BIO 233 H.W 4

The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A. the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body B. a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C. the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats D. the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day

the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient? A. minerals B. ATP C. vitamins D. carbohydrates

ATP

__________ is the conversion of acetyl CoA into ketone bodies. A. Lipogenesis B. Ketogenesis C. Beta oxidation D. Lipolysis

Ketogenesis

Select the correct statement about proteins. A. Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis. B. Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. C. Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D. All proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present.

Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A. provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals B. efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body C. determine the amount of heat needed by the human body D. break down food molecules and generate ATP

break down food molecules and generate ATP

Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with its use in the body? 1. carbohydrates: hormones 2. vitamins: act as coenzymes 3. proteins: structural materials in the body 4. lipids: major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes

carbohydrates: hormones

Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A. cellular ATP and glucose levels are high B. glucose levels drop slightly C. there is a shortage of fatty acids D. excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane

cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

Which nutrient molecule CANNOT be used in the oxidative pathways? A. cholesterol B. fatty acids C. protein D. glucose

cholesterol

Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A. control of blood pressure B. skeletal muscle contraction C. control of blood volume D. noninflammatory responses

control of blood pressure

Glucose can be obtained from ________. A. protein anabolism B. triglyceride anabolism C. glycogenolysis D. lipogenesis

glycogenolysis

Red blood cells lack mitochondria. As a result, ATP production is solely through ________. A. citric acid (Krebs) cycle B. electron transport chain C. glycolysis D. aerobic respiration

glycolysis

Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria? A. formation of malic acid from fumaric acid B. electron transport C. citric acid (Krebs) cycle D. glycolysis

glycolysis

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A. structural proteins are used as a potential energy source B. carbohydrate utilization increases C. larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones D. ketone bodies are formed

larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes B. production of energy C. production of some hormones D.production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies

production of energy

At the conclusion of glycolysis, most of glucose's chemical energy is found in the ________. A. acetyl CoA B. NADH C. ATP D. pyruvic acid molecules

pyruvic acid molecules

During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, ______. A. the glycogen content of the liver is reduced B. the pH of the urine is elevated C. homeostatic mechanisms effectively increase the concentration of the blood's carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system D. All of the listed responses are correct.

the glycogen content of the liver is reduced

In India, rice is a large part of the diet. Lack of which vitamin in rice would lead to higher levels of blindness in this population? A. vitamin A B. vitamin E C. vitamin C D. vitamin D

vitamin A

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin? A. vitamin A B. vitamin K C. vitamin B D. vitamin D

vitamin B

Which of the following is correct? A Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. B. Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. C. Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. D. Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle.

Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

A particular type of anemia can occur because of the inability to absorb a specific B vitamin. Which of the following is a gastric condition that would be associated with this anemia? A. achlorhydria B. duodenal ulcers C. hepatitis D. cholecystitis

achlorhydria

Which of the following pathways act as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH2 molecules shown in this figure? A. both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis C. the citric acid cycle D. neither glycolysis nor the citric acid cycle

both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

The movement of H+ through the ATP synthase is best described as an example of __________. A. simple diffusion B. active transport C. facilitated diffusion D. hydrolysis

facilitated diffusion

A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance. A. true B. false

false

Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm. A. True B. False

false

Glycogen accounts for 80-85% of stored energy in the body. A. True B. False

false

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A. lactic acid B. glycogen C. amino acids D. fatty acids

fatty acids

Proton pumps within the electron transport chain transport H+ ions __________. A. from cytoplasm to matrix B. from intermembrane space to cytoplasm C. from matrix to intermembrane space D. from matrix to cytoplasm

from matrix to intermembrane space

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A. acetyl CoA B. protein C. glucose D. fat

glucose

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A. glycogen is formed B. glycogen is broken down to release glucose C. glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water D. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules

glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. calcium and phosphorus B. sulfur and potassium C. sodium and chlorine D. iron and selenium

iron and selenium

Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A. is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B. helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation C. enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered D. helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs

is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A. very few foods contain vitamins B. vitamins provide protection against the common cold C. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D. all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization

most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A. derived from meat and fish only B. derived only from legumes and other plant material C. meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet D. must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A. lactic acid production B. oxidative phosphorylation C. oxidation reactions D. substrate-level phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following is a source of complex carbohydrates? A. soda B. fruit juice C. potatoes D. pudding

potatoes

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A. cholesterol B. fatty acids C. triglycerides D. phospholipids

triglycerides

For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose. A. True B. False

true

Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate. A. true B. false

true

Glycogenesis occurs when ATP levels are high and glucose is abundant. A. True B. False

true

It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body. A. True B. False

true

The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by their age, size, metabolic rate, and the need to build new proteins (whether the body is in positive nitrogen balance). A. True B. False

true

The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides. A. true B. false

true