species being better suited for survival in its environment
Adaptation
Angiosperm Importance to Humans: ______________ is based almost entirely on angiosperms!
Agriculture
Prey Defense 3. ________ _______= warn others and may attack predator - Used in birds most often
Alarm calls
Wallace forced Darwin to publish! __________ Wallace sent Darwin a manuscript to review - It essentially was the same idea Darwin came up
Alfred
UNIKONTA _________- Lobe shaped cellular extensions used for feeding and locomotion - Extensions are created by a process of cytoplasmic streaming
Amoeba
The Rise of Amphibians Class Amphibia Carboniferous period (360-290 mya); near end of the Paleozoic era = Age of ____________
Amphibians
Outgroup Analysis An outgroup is usually a taxon that represents the ancestral condition (plesiomorphy) - _____________ (lancelet) is often the outgroup for vertebrates because it is a chordate (plesiomorphy) without vertebrae
Amphioxus
Some oddities: Goblin shark- 200-1300m Extended Snout contains organs called __________ of Lorenzini - detect electrical currents, probably uses for finding prey
Ampullae
-genetic modification of plants -take genes from one distant species and putting it into another for potatoes -_____ mountains south America and Pessac Peru is potato originator -developed agriculture creativity to make enough potatoes William Roca -diff colors and shapes, potato tubers, strange looking potatoes -Andes first domesticated potato plant about 8 million years ago
Andes
Evolutionary Advancement: The FRUIT Ovules are protected inside an ovary ___________ = "container seed"
Angiosperm
Modern Amphibians Order ______ • "leg-less ones" Caecilians-Wormlike bodies -have shiny skin cuz amphibians have very porous skin
Apoda
Asexual Reproduction in Plants • Aka Vegetative reproduction • Most common mode is fragmentation(cacti, stolon of strawberries) • ____________= asexual reproduction of seeds- Occurs in dandelions- Diploid cell in ovule gives rise to embryo • Matures into seed which is then wind dispersed• Agriculture creates clones from plant fragments called cuttings
Apomixis
___________________: Red & Green Algae, Charophyceans & Land Plants
Archaeplastida
Phylum Echinodermata: Class Echinoidea - Sea Urchins, Sand dollar Specialized feeding structure for scraping algae known as ___________ lantern
Aristotles
Phylum ________________ Marine, freshwater, terrestrial Diverse, unicellular yeasts to elaborate cup fungi (morels)
Ascomycota
Phylum Echinodermata: Class ________________ = Sea Stars
Asteroidea
Emergence of Early Humans ____________________ - the first hominids
Australopithecus
Plant Responses to Stimuli • What causes this differential growth? • Hormones known as auxins (to increase) synthesized at apical meristem- ______ acts as an inhibitor, preventing the growth of axillary buds (apical dominance) • Auxins are used commercially in the vegetative propagation of plants by cuttings- Application results in the formation of adventitious roots
Auxin
Stramenopila ___________ (Diatoms) Unique Glasslike walls made of silica - Two parts that overlap (frustules)Asexual reproduction leads to splitting of the two halves and each new cell reforming one half Found both in freshwater and marine areas - Important C sink
Bacillariophyta
Phylum ___________ Important decomposers of wood and other plant material Involved in mutualistic mycorrhizae, parasites and saprobes Typically have a long lived dikaryotic mycelium
Basidiomycota
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) _____ can detect moths 3m, Moths can detect bats 30m Try this at home: Jiggle your keys near moths In bat areas
Bats
Darwin's Background Voyage of the _________ (1831-1836)- Experience that changed Darwin's Life
Beagle
• ____ = sweet fragrances= UV reflections
Bees
_________ = white /dull flowers = strong yeasty, spicy or fruity odors.
Beetles
Nature vs. Nurture _________ is due to both genetics (nature) and environmental influences (nurture)
Behavior
____________ is what an animal does and how it does it
Behavior
Major features of Human Evolution _________ Posture - Homonoids walked on all fours - Hominids were first to be upright and bipedal
Bipedal
Homo erectus • The first hominid to migrate out of Africa • Upright man - 1.8mya - 200,000 years ago - Change in -_____ size = 1,100 cm3
Brain
Representative Non-venomous Snake ______ Water Snake (Nerodia taxispilota) -Bear live young
Brown
Modified Shoots • ______ - vertical underground shoots, a conical stem surrounded by numerous scale-like leaves (onions)
Bulbs
Shark Attacks: Most dangerous species = Great white, Tiger and ____ Shark
Bull
Thermoregulation adaptations Increase evaporative cooling -_______________ can increase mucus secretions on surface of their body
Bullfrogs
Thermoregulation adaptations Increase evaporative cooling _____________ can increase mucus secretions on surface of their body
Bullfrogs
Whale shark- Rhyncodon typus: Feeds on Plankton, Warm Water Pelagic Areas, Small Liver = Gulp Air for __________
Buoyancy
________/Moths = sweet fragrances
Butterflies
Secondary Plant Growth • A Second Lateral Meristem will add layers of vascular tissue - Vascular __________ produces xylem tissue (wood) to its interior and phloem to its exterior- Wood consists of mainly tracheids and fiber cells or vessel elements (angiosperms). • Heartwood - centrally located primary function is support • Sapwood - peripheral and primary function is transport, ie. primary xylem
Cambium
Fossilized eukaryotes = 2.1 bya- Unicellular forms evolved and gave rise to Unicellular forms evolved and gave rise to protists protists - Multicellular forms also evolved Multicellular forms also evolved •• Earliest multicellular fossils = 1.2 bya -Animal diversity explodes during early Paleozoic (543 mya) = __________ explosion
Cambrian
Phylum Arthropoda: Centipede (Class Chilopoda): __________ with poison claws on the anterior segment
Carnivores
Flower -__________ -female; consist of ovary, stalk-like style with pollen-receiving stigma at tip
Carpels
UNIKONTA Slime Molds 2. __________ Slime Molds - heterotrophic - feeding stage consists of a mass of solitary cells that function independently (n)
Cellular
Subphylum Vertebrata: Vertebrate Characteristics: 2. _____________ -Concentration of sensory and neural equipment in the head
Cephalization
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Arachnida - scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders: ____________- the fused head and thorax of spiders and other chelicerate arthropods.
Cephalothorax
EVOLUTION Two main ideas to his theory 1. Use and Disuse 2. Inheritance of Acquired ________________
Characteristics
He authored "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection": ________ ______
Charles Darwin
Phylum Arthropoda: ____________ - a group of arthropods named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae
Chelicerates
PROKARYOTE METABOLISM & NUTRITION Great diversity of metabolic pathways for obtaining energy 2) _______________ Energy source: inorganic molecules (e.g., H2S, H2, NH3, Fe+2) -Nutrient/carbon source: CO2 -Examples: nitrogen-fixing bacteria, (deep-sea vents) sulfide bacteria
Chemoautotrophy
PROKARYOTE METABOLISM & NUTRITION 4) _____________*Most bacteria*Energy source: organic molecules, e.g., glucose -Nutrient/carbon source: organic molecules, e.g., glucose -Examples: gut bacteria (Also fungi, protists, animals)
Chemoheterotrophy
_____________ (Green Algae) Named for their Green Chloroplasts Closely related to modern plants Involved in the symbiotic relationship of lichens multicellular Halimeda -colonial volvox
Chlorophyta
Gnathostomes - jawed vertebrates: Existing Jawed Fishes: Cartilaginous fishes (______________) -Skates, sharks, chimaeras
Chondrichthyes
_________________ Unicellular protists with alveoli - Flattened vessicles stacked below plasma membrane - Includes the Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa,Ciliophora
Chromalveolata
Phylum _____________ Mainly Aquatic Saprobic, parasitic All fungi used to be characterized by the absence of flagellated cells until recently Most ancestral of the fungi Believed to be evolved from protists that had flagella
Chytridiomycota
Chromalveolata _______________ Use their cilia for movement and feeding Most live as solitary cells in freshwater areas Have two types of nuclei- One large macronucleus (asexual) and many micronuclei (necessary for sexual reproduction) -Paramecium
Ciliophora
Birds and mammals are thought to have evolved from this class of organisms.: _____ ________
Class Reptilia
Genetic Variation Between Populations Geographical variation -differences in gene pools between populations _____ = graded change in some trait along a geographical axis.
Cline
Phylum Annelida: ___________ secretes mucous cocoon which encases the egg and sperm and is released off animal as embryo develops
Clitellum
Subphylum Vertebrata: Vertebrate Characteristics: 3. _______ Circulatory System
Closed
Tetrapods Probably Arose from Lobe-finned Fishes ____________ - only one extant genus of lobe-finned fishes
Coelacanth
This ancestral fish species was thought to be extinct until the early 1900's: ______________
Coelocanth
_____________ fungi lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei
Coenocytic
ANGIOSPERMS and POLLINATION __________ between pollinators and flowers- ONE SPECIES HAS A DIRECT EFFECT ON ANOTHER CLOSELY DEPENDENT SPECIES -Usually relationship is so close one cannot survive without the other
Coevolution
Plant Cell types 2. __________- Thick celled walls primarily used in support- Grouped in strands (celery)- No lignin = does not limit growth
Collenchyma
Phylum Arthropoda: _________ made of chitin which is shed as it grows (ecdysis)
Cuticle
Darwin's Influences _______ - developed the field of Paleontology - Study of fossils
Cuvier
Gymnosperm Diversity Phylum _______________: Individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves Unlike most seed plants, cycads have flagellated sperm These thrived during the Mesozoic, but most of the few surviving species are endangered Staminate (male) Ovulate (female)
Cycadophyta
Prokaryote Characteristics • Small cell size: chiefly 1-5 um; Eukaryotes (10-100 um) • ____ not segregated in membrane-bound nucleus. • Few with internal membrane system; no complex organelles.----Smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes with different rRNA -Antibiotics target these prokaryote ribosomes and prevent protein synthesis and do not harm eukaryotic cells
DNA
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: The Decapods (Order __________)
Decapoda
Community ecology - ___________ in a rotting log - Benthic community in Lake Superior - Tree community in Yellowstone National Park
Decomposers
Stramenopila ___________- Caused Irish potato famine - Saprophytic - Cottony masses Parasitic- Terrestrial on plants - Aquatic
Decomposers
Human evolution - ____________ showed diets of • Nuts and seeds • Soft fruits and insects • Scavenger of carcasses
Dentition
The Rise of Mammals; Class Mammalia; 220 mya -> Cenozoic Era Mammalian Characteristics: Specialized ___________ - Chewing of food - Different types of teeth
Dentition
Plant Tissue Types 1. _______ (Epidermis) - Single layer of compact cells, protection -Cuticle - waxy coating secreted by this tissue
Dermal
Tropical rainforest soils = low nutrients due to lots of detritivores • Organisms that feed on detritus (Fungi, Bacteria, polychaetes, insects) • ______ - small pieces of OM (fallen leaves, feces, body parts) • Break down OM into IO nutrients -• Important recyclers of nutrients back into the environment
Detritus
Types of selection ____________ Selection- Selection acts to eliminate an intermediate phenotype during varied environmental conditions (Galapagos finches)
Disruptive
Shark Attacks: Should you should you be scared?: _________ the chance of getting killed by a gator in Fl.
Double
Plant Response to Stress __________- Guard Cells close stomata, reducing transpiration - Reduced growth of young leaves ( Surface Area) - Shallow roots stop growing (drier soil), but deeper roots continue to grow (access more water) - Leaf Loss
Drought
Five Derived Characters unique to Land Plants 2. ______________- 2. Multicellular, dependent embryos - Embryos develop from diploid zygotes and are retained within the parent tissues - Specialized placental transfer cells to enhance transfer of nutrients from parent (analogous to placenta)
Embryophytes
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES Critical components of biogeochemical cycles - recycling of elementsEspecially N and S -___________ - allow bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions •One copy of a replicated chromosome becomes surrounded by a resistant wall (middle). •High temperature & pressure are required to kill endospores. •Rehydration is possible after many, many years- A bacterial endospore 250 myo was found trapped in a salt formation in New Mexico and revived
Endospores
Class Aves - 8,600 extant species Birds ____________; high rate of metabolism to support energetic requirements of flight
Endothermic
UNIKONTA _____________- Many parasitic- Humans are host to six species, but , only one, histolytica is parasitic • Amoebic dysentery, ie. "Montazuma's Revenge" -- Treated with metronidazole
Entamoebas
______________: • Anything that affects an organism during its lifetime
Environment
Origin of Homo sapiens -Wise man -Oldest Homo sapien fossils to date 195,000 yrs old from _______
Ethiopia
Angiosperms Only 1 Phyla- Anthophyta (Flowering Plants) Two major groups (based on # of cotyledons= seed leaves) -__________= 2 cotyledonsPeas, sunflowers, oaks
Eudicots
____________ evolved from symbiotic prokaryote communities living in larger prokaryotic cells - endosymbiotic theory
Eukaryotes
-potato changed course of _________ history -population small cuz of famines -further north, harder to grow wheat -Mediterranean able to grow wheat -potato did well in north, wet areas, and poor soil -1 individual can grow so much food, need fewer ppl in fields -remade old world -northern Europe in Ireland, potato thrived
European
Salinity Tolerance -______________ - Animals can survive large fluctuations in salinity - Few marine animals belong to this category • Estuarine Organisms
Euryhaline
Mammals continued Placental Mammals (______________) - Longer pregnancy - Complete embryonic development in uterus • While joined to placenta
Eutherians
Heat Exchange Pathways (4/4):__________________: Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as a gas
Evaporation
____________ = changes in allele frequencies over time
Evolution
genetic causes (animal diversification)
Evolution of the Hox genes: led to variation in body forms
Endothermic Insects - ______________ produces lots of energy (heat) by using their powerful flight muscles
Flying
What is a species? • Latin meaning "kind" or "appearance" • Species are identified and separated based originally by morphology (appearance), but also by: - __________, biochemistry, behavior, and genetics
Functions
Diplomonad ________- parasite that causes cramps and severe diarrhea - Drink water contaminated with human feces - Beaver Fever
Giardia
Phylum _______________: Like the cycads, this group also has flagellated sperm It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree The only extant species in this phyla
Ginkgophyta
Representative Lizard- Legless Eastern _____ Lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis) Body- 18-40"
Glass
Phylum ____________ Primarily involved in Mycorrhizal Relationships- Distinct type of endomycorrhizae • Arbuscular mycorrhizae Hyphae branch into complex structures known as arbuscles -90% of plants
Glomeromycota
Fossil record extinctions Fossil record indicates long periods of stability (_____________) and then brief intervals of high species turnover (Punctuated Equilibrium)
Gradualism
Plant Tissue Types 3. _________- all other tissue -Pith is internal to vascular and cortex is external to vascular -consists of a variety of cell types and has multiple functions
Ground
UNIKONTA ______________ - ubiquitous - Consume bacteria and other protists
Gymnamoebas
Evidence for Evolution ____________ = similar characteristics from a common ancestor
HOMOLOGY
4 Major threats to Biodiversity 1. _______ Destruction - Coral Reefs (50% lost in next 30 years) - Ship Groundings - Benthic Trawling Fishing - Diver Damage - Bleaching (warming)
Habitat
Factors that divide populations and contribute to Reproductive Isolation Prezygotic barriers (before fertilization) 1. __________ isolation • Similar snake species live in same area, but one primarily terrestrial and other is aquatic
Habitat
__________: • The part of the ecosystem occupied by an organism • ~locality
Habitat
Learning ____________- Simple type of learning that involves loss of responsiveness • ie. background noise
Habituation
The Rise of Mammals; Class Mammalia; 220 mya -> Cenozoic Era Mammalian Characteristics: 1. ____- warmth
Hair
Extreme responses to Severe conditions Torpor -_________________ is a long term torpor in response to cold and limited food resources
Hibernation
Thermoregulation adaptations Behavioral Responses -Extreme: ____________, migration
Hibernation
Thermoregulation adaptations Behavioral Responses -Used by both endo and ectotherms -Changes in posture or moving in the environment to find more optimal conditions -Extreme: ________________, migration
Hibernation
Carolus Linnaeus = Taxonomy Linnaen System of classification: 1. Binomial Nomenclature 2. ___________ Classification
Hierarchical
Keystone species Lower abundance of sea otters = ________ abundance of sea urchins
Higher
____________ - living wing-clawed bird
Hoatzin
Phylum Echinodermata: Class _____________ - Sea Cucumbers - special defense
Holothuroidea
________________: The ability of animals to regulate their internal environment
Homeostasis
Developing Seed -Prefertilization= Ovule 1. ___________________ - protective layers of parent sporophyte.
Integuments
Community ecology • __________ populations of species in a particular area
Interacting
Parasitism 2. __________ - Lives internally (worms, bacteria)
Internal
The Rise of Reptiles New Adaptations -Tough, dry, scaly skin - reduces water loss -________ fertilization
Internal
4 Major threats to Biodiversity 2. ___________ Species - Exotic, Non-native, Invasive • Fire Ants, Maleluca, Australian Pine, Tilapia, European Starlings • Out compete native species • Prey upon many native species without adaptations to prevent this type of predation - Ballast introductions, Intentional Aquaria Release, Natural Currents
Introduced
EVOLUTION: Darwin was not the first to propose evolution ___________'s theory of evolution (1809)
Lamarck
Subphylum Cephalochordata _________ - small, blade-like animals that live in marine, sandy bottoms
Lancelets
Class Mammalia evolved in Triassic, 220 mya -> Speciation took place in Cenozoic Era ______________ believed to have evolved from reptiles before the birds
Mammals
______________ - produce methane by oxidizing CO2 •Obligate anaerobes found in swamps, marshes, animal guts (including humans). •Methanogens in ruminant (e.g., cows) & termite guts help digest cellulose. -Used in sewage treatment. -Major Source of greenhouse gas (methane).
Methanogens
________________ = describes details of how populations of organisms change from generation to generation
Microevolution
Pollen _______________- male reproductive structure; produces haploid microspores via meiosis.
Microsporangium
Pollen ______________ - develop into haploid gametophytes.
Microspores
Origin of Homo sapiens Replacement Hypothesis - Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus in Africa and second human migration occurred ~ 100,000 years ago - They replaced all other Homo species in the world - Oldest fossil of Homo sapiens outside Africa 115,000 yrs old from ______ ____
Middle East
Monarch Butterfly Larval Plant =____________ Monarchs cannot survive without this host plant
Milkweed
1. Inorganic to Organic Stanley ______ and Harold Ulrey (1953)- Experimental test simulating primitive earth Experimental test simulating primitive earth atmosphere atmosphere - Organic compounds were created!
Miller
Protection through ___________ • One nontoxic species may evolve into a copycat of another toxic or dangerous species to increase survival
Mimicry
Euglenozoa Includes euglenoids and kinetoplastids Euglenoids: - ___________ - combine photosynthesis w/ heterotrophy (photoheterotroph) - anterior pocket from which 1-2 flagella emerge
Mixotrophs
2. Polymerization Organic ____________ solution poured onto hot clay, sand or rock - Water vaporization occurred and monomers bonded and formed polymers, including polypeptides • Could have happened as raindrops or waves splashed onto hot lava • Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents
Monomer
-Mcdonalds getting calls/letters asking if they are using GMO potatoes -Mcdonalds stopped using monsanto's popatoes -2001, stopped selling ________ potato
Monsanto
Alligators vs. Crocodiles • What's the difference? • _________ - Snout - Teeth
Morphology
Common Backyard Marsupial ________________
Oppossum
Behavioral Ecology Foraging Behavior ___________ Foraging Theory-compromise between feeding costs and benefits
Optimal
Modern day humans belong to this Order. _________ _________
Order Primata
This order of reptiles lack ears and can be scared off with a stomp rather than a scream.: _____ _______________
Order Squamata
3 homeostasis mechanisms: (2/3): _____________________ - how animals regulate solute
Osmoregulation
____________________: -Management of water (osmosis) and solute composition
Osmoregulation
Class _______________ - Bony Fishes
Osteichthyes
Gnathostomes - jawed vertebrates: Existing Jawed Fishes: Bony fishes (______________) -Most numerous and diverse
Osteichthyes
choanocyte (parts of sponge) _____- where water filters in -____ traps food particles from water column
Ostia
Evolutionary Advancement: The FRUIT ______ develops into a fruit which aids in dispersal of seeds by insects, birds, mammals and other animals
Ovary
4 Major threats to Biodiversity 3. _____________- Human Harvest greater than the ability of nature to reproduce and sustain itself - Populations crash and our focus shifts to the next species - Bluefin Tuna used to be a used for catfood, but now in high demand and high price • Used to be able to reach 15' and 1500 lbs • But soon the big ones will be gone
Overexploitation
Shark Reproduction: Internal fertilization -_________ -Lay eggs in a case that hatch outside mother's body -oviparity
Oviparous
Shark Reproduction: -_____________ -Retain fertilized eggs in the oviduct; nourished by egg yolk; are born after hatching in the uterus
Ovoviparous
Developing Seed -Prefertilization= Ovule ______ - unfertilized reproductive structure
Ovule
Euglenozoa Includes euglenoids and kinetoplastids Euglenoids: - __________, a unique storage polysaccharide molecule
Paramylon
Parasitism One organism benefits the other is harmed -_________ - An organism that lives in or on another organism (host) , which it feeds off of • Mistletoe
Parasite
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES 3. __________ - one partner benefits, the other (host) suffers.-Many are considered to be pathogenic = disease causing -Pathogenic prokaryotes cause almost half of all human diseases -e.g., tuberculosis, cholera, anthrax , diphtheria, rabies, bacterial dysentery, botulism, tetanus, plague.
Parasitism
Cell Types of Ground Tissue 1. ____________ Cells - Metabolic functions, synthesis and storage of nutrients • Photosynthesis occurs at chloroplasts found within parenchyma cells • Fruit - mature ovary- Usually the least specialized • Exception = Phloem cells- All cells initially start as parenchyma and then specialize • analagous to stem cells • Can generate a whole plant from one cell
Parenchyma
Phylum Echinodermata: Dueterostome: Water Vascular System: -Network of hydraulic canals -Branch into extensions called tube feet -used for locomotion, feeding and gas exchange ___________ symmetry -Five identical sections
Pentaradial
Flower _________ - colorful leaves that aid in attracting pollinators.
Petals
The organisms in this Genus are carnivorous dinoflagellates that cause fish kills: ____________
Pfisteria
Stramenopila ___________ (Brown Algae) Largest and most complex algae Multicellular and most are marine Typically live in temperate environments Consist of what we know as "Seaweeds" Alternation of generations
Phaeophyta
Chordate Characteristics: 3. _________ Slits
Pharyngeal
Vascular tissue - Earliest vascular plants lacked seeds (such as in ferns) Two types of vascular tissue: 2. ________ - living tissue that transports nutrients and organic products from leaves to the rest of the plant
Phloem
PROKARYOTE METABOLISM & NUTRITION Great diversity of metabolic pathways for obtaining energy 1) ______________ -Energy source: light -Nutrient/carbon source: CO2 Examples: Cyanobacteria (also diatoms, green algae, plants)
Photoautotrophy
PROKARYOTE METABOLISM & NUTRITION 3) _______________ -Energy source: light -Nutrient/carbon source: organic molecules e.g., fatty acids, sugars, alcohols -Examples: purple nonsulfur bacteria
Photoheterotrophy
Protist Nutrition 3. ________________ (plant-like) = Algae
Photosynthetic
Plants & Charophyceans have four common traits 4. __________ formation a. Precursor to cell wall - includes vesicles and cytoskelen
Phragmoplast
Systematics 2. __________- The evolutionary history of a species
Phylogeny
This explains how fossils of identical species have been found on continents separated by large oceans, such as Africa and North America: ______ __________________
Plate Tectonics
________ used for dispersal of sperm
Pollen
Pollen and Production of Sperm ____________ is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
Pollination
Pollen and Production of Sperm ________________ is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
Pollination
EVOLUTION = Change _____________ = a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species
Population
Community Interactions _____________: - When one organism captures, kills and eats another organism
Predation
Community Interactions - ____ = organism killed - Predator = killer
Prey
Plant Growth _________ Growth - the elongation of a plant due to apical meristems located at the tips of roots and shoots -only type of growth in herbaceous plants = herbs including many flowering plants
Primary
Eukaryotes No More Kingdom ___________!- Used to place any eukaryote that was not a fungus, plant or animal in this Kingdom (amoebas - Kelps) - Currently 6-7 Proposed New Kingdoms
Protista
Protist Nutrition Most nutritionally diverse eukaryotes*Reminder*Autotroph obtains carbon from ?Heterotroph obtains carbon from ? Ecological categories 1. Ingestive (animal-like) = __________- Many unicellular
Protozoa
Rhizaria Foraminifera (Forams) Porous shell, made of organic material hardened w/ calcium carbonate -___________ extend through pores
Psuedopodia
UNIKONTA Slime Molds Decomposers of leaf litter and organic refuse Use ____________ for movement and feeding
Psuedopodia
Phylum __________ Whisk ferns-Lack true leaves and roots -Anchored to substrate by a rhizome Modified horizontal stem w/ branching rhizoids
Pterophyta
Phylum ____________ Horsetails -Found in marshes and along streams -Rhizome, true roots and small leaves -Stems are penetrated w/ large air canals which allow movement of oxygen into roots and rhizomes, which typically grow in low oxygen soils
Pterophyta
The Tempo of Speciation ____________ Equilibrium- Species diverge during relatively short periods of rapid (several thousands of years) change (in response to big environmental changes) A combination of both likely occurredduring evolutionary history
Punctuated
Representative Non-Venomous Snakes Southern Black ______ (Coluber constrictor priapus) 36-70"
Racer
Heat Exchange Pathways (3/4):__________________: -Emission of electromagnetic waves -Transfer of heat between objects not in direct contact -Animal absorbing heat from sun
Radiation
Sharks, Cont: Most sharks need to keep swimming to breathe - ___ Ventilators
Ram
Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets - small, blade-like animals that live in marine, sandy bottoms -____ Globally, but found in high densities in Tampa Bay, Florida
Rare
Class Osteichthyes - Bony Fishes 3 main groups of fishes: (1/3): ___-_______ fishes - most families belong to this group
Ray-finned
He was the first scientist to show the connection between a specific bacteria and a disease: ___________ _____
Robert Koch
Types of selection ___________ Selection- Selection acts to eliminate extremes at both ends of a range of phenotypes (human births 6-8 lbs)
Stabilizing
Flower -____________ -male; consist of a stalk (filament) and terminal pollen-producing anther.
Stamens
Plant Body Plans 3 Major Organs: 2.__________ - support and storage, some photosyn.
Stems
Modified Shoots • Often mistaken for roots • _________- horizontal stems near surface which allow quick asexual colonization of an area (strawberries)
Stolons
Adaptation to Land Water Conservation - Within epidermis ________ Pores involved in gas exchange and evaporation of water - Can be opened or closed to control water content
Stomata
Homo habilis - handy man - ______ tools found with skeletons - Larger brains 600-750cm3
Stone
_____________ Numerous, hair-like projections on the flagella Include Oomycota, Bacillariophyta, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta Only flagellated stages are the reproductive cells
Stramenopila
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES _____________ - close physical interrelationship between two different organisms
Symbiosis
Phylum Porifera, The parazoans (invertebrates)
THE SPONGES- 9,000 species (mostly marine) - no true tissues (no nerve or muscle tissue) - cells relatively unspecialized- sessile (don't move) - hermaphrodites (both reproductive organs) - asexual and sexual reproduction - suspension (filter) feeders: water pump with a filter
Chordate Characteristics: 4. Muscular, Postanal _____
Tail
Systematics 1. ____________- Naming and classification of species
Taxonomy
What divides populations? -___________ activity, such as mountains forming
Tectonic
Factors that divide populations and contribute to Reproductive Isolation Prezygotic barriers (before fertilization) 3. _____________ isolation- Two closely related species breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years
Temporal
Reptiles - 7,000 Extant Species Order ___________ - Turtles
Testudines
Prokaryote Characteristics Genetic recombination via: ______________: uptake of nucleic acids from extracellular environment.
Transformation
Plant Biotechnology • Refers to use of genetically modified (GM) organisms in agriculture -• _________ organisms = GM to express a foreign gene from another species -• Allow agriculture industry to increase production - How? Any thoughts?- Genes from bacteria control insect pests • (reduces chemical insecticide use)- Resistance to herbicides = only affects weeds- Disease resistance- Increase nutritional value of foods (rice w/daffodil genes) = Vitamin A
Transgenic
Phloem transport -_______________ = transport of food throughout the plant(prominent solute in phloem sap is sugar)
Translocation
Cellular Transport in Plants:Lateral Transport _____________ route - substances move out of one cell, across cell wall and into another cell (repeated plasma membrane crossings
Transmembrane
Xylem transport 2. ____________ (guard cells control stomata) -Primary mechanism of xylem transport -The loss of water from the stomata causes pressure differences • Cohesion and Adhesion properties of water
Transpiration
Parabasala Distinctive Feature is an undulating membrane which assist mobility by flagella Includes _____________ - pathogen in human reproductive systems (STD)
Trichomonads
Ecosystem Energy Transfer • __________ level - each time an organism is eaten, its energy is transferred through the ecosystem Lose ~90% of energy from one trophic level to next
Trophic
_________ Rainforest High diversity • High temps (80 F) • High Rainfall- 84 - 400"/yr84 - 400"/yr • Dense vegetation • Insects • Low nutrient soil • Clear-cutting for lumber and agriculture
Tropical
The ______- treeless biome • 20% of Earth's landmass • Alpine tundra at Mt elev. • 8-24" precip8-24" precip • Mostly herbaceous veg. - Due to permafrost layer - Limits tree root growth - Drunken fores • Mosses, lichens, wildflowers, berries • Diverse mammals • Migratory birds Oil drilling and mining is a major concern
Tundra
Homo erectus -__________ man - 1.8mya - 200,000 years ago
Upright
_____: -A substance produced in the liver that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide
Urea
Modern Amphibians Order _________ • "Tailed ones"; salamanders -slow moving aquatic vertebrates
Urodela
why are leeches sometimes used in medicine?
Used to stimulate circulation in recently replaced fingers and toes
________: • A parasitic organism that can transfer disease from one organism to another
Vector
Reproduction _________ Propagation= asexual reproduction Kalanchoe -exotic from Madagascar
Vegetative
Bony Fishes: Swim Bladder _________ allows release of deep water fish species
Venting
Excretory System - ___________ Kidneys • Contain dense bed of capillaries in close association with tubules
Vertebrate
Homologous Structures _________ Organs - structures with no function, historical remnants of ancestors
Vestigial
Dinoflagellates: Pfiesteria and _______________
Zooxanthellae
Phylum ____________ -Mostly Terrestrial, live in soil or on decaying organic matter -Involved in Mycorrhizae- Mutualistc associations with plant roots, mainly ectomycorrhizae
Zygomycota
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Body has 3 main regions: (3/3): ___________: Contains internal organs
abdomen
Environment 1. _______: Nonliving influences (temp., weather)
abiotic
Community Ecology • The relative _____________ of communities can differ as well - Some species may be common and others may be rare
abundance
Class Osteichthyes - Bony Fishes Most specious and ___________ of all vertebrate groups - ~25,000 species -Atlantic 600 reef species Pacific 2000 reef species
abundant
Keystone species • Typically not the most __________ species
abundant
Endotherm Also they do not sustain high temperatures all the time - Sometimes only when ______
active
Lamarckian Evolution Primary outcome was _____________ to the environment
adaptation
Biomes -Contain communities of organisms that are __________ to specific climatic conditions
adapted
Subphylum Urochordata: Turnicates -Only the pharyngeal slits are seen in the ______
adult
Phylogeny Evolutionary history of a species must begin with the fossil record To accurately track a species history in fossil record we must know ____ of fossils
age
Temperate Deciduous Forest • Spring Flowers • Leaf-eating insects • Insect-eating birds -Majority has been converted to _________
agriculture
Alternation of Generations First observed in Green _____ Alternating between multicellular haploid forms and multicellular diploid forms Diploid individual (2n) is the Sporophyte (produces spores) Haploid individual (n) is the Gametophyte ( produces gametes)
algae
-if you only see upper jaw teeth- thats an ___________
alligator
3 major classes of cnidarians: Hydrozoa
alternate between polyp and medusa forms (Portuguese Man of War)
Waste Products Nitrogenous waste is typically in the form of ___________, which is a highly toxic molecule
ammonia
The Rise of Reptiles New Adaptations -Production of ________ eggs; shell retains water can withstand dry air
amniotic
This structure found in both reptiles and birds allowed organisms to reduce their reliance on water and penetrate new terrestrial habitats.: __________ ___
amniotic egg
choanocyte (parts of sponge) -collar has mucus/adhesive polysaccharide that grabs onto water particles -___________ is how food absorbed; go from one choanocyte to the next, getting the food they picked up and digests it (sponge can now build more of itself)
amoebocytes
The Rise of Reptiles Class Reptilia derived from ____________
amphibians
Protistan Diversity Major Clades Diplomonadida and Parabasala - Most live in ____________ environments - No plastids (plant organelles, which include chloroplasts)
anaerobic
A structure which is similar in two unrelated species.: ___________
analagous
Evidence for Evolution Comparative ________-similar structures
anatomy
Outgroup Analysis Determines which characteristics in a given group of taxa are ______________or or derived
ancestral
Analogy/Homoplas imilar structures that serve similar function but do not indicate common ___________- e.g., bird wing vs. butterfly wing
ancestry
Adaptation to Land 3. Specialized Structures & Functions a. True leaves could develop as centers of photosynthesis b. Stems support leaves c. Roots developed to obtain water and ______ the plant(Except nonvascular plants)
anchor
Marijuana -arin lichmen seeing how mice remember and forget -experimenter guides them to platform -normal mouse realizes platform gone -mouse with the __________ receptors blocked keep looking for the platform cuz they cant unlearn it -swim in little pool and try to find platform -removes platform
aneldemine
ANGIOSPERM Life Cycle -the food is a triploid tissue (3n) known as the endosperm which is unique to _____________ -After one sperm nucleus fuses w/ the egg, the other sperm fuses with 2 female haploid nuclei (polar nuclei) forming the endosperm (nutritive tissue of seed)
angiosperms
Gymnosperm Diversity _______________ now dominate most terrestrial ecosystems, though gymnosperms remain an important part of Earth's flora -For example, vast regions in northern latitudes are covered by forests of conifers
angiosperms
Neanderthals would have different vocal tract; they couldn't speak the way we speak today -short vocal tract limits them -probably couldn't make certain sounds or with the same speed -this is what sets us apart from all _________ and Neanderthals
animals
what phylum are leeches from?
annelida
Temperate Deciduous Forest • Moderate rainfall - (24 - 48"/yr) • Short mild winter • Deciduous trees - lose their leaves __________
annually
Phylum Arthropoda: Chelicerates have no _________
antennae
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES _______________ •Natural production & release of chemicals that inhibit other microorganisms .•Many natural antibiotics have been discovered from soil bacteria, which use them to reduce competition nearby
antibiotics
Chromalveolata -Apicomplexa Spore-forming parasites of animals One end of the cell contains an _________ complex of organelles that is specialized for penetrating their hosts
apical
Phylogenetic Tree/Cladogram is like a family tree... Forks in each branch 2 new species 2 new species • Derived characteristics (do not use advanced): (novel/new traits (____________) that create new species who have evolved from the common ancestor
apomorphy
Cellular Transport in Plants:Lateral Transport • Cell walls of neighboring cells in contact forming another type of continuous pathway for molecular transport = __________
apoplast
Plant Pathogen Defense 3. Once infected area has been contained __________ occurs and the leaf may be discarded
apoptosis
Prey Defense 5. Mechanical or Chemical defense -Animals with chemical defenses are usually brightly colored = ____________ coloration
aposematic
The term used for animals who display their toxic characteristics through bright colorations: ______________ _______________
aposematic coloration
-ability to detect electrical currents because duck-billed platypus is a mostly _________ creature
aquatic
Ammonia excreters Most common in _______ species, ie. freshwater fishes
aquatic
Gator Holes important safe havens for wildlife Gator Holes • Concentrate _________ prey in a confined habitat
aquatic
Protists Most are__________ and bottom dwellers, but also important constituents of plankton
aquatic
The Rise of Reptiles Escape from ________ habitats
aquatic
The Primates: New World monkeys = __________ (live in trees)
arboreal
Class Echinoidea - Sea Urchins, Sand dollar No ____
arms
Emergence of Early Humans Australopithecus - the first hominids -Longer ____, so may have been arboreal as well
arms
Japanese Honeybee Defense Japanese hornet has __________ chemical that it sends out to other hornets so they know it found the honeybee nest
aromatic
Phylum Arthropoda: Cuticle made of chitin which is shed as it grows (ecdysis) Allowed ___________ to colonize land
arthropods
Phylum Ascomycota Produce sexual spores internally in saclike ____ - Ascomycetes undergo their sexual stages in macroscopic fruiting bodies known as ascocarps - Asci are found within the ascocarps Can reproduce asexually by producing spores at the ends of specialized hyphae called conidiophores (naked spores called conidia)
asci
Representative Venomous Snake Florida Cottonmouth/Water Moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorous conanti) Body- 20-48" juvenile; wiggles yellow tail to _______ prey, color; brown with dark bands
attract
Representative Lizard- Legless All lizards have ability to lose tail - _________________
autotomization
bilateral (4 major animal divisions)
bilateral symmetry dorsal and ventral, anterior and posterior, left and right all other animal phyla! gastrulation produces 3 germ layers (eco/endoderm and mesoderm-forms muscles) TRIPLOBLASTIC cephalization
Loss of Ecosystem Diversity Each ecosystem can have a broad impact on the whole biosphere There is a larger scale, global flow of nutrients and ultimately energy through the ___________ - Ocean are thought to be a sink for global warming gases such as CO2 , which are concentrated in the form of phytoplankton -Some ecosystems have higher productivity than others, ie. tropical rainforests = high production
biosphere
Bony Fishes: Swim Bladder Gases which inflate and deflate gas bladder diffuse from the _____
blood
Human Kidney • 1,100 - 2,000 L of _________ flows through both kidneys each day (275x the total volume of blood)
blood
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Arachnida - scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders: Gas exchange occurs via the ____ lungs -Stacked plates in an internal chamber
book
Chordate Characteristics: 2. Dorsal, Hollow Nerve cord -Will develop into the Central Nervous System(CNS): _____ and spinal cord
brain
The Neanderthals Similar _____ size to modern humans - But skull shape a bit different
brain
Class Aves - 8,600 extant species Birds Proportionately larger ______ than those of reptiles or amphibians; intricate behavior
brains
The Rise of Mammals; Class Mammalia; 220 mya -> Cenozoic Era Mammalian Characteristics: Larger ______
brains
Factors that divide populations and contribute to Reproductive Isolation Postzygotic barriers (after zygote has formed) 3. Hybrid _____________ - Hybrids are viable and fertile, but their offspring are sterile or have low survivability
breakdown
Altering metabolic heat production -Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) -Takes place throughout the body -Some mammals have a tissue called ______ fat which is stored in neck and shoulders that is specialized for rapid heat production
brown
Altering metabolic heat production: -Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) -Takes place throughout the body Some mammals have a tissue called ______ fat which is stored in neck and shoulders that is specialized for rapid heat production
brown
This group of nonvascular plants have a dominant gametophyte stage: _______________
bryophytes
Thermoregulation: -Animal balances its heat ________ over time so the rate of heat gain = the rate of heat loss
budget
-crocodiles have a more narrow snout with a _________ end
bulbous
-part of debate on how society responds to genetic engineering -Monsanto successful selling corn, soybeans, and cotton that are GMOS -98% cotton grown is bt cotton -trying to repress the ____ worm (damages cotton) (caterpillar, eats the seed in the cotton) -tabashnik studies bt resistance in the caterpillars, monsanto funds the research -tabashnik found the bugs more likely to develop resistance to bt -after 12 yrs of bt crops, 3 insects evolved resistance -tabashnik thinks GMO crops helps more than hurts -risks more difficult to quantify
bull
Bony Fishes: Swim Bladder -An air sac that helps control the __________ of the fish
buoyancy
how can you tell the difference between a male shark and a female shark?
by looking at claspers in its jaws (claspers only found in male; attach to female to keep them together as mating) -female sharks have very thick skin on head and side of body to protect from male bites while mating
Shark Attacks: Should you should you be scared?: More likely to die in ___ accident on the way to beach
car
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: 5 pairs of appendages connected to the ________
carapace
Gnathostomes - jawed vertebrates: 1. Cartilaginous fishes Class Chondrichthyes -Have a skeleton made of __________ not bone (like the support in your nose and ears)
cartilage
Vertebrates w/out a Backbone & Jaw: Class Myxini - Hagfish -Bottom dwelling scavengers - _____________ skeleton - notochord support
cartilagenous
Primates: Tarseirs -____________ hunt these down and eat them using tools -Tarseirs wait in trees -chimpanzees break off tree branches until they get a sharp one and spear the tarseirs and feed on their corpse
chimpanzees
Fungi Cell walls are made of ______- Insect exoskeleton and analogous to fingernail material • Strong, but flexible
chitin
Sexual Selection • Many features do not seem to be adaptive (i.e. showy plumage in birds, large mane in a lion); but they could be, such as large antler of a deer • Usually females are the "_________" of these traits and thus their choices drive this type of selection process
choosers
Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets - small, blade-like animals that live in marine, sandy bottoms All _________ characteristics in adult
chordate
jellyfish and Starfish both live in water, have radial symmetry and are invertebrates However, humans and starfish are the two closest relatives. - They are both _____________ - a derived feature of animals
chordates
zygote undergoes successive mitotic cell divisions...
cleavage (early embryonic development)
Phylum Mollusca: Class Cephalopoda: The only mollusks to have a _______ circulatory system
closed
-are cannabis demons or saviors? Same with apple -more uplifting -Amsterdam celebrates cannabis (though not fully legal, can be sold in licensed _______ shops) -can choose exact marijuana experience you want -no different than wine or cigarettes -special garden shots for cannabis growers -tim a-court has passion of growing cannabis got him in trouble with the law -has timers and camera -can buy all female seeds of any types of cannabis you want -a whole life's work (some ppl their whole life is cannabis, more than about drugs or money)
coffee
Allyn howlett surprised no one knew how it worked -she discovered THC molecules activate specialized chemical receptors deep inside the brain -receptor can bind to brain -they had a tool for studying it now -found the receptors in hippocampus (memory), cerebellum, and frontal cortex (were we think) -receptors developed so they can ____________ with a chemical the body makes -tried to extract compound like THC in brain -mechoulem found it (aneldemine)
communicate
Homo erectus • The first hominid to migrate out of Africa • Upright man - 1.8mya - 200,000 years ago - Change in -Brain size = 1,100 cm3 - Social organization & ____________ skills were thought to be well developed
communication
Ecological Hierarchy • Populations of species occur in biological ___________. The complexity of a community is a function of species diversity (# of species). -Aka species richness
communities
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: __________ digestive system
complete
Japanese Honeybee Defense -the honeybees attack the individual scout hornet as it enters the hive (hold onto it; cant kill it) -when have it pinned, they vibrate their wings to create heat that ______ the hornet alive (the honeybees can survive 1-2 degrees more of heat than the hornet can)
cooks
Heat Exchange Pathways (4/4): Evaporation -Has a strong _________ effect because it requires lots of energy (heat) for a molecule to go from liquid to gas
cooling
4. Origins of Heredity Short polymers of RNA in presence of monomers could have ________ themselves
copied
This mutualistic organism combines cnidarians and dinoflagellates.: _______
coral
Secondary Plant Growth • A Lateral Meristem known as the _____ cambium will replace the epidermis (dermal layer) with a secondary dermal tissue (bark) - Produces cork cells which contain a waxy material (suberin) - Layer of cork + cork cambium = periderm - All phloem layers + periderm = bark
cork
Learning Innate behaviors improve with performance Vervet Monkey Infants may give undiscriminating alarm calls Ex. Eagle alarm for any bird Adults reinforce them when they are ________, by repeating the alarm call
correct
-corn, soybeans, and cotton use GMOS -the bt in cotton (bt cotton). Used as part of program to suppress the bull worm -bull worm (caterpillar) feeds on the seeds of the _____ plant which is bad for it -insects evolve resistance -monsanto funds this guys research -bt engineered into crops Tabeshnik found bugs create resistance (evolved)
cotton
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea: The Decapods (Order Decapoda): Crabs, Lobsters, shrimp and _________
crayfish
-if you see both upper and lower teeth- ___________
crocodile
To survive you must acclimate -Ectotherms acclimate at the cellular level -Some produce "antifreeze" compounds called ____________, that prevent ice formation in cells
cryoproteins
Koch's postulates: 2. Isolate the pathogen and grow it in pure ________.
culture
Adaptation to Land Water Conservation 1. Epidermis coated w/ a ________ Consists of polyesters and waxes - Prevents microbial attack - Prevents excess water loss
cuticle
Plant Response to Stress WHY DO TREES LOSE THEIR LEAVES? Most important factor is ____ length- Trees near light posts can keep leaves longer due to artificial light
day
Biodiversity is short for biological diversity - Current rapid ___________ in the Earth's great variety of life - Identified 1.8 million species, but estimates of undiscovered species range from 5 - 30 million undiscovered • Mainly arthropods, nematodes, protists, fungi, prokaryotes = smaller, harder to see
decrease
Key Characteristics of Amphibians Eggs lack a shell and ___________ quickly in dry air
dehydrate
Salinity Tolerance -Many marine animals are osmoregulators and have to deal with a constant ______________ environment
dehydrating
Sharks, cont.: Have placoid scales = __________
denticles
Sharks, cont.: Have placoid scales = denticles - Contain enamel and _______
dentine
Osmoregulation in Freshwater • Maintain their balance by excreting large amounts of _______ urine - Regain lost salts in food and active uptake of salts
dilute
Ammonia excreters Access to large amounts of water is essential -_____________
dilution
Major features of Human Evolution Reduced sexual _______________ - Gorilla males weigh twice as much as females - Human males=1.2 x females
dimorphism
This group is the primary cause of Red Tides, yet is a critical part of most coral species: _________________
dinoflagellates
Class Mammalia evolved in Triassic, 220 mya -> Speciation took place in Cenozoic Era First true mammals were extremely small compared to the __________ they lived amongst.
dinosaurs
An environmental change causes a change in the most abundant phenotype of moths, from a white variety to a black variety.: ____________ ____________
directional selection
Origin of Homo sapiens -Wise man Only human species in fossil record from 29,000 years ago - Neanderthals __________ from fossil record at this time
disappear
Osmoregulators Must _____________ excess water if it lives in a hypoosmotic environment
discharge
Class Holothuroidea : What are sea cucumbers defense mechanisms?
discharge sticky threads to ensnare their enemies (slime)
Class Crinoidea - Sea Lilies Can ___________ and crawl to a new location
disconnect
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES Robert Koch was the first to recognize the connection between bacteria & _________. •He established a protocol to identify which specific pathogen was causing a particular disease
disease
Koch's postulates: 3. Produce ___________ by transferring the pathogen from culture to a new experimental host.
disease
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Flight allows quick escapes, increased food finding ability, increased mating success, increased ________ to new habitats
dispersal
Osmoregulation -Waste disposal/Excretion ties into osmoregulation because most metabolic wastes must be ______________ in water when they are removed from body.
dissolved
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Most _________ of all other organisms
diverse
Keystone species • Allow for higher species __________
diversity
Competitive Exclusion - One species will eventually become more ____________ due to adaptations or having competitive edge
dominant
Grassland • Low rainfall (12 - 30"/yr) • Grasses dominate • Grass-eating animals ___________ • Majority has been converted to agriculture
dominate
Sharks, cont.: Have placoid scales = denticles -Orientation reduces ____
drag
Sharks - the exception • Sharks actually have water slowly diffusing into their bodies • Sharks do not ______
drink
Gator Holes important safe havens for wildlife Gator Holes • Alligators excavate deep holes to provide them with food during the ___ season
dry
Ecological Hierarchy A biological community, along with all the abiotic factors in the environment, is called an __________. An example is our wetlands (Everglades)
ecosystem
Behavioral Ecology Foraging Behavior - Forage = recognition, searching, capturing and eating - Nutrition is extremely important to an organisms success - Feeding ____________ should be enhanced
efficiency
-whale sharks hunted for meat and liver -liver is huge source of _________ back in the day (all the oils) -fishermen use finning-> catch shark, cut its fins off , and throw them back into the ocean, prevents them from swimming -slowly suffocate to death (slow death)
electricity
A Seed Resistant structure that is multicellular and complex in contrast to a spore - Consists of a sporophyte __________ packaged along with a food supply w/in a protective coating
embryo
Uric acid -This can be stored within a developing egg without causing harm to the developing ________
embryo
Evidence for Evolution Comparative ______________- unrelated species show similarities during embryonic development
embryology
Specific niches • Some species have a very specific niche • Many species w/ very specifc niches tend to become ____________ due to habitat destruction
endangered
Galapagos Islands -Off northwest coast of South America -G.I. animals are unique because they lived nowhere else in the world= __________ -They were similar to species on South American but were different
endemic
Ectosperm and Endoderm produced (early embryonic development)
endoderm fills blastocoel and eventually will form the lining of digestive tract
This is a triploid tissue, which supplies nutrition to the developing embryo and is found only in angiosperms.: _____________
endosperm
Bacillus thurigiensis uses this structure to withstand heat, dessication, and toxins: ______________
endospore
More on Protists -They can form cysts, which are similar to ____________- Some of the oldest eukaryotic fossils are ruptured cysts of algae
endospores
Mammals, birds, and some fishes, and insects are ____________
endotherms
Most Fishes are Ectothermic: EXCEPTION: Large Powerful Swimmers Great White, Tuna, Swordfish have circulatory adaptations that allow them to retain metabolic heat and are considered _____________
endotherms
Thermoregulation adaptations Changing the rate of metabolic heat production -Applies only to ___________, specifically birds and mammals
endotherms
Thermoregulation adaptations Changing the rate of metabolic heat production -Applies only to ______________, specifically birds and mammals
endotherms
Extreme responses to Severe conditions Torpor -Allows animals to save _________ and survive these dangerous conditions
energy
Urea Can transport and store urea at high concentrations -Animal must expend _______ to produce urea
energy
Endotherm: Have a high metabolic rate Generates enough heat to keep its body substantially warmer than the surrounding _______________
environment
Orchids are a good example of these types of non-parasitic arboreal anthophytes.: ______________
epiphytes
The Neanderthals Evolved from Homo ________
erectus
A reduction in activity and metabolism in response to heat and water limitation: ____________
estivation
This protist is known as a mixotroph because it utilizes both photosynthesis and heterotrophy for nutrition: __________
euglena
The Honeybee Huddle Honeybees also are known to transport water to their hive in summer and fanning wet areas with wings to promote _______________ cooling
evaporative
Thermoregulation adaptations -Cooling by evaporative heat loss Can increase this via lungs by panting -Sweating or bathing to make skin wet enhances _____________ cooling
evaporative
Uric acid -More energetically _____________ than urea to produce
expensive
Nature vs. Nurture Some researchers have been able to link behaviors to specific genes - Must remember that behavior can be modified by _____________
experience
Learning The modification of behavior resulting from specific ____________
experiences
Ethology The study of behavior - originated in 1930's - understand how animals behave in nature through observation and _________________
experimentation
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Wings are not true appendages, rather they are __________ of the exoskeleton (cuticle)
extensions
Key Characteristics of Amphibians Fertilization is primarily _________
external
Parasitism 1. _________ - lives on outside (flea)
external
Phylum Arthropoda: Chelicerates have simple ____ (_____ w/ a single lens)
eyes
The Honeybee Huddle -Honeybees also are known to transport water to their hive in summer and ___________ wet areas with wings to promote evaporative cooling
fanning
Thermoregulation adaptations -Adjust rate of heat exchange -Insulation: -Humans rely more on their ____ stores for insulation -Goose bumps are a vestige of our hair-raising ancestors
fat
Potato: control southern idaho is desert, green circles are crop fields -get water from irrigation underground -desire potato gratifies is control over our ____ -provides immense amount of food per acre -can grow enough food with potato to keep family alive for a year
fate
This characteristic was revealed to be similar to modern birds in the fossils of Archaeopteryx: __________
feathers
Marijuana: -______ plants resign highly psychoactive -keep male plants exiled from plant room to make the females more potent (gives higher resign production which is more psychoactive) -best gardeners are working with cannabis -its a weed worth 6-7,000 dollars -they broke chemistry of plant down -isolated 10 compounds, only 1 (THC) causes the high -tested it in humans -identification of THC made ppl wonder what it did to the brain
female
Reptiles - 7,000 Extant Species Order Testudines - Turtles Temperatures in the nest determine the sex of the turtles. •Warmer temps produce________, and cooler temps yield males
females
Three Variations on Alternation of Generations in Plants: 2. Large sporophyte and small, independent gametophyte (_____)
ferns
Factors that divide populations and contribute to Reproductive Isolation Postzygotic barriers (after zygote has formed) 2.Reduced hybrid ____________- Hybrids which survive development are typically sterile (mule = horse + donkey)3. Hybrid breakdown
fertility
Survival of the "Fittest" Contribution an individual makes to gene pool of the next generation relative to contribution of others -Survival does not = fitness -Fitness depends not only survival but also _________
fertility
Root System • Monocots usually have ________roots- Mat of thin roots spread out across soil surface- Hold topsoil in place, prevent erosion
fibrous
Human Kidney • 180 L of __________ produced in kidney
filtrate
Homo erectus • The first hominid to migrate out of Africa • Upright man - 1.8mya - 200,000 years ago - Change in -Brain size = 1,100 cm3 - Social organization & communication skills were thought to be well developed -Leg length increased making them taller -Fossil evidence indicates they built ______
fires
Prokaryote Characteristics • DNA associated with fewer proteins .• Simple looping of circular DNA; nucleoid region. • Primarily reproduce asexually via binary ___________ • No mitosis, meiosis or fertilization.
fission
Innate Behavior Same behavior occurs in all individuals in a population, even though there are environmental differences between them- Developmentally _________
fixed
Plants & Charophyceans have four common traits 3. Microstructure of _____________ sperm
flagellated
PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION - continued Mobility 1.Bacterial ___________ - majority.- Naked tightly wound helical protein flagellin, lacks microtubular structure found in eukaryotes.-Analagous structure
flagellum
-2 diff species of humans; what gave us the edge? -Dr. Jerry Laftmen noticed minor difference in skull shape -at base of the skull, Neanderthals had ____ base while ours is curved (where voice box is ) -flat central base
flat
The Radiata- Phylum Cnidaria (two main body types) 2. Medusa
flattened, mouth on bottom, pelagic drifter
This parasitic vector caused the Black Plague: ______
fleas
Prey Defense 1. ________ = high energy
fleeing
The coelom; coelomates (4 major animal divisions)
fluid filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm ( all but three bilateral animal phyla)
4 Major threats to Biodiversity 4. Disruption of ______ chains Keystone species removal - Upsets or breaks down top predator controls on ecosystem
food
Phylum Mollusca use a _____ for movement
foot
Phylum Mollusca: Class Bivalvia animals (clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops can move by using a _____
foot
Keystone species • Higher sea urchins = lower algae - Loss of kelp ________
forests
when aneldemine released in brain, affects appetite, pain, and memory -plays key role in ___________ -why would forgetting be adapting? -> do you want to remember all the faces you saw on the subway? -forgetting takes flood of information and forgetting everything except whats important -memory can cripple us (trauma that cant be unlearned from war, etc)
forgetting
Evidence for Evolution The ______ record - succession of fossil forms & transitional forms
fossil
Incomplete Fossil Record 1. Not all organisms under correct conditions for _______ formation
fossil
The majority of plant pathogens belong to this group of organisms.: ______
fungi
Genetic Diversity Remember in order for mutations to affect evolution and change the gene pool they must occur in sex cells (__________)
gametes
An ovule used to house the female _____________
gametophyte
Pollen and Production of Sperm A germinated pollen grain produces a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female _________ within the ovule
gametophyte
What evolutionary reasons might have pushed plants to have a dominant sporophyte (diploid) generation? Helps ___________ withstand the harmful effects of mutations from UV light
gametophyte
Development of embryonic tissues: ___________
gastrulation
4 potential agents which drive microevolution (Things that cause populations to evolve) 3) ____ flow
gene
4 potential agents which drive microevolution (Things that cause populations to evolve) 1) _______ drift
genetic
This causes changes in the gene pool due to some chance event: __________ _____
genetic drift
Incomplete Fossil Record 2. Many fossils destroyed by ___________ processes (erosion,pressure,melting)- - estimated that one in 10 million individual organisms end up as fossils
geological
The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds, Continued -Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages over spores -They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for ____________ -They have a supply of stored food -They may be transported long distances by wind or animals
germination
Ammonia excreters Most ammonia is lost through the ______ -Small percentage is passed via kidneys and urethra
gills
Most Fishes are Ectothermic: -Most metabolic heat is lost through _____
gills
Sharks - the exception • Sharks do have a lower salt concentration in their bodies so salt is constantly diffusing into the body via the ______
gills
-birds cannot chew or shear off pieces of flesh (talon or beak tears off pieces of food) -crop is storage area -________ is muscular part of the bird that contracts and grinds down anything the birds consume -feathers made of keratin
gizzard
Class Aves - 8,600 extant species Birds Toothless; food ground in the _________
gizzard
Extreme thermophiles ("heat lovers") - DOMAIN ARCHAEA •Reduced % of glycine in polypeptide chains -Glycine is 2nd most common amino acid in normal proteins -.It contributes to flexibility in 3-dimensional configuration. -Reduced __________ levels increase rigidity; prevent denaturation
glycine
Plant Response to Stress WHY DO TREES LOSE THEIR LEAVES? Most nutrients in leaf are absorbed before loss, but if soil is low in nutrients some plants may lose _____ leaves to recycle nutrients into soil
green
-if you wanna scare a snake, best thing to do is stomp hard on a _________ (itll think its a big predator and want to run away) -snakes have infrared technology; how they find their prey along with smell -flicking their tongues allows them to track pheromones (smell)
ground
Human evolution Homo ________: 2.4 - 1.6 million years ago
habilis
Gator Holes important safe havens for wildlife Gator Holes • Provide other animals with ________ and food as well
habitat
The term used for the place an animal lives: __________
habitat
The biggest threat to biodiversity: _________ ________________
habitat destruction
The behavior of ignoring background and environmental sounds while we are playing jeopardy.: _____________
habituation
Community Interactions - One organism benefits one is _________
harmed
Competition • Both organisms are ________
harmed
Parasitic fungi have modified hyphae called _________ for penetrating their host -Each year, 10% to 50% of the world's fruit harvest is lost due to fungi
haustoria
These structures are used by parasitic fungi to penetrate their hosts: _____________
haustoria
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Body has 3 main regions: (1/3): _____: Usually contain one pair of antennae
head
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Cestoidea - Tapeworms: scolex = _____
head
The Honeybee Huddle Increase ____ production - utilize honey stores
heat
Major Plant Divisions Seedless Vascular Plants Majority are _____________ - one spore type develops into a bisexual gametophyte
homosporous
Recall - Most seedless plants are ________________ = single spore produces both male & female gametophytes
homosporous
The Honeybee Huddle Increase heat production - utilize _______ stores
honey
Class Aves - 8,600 extant species Birds Bones have internal structure that is ____________ making them strong but light
honeycombed
Phylum Echinodermata: Dueterostome: Water Vascular System: -Network of _________ canals
hydraulic
Osmosis A solution with a high concentration of a particular solute is known as ____________
hyperosmotic
The osmotic term for a fish in freshwater: ________________
hyperosmotic
Body Plan Fungi are composed of tiny filaments known as ________ -- These are composed of tubular cell walls which surround plasma surround membrane and cytoplasm
hyphae
Osmosis -A solution with a low concentration of solutes is known as ____________
hypoosmotic
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Gastrovascular cavity with one opening for mouth an anus = ___________
incomplete
Do birds learn to fly? - Young birds have _______ ability to fly, but have not developed the mechanics to do it yet - They don't need to practice
innate
These are behaviors built into our genes and are similar in organisms of the same species regardless of their environment.: _____ _______________
innate behaviors
Class Mammalia evolved in Triassic, 220 mya -> Speciation took place in Cenozoic Era - Shrew sized - __________________
insectivores
Phylum Arthropoda:1 million species (mostly ________)
insects
Two ways to look at Behavior Ultimate Questions - Reasons why this behavior evolved over time • Example: Why do most birds breed during spring? - Must maximize fitness - Abundant supply of ___________ (food resource), which provides ample food for rapidly growing offspring
insects
Osmoconformer -Do not actively adjust their__________water concentrations
internal
Osmoregulators -Must control and adjust its _________ environment
internal
The term for a species which is usually exotic and outcompetes natives becoming dominant and spreading through our natural areas.: __________ _________
invasive species
This mineral, found in high concentrations in strata around the world and dates back to ~ 65 mya, provides evidence for the cause of the Cretaceous Extinction: ___________
iridium
Learning Habituation - May increase fitness by allowing an animal's nervous system to focus on stimuli that signal food, mates or danger, rather than _____________ stimuli
irrelevant
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) A sequence of ____________ behavioral acts that is carried to completion once initiated - Triggered by a sign stimulus • External sensory stimulus
irreversible
What divides populations? Or groups of organisms being ___________ on an island, ex.. Rafting in reptiles (iguanas as well as others!)
isolated
General Primate Characteristics Shorter ____ - flattens face
jaws
The stage of fungal reproduction when two genetically distinct haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote: ___________
karyogamy
Characteristics of Reptiles Adapted for Terrestrial Living: •Scales contain _______ for prevention of dehydration
keratin
Class Aves - 8,600 extant species Birds Beak made of _________
keratin
Class Aves - 8,600 extant species Birds Wings with airfoils; Feathers made of _________
keratin
The term used for a critical species needed to maintain species diversity.: ___________ ___________
keystone species
The Rise of Reptiles New Adaptations Reptilian ________ conserve water
kidneys
Japanese Honeybee Defense Individual hornets scout for honeybee hives and the hornet swarm then _____ and eats them
kills
-Mike Heath, organic farm -hes an equal opportunity grower -has 16 varieties of potatoes -narcodas, all blues, elbis, etc -controlling pests with __________ -natural -his labor costs are high, doesnt use pesiticides, and has less land -but his organic farming; he still gets good prices for his potatoes
ladybugs
The Rise of Amphibians Class Amphibia The first vertebrates on ____
land
Leatherback -__________ sea turtle
largest
Subphylum Urochordata: Turnicates -All four chordate characteristics are seen in the ______ form
larval
Phylum Mollusca: Class Cephalopoda: complex brain and fast ___________ behavior -observational learning -jar opening
learning
___________ sea turtle: -plates connected to skin tissue allows them to dive into rly deep waters -only eat jellyfish since it can access deep waters without the shell being crushed
leatherback
Desert • Plants which lack __________ • Due to difficult environmental characteristics - not threatened by agriculture or human development
leaves
This human parasite releases an anticoagulant to keep blood flowing, but also an anaesthetic to dull the pain it is causing.: _______
leech
Phylum Annelida: Class Hirudinea are known as ________ and blood suckers (parasties)
leeches
Phylum Echinodermata: Class Asteroidea = Sea Stars Some can regrow an entire new organism from one ____
leg
Urea -100,000x _____ toxic than ammonia
less
Waste Products -Some animals can excrete ammonia directly, but storage would be _______
lethal
Phylum Ascomycota Important saprobes of plant material, parasites (ringworm and athlete's foot), involved in mutualistic associations with_______ and some involved in mycorrhizae
lichens
Why should we care? Aesthetic value of nature's beauty Dependency for _____
life
Adaptation to Land Production of Secondary Compounds - Some deter pathogenic microbial attack - Some absorb harmful UV radiation • Phenolics (flavinoids) - Some produce _______, a polymer which hardens the cell walls of woody tissues and provides structural support for large plants and trees
lignin
Dominant species Why do species become dominant? 1. Species best suited to exploit __________ resources
limited
Key Characteristics of Amphibians: Moist skin allows gas exchange; respiration; some species lack ______ -Still tied to closely to water or moist environments
lungs
Thermoregulation adaptations Cooling by evaporative heat loss -Can increase this via ________ by panting
lungs
Causes of Evolution 4. Mutation BUT mutation is the original source of variation and affects _____________
macroevolution
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Metabolic wastes removed by excretory Metabolic wastes removed by excretory structures known as __________ tubules
malphigian
Mass Extinctions 1. Permian (~ 250 mya) - Boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Period - 90% of all ______ species go extinct - Tied to Pangea Formation •• Drastic climate change •• Habitat destruction • Ocean circulation altered
marine
The form of reproductive isolation indicated below (small and big dog; different breed): __________ _____________
mechanical isolation
Plant Growth • Capable of producing new areas of growth due to areas of embryonic tissues known as ______________
meristems
sharks: -________'s purse contains developing fetus -eggs get nutrition from yolk (oviparity) or mom shark
mermaid
Ectotherm: ____________ rate: the rate at which heat is given off by an organism at complete rest -Very low so no effect on body temperature
metabolic
Energy Flow • The energy available in any environment to the animals is limited • All animals lose heat to the environment during ___________.
metabolism
Extreme responses to Severe conditions -Torpor -Estivation ~ Summer Torpor -Slow _____________ and inactivity in response to high temperatures and scarce water supplies
metabolism
Phylum Arthropoda: Segmented Coelomates, Ecdysozoans: These repeated segments are known as _________ and specialized segments can form metameres and specialized segments can form distinct regions = tagmosis
metameres
Phylum Annelida: Each segment has a pair of excretory tubes known as ____________- remove wastes
metanephridia
Extraterrestrial organic compounds including amino acids have been found in modern ___________
meteorites
Stromatolites = Slow growers 1/3 mm/year - Living examples in Western Australia and Bahamas • ~2,000 yrs old - Similar to __________ mats still formed today in salt marshes and warm lagoons
microbial
Seedless Vascular Plants Phylum Lycophyta - oldest land plants-have small leaves with only one unbranched vein = _________* no expanded flat foliage
microphyll
Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes The gametophytes of seed plants are _____________
microscopic
Causes of Evolution 3. Gene Flow Genetic exchange due to____________ of fertile individuals or gametes between populations
migration
Altering metabolic heat production Hormones can increase _______________ activity and switch their products to heat rather than ATP (energy)
mitochondria
Protistan Diversity Diplomonads:- multiple flagella - Two separate nuclei - Modified mitochondria (__________) • No ETC - don't use Oxygen to produce ATP
mitosomes
-Insects and fungi -russet burnbanks grown in ___________ -if insect can kill one, they can kill all the potatoes -to help potatoes win race, Cranny used chemical pesticides -the chemicals can be toxic but they follow EPA guidelines -doesn't like to apply insecticides
monoculture
Potato: Control -answer to the problem is to get away from _____________ -learn from peruvians, appreicate the diversity they have given in potatoes -in peru, use genetic diversity by planting many diff types of potatoes in one area -order we impose on nature is only temporary -logic of nature wins against logic of capitalism -nature resists our control
monoculuture
A tree with both male and female flowers.: ____________
monoecious
Newly hatched sea turtles follow natural _________ to sea
moonlight
The Rise of Mammals; Class Mammalia; 220 mya -> Cenozoic Era Mammalian Characteristics: Live births - ____
most
PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION - continued Mobility 2.Gliding on __________ secretions.
mucous
Bi-Annual Shark Migration in South Fl. -Blacktip and spinner sharks Follow bait (______ run) and reproduction
mullet
Keystone species • Example - Without the seastar the dominant ________ had uncontrolled growth due to the loss of predation and monopolized most of the space (<5 species)
mussel
Phylum Mollusca: Class Bivalvia animals include clams, oysters, __________, and scallops
mussels
4 potential agents which drive microevolution (Things that cause populations to evolve) 4) __________
mutation
Pollinators and Flowering Plants: ____________
mutualism
Body Plan (fungi) Hyphae form a large matrix known as the __________ (feeding network) -Can be huge, but usually unseen (underground)
mycelium
The filamentous hyphae of most fungi can be very large and are collectively known as this term.: ___________ ____
mycelium mat
Cell walls •Two major types - used for identification purposes •Gram __________ - Small peptidoglycan layer, an additional outer membrane- Lipopolysaccharides of outer membrane often toxic.- Outer membrane offers additional defenses against antibiotics.
negative
An organisms influences, impacts and activities: _______
niche
Keystone species • BUT have a strong control on the community due to their ecological roles or ________
niches
Waste Products The most important waste products are ______________, derived from breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids
nitrogenous
The coelom; acoelomates (4 major animal divisions)
no cavity between digestive track and the outer body wall (phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms)
Shoot System Stems- Made up of ______ • Leaf attachment points - And Internodes • Segments between the nodes - Axillary bud • a structure which can grow a new vegetative branch • Located where the base of leaf and stem meet - Terminal Bud • Found on upper tip of stem • Area of shoot growth and leaf formation
nodes
Chordate characteristics: 1. ____________-longitudinal, flexible rod
notochord
The phrase describing a protist that can only live in a habitat devoid of oxygen.: ____________ _____________
obligate anaerobe
Order Squamata - Lizards and snakes Tongue Flicking fans scents to their ___________ glands
olfactory
3 major classes of cnidarians: Anthozoans
only polyp stage is expressed
diploblastic
only two embryonic layers ectoderm and endoderm (easy to remember because di = 2)
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: _____ circulatory system
open
Habitat Tuna = _____ _________
open ocean
The most important phenotypic characteristic which defines all Primates.: _________ ______
opposable thumb
Parazoans (4 major animal divisions)
opposite of eumatazoans. example of parazoa (phylum proifera): sponges: lack true tissue and asymmetrical
Eumatazoa (4 major animal divisions)
opposite of parazoans all other animal phylums and true tissues!
Zach's crow study demonstrate clear support for this theory: _______ __________ _______
optimal foraging theory
Carolus Linnaeus = Taxonomy Determined to find ______ in the diversity of life in mid 1700's- Named over 11,000 species
order
Phylum Arthropoda: Millipedes (Class Diplopoda): Eat decaying leaves and _________ matter
organic
saprophytic: Obtaining nutrients from dead or decaying __________ matter
organic
A chemoheterotroph obtains its carbon and energy from this source: ________ _____________
organic molecules -Most bacteria fall into this trophic group
Ecological Hierarchy The ___________ is the smallest unit of ecological study. Physiological and behavioral ecologists focus at this level.
organism
Niche • Deals w/ impacts the organism has on abiotic and biotic factors and the impacts they have on the ____________ - INFLUENCES, IMPACTS, ACTIVITIES
organism
Keystone species • Low abundance of seals and sealions due to lower fish abundance due to ___________ by humans
overfishing
Ovules and Production of Eggs An ________ consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
ovule
animals w/ high metabolism require alot of _______ (cellular respiration)
oxygen
geological causes (animal diversification)
oxygen was high enough to support active metabolisms
phylum mollusca includes Snails, slugs, ________, clams, octopuses and squids
oysters
Gnathostomes - jawed vertebrates: Existing Jawed Fishes: Dominant vertebrates w/ ______ appendages
paired
Thermoregulation adaptations -Cooling by evaporative heat loss Can increase this via lungs by ________
panting
Phylum Annelida: Class Polychaeta: Usually have appendages known as __________ extending off body.
parapodia
-cannabis makes you not want to strive, kicking back and listening to music -seconds the motion no mater what -millions of young ppl smoking it, promted govt to take action -more difficult to bring in marijuana -_________ (toxic chemical) attacked marijuana -1975-1983 Mexican pilots doused marijuana with herbicides
paraquat
Phylum Arthropoda: Chelicerates: Carnivorous, but some __________ (ticks, mites)
parasitic
Innate Behavior Newly-born chicks beg for food by raising head, opening mouths, and chirping loudly when a _______ is nearby
parent
Major features of Human Evolution Family structure - More ____________ care
parental
Unlike plant cell walls, bacterial cell walls are not composed of cellulose -Bacterial cell walls contain _______________- a combination of sugars (Polysaccharides) and polypeptides
peptidoglycan
Learning innate behaviors improve with _______________ Kenyan Vervet Monkey alarm calls
performance
The reason the tundra is a treeless environment: ____________
permafrost
Plants & Charophyceans have four common traits 2. Efficient _______________. a. Minimize loss of organic products
peroxisomesa
-potato poisonous (wild) -green porudces solenine (posionous chemical) -if potato becomes green, it is producing that chemical -overtime, _________ adapted to nature of potato -higher altitude is very different climate -early peruvians preserved diversity by growing all sorts of plants -learned where to grow which types of potatoes where (what side of the mountain with what sunlight) -developed for diff uses and purposes
peruvians
Plant Responses to Stimuli • Any growth response to a stimulus is known as tropism (~taxis) • Stimulus is light = _____________
phototropism
________________ has a biogeographical basis in continental drift
phylogeny
Plant Pathogen Defense 2. Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) = chemical signal sent to the rest of plant, causes production of __________ • Antimicrobial compounds • Some sent to site of initial infection
phytoalexins
what phylum is a tapeworm from?
platyhelminths
Phylogenetic Tree/Cladogram is like a family tree... Roots or base -> common ancestor common ancestor • Ancestral characteristics (____________) (do not use primitive): general characteristics that are shared by all the species that evolved from it
plesiomorphy
Pollen and Production of Sperm A microspore develops into a _____ grain that consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall
pollen
• Some orchids mimic wasp species •The wasps attempt to mate with the flower and get dusted with _____ for their trouble
pollen
Nature vs. Nurture Most behavioral traits are __________ (based on more than one gene) and environmental variables can produce a wide variety of reactions
polygenic
Chemical Evolution: Hypothetical Scenario 2. Joining of these monomers into _____________ This may have been only possible near volcanoes or deep-sea hydrothermal vents
polymers
Ecological Hierarchy Organisms exist in ___________ of individuals belonging to the same species. -Endangered/threatened species conservation is focused here
populations
Cell walls •Two major types - used for identification purposes •Gram _________ - Large outer layer of peptidoglycan- Antibiotics inhibit cross-link formation of peptidoglycan; prevent cell wall development.
positive
Land colonization by plants, fungi and animals occurred 500 mya (adaptations for life on land) -Most mammal Orders established 50-60 mya -Human lineage diverged from __________ 5 mya
primates
Salinity Tolerance -Constantly lose water through gills and skin - The excess salt is actively transported across gills and very little urine is __________ (conserving water)
produced
Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, is ice-covered and may contain water and _____________
prokaryotes
For the first 3/4 of evolutionary history, Earth's only organisms were microscopic and unicellular (____________), and aquatic!
prokaryotic
Chordate Characteristics: 4. Muscular, Postanal Tail -Provides __________ force in many aquatic species
propulsive
Cell Response Rapid Temperature changes can increase the production of special molecules known as stress-induced _________ within cells
proteins
Chemical Evolution: Hypothetical Scenario Aggregation of abiotically produced molecules into droplets called _____________ that had chemical characteristics different from their surroundings
protobionts
marijuana: -____________ is attractive concept that humans like -750,000 abt arrests for cannabis every year -ppl behind bars for cannabis charges -nearly 100 million ppl have tried it -cannabis growers do whatever the plant wants it to do (pampered)
psychoactivity
Whale shark- Rhyncodon typus: Filter out plankton on gill _______
rakers
Thermoregulation: -Every animal is adapted for different environmental temperatures, but each has an ideal or optimal temperature ______
range
Osmoconformer -Available only to marine animals living in very stable surroundings = _____
rare
Vector • Black Plague (14th century) - Vector = Fleas; Original host = _____ - Killed 33% of European population - Caused by a bacterium
rats
Gnathostomes - jawed vertebrates: 1. Cartilaginous fishes Class Chondrichthyes -Sharks, _____ and rat fishes (chimeras)
rays
Human Kidney - Nearly all sugars, vitamins and organic nutrients are ____________
reabsorbed
Why do species become dominant? 1. Species best suited to exploit limited resources 2. Species has a greater success of avoiding predation - Loss of a dominant species in a competitive environment is not detrimental due competitor replacement = _____________ model
redundancy
-no wind or clouds in winter in Florida is very cold -clouds capture the heat to ____________ temp
regulate
Hox Genes
regulatory genes which control the expression of other genes. more how genes means more animal complexity
Commensalism - Sharks and __________ - Epiphytes
remoras
Origin of Homo sapiens Replacement Hypothesis - Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus in Africa and second human migration occurred ~ 100,000 years ago - They ___________ all other Homo species in the world
replaced
Two ways to look at Behavior (1/2): Proximate Questions- Hormonal, nervous and environmental stimuli that trigger a particular behavior • Example: why do most birds breed during spring? - Triggered by increased day length - Changes in day length result in neural and hormonal changes that induce _____________ behavior
reproductive
Class Aves - 8,600 extant species Birds probably originated as flying ________
reptiles
Loss of Genetic Diversity - Disease can easily wipe out a population if all individuals with _______ have already been killed and their genes removed from the gene pool -Reduces favorable developmental genes, which may have aided increased agricultural production
resistance
Many antibiotics target this bacterial organelle, which differs from its eukaryotic counterpart: ___________
ribosome
4. Origins of Heredity RNA catalysts are called ____________ and RNA is autocatalytic and can synthesize new RNA (r, t, m RNA)
ribozymes
Innate FAP's can be detrimental Mayflies lay eggs in standing water triggered by the polarization of light on water - Similar polarization on ______ surfaces - Causes high mortality
road
Pouched (Marsupials) -Australia -Embryo born at early stage of development -kangaroos and possums -________ are true placental mammals and most common roadkill species (freeze when scared, can fake their death)
rodents
-french fries make us forget -7 ½ billion pounds of french fries consumed in america per year -want long and tall french fries -fast food relies on the _______ Burbank potato -mcdonalds only buys that potato all over the world (bejing, new york, Idaho, etc) -dale baker is plant manager in idaho (mcdonalds) -monocultures on plate lead to monocultures on land -chain of consequences from desire for those particular fries
russet
Salinity Tolerance Stenohaline -Animals cannot tolerate substantial changes in __________ -Narrow tolerance zone - This is true for most marine animals
salinity
Thermoregulation adaptations Increase evaporative cooling Spreading _______ on body surfaces -Kangaroos and rodents
saliva
Fungi -Decomposers (_________), parasites and mutualistic symbionts - Saprobic fungi = absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter
saprobes
This term describes the typical mode of nutrition for most fungi: ______________
saprophytic
Marijuana: -12 foot tall plant, needed genes of shorter cannabis plant to breed -cannabis _______ with cannabis indica (smaller) bred together -short, fast, and strong plant developed -multicolored, strong plant now -nurtured by indoor gardeners, now far more potent -artificial environment
sativa
Keystone species -• Killer whales eating ____ ________ because of reduced seals and sea lions
sea otters
Salinity Tolerance -Constantly lose water through gills and skin - Obtain water through their diet and by swallowing large amounts of ___________
seawater
Origin of Homo sapiens Replacement Hypothesis - Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus in Africa and _______ human migration occurred ~ 100,000 years ago
second
Three Variations on Alternation of Generations in Plants: 3. Reduced gametophyte dependent on sporophyte (____ plants)
seed
The type of defense used by muskoxen in Alaska: ____ ________
self defense
Uric acid - Relatively nontoxic - Insoluble in water - Excreted as a ____________ paste w/ little water Great adaptation for terrestrial animals to conserve water
semisolid
-baby humans have voice box all the way up in the throat (our voice box starts a journey all the way down to the neck) -very dangerous cuz changes neuromusculature of skin? -our airway and food way (once ________ now crossed) -why we get food stuck in our throat and food that regurgitates -have large area of space above larynx and now we can modify vocal chords (gained ability of fully articulate speech)
separate
Species form when populations divide, or become _____________
separated
Homeobox
sequence of DNA (very similar in unrelated animals), determines body form of the animal
Subphylum Urochordata: Turnicates -Most _______, some planktonic
sessile
Phylum Annelida: Class Polychaeta: Parapodia may have bristles called _____ Most Marine
setae
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Cestoidea - Tapeworms: protoglottids= ___ organs
sex
Phylum Basidiomycota Under adverse conditions undergo________ reproduction and produce fruiting bodies called basidocarps (ex. Mushroom, few hours) -Basidia are external structures found on the basidiocarp that produce sexual spores (basidiospores, billions)
sexual
Phylum Zygomycota Black Bread Mold, Rhizopus Asexual phase, sporangia form (100's of spores) - Usually reproduce asexually under ideal conditions When conditions deteriorate _______ reproduction occurs
sexual
A female peacock will select a male with the most brilliant feather plumage.: ______ ________
sexual selection
Plate Tectonics 1) Plate Tectonic Theory-by Alfred Wegener 2) The concept- The Earth's crust is actually a bunch of different pieces which through time have __________, causing mountains, trenches, and the current location of the continental land masses
shifted
Community ecology - Fish community on artificial reefs • More specifically - _____________ • Make comparisons to varying habitats
shipwrecks
Altering metabolic heat production Heat can be increased by muscle activity, such as ________________
shivering
Altering metabolic heat production: Heat can be increased by muscle activity, such as _____________
shivering
Homo erectus: -social organization and communication skills were thought to be well developed -in fossils, see them together in big groups -leg length increased making them taller -homo habilus were ______ in terms of legs
short
Competitive Exclusion Two similar species competing for ___________ resources
similar
Chordate Characteristics: 1. Notochord - longitudinal, flexible rod -used for ___________ support
skeletal
Subphylum Vertebrata: Vertebrate Characteristics: 1. Neural Crest - a group of embryonic cells at the dorsal margin of the hollow, nerve cord -Contributes to the formation of many ________ components
skeletal
Emergence of Early Humans -Better ___________ for more recent hominids
skeletons
Salinity Tolerance • Many marine animals are osmoregulators and have to deal with a constant dehydrating environment • Constantly lose water through gills and _____
skin
Sharks - the exception - This high urea content increases the overall ________ concentration of their bodies to a point which is greater than their surroundings
solute
Behavioral Biology What is Behavior? - Externally visible muscular activity - Sex attractant secretions (nonmuscular) - Learning and memory • Bird _____
songs
Competition • Drives _____________ - Example: insect-eating birds
specialization
Crocodiles have _________ glands -Alligators have non-functional lingual organs
specialized
The formation of new species is called ____________ - adaptive radiation (common ancestor)
speciation
Wallace forced Darwin to publish! Natural selection was the driver for __________ and Natural selection was the driver for speciation and diversity
speciation
amoebocyte (parts of sponge) ______ give shape and support
spicules
Phylum Arthropoda: Chelicerates include _________, mites, ticks, horseshoe crab
spiders
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Arachnida - scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders: Most _______ can use strands of silk to aid in prey capture
spiders
Class Holothuroidea - Sea Cucumbers - special defense: No ______
spines
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Gas exchange accomplished through a tracheal system: Small, branched tubules made of chitin which open to the outside via pores known as __________
spiracles
Five Derived Characters unique to Land Plants 4. Walled spores w/in ___________- Spore cells contain Sporopollenin in cell wall- Spores produced in multicellular organs known as sporangia
sporangia
Seed replaces the ______ as dispersal mechanism
spore
-Gymnosperm seeds develop on the surfaces of specialized leaves known as __________
sporophylls
Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes They develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent __________
sporophyte
Angiosperm Life Cycle -Pollination brings the gametophytes together in the ovary (Pollen has 2 sperm nuclei) -Fertilization occurs and zygotes develop into ____________ embryos that are packaged along with food into seeds
sporophyte
Charophyceans, the closest plant relatives -Typically live in shallow water areas around the edges of ponds and lakes -____________ is used as a protective coating against dessication (zygote)
sporopollenin
Chromalveolata -Apicomplexa Infectious cells called ____________ Most require 2 or more hosts to complete their life cycle Plasmodium - parasite that causes malaria
sporozites
pathogens:_____________: The infectious cell stage of plasmodium
sporozoite
shell is reduced and maybe internal (______)
squid
Phylum Mollusca: Class Cephalopoda animals include ________ and octopus
squids
Class Crinoidea - Sea Lilies -Have _______ which attach to substrate
stalks
Operculum of Bony Fishes Involved in respiration such that the fish can breathe while __________
stationary
This term describes the type of modified shoot represented by a strawberry: _______
stolon
Phylum Echinodermata: Class Asteroidea = Sea Stars Use their tube feet to pry open a bivalve and then evert their ________ into shell and digest it
stomach
Innate FAP's can be detrimental -Sea Turtle juveniles have innate FAP to follow moon's reflection on ocean -Easily confused with ______ lights on nearby roads in urbanized coastal areas
street
Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes This arrangement protects the developing gametophyte from environmental ______ and enables it to obtain nutrients from the sporophyte
stress
Radiata (4 major animal divisions)
subcategory of eumatazoa radiata: radial symmetry oral and aboral side, no left and right phylum cnidaria and Ctenophora gastrulation produces 2 embryonic layers (germ layers) (eco/endoderm) DIPLOBLASTIC
Osmoregulation in Freshwater • Constantly gaining water and losing salts to ________________ -Due to higher concentrations of salts in their bodies
surroundings
Osmoregulators Requires energy to do this, which depends on how different its internal environment is from its ____________
surroundings
Behavioral Ecology Natural selection will favor behavioral patterns that enhance _________ and reproductive success
survival
Vector • West Nile Virus - Most people display no symptoms • Elderly and young are more ___________ • Avoid dusk and dawn = high mosquito activity
susceptible
Altering metabolic heat production: Hormones can increase mitochondria activity and _________ their products to heat rather than ATP (energy)
switch
Cellular Transport in Plants:Lateral Transport • Plasmodesmata - cytosolic connections between neighboring plant cells- Continuous pathway for molecular transport =__________
symplast
A particular pathogen travels through plasmodesmata of adjacent plant cells. The term for this type of transport.: ____________
symplastic
Cladistics - now accepted method of phylogenetic analysis All clade members share derived features called ______________- Not enough to share characteristics - Starfish, jellyfish and a human - Which are most closely related?
synapomorphies
Outgroup Analysis All other taxa are grouped according to shared derived characters (______________).. - The more derived structures two organisms share, the closer is their evolutionary relationship -- that is, the more recently their common ancestor live. -- Close relationships are shown by a recent fork from the supporting branch - the closer the fork in the branch between two organisms, the closer their relationship.
synapomorphies
Phylogenetic Tree/Cladogram is like a family tree... Upper ends of branches present- present-day descendant species The more derived characteristics organisms share (________________), the closer the evolutionary relationship!
synapomorphies
Homologous Structures Some snakes have pelvic and leg bones -Humans have fused ____ bones -Basilosaurus, an extinct whale w/ hind limbs
tail
This parasitic worm is usually acquired by eating undercooked meat and absorbs nutrients from its host without a digestive tract: ___________
tapeworm
Root System Eudicots usually have __________- One large vertical root w/ smaller lateral roots- Store food, used during flowering and fruit production- Carrots, turnips harvested before this period
taproots
Hierarchical Classification Groups species in broader taxonomic categories Each taxonomic unit, at any level, referred to as a _____
taxon
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - Lamprey -Uses Circular Rows of _____ to grasp prey and then a rasping tongue to penetrate host and suck its blood
teeth
Sharks, cont.: Multiple rows of _____, which fall out and are replaced
teeth
This biome has moderate rainfall, mild winters and deciduous trees Hint: Florida ___________ ______________ _________
temperate deciduous forest?
Japanese Honeybee Defense The honeybees hold it (scout hornet) down and start the Honeybee Huddle This increases the______________ over the threshold the hornet can survive The rest of the hornet swarm never finds the hive
temperature
-population of Neanderthals may have reached half a million -maybe they had ___________ the same as us; seemed to bury the dead -they developed a culture
thoughts
triploblastic
three embryonic layers; ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (tri = 3)
Phylum Annelida: Class Oligochaeta: Wanted by gardeners and farmers as they ____ the soil
till
EVOLUTION = Change -the change in the genetic composition of a population over ____
time
Root System -Most absorption of water and minerals occur near root ____ -Root hairs found in this region- Increase surface area for absorption • Adventitious root - atypical location- Used mainly for additional support
tips
Pollinators and Flowers: Coevolution • Some bats, birds and moths have developed long ________ to reach into deep-trumpet-shaped flowers.
tongues
Learning Habituation Ex. An anemone contracting when touched • Repeated ___________ will cause habituation and it will no longer contract
touches
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Gas exchange accomplished through a __________ system
tracheal
Terrestrial adaptations of Angiosperms -Refinement of vascular tissue -__________ which are used for both water transport and support in gymnosperms evolved into vessel elements (xylem cells) specialized for conducting water -and Fiber cells which were specialized for support
tracheids
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Merostomata - The Horseshoe Crab: Closely related to a group of extinct organisms the ___________
trilobites
Energy Flow • 90% of energy animals consume are lost as heat and about 10% is converted to biomass. • This means that 10% (usually less) of what an animal has consumed is available at the next ________ level to predators and decomposers.
trophic
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - Lamprey: Introduced to Great Lakes in 1800's -Large declines in Lake _____ in 1960's
trout
-1st job he worked at turtle porgram for NSU (now have sea turtle education system) -had to be on beaches at 4:30 am and look for turtle nests -Ft. Luderdale beach (alot of ppl, lights, distractions) -supposed to move any nests that were around Ft. Lauderdale beach -brought up to hillsborough beach where they reburied them -never touch a sea turtle (very endangered and will be fined for harassing it) -learned that moving them was increasing mortality -will see wooden markers and nets around them since its better to leave them than move them
true
-40,000 yrs ago Europe has last peak of ice age Stopped 10 mins and 17 secs -20,000 years ago -> just homo sapiens from then on! -Neanderthals could've been pushed further south where other human species already are; making it difficult for the Neanderthals to try to survive
true
-Eastern glass lizard (ophisaurus ventralis) -nervous system of tail becomes active and wiggles around; lizard completely stops moving until predator goes after tail; then runs -can regenerate tail (harder to do it; set limit on being able to regrow tail)
true
-Eastern glass lizard (ophisaurus ventralis) body 18-40" -tail color isnt same color as body cuz can lose tail to attract organism while it escapes (tail bounces)
true
-GMOS beame big topic issue -GMOS help reduce farmers costs -ppl say since it doesnt provide advantage for them, they dont want it -mcdonalds stoped using monsanto's potatoes cua ppl iterviewd them abt using genetically modified potatoes -monstanto stopped growing the new leaf potato -large debate on how society responds to new technology in farming
true
-as a diver, dont shoot up to the surface so quickly cuz you could get the bends which is where nitrogen gas has been dissolving in your tissues and start to come out of solution -of you shoot up fast, nitrogen starts forming little bubbles in arteries and veins which block blood flow: causing stroke, heart attack, nerve damage
true
-birds dont have teeth, but if they can swallow it they can eat it -the birds can hear the baby sea turtles in the nest -foxess and coyotes -humans poach the nests -sharks and fish eat the sea turtles -sea turtles hide in seagrass -tutrles cant live in pool environment
true
-bony fish have internal buoyancy regulator inside their bodies known as a swim bladder or an air bladder that can be inflated or deflated, depending on what the fish buoyancy needs - in ancestral fish, the swim bladder could be filled by swallowing air -more derived species fill and deflate the swim bladder through diffusive action
true
-brown anole (most common lizard in fl, from cuba) -anoleis carenilious -Cuban anoles near the ground (ground dwelling lizards) -green anoles in high shrubbery and tree branches; morphology has changed, toes longer, nails more hooked since no longer living in ground
true
-bull sharks are one of the most dangerous in Florida (we have them year-round) -great white sharks come and go (makes the news when theres one in florida) -great whites very rare in florida
true
-frog calls primarily males to females attracting a mate -or telling other males its their territory -this usually happens after a rain event because they can emerge out of the water -wetter the environment; the more active they become
true
-green turtle eats seagrass; called green cuz chlorophyll cuz the seagrass goes into their adipose tissue, making them green -anything hard would burst the leatherbacks beak
true
-have an amniotic egg (exterior shell, major tissue types) -amnoitic egg refers to tissue called the amnion which is for protection; protects from damage and injury -Allantois concentrates the wastes from cellular respiration and involved with gas exchange -yolk sac is highly nutritional tissue that shrinks as fetus develops -egg white is also protective feature
true
-have large area of space above larynx and now we can modify vocal chords (gained ability of fully articulate speech)
true
-humans rely more on their fat storages for insulation -goose bums are a vestige of our hair-raising ancestors -Hair loses its insulating power when wet
true
-idaho potato farmers, mosty sell potatoes to ppl that make frozen french fries -other varieties easier to grow, so they have to grow russet burbanks -water, seed, fertilizers, chemicals cost millions but not in control of how much the potatoes sold for in stores -alot of farmers gone out of business -need to re-mortgage farms and businesses to afford to live -economic perils, insects, and fungi on plants
true
-in almost every society, one or two intoxicants accepted and actively promoted -no agreement on which is good and bad -alcohol used in our society, taboo in Islamic society
true
-male only on shore when born -female turtle comes back to same beach (same spot) to lay eggs -this causes the female turtles (come back 40 yrs later) to end up in pools -olfactory smell brings them back to the same place (imprint with the smell; navigate their way back via smell)
true
-marijuana and plants just as evolved and sophisticated as us -cannabis can change texture of consciousness -we wouldn't be the same without cannabis, and cannabis wouldn't be the same without us
true
-most important lessons are we arent simply outside web of life, were part of it -what we choose to eat, drugs we choose, and flowers we put on our table drives evolution -desire metaphorical -we dont have a vocabulary for what species do to us -we think were the only species that does things -we become members of biotic community
true
-most shark attacks come from bull sharks; they are bullies and aggressive (will get close and come after prey items you are carrying; dont like you in the water with them)
true
-one thing increasing your risk of a shark attack is swimming at dusk or dawn -sharks are crepuscular, meaning they are active during dusk and dawn -thats when they are feeding/looking for food
true
-palo alto california science lab -mexican marijuana developed bad name -ppl sending in their pot to be tested for chemicals (didnt want to ge sick) -govt shocked that marijuana seized was more than they thought existed -govt agents raided marijuana fields to get them out of business -cannabis survived threat and came ahead -growers and plant moved indoors
true
-reptiles had advantage of evolutionary changes allowing them to survive drier environments -their skin became tougher and quicker. Could retain water in their tissues
true
-researcher fed sharks thermometers in tuna, which showed internal temperature (once pooped out) and put one on a dorsal fin to see external temperature of water (found great disparity) -as body heating up, heat transferred to cooler arterial blood into muscles
true
-softshell crab is a blue crab usually that has just undergone a molt (shed its hard exoskeleton) -crab farmers grab them out of the water (usually one of the freshest things) -after they molt, the saltwater starts to harden new skin
true
-thought the coelacanth was extinct for 100's of years- around 1930's research expedition in Africa -> women named Vladimir went down to local village and saw an odd-looking creature in the fish for sale, she contacted her colleague (a curator) saying she found a Coelacanth (said through letter) -1 month later; the decayed fish -> he knew it was a coelacanth cuz of the specialized scales not rly found in other fish -huge breakthrough for science, took 30 years fishing in that area to find another coelacanth -healthy population in Africa - in 90's found another population of coelacanths in Indonesia that are still alive today -we don't see them today (very rare) cuz they are deep water fish that feed on lantern fish which are mesopelagic fish
true
-wanted to create NewLeaf potato, contained genes from diff potato species -allows them to move genes without species barriers -could use butterfly gene in corn plant -one (bt ; bacillus) is bacterium used in new leaf potato plant, beetle eats leaf which disrupts digestive system and kills it -this diminishes sparying cuz generate their own pesticides, -1996, new leaf potato in fast food chains, and millions of ppl eating it -ppl didnt need to label the potatoes -we had been eating them for a couple years -was same nutritionally, but had the extra gene -FDA: unless substantially different, or nutrient content diff, don't need to label it different
true
-we are the lightning capital of the US; used to be lightning capital of the world (Fl) -gators particularly around mating season (february-march), particularly at dusk very active -very territorial rn and looking to mate, relatively aggressive
true
-we have lower jaw thats fused together -snakes have elastic tissue so whole lower jaw can open and can manipulate their jaw bones and skin around mouth extremely elastic -snakes have complete digestive system
true
-why have the lobe-finned fishes lead to the evolution of tetrapods? : one key things is the fins connected to fleshy essential lobes that come off the body, i.e., appendages which almost look like limbs -when coelocanths swimming, they kinda move the limbs the same way we move our arms and our legs (alternate right and left) -ppl thought they walked until recent videos of divers viewing them; that's just the way they swim
true
1. Inorganic to Organic Earth's present atmosphere prevents this from occuring due to high Oxygen content, which attacks chemical bonds Primitive Earth's atmosphere would have favored synthesis of organic compoundsbut would require energy (UV and Lightning)
true
3 Components of Biodiversity: 1. Loss of Genetic Diversity .2. Loss of Species Diversity 3. Loss of Ecosystem Diversity
true
3. Protobionts -Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules (Cell Precursor) - Maintain an internal chemical environment Maintain an internal chemical environment different from their surroundings (lipid bilayer) - Exhibit some properties of life • Metabolism and excitability - Engulf smaller materials and create smaller Engulf smaller materials and create smaller protobionts protobionts
true
4 Major threats to Biodiversity 1. Habitat Destruction • Coral Reef - Occupy 0.2 % of world's ocean's - Small area used by 1/3 of planets marine fish species
true
Amoebocytes: 1. Take up food from water and choanocytes 2. Digest food 3. Carry nutrients through sponge body
true
Bacteria in biotechnology •Use of E. coli as model organism in medical, genetic & environmental research. -Probably the best understood of any organism. •Decomposition of sewage, pesticides, petroleum spills, synthetic compounds. •Industrial mass culture for vitamins, antibiotics, other compounds (e.g., actone). •Food industry uses - manufacture of cheese, yogurt.
true
Biomes • Climate - over longer time periods 5-10yrs 1. Amount and pattern of precipitation (rain) 2. Temperature range (extremes)
true
Body Plan -Oregon fungus mycelium mat was 3.4 miles in diameter and spread over an area over 1,600 football fields !- Estimated to be 2600 years old!
true
Causes of Evolution 4. Mutation • Insertions • Deletions • Translocations • Inversions
true
Causes of Evolution: 2. Natural Selection Premise: • Differential success in reproduction due to better adapted traits Results in: • Likely to adapt a population to its environment
true
Chemical Evolution: Hypothetical Scenario 1. Abiotic accumulation of small organic molecules, or monomers, such as amino acids and nucleotides
true
Clades and Cladograms Based only on Homologies -Derived characters inherited through common ancestry -e.g., limb skeleton of tetrapods from salamanders to humans share homologous elements
true
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - Lamprey: Introduced to Great Lakes in 1800's
true
Class Holothuroidea : -feeding tentacles-throw up their intestinal area which is eaten by fish so sea cucumber is spared -intestinal content gums up mouth and gills of predators or has toxins in it that affects the predator -takes a few months to recreate that intestine defense, but have other means of absorption
true
Class Mammalia evolved in Triassic, 220 mya -> Speciation took place in Cenozoic Era
true
Coral Snake and Mimics in Fl. • Imposter Mimic Red snout and red and yellow not touching
true
Cretaceous Extinction - Tsunamis, earthquakes - Fire Storm, Ash darkens sky for years -reduced photosynthesis and global temps reduced -food chain collapse estimated 6 miles wide traveling 62,000 miles per hour =Ft. Laud to Tokyo in less than 8 minutes
true
Darwin's Background Englishman, from a well off family- Father was a doctor -Not a good student -Went to medical school at 16- Dropped out (boring) -Father sent him to study Theology
true
Darwin's Influences These convinced Darwin that the earth must be very old and small changes over long periods can lead to substantial differences
true
Definition of a species- A species is a population which can interbreed with one another and reproduce viable, fertile offspring and cannot produce viable fertile offspring with other species
true
ECOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES How do pathogenic bacteria produce disease symptoms? Sometimes invade tissues and disrupt metabolic pathways, but more commonly via Exo- and Endotoxins
true
EVOUTION CAN NOT OCCUR IN INDIVIDUALS! The reason for the wide diversity of life on earth today is evolution
true
Early Seed Plants and the Rise of Gymnosperms, Continued - Living seed plants can be divided into two clades: gymnosperms and angiosperms - Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil record, about 305 million years ago -Conditions became drier at the end of the Carboniferous, favoring gymnosperms over the previously dominant seedless vascular plants -Gymnosperms dominated terrestrial ecosystems during the Mesozoic era, 252 to 66 million years ago
true
Earth formed 4.5 bya Oldest Rocks 3.8 byo Oldest Fossils (bacteria) 3.5 bya
true
Ecological Organization population, communities, organism
true
Ectotherm: body temperatures are almost entirely determined by the temperature of the surrounding environment
true
Evaporation -humans in tropical rainforests; look at their body, they dont sweat (sweat glands dont function) cuz not helpful to sweat in tropical rainforest (cuz humid)
true
Extreme responses to Severe conditions -Certain times of year or day temperatures may be extremely hot or cold and food may be unavailable -Inhospitable for life
true
Extreme responses to Severe conditions -Torpor -Estivation ~ Summer Torpor -Daily torpor adaptations can be seen in many animals as well
true
Fossil record extinctions -High species turnover associated with mass extinctions followed by diversified speciation of surviving taxonomic groups
true
Fruit is a mature fertilized ovary - adapted for seed dispersal
true
Gametophytes reduced and dependent on sporophyte
true
Gnathostomes - jawed vertebrates: Existing Jawed Fishes: -Late Silurian, Early Devonian ~ 410 mya
true
Gnetophyta Welwitschia has largest known leaves (2m) - keep growing
true
Grey Nurse Shark -a lot of teeth protrude out mouth while resting -one of the most docile sharks on the planet -congregate off of Carolina coast for breeding purposes and cuz they're following prey One of the most common sharks that have been observed off the coast of south Florida are nurse sharks -like puppy dogs but they do kill people and attack people, even though they don't have sharp serrated teeth like most sharks -their teeth are moloform, just like crushing lobsters and gastropods, snails, things that have heavy and hard shells
true
Grey Nurse Shark -they can lay on substrate and survive -have muscles attached to gills that regulate pumping of water acros the gills; they dont have to be swimming in order to breathe -leopard sharks also dont need to swim to breathe -dont approach the nurse shark if it notices you are there and starts reacting -dont pet it or grab its fin -protects itself by suctioning onto your body -nurse sharks can get up to 8 feet or bigger in length -because of the several hundred pound fish suctioned onto you, you may not be able to get back to the surface -some divers and snorkelers have died of suffocation cuz these sharks attached to them
true
Gymnosperms served as food for herbivorous dinosaurs -Recent fossil discoveries show that gymnosperms were pollinated by insects over 100 million years ago
true
Heirarchal Classification -Human Taxonomy Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primata Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Sapiens
true
Human Populations And Trophic Levels • Global food demand is expected to double by 2025 based upon human population growth estimates
true
Human evolution -There have been multiple species in the Homo Genus in the past
true
Japanese Honeybee Defense -some bees utilize their ability to produce heat as a defensive mechanism -from what? The Japanese Hornet (very huge, 3-4x the size of a honeybee) -they are carnivorous, eat other honeybees
true
Japanese Honeybee Defense Some bees utilize their ability to produce heat as a defensive mechanism
true
Japanese Honeybee Defense The honeybees attack the individual scout hornet as it enters hive
true
Leaves • Main Photosynthetic Organ • Extremely variable in form depending on function and environmental conditions
true
Major Plant Divisions Seedless Vascular Plants 1. Phylum Lycophyta 2. Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns)
true
Mammals, birds, and some fishes, and insects are endotherms
true
Metabolism relative to oxygen -Obligate aerobes require O2. -Facultative aerobes can use O2 when present. -Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by O2. Initial ancient bacterial metabolism was most likely obligate anaerobic chemoautotrophy.- O2 increase 2.1bya caused extinction of many of these and drove evolution of aerobic bacteria
true
Might get encrusting sponge on a mollusk -most animal hermaphrodites undergo one sex (act as male or female) during any spawning unit -based on how much nutrients it has (eggs require more maintenance) -sponges big part of any coral reef system cuz of filter feeding -act like pool filter
true
Most Fishes are Ectothermic: Typically live in stable areas
true
Most inverts, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles are ectotherms (whatever temp is, their body will be) -reptiles also exothermic
true
Nature is all around us Have you ever thought about where the wood for your furniture comes from? - Most high quality hardwoods come from tropical rainforests - Indonesia The food we eat, grow, hunt, fish 25% of all prescriptions contain plant derivatives Use of extremophilic organisms (Archaea) to enhance industrial techniques
true
Nature is important Destruction Before Discovery!- New medicines, foods, petroleum substitutes, industrial chemicals, and other important products yet to be or may never be discovered!
true
Nature is important Some things in life are Free! - Purification of air and water - Climate control - Soil production and preservation - Detoxification and decomposition of wastes - Pollination of crops and vegetation - Seed dispersal - Agricultural pest control
true
Niche NO TWO SPECIES CAN SIMULTANEOUSLY OCCUPY THE SAME ECOLOGICAL NICHE
true
Northern migration of sharks -winter period, sharks head south to warmer waters -late march earl april, bait and sharks move back to the north -follow bait (mullet) -> plantivorous fish (mullet species) -mullet run is all the mullet fish running around -carpet and barracuda sometimes there -get out of the water during mullet run -shark could be in frenzy mode trying to get bait and accidentally bite you (how most shark attacks occur)
true
Organic Compounds in Space? Spacedust Mission finds Organic Molecules in Comet Tail
true
Overview of natural selection • The naturally selected traits which enhanced survival will increase in a population with time - ie. the allele frequency will increase
true
Overview of natural selection: 1. All species have genetic variation 2. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support 3. Organisms better able to survive in a particular environment leave more offspring
true
Ovulate Cone Scale-like Sporophyll •Site of gametophyte development (ovule)
true
PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION - continued Mobility • Many bacteria exhibit taxes (singular: taxis) - movement toward (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus e.g., phototaxis, chemotaxis
true
PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION -Genome With unlimited resources bacteria would Double in numbers each generation1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 (Geometric Growth) -A single cell could theoretically give rise To a colony outweighing the Earth in Just 3 days!
true
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta: Oldest insect fossils date back to 400 mya
true
Phylum Echinodermata: Class Echinoidea -spiny sea urchin has the longest spines and toxic spines (black with little white tips) -were abundant in the 60's -corals had edge up over the algae
true
Phylum Echinodermata: Class Ophiuroidea - Brittle Stars -mainly nocturnal -usually under rocks -delicacies for many fish -if alot of plankton in water, may see their arms drifting in the current grabbing them -come out at night looking for organic food or plankton thats settled (nonmobile prey) -move alot faster than sea stars -can regenerate their arms just like sea stars do
true
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Cestoidea - Tapeworms -can survive your stomach acid; hook onto small intestine (where you absorb your nutrients) so they absorb that through diffusion and continue to grow -no digestive tract, absorbs food predigsted by host -proglottids = sex organs Scolex = head -they release proglottids which are more parasites waiting to be absorbed
true
Plant diversity is a nonrenewable resource...50 million acres of tropical rainforest/year destroyed No Rainforests by 2030!
true
Plants have had global impacts; Plants have transformed the atmosphere and the climate; Plants decrease levels of atmospheric CO2 -Deforestation is a Problem that should concern all of us!
true
Protists Phytoplankton (eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria) are basis of marine food chain and account for ½ the global photosynthetic production of organic material
true
Reptiles - 7,000 Extant Species Order Testudines - Turtles Only 1 in 1000 hatchlings ever survive to adulthood -have high mortality in juveniles because they instantly hit a sleugh of predators
true
Root System • Anchor, store food, absorb minerals and water
true
Shark Attacks: Most shark attacks in Florida from Bulls
true
Shark Reproduction -viviparous -the young develop within the uterus and are nourished by the mother's placenta -vivaparity has female carrying 20-30 individuals which will start eating each other (cannibalistic) in larval form (beneficial evolutionary trait cuz otherwise mother will give birth to lots of small sharks) -the smaller you are, more likely to be eaten in the ocean, so eating their brothers and sisters allows them to get larger and have 10-12 sharks double the size
true
Shark Structures: -lateral line is a sensory structure in all fish- series of pores on the sides of the body that pick up on pressure waves in the water -pressure waves can be due to fish swimming erratically, predator approaching -pores lead to subcutaneous canals that have lining of the sensory hair cells -the pressure waves move the hair cells
true
Sharks, cont.: -have specialized cells called demine dentiles or plasmoid scales -teeth derived from these types of scales -make sharks swim better -sharks lose their teeth at every feeding event -need their teeth to remain sharp
true
The Earth's "thin" Crust 7 Major Plates-Speed varies from 0.7 - 8.5 cm/year Mid-Atlantic Ridge grows as fast as our fingernails
true
The Honeybee Huddle -can move together through nest to heat the nest; used the honey that's stored and used throughout the winter -Increase heat production- utilize honey stores
true
The Origin of Species (1859)By Means of Natural Selection -Interaction between environment and individual variability
true
The Primates Two major groups 1. Prosimians 2. Anthropoids
true
Thermoregulation adaptations Behavioral Responses -Used by both endo and ectotherms
true
Uric acid Land snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles excrete uric acid
true
Vasodilation = increase in the diameter of superficial blood vessels -results in elevated blood flow to skin -usually warms the skin
true
Vessel elements connect end to end to form continuous tubes. -Fiber cells have thick lignified cell walls
true
Voyage of the Beagle 1831-'36 Primary purpose of the cruise was to chart coastal and lagoon regions of less known areas of the world -Darwin made observations and collected specimens during the cruise
true
Wawona - Yosemite's famous Sequoia fell in 1969 - it wasCut in 1881 -Chandelier treeCoastal Redwood Cut in 1937Private Drive-Thru Tree Park
true
Whale shark- Rhyncodon typus: -need help staying buoyant; most sharks use liver -liver is smaller in whale shark than most sharks -gulp air to bring to gut -whale sharks very docile (can swim next to them) -one whip of their tail can knock you out and break some bones (be careful) -they are very slow gill rakers- cartilangous structure housing the gills (gills on side of their face) -fleshy, blood filled part of gills attached to gill rakers -as plankton goes in, filter out that food
true
Whale shark- Rhyncodon typus: Up to 40' in length
true
What can we do about it? Gas Prices are insane- Hybrids • Toyota Prius, etc. - Buy Energy Saving Lightbulbs - Plant Native Species - Join NSU's Nature Club - Explore your world! • Be active in nature and enjoy it while you can • Support conserving it for your future generations
true
What can we do about it? Think globally and act locally Be conscious and aware = educated consumer - Grouper fishery - Where does your food come from? Vote Conserve and reduce waste- Helps you and the environment
true
a. Population Bottleneck • Indian Ocean Tsunami is an example of a population bottleneck • Some Remote Indian Islands had 2/3 of their populations killed
true
endotherms can survive colder climates alot easier
true
functions of the various leaf forms!: support, protection, water storage, pollination,etc
true
marijuana: -lot of physical labor, little antibiotics -cannabis for labor pains, asthma, etc as treatment -cannabis became known as marijuana cuz of new mexico -cockroach that fueled himself with marijuana song (new mexico)
true
not everyone can be beautiful or sweet in plant world -its ability to make chemicals -creating original and complicated molecules (some designed to create flavors, beauty) -some molecules have power to alter what happens in human mind -cannabis -produce more of the molecule and more marijuana planted -trying to understand how memory, consciousness works -similar to shifting consciousness: rollercoasters, spinning, drugs -ppl like that altered consciouness
true
oviparous means lay eggs
true
ppl risk freedom to get marijuana (intoxication)
true
ram ventilation- sharks will sink if they stop swimming
true
sea cucumbers special defense: -throw up their intestinal area which is eaten by fish so sea cucumber is spared -intestinal content gums up mouth and gills of predators or has toxins in it that affects the predator -takes a few months to recreate that intestine defense, but have other means of absorption
true
the baby turtles cant get out of the nest (why they have hard time surviving); need to climb on brothers and sisters to get out -positively protopathic (move towards light source) -in modern day society, the baby turtles accidentally go to the lit bars (confused by lights) -get killed on roadways -countless predators wait for this time a year (yellow crowning heron) -homeowners on beach need to keep lights off this time of the year
true
vertebrates dominated by bony fish and fish in general -can see 600 different types of fish on one dive in one reef patch in the pacific
true
• Modern flower shapes, colors and smells chiefly function in attracting pollinating insects. •Dune primrose (Oenothera caespitosa) is highly reflective and visible to the moth by starlight alone.
true
•Current Three-Domain model Domain Bacteria [or Eubacteria] (Prokaryotes) Domain Archaea (Prokaryotes) Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) -Protista subdivided into multiple "kingdoms" (see Chap. 28) -Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
true
Phylum Echinodermata: Dueterostome: Water Vascular System: -Network of hydraulic canals -Branch into extensions called ____ feet
tube
Excretory System • Most systems include some type of _________ system
tubular
Remember* For a diploid species each locus is represented ________ in the genome of an individual (alleles).
twice
The evolutionary reason for certain behaviors.: ________ ______
ultimate cause
Commensalism • A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is _____________
unaffected
Learning Innate behaviors improve with performance Vervet Monkey Infants may give _______________ alarm calls Ex. Eagle alarm for any bird
undiscriminating
Most Protists are ______________ Most are aerobic and utilize mitochondria for cellular respiration
unicellular
Emergence of Early Humans -Australopithecus - the first hominids -Stood __________, but small brain and prognathic jaw
upright
Sharks - the exception Sharks do not lose as much water as other marine animals, because they maintain high concentrations of ______ in their body fluids, organs and tissues
urea
Thermoregulation adaptations Increase evaporative cooling -Spreading saliva and ______ on body surface -Bats
urine
amoebocyte (parts of sponge)
use pseudopodia: go from one choanocyte to another picking up food with food vacuole
Placental Mammals (Eutherians) -longer pregnancy -complete embryonic development in ______ -while joined to placenta
uterus
Phloem transport Direction of Phloem transport is ________ - Send nutrients to areas of plant that need it most = Pressure Flow - From Sugar Source(Leaves or storage area) to sugar sink (growing roots, shoots, stems, fruit)
variable
Genetic Diversity Mutation and sexual recombination generate genetic ___________
variation
PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION -Genome • Major source of genetic __________ is via Mutations •Rapid generation times of bacteria (minutes) •Favorable mutations spread rapidly and allow quick adaptation to changing environments
variation
What evolutionary reasons might have pushed plants to have a dominant sporophyte (diploid) generation? Remember the genetic benefits of diploidy...(genetic _______ maintained)
variety
Non-Vascular Plants Lack specialized ________ tissues; do not have true roots, stems or leaves
vascular
_________________ = decrease in the diameter of superficial blood vessels -Reduces blood flow and heat transfer
vasoconstriction
Chordate Characteristics: 1. Notochord - longitudinal, flexible rod -Found in all chordate embryos, replaced by ___________ column of more advanced organisms
vertebral
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - Lamprey Notochord surrounded by a cartilagenous pipe - primitive ___________ column
vertebral
hagfishes, lampreys, and jawed vertebrates are all _______________
vertebrates
Vector • West Nile Virus - Vector = mosquitoes; Host = bird - Caused by _______
virus
Class Aves - 8,600 extant species Birds Acute _______
vision
Competition -2 organisms need a ____ resource that is in short supply
vital
PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION - Cell ____ • Protection, shape maintenance. • Prevents rupture in hypoosmotic medium. • Differences in cell wall structure may determine toxicity or drug susceptibility.
wall
Endotherm Not necessarily ______ than ectotherms - So scientists no longer using the cold/warm blooded terminology
warmer
Key Characteristics of Amphibians: Live on land and _____
water
Non-Vascular Plants Must remain small and close to ______.
water
Pollen and Production of Sperm Pollen eliminates the need for a film of ______ and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals
water
The Rise of Reptiles New Adaptations -Tough, dry, scaly skin - reduces _____ loss
water
choanocyte (parts of sponge)
water current and food filter (collar)
Fungal Reproduction Reproduce by releasing spores- Produced either sexually or asexually - Enormous numbers (Puffballs = trillions) - Transported by ____ or water• Accounts for wide geographic range of many species • Fungal spores found 100 miles above earth
wind
The Honeybee Huddle Honeybees also are known to transport water to their hive in summer and fanning wet areas with ______ to promote evaporative cooling
wings
Pollen and Production of Sperm A germinated pollen grain produces a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule -pollen eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals -Pollen produces a tube that delivers sperm nuclei to the egg. - may take a _____ or longer to reach egg
year
are leatherback turtles kinda rare in Florida?
yes
do baby sea turtles get confused by the bright lights of the beach?
yes
is web building an innate behavior in phylum arthropods (class Arachnida)?
yes
The Rise of Mammals; Class Mammalia; 220 mya -> Cenozoic Era Mammalian Characteristics: Care of _______ - most placental
young
Phylum Zygomycota Plasmogamy produces a resistant structure known as a ______________ - Karyogamy and meiosis occur within - These structures are resistant to freezing and drying
zygosporangium
Flagellated sperm fertilizes non motile egg which makes...
zygote (2n) (early embryonic development)