Bio
Mitochondria
Most of the process of cellular respiration occurs within the ____________________, a bean shaped organelle
ADP
The H+ ions that travel through ATP synthase allow a phosphate bond on to ___________________ making it ATP
Carbon dioxide
6 molecules of _________________________ is created during the Kreb's Cycle and is a wasted product
Calorie
A ____________________ is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1L of water 1 degree centigrade
electron transport chain
A set of proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane is known as the ______________________________
ATP
ATP synthase use the energy from the moving ions to combine ADP and phosphate forming high energy _________.
Yeast
Alcohol fermentation occurs in __________________ cells
90 %
At the end of glycolysis, how much of the chemical energy in glucose is still unused?
Mitochondria
Because fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen, products of glycolysis diffuse into the _______________________
aerobic
Because the final stages of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are said to be ________.
Bloodstream
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the mitochondria, out of the cell and into the ________________________, and the lungs
Photosynthesis takes place in plants in the chloroplast, cellular respiration takes place within humans in cells. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide as a reactant, cellular respiration makes it as a waste product. Photosynthesis releases oxygen as a waste product, cellular respiration uses it as a reactant.
Compare photosynthesis with cellular respiration.
High energy electrons
During the Krebs cycle _______________________________ are made
2
During the energy extraction part of the Krebs cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are released?
inner membrane
Energy from the electrons move down the chain is used to move H+ ions across the ________.
NAD+
Fermentation occurs in cells in order to make _________________ to allow glycolysis to occur
Kimchi and beer
Give 2 examples of products of fermentation manufactured for real life.
- intermembrane - Positively
H+ ions build up in the ________________ space, making it ____________ charged and making the matrix negatively charged.
ATP synthase
H+ ions move through channels of ____________ in the innermembrane.
Electron transport Chain
High energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed into and along the _______.
it is the process that "withdraws" energy.
If photosynthesis is the process that "deposits" energy in a "savings" account. then what is cellular respiration?
lactic acid fermentation
In humans during heavy exercise, cells run out of oxygen as a result of ________________________________ occurring
3 molecules of oxygen
In the Krebs cycle the carbon atoms in a three carbon molecule are released as ___________________________________
it passes to the second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle
In the presence of oxygen, how is the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis used?
Alcoholic Fermentation
In yeast cells, and some microorganisms, the absence of oxygen result in ______________________________
3 ATP
On average how many ATP molecules are produced as each pair of high energy electrons move down the ETC?
Glycolysis - cytoplasm, Krebs cycle - mitochondrial matrix, ETC - inner membrane of mitochondria
Outline where all the part of cellular respiration occurs within the cell.
mitochondria matrix
The Krebs cycle takes place within the ___________________________
H+ ions
The electron transport chain uses high energy electron to pump _________________ to the other side of the mitochondrial membrane
pyruvic acid
The first part of Cellular respiration converts glucose into ________________________
Glycolysis
The first part of cellular respiration is called ______________________. It occurs in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
The first step of cellular respiration occurs within the ________________
Pyruvic acid
The first step of cellular respiration results in _______________________
Krebs cycle
The process that begins with pyruvic acid into Acetyl-COA by the help of the enzyme
NADH and FADH2
The products of the Krebs cycle are _____________________________
Oxygen
This is the final electron acceptor
electron transport chain
This is the process that produces the most ATP
Lactic Acid
This is what causes muscle fatigue that occurs during exercise
it is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions
What happens to pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?
The breakdown of sugar into energy for the cell, in the presence of oxygen.
What is cellular respiration?
a series of proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondira.
What is the electron transport chain?
It is 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP (molecules)
What is the energy tally from the 1 molecule of pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 H2O + 6 CO2
What is the equation for the cellular respiration?
36
What is the total number of ATP molecules formed during cellular respiration?
It is the final electron acceptor that passes electrons through the ETC.
What role does oxygen play in cellular respiration?
Fermentation
When eukaryotic cells run out of oxygen, _______________________ occurs
when oxygen is not available, the krebs cycle and electron transport chain cannot proceed, and glycolysis produced just two ATP per glucose. Under aerobic conditions, the krebs cycle and electron transport enable the cell to produce 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Why can 18 times as much ATP be generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen than when oxygen is not available?
it is regenerated at the end of each complete turn of the cycle
Why is the 4-carbon compound generated in the breakdown of citric acid the only permanent compound in the Krebs cycle?
ATP
Within cells, the energy available in food is stored in an energy rich compound called ____________
Glycolysis
______________________ is the first step in releasing energy of glucose in the cell
All
______________________ types of cells undergo cellular respiration.
Oxygen
_________________________ is needed to start aerobic respiration
NADH and FADH2
____________________________ are important electron carriers needed for the ETC
Photosynthesis
____________________________ does not release energy from glucose
cellular respiration is the only way to generate a continuing supply of ATP
a runner needs more energy for a long race. how does the body generate the necessary ATP?
NAD+
electron carrier involved in glycolysis
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back.
how are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite in terms of carbon dioxide?
photosynthesis releases oxygen, cellular respiration uses oxygen to release energy from food.
how are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite in terms of oxygen?
False
is the following true or False. Hydrogen serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.
Krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. First step of cellular respiration; anaerobic
water and carbon dioxide
what are the final waste products of cellular respiration?
to convert ADP into ATP
what does the electron transport chain use the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle for?
it is released into the air
what happens to carbon dioxide produced in breaking down pyruvic acid?
it released as heat
what happens to the 62% of the total energy of glucose that is not used to make ATP molecules.
their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the membrane
what is the energy of the high energy electrons used for every time two high energy electrons move down the electron transport chain?
when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion
when does the Krebs cycle begin?
NADH and FADH2+
when electrons join NAD+ and FAD during the Krebs cycle, what do they form?
lactic acid fermentation
when runners need quick energy for a short race, what source can supply enough ATP for about 90 seconds.
it gets them from NADH and FADH2 produced in the Krebs cycle
where does the electron transport chain get the high energy electrons that are passed down the chain?
lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct. the only way to get rid of lactic acid is in a chemical pathway that requires extra oxygen
why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over?
citric acid is the first compound formed in this series of reactions
why is the Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle?