Bio 2250 Final

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what is the order indicating the passage of light thru the eyeball

1 cornea 2 anterior chamber 3 pupil 4 posterior chamber 5 lens 6 vitreous humor 7 retina 8 vascular tunic

A typical spinal cord in an adult is

16-18 inches long

the motor division of the autonomic nervous system has _______ neuron(s) in each pathway

2

The eye measures about ________ in diameter.

2.5 cm

Each side of the spinal cord gives rise to _____ cervical nerves.

8

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. What nerve do you suspect be damaged?

Median Nerve

what is a flattened lens

a necessary for distant vision

The route that the sensation of taste follows is a) primary axons pass along cranial nerves VII and IX b) primary neurons synapse in the nucleus solitarius c) secondary neurons synapse in the thalamus d) tertiary neurons travel to the primary gustatory cortex

a,b,c,d

When your eyes adjust from low levels of illumination to bright light, the process is known as light _________.

adaptations

Caffeine and unsweetened chocolate both taste bitter, as they are:

alkaloids

phagocytic cells of the alveolus are the

alveolar macrophages

olfactory receptor cells are _______ neurons

bipolar

there are 5 basic sensations. select the one mismatched with its stimulating agent

bitter; acids such as those in toxins or poisons

The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

The spinal cord part with the largest diameter is the _______ part

cervical

what is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior

cervical- thoracic- lumbar- sacral- coccygeal

By definition, transducers:

change one form of energy into another form

The inferior tip of the spinal cord is the _______ part

coccygeal

Foreign particles that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium are

collected by lymph nodes

Because most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the ________ side of the body.

contralateral

when our brains process visual info about objects directly in front of us, they are able to use info that compares signals from the two eyes (stereoscopic vision) in order to provide

depth perception

T or F: the white matter of the spinal cord is surrounded by its grey matter

false

True or false: Axons of the anterior corticospinal tracts decussate in the medulla

false

t or f: muscarinic cholinergic receptors always produce a stimulatory or excitatory response

false

t or f: rods and cones face the light coming into the light

false

t or f: the reason we can detect so many different odors is that each olfactory neuron is slightly different from the others, allowing for a wide range of odor sensations.

false

t or f: when the ventral respiratory group is activated, impulses are subsequently relayed to the dorsal respiratory group, resulting in a change in the rhythm and force of breathing

false

true or false: in general, respiratory zone structures are lined with a thicker mucosa than conducting zone structures.

false

true or false: the majority of macular degeneration cases are found in adolescents

false

which papillae, distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue surface, lack taste buds?

filiform

What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?

filum terminale

Pitch refers to the ________ of sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by ________ laryngeal muscles.

frequency, intrinsic

the ______ of a sound stimulus is interpreted as its pitch and measured in hertz, whereas its ________ is the amplitude of the sound waves and is measured in decibels

frequency, loudness

the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located

in the lateral horns of the T1- L2 spinal cord segments

Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to increase or decrease?

increase

After causing vibrations of the maleus, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the:

incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cochlear duct endolymph

each thoracic spinal nerve emerges from the intervertebral foramen that is ________ to the vertebra of the same number

inferior

Distortion of hair cells in the cochlea causes:

initiation of action potentials in CN VIII.

The lungs remain inflated because

intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure

the structure that functions as a diaphragm to control pupil size is the

iris

Which is NOT correct about the left lung? it has 2 lobes and 1 fissure it has a cardiac impression it is slightly smaller than the right lung it has an esophageal depression it has a cardiac notch

it has an esophageal depression

what type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration?

lamellated corpuscles

what structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

larynx

The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female's voice because men have

longer and thicker vocal folds

what is a likely result of damage top the phrenic nerve?

loss of motor control of the thoracic diaphram

The main function of serous fluid is to

lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung

In a common reflex arc, after a sensory nerve signal is processed by interneurons in the integration center, where does the signal go next?

motor neuron

following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has lost the ability to flex his elbow and supinate his forearm. Which nerve do you you suspect to be damaged?

musculocutaneous nerve

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

nasopharynx

which of the following terms describes axons from many preganglionic cells synapsing on a single ganglionic cell?

neuronal convergence

Olfactory glomeruli are located in the ________

olfactory bulbs

which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?

parasympathetic

If a person suffers a thorax-crushing injury and is unable to breathe properly, you would suspect that this nerve is damaged

phrenic nerve

which of the following accounts for the loss of functional alveoli in an individual w a lung disease? physiologic dead space or anatomic dead space

physiologic dead space

suppose that following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity, causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal plexus. This condition is known as a

pneumothorax

Some prey animals, such as rabbits, have laterally placed eyes, and the images on their two retinas do not overlap. Such animals would be expected to show _________ depth perception.

poor

What axons do the gray rami carry?

postganglionic axons

what axons does the white rami carry?

preganglionic axons

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he cannot extend the forearm, wrist, and digits. You suspect that he has damaged the

radial nerve

Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light?

rods

The sciatic nerve arises from which nerve plexus

sacral

As a middle aged person gets older, the lenses of their eyes no longer assume as round of a shape when their ligaments slacken. This results in difficulty in:

seeing nearby objects

conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is called

sensation

Breathing muscles such as the diaphragm are controlled by neurons of the _________ nervous system.

somatic

which is NOT a function of the respiratory system? gas exchange sound reception air passage odor detection

sound reception

Changes in the external and internal environment are ________ that are detected by the sensory system.

stimuli

what is the most numerous type of receptor

tactile receptors

the stereocilia of cochlear hair cells project into the

tectorial membrane

which statement accurately describes structures at a taste bud?

the gustatory microvillus of a gustatory cell extends thru the taste pore of a taste bud

In adults, the spinal cord is not the same length as the verebral canal, and most of the lumbar part of the spinal cord is within

the thoracic vertebrae

What happens during quiet expiration

thoracic cavity volume decreases

T or F: During developement, the growth of the vertebrae continues for longer than the growth of the spinal cord itself

true

T or F: The enteric nervous system contains both motor and sensory neurons

true

T or F: The spinal cord exhibits some functional independence from the brain such as the reflexes it controls

true

T or F: There are 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves, but only 7 cervical vertebrae

true

T or f: the two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ

true

True or false: Some motor pathways originate in the cerebellum

true

t or f: breathing is controlled reflexively and consciously bc both autonomic and somatic nuclei in the brain are involved

true

t or f: during systemic gas exchange, oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood

true

t or f: olfactory receptor cells are modified bipolar neurons that bear olfactory hairs

true

t or f: receptors contain modality-gated channels within their plasma membranes

true

true or false: macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries

true

true or false: the amsler grid is used to test for macular degeneration

true

true or false: the depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion

true

true or false: the parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division because its preganglionic neurons are housed within nuclei in the brainstem and within the lateral gray matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments

true

true or false: there is currently no cure for macular degeration

true

hyperventilation causes generalized ________, which ________ blood flow to the brain and can result in feeling dizzy or faint

vasoconstriction, decreases


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