BIO 210 TTC Susan EXAM 3
What coordinates subconscious response patterns for somatic motor units throughout the muscular system?
Cerebellar cortex
Which gray matter mediates conscious awareness, interpretation of sensations, and complex thoughts?
Cerebral cortex
What normally can be found in the central canal of the spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What coordinates subconscious response patterns for resting and digesting craniosacral nervous division?
Craniosacral nervous division
Which statement is true for a parasympathetic motor unit?
Preganglionic nerve fibers are longer than postganglionic nerve fibers.
In the brainstem, what diffuse network of multipolar neurons helps regulate levels of consciousness?
Reticular formation
What type of signals dominate the dorsal roots and most dorsal structures of the spinal cord?
Sensory and ascending
cluster of unipolar somas, whose neurons conduct signals from nervous receptors to structure in sensory nucleus
Sensory ganglion
gray matter cluster of somas for association neurons that receive synapses from structure in sensory ganglion
Sensory nucleus
Which nervous cell type directly forms synapses with skeletal muscle cells?
Somatic motor neurons with somas in CNS nuclei
Which part of the corpora quadrigemina contains visual nuclei that initiate startle reflexes?
Superior colliculus
What descriptive words (adjectives) indicate the two subdivisons of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
mineralocorticoid from adrenal gland telling effectors to increase Na* & decrease K* in extracellular fluid
aldosterone
What term indicates that an effector cell receives both sympathetic signals and parasympathetic signals, which cause opposing responses of the effector?
antagonistic dual innervation
What is a synonym for the neurohypophysis that secretes oxytocin and ADH?
anterior pituitary gland
fibrous support struts in the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space
arachnoid trabeculae
Which nervous division only carries efferent signals directly to cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, or glands?
autonomic motor nervous system
What network of nerves connects inferior cervical and first thoracic spinal nerves to peripheral nerves of the upper appendage, such as the radial, median, and ulnar nerves?
brachial plexus
hormone made from vitamin D by an anabolic pathway through liver and eventually secreted by kidney
calcitriol
hindbrain control centers for subconscious fine-tuning skeletal muscle coordination
cerebellum
midbrain's hole that conducts CSF between the cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina
cerebral (mesencephalic) aqueduct
Which part blocks excessive contraction and flips somatic reflexes for walking and running?
cerebral basal nuclei
Which structure contains only association tracts carrying signals left-to-right and right-to-left in cerebrum?
corpus callosum
The adrenal cortex secretes what steroid hormone to signal recovery phase stress responses, and fails to secrete enough of it, during exhaustion phase stress responses and Addison's disease?
cortisol (a glucocorticoid)
bundle of fascicles in the PNS (peripheral nervous system) connected to brain
cranial nerve
Ascending and descending tracts crossing left to right and vice versa in medulla oblongata is called what?
decussation
personality, complex problem-solving, creativity, somatic motor memories, and final voluntary decisions
frontal lobe
White matter arranged as bundles of parallel tracts are what kind of structure found in the spinal cord?
funiculus
too much IGF secretion in childhood (usually because of excessive signaling from a pituitary
giantism
signal from pancreatic islet alpha cells, telling target cells to increase blood glucose that is too low
glucagon
an efferent paracrine inflammatory signal secreted by mast cells
histamine
control centers in diencephalon for body temperature, emotions, "biological clock," and primitive drives
hypothalamus
What structure is inferior to the frontal lobe, superior to ethmoid bone, and filters sensory signals for smells?
olfactory bulb
What white matter contains nerve fibers from left eye crossing to right side of brain and vice versa?
optic chiasma
Which of the following CANNOT do signal integration in the hypothalamus?
optic chiasma
during ejaculation or labor, the systemic efferent signal in the positive feedback loop for reproductive tract contractions and for emotional bonding in the brain's limbic system
oxytocin
What fibrous layer of a bone forms the superficial side of cranial meninges (not spinal meninges)?
periosteum
higher respiratory centers that coordinate lower rhythmicity centers to adjust breathing rate & depth
pons
Which part of frontal lobe contains gray matter for final conscious decisions to take voluntary actions?
primary motor cortex
What inflammatory paracrine lipid is a signal from damaged cells to mast cells (not secreted by mast cells)
prostaglandin
What is the function of a choroid plexus?
secretes cerebrospinal fluid
Superficial gray matter arranged as many sheet-like layers of neuronal somas for conscious perceptions?
sensory cortex
cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS, specialized for bringing signals from receptors to the CNS
sensory ganglion
What chain of motor ganglia coordinates thoracolumbar emergency responses?
sympathetic trunk
By definition, neurotransmitters are chemical signals that are secreted during _________
synaptic signaling
conscious sense of smell and hearing
temporal lobe
filters sensory information in the diencephalon before signals reach the cerebral cortex
thalamus
one whole bundle of nerve fibers, with areolar connective tissue and blood capillaries between the fibers
nerve fascicle
In the peripheral nervous system, what refers to network that sorts nervous signaling pathways from different places to the same place, and vice versa?
nerve plexus
same chemical is classified as a neurotransmitter when secreted by What chemical is classified as a hormone when secreted by adrenal medullary endocrine neurons, but the sympathetic ganglionic motor neurons?
norepinephrine
too little normal insulin secretion (inherited)
type 1 diabetes mellitus
flexion of joints to remove a part of the body from harmful stimuli
withdrawal reflex
control center of gray matter deep in the CNS (central nervous system)
Nucleus
During puberty and adolescence, the adrenal cortex secretes what hormone that turns on axillary & pubic hair follicles, apocrine sweat glands, and female libido (sex drive)?
Androgen (androgyn)
What part of the forebrain is called the "animal brain" or "primitive brain" by laymen?
Diencephalon
Which contains ascending, descending, and association tracts, but completely lacks peripheral nerve fascicles?
E.white matter
What cells line lumens of the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricles, and cerebral aqueduct?
Ependymal cells
What is the proper name for the sensory cranial nerve for both balance (physical equilibrium) and hearing?
Evestibulocochlear nerve
Which are mixed nerves that conduct signals for taste sensations?
Facial and glossopharyngeal nerves (nerves VII & IX)
What is the function of arachnoid villi (a.k.a. arachnoid granulations)?
Filter cerebrospinal fluid back into blood stream
Cerebrum and diencephalon
Forebrain
relaxation of a muscle in response to high tension in its tendon
Golgi tendon reflex
hyperthyroidism caused by antibodies binding to TSH receptors
Grave's disease
relays signals between the left and right halves of a spinal cord segment; contains central canal
Gray commissure
Where do we consciously experience taste perceptions in the insula?
Gustatory cortex
More of which shapes indicate a greater surface area that hypothetically correlates with higher intelligence for a cerebral cortex?
Gyri and sulci
Greater parasympathetic signaling __________________ sweat (sudoriferous fluid) production and secretion.
Has no effect on
Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
Hindbrain
contains visceral motor nuclei specialized to send control signals to autonomic ganglia
Lateral gray horn
What organ detects growth hormone (somatotropin) then secretes IGF (somatomedin), so target cells grow?
Liver
Which cranial nerves only contain sensory pathways?
Nerves I, II, & VIII
What cranial nerves contain motor pathways for eyeball movements?
Nerves III, IV, & VI
Which of the following are found in or on the medulla oblongata? A. Somatic motor nuclei for reflexes of appendicular skeletal muscles of the lower body B. Crossed extensor pathwats from one side of the spinal cord to the other C. Tracts connecting to spinal nerves D. All of these E. None of these
None of these
Where do optic tracts connect directly to visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
Which are purely sensory nerves?
Olfactory nerves (nerves I)
Fibrous sheath around bundles of nerve fibers (not in the bundles), deep in a peripheral nerve
Perineurium
Which structure secretes melatonin to prepare the body for sleep?
Pineal gland (pineal body)
What two parts are included in both the brainstem and the hindbrain?
Pons & medulla oblongata
What nerves conduct signals to and from intercostal nerves, without going through a nerve plexus?
Thoracic spinal nerve (nerves T1-T11)
When anterior pituitary gland gets the hypothalamic signal for systemic energy metabolism, it secretes what hormone?
Thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone)
What nerves send parasympathetic signals from medulla oblongata to thoracic & abdominopelvic viscera?
Vagus nerve (left and right nerves X)
Which structure is mostly composed of descending tracts to gray horns that control motor functions?
Ventral funiculus
Polio virus (a potential bioterrorism organism) specifically attacks somatic motor neurons, causing paralysis. Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located in the spinal cord?
Ventral gray horn
Which PNS structure contains motor nerve fibers directly attached to spinal cord and lacks sensory fibers?
Ventral root (anterior root)
What hormone does adrenal medulla secrete to signal alarm phase stress responses?
adrenaline (epinephrine)
What neurotransmitter is secreted by all preganglionic neurons, parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, and somatic motor neurons?
acetylcholine
too much growth hormone secretion started in adulthood, causing thickened extremities & joint problems
acromegaly
layer with folds or septa that contain the largest veins (venous sinuses) in the cranial meninges
dura mater
What is the function of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced by hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells?
efferent signal to retain H20 in the body
loose material just superficial to the spinal meninges and deep to spinal skeletal organs
epidural fascia
hormone promoting female development, which is secreted by ovary when it detects the right gonadotropin
estrogen
Greater parasympathetic signaling ______________ gastrointestinal contractions and secretions in digestive system.
increases
Greater sympathetic signaling ___________ heart rate.
increases
forebrain's hole that drains CSF from a lateral ventricle to the third ventricle
interventricular foramen
respiratory rhythmicity reflex centers and cardiovascular reflex centers
medulla oblongata
nuclei for startle reflexes initiated by auditory and visual stimuli
midbrain
Where does cerebrospinal fluid flow with least resistance and provides buoyant support and lubrication?
subdural space
what does the hypothalamus secrete to start the efferent signaling for systemic energy metabolism?
thyrotropin releasing hormone (thyroid stimulating hormone release hormone)
If the pituitary gland secretes TSH, then follicle cells secrete which hormone to increase energy metabolism?
thyroxine
What is the proper name for the motor cranial nerve that carries signals for only one muscle that uses a loop of orbital connective tissue as a pulley, so that the muscle's tendon attaches obliquely to the eyeball?
trochlear nerve