Bio 2250 Final
what is the order indicating the passage of light thru the eyeball
1 cornea 2 anterior chamber 3 pupil 4 posterior chamber 5 lens 6 vitreous humor 7 retina 8 vascular tunic
A typical spinal cord in an adult is
16-18 inches long
the motor division of the autonomic nervous system has _______ neuron(s) in each pathway
2
The eye measures about ________ in diameter.
2.5 cm
Each side of the spinal cord gives rise to _____ cervical nerves.
8
Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. What nerve do you suspect be damaged?
Median Nerve
what is a flattened lens
a necessary for distant vision
The route that the sensation of taste follows is a) primary axons pass along cranial nerves VII and IX b) primary neurons synapse in the nucleus solitarius c) secondary neurons synapse in the thalamus d) tertiary neurons travel to the primary gustatory cortex
a,b,c,d
When your eyes adjust from low levels of illumination to bright light, the process is known as light _________.
adaptations
Caffeine and unsweetened chocolate both taste bitter, as they are:
alkaloids
phagocytic cells of the alveolus are the
alveolar macrophages
olfactory receptor cells are _______ neurons
bipolar
there are 5 basic sensations. select the one mismatched with its stimulating agent
bitter; acids such as those in toxins or poisons
The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
The spinal cord part with the largest diameter is the _______ part
cervical
what is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior
cervical- thoracic- lumbar- sacral- coccygeal
By definition, transducers:
change one form of energy into another form
The inferior tip of the spinal cord is the _______ part
coccygeal
Foreign particles that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium are
collected by lymph nodes
Because most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the ________ side of the body.
contralateral
when our brains process visual info about objects directly in front of us, they are able to use info that compares signals from the two eyes (stereoscopic vision) in order to provide
depth perception
T or F: the white matter of the spinal cord is surrounded by its grey matter
false
True or false: Axons of the anterior corticospinal tracts decussate in the medulla
false
t or f: muscarinic cholinergic receptors always produce a stimulatory or excitatory response
false
t or f: rods and cones face the light coming into the light
false
t or f: the reason we can detect so many different odors is that each olfactory neuron is slightly different from the others, allowing for a wide range of odor sensations.
false
t or f: when the ventral respiratory group is activated, impulses are subsequently relayed to the dorsal respiratory group, resulting in a change in the rhythm and force of breathing
false
true or false: in general, respiratory zone structures are lined with a thicker mucosa than conducting zone structures.
false
true or false: the majority of macular degeneration cases are found in adolescents
false
which papillae, distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue surface, lack taste buds?
filiform
What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?
filum terminale
Pitch refers to the ________ of sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by ________ laryngeal muscles.
frequency, intrinsic
the ______ of a sound stimulus is interpreted as its pitch and measured in hertz, whereas its ________ is the amplitude of the sound waves and is measured in decibels
frequency, loudness
the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located
in the lateral horns of the T1- L2 spinal cord segments
Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to increase or decrease?
increase
After causing vibrations of the maleus, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the:
incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cochlear duct endolymph
each thoracic spinal nerve emerges from the intervertebral foramen that is ________ to the vertebra of the same number
inferior
Distortion of hair cells in the cochlea causes:
initiation of action potentials in CN VIII.
The lungs remain inflated because
intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure
the structure that functions as a diaphragm to control pupil size is the
iris
Which is NOT correct about the left lung? it has 2 lobes and 1 fissure it has a cardiac impression it is slightly smaller than the right lung it has an esophageal depression it has a cardiac notch
it has an esophageal depression
what type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration?
lamellated corpuscles
what structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?
larynx
The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female's voice because men have
longer and thicker vocal folds
what is a likely result of damage top the phrenic nerve?
loss of motor control of the thoracic diaphram
The main function of serous fluid is to
lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung
In a common reflex arc, after a sensory nerve signal is processed by interneurons in the integration center, where does the signal go next?
motor neuron
following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has lost the ability to flex his elbow and supinate his forearm. Which nerve do you you suspect to be damaged?
musculocutaneous nerve
Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?
nasopharynx
which of the following terms describes axons from many preganglionic cells synapsing on a single ganglionic cell?
neuronal convergence
Olfactory glomeruli are located in the ________
olfactory bulbs
which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?
parasympathetic
If a person suffers a thorax-crushing injury and is unable to breathe properly, you would suspect that this nerve is damaged
phrenic nerve
which of the following accounts for the loss of functional alveoli in an individual w a lung disease? physiologic dead space or anatomic dead space
physiologic dead space
suppose that following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity, causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal plexus. This condition is known as a
pneumothorax
Some prey animals, such as rabbits, have laterally placed eyes, and the images on their two retinas do not overlap. Such animals would be expected to show _________ depth perception.
poor
What axons do the gray rami carry?
postganglionic axons
what axons does the white rami carry?
preganglionic axons
Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he cannot extend the forearm, wrist, and digits. You suspect that he has damaged the
radial nerve
Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light?
rods
The sciatic nerve arises from which nerve plexus
sacral
As a middle aged person gets older, the lenses of their eyes no longer assume as round of a shape when their ligaments slacken. This results in difficulty in:
seeing nearby objects
conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is called
sensation
Breathing muscles such as the diaphragm are controlled by neurons of the _________ nervous system.
somatic
which is NOT a function of the respiratory system? gas exchange sound reception air passage odor detection
sound reception
Changes in the external and internal environment are ________ that are detected by the sensory system.
stimuli
what is the most numerous type of receptor
tactile receptors
the stereocilia of cochlear hair cells project into the
tectorial membrane
which statement accurately describes structures at a taste bud?
the gustatory microvillus of a gustatory cell extends thru the taste pore of a taste bud
In adults, the spinal cord is not the same length as the verebral canal, and most of the lumbar part of the spinal cord is within
the thoracic vertebrae
What happens during quiet expiration
thoracic cavity volume decreases
T or F: During developement, the growth of the vertebrae continues for longer than the growth of the spinal cord itself
true
T or F: The enteric nervous system contains both motor and sensory neurons
true
T or F: The spinal cord exhibits some functional independence from the brain such as the reflexes it controls
true
T or F: There are 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves, but only 7 cervical vertebrae
true
T or f: the two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ
true
True or false: Some motor pathways originate in the cerebellum
true
t or f: breathing is controlled reflexively and consciously bc both autonomic and somatic nuclei in the brain are involved
true
t or f: during systemic gas exchange, oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood
true
t or f: olfactory receptor cells are modified bipolar neurons that bear olfactory hairs
true
t or f: receptors contain modality-gated channels within their plasma membranes
true
true or false: macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries
true
true or false: the amsler grid is used to test for macular degeneration
true
true or false: the depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion
true
true or false: the parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division because its preganglionic neurons are housed within nuclei in the brainstem and within the lateral gray matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments
true
true or false: there is currently no cure for macular degeration
true
hyperventilation causes generalized ________, which ________ blood flow to the brain and can result in feeling dizzy or faint
vasoconstriction, decreases