BIO 211 Chapter 23 Lecture

Arrange the following events in the proper order in which they occur during an allergic response. 1 = Individual experiences symptoms 2 = Individual is sensitized to antigen 3 = IgE attaches to mast cells 4 = Antigen binds to IgE

2,3,4,1

Respiration affects all conditions except ______.

Blood K+ levels

Select all that are true regarding receptors on T-lymphocytes.

CD molecules act as co-receptors. Different co-receptors can be present.

The CD8 protein binds

MHC class I molecules

Which of the following describes the correct sequence of endogenous antigen presentation?

Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and combined with class I MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, and then to the plasma membrane.

If no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this?

The elastic tissue of the lung.

The lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse. What is the reason for this?

The negative intrapleural pressure is relative to intrapulmonary pressure.

A normal, healthy cell only displays self-antigens with the MHC class I molecules.

True

Active immunity results from direct encounter with a pathogen.

True

A collapsed lung remains down until ______ has been removed from the pleural space.

air

The respiratory portion in the lungs is composed of which structures?

alveolar ducts respiratory bronchioles alveoli

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed

antigens

Helper T-lymphocytes interact with APCs by recognizing

antigen−MHC protein complexes.

The presence of free air in the pleural space sometimes causes the affected lung to deflate, a condition called ______.

atelectasis

In pulmonary ventilation, the movement of gases is between the ______ and the ______.

atmosphere; alveoli

The ______ division of the respiratory system transports the air.

conducting

Failure of the left ventricle may cause the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. This condition is known as pleural ____________

effusion

During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles ______ the ribs.

elevate

The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is composed of ______ and is ciliated in most portions of the conducting zone.

epithelial tissue

Which are the functions of the respiratory system?

exchange of O2 and CO2 detection of odors allows air passage sound production

The external oblique is a muscle of forced ______.

expiration

In the basic processes of respiration, alveolar gas exchange is also known as ____________ respiration, and systemic gas exchange is also known as internal respiration.

external

The breathing that accompanies exercise involves more muscles and deeper breaths. This is known as _________ breathing.

forced

Cytotoxic T cells interact with target cells by recognizing

foreign protein−MHC protein complexes.

The parietal pleura meets the visceral pleura at the ______ of each lung.

hilum

After lymphocytes are formed, they are tested to see if they can bind to foreign antigen and respond to it. In other words, to see if they are

immunocompetent

Which are found in the mucus lining the respiratory tract?

immunoglobulins lysozyme mucin defensins

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced ______.

inspiration

Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, __________ , and __________.

inspiration and expiration

The parietal pleura lines which structures?

internal thoracic walls lateral surfaces of the mediastinum superior surface of the diaphragm

The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the _________ pressure.

intrapleural

Which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure?

intrapulmonary pressure

The trachea is part of the ______ respiratory system.

lower

Which is not part of the upper respiratory system?

lungs

A protein that increases the viscosity of mucus to more effectively trap inhaled particles is called __________

mucin

The mucosa in the respiratory system is also known as the _________ membrane.

mucous or respiratory

An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a helper T-lymphocyte

on its surface on a class II MHC.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce a substance called _______, which creates holes in the cell membranes of target cells.

perforin

Between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the

pleural cavity

Inflammation of the pleural membranes is known as

pleurisy

A condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity is called a

pneumothorax

A puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun, or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura creates a condition a

pneumothorax

Which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

primary bronchi pharynx trachea

Antigen presentation requires the physical attachment of antigen to a specialized transmembrane __________ called MHC.

protein

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

proteins

The breathing pattern at rest is known as __________ breathing

quiet

The ______ portion of the respiratory system is where gas exchange with the blood occurs.

respiratory

After T- and B-lymphocytes are formed, they migrate to

secondary lymphoid structures

A lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is __________ fluid.

serous

The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called

specific immunity

Thick mucous coughed up is known as _______

sputum

The type of sample that may be requested by a physician for diagnosing respiratory infections is a __________ sample.

sputum or mucus

Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules

stimulate cell destruction by activated T-lymphocytes.

A patient infected with a virus will likely have a high antibody titer, indicating elevated immune activity.

true

When an antibody binds an antigen, it is binding with its

variable region

'Breathing" is more formally known as pulmonary ____

ventilation

The outer surface of the lungs is covered with ______ pleura.

visceral

The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by ______.

visceral pleura