Bio Ch. 6 and 7

Vertebral compression fracture

-Vertebral body fractures and becomes compressed -Caused by osteoporosis or injury/trauma

Which portion of this myogram shows a single twitch of the muscle?

A

Which structure in the image below represents an osteon, the structural unit of compact bone?

A

In a muscle contraction, which region of the sarcomere does NOT change in size? A band H zone I band Zone of overlap

A band

Bone remodeling: Involves replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue Involves bone resorption and bone deposition Involves osteoclasts and osteoblasts All of these

All of these

In the diagram, where are troponin, tropomyosin and nebulin located?

B

Which of the structures in the image below represents concentric lamellae, the layers of mineralized extracellular matrix in bone tissue?

B

Which statement describes blood calcium levels accurately? Blood calcium levels decrease when bone breaks down, and increases when bone is built. Blood calcium levels remain constant regardless of whether bone is built or broken down. Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.

Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.

Comminuted Fracture

Bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact

In the diagram, what structure contains motor proteins that convert the energy in ATP into mechanical movements?

C

Which of the following acts to decrease the blood calcium ion levels? Parathyroid hormone activation of osteoclasts vitamin D Calcitonin

Calcitonin

At the end of contraction, the sarcomere returns to its relaxed position when Calcium pumps remove calcium ions from the sarcomere and put them back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The hormone relaxin is released to cause the contraction to stop. The pressure inside the sarcomere drops below a specific level required to maintain contraction. There is a chemical breakdown of the myosin head.

Calcium pumps remove calcium ions from the sarcomere and put them back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

When an athlete performs a pull up (raising their chin to a bar while their body hangs), the process of pulling the body up so the chin can touch the bar is Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Concentric

From most to least, the extracellular matrix of bone tissue contains: Crystallized mineral salts, collagen, water Collagen, crystallized mineral salts, water Water, crystallized mineral salts, collagen Collagen, water, crystallized mineral salts

Crystallized mineral salts, collagen, water

The shaft of a long bone is called the ________ and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the _____. Diaphysis; distal epiphysis Diaphysis; proximal epiphysis Distal epiphysis; diaphysis Proximal epiphysis; diaphysis

Diaphysis; proximal epiphysis

Pott's fracture

Fracture of the distal end of fibula with injury of the distal tibial articulation

Colles' fracture

Fracture of the radius where the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

Which of the following statements is/are incorrect? Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in elderly people. An impacted fracture would involve forcing of one end of a fractured bone into the interior of the other end. A comminuted fracture involves breaking the bone in large and small fragments. Fracture repair begins with formation of a fracture hematoma. The final phase of fracture repair is bone remodeling.

Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in elderly people.

Which region of the sarcomere only contains thick filaments? A band H zone I band Zone of overlap

H Zone

Choose the region that will narrow or disappear during muscle contraction? Thick filament Z disc A band M line H zone

H zone

Name the tissue used as a template during endochondral ossification. Hyaline cartilage Periosteum Articular cartilage Mesenchyme

Hyaline cartilage

Where does a primary ossification center form? In the epiphysis In the marrow cavity In the diaphysis In the periosteum

In the diaphysis

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process. Growth at the epiphyseal plate Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification Appositional growth

Intramembranous ossification

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Concentric isotonic contractions result in muscle shortening. Eccentric isotonic contractions result in controlled lengthening of the muscle. Isometric contractions result in lengthening or shortening of the muscle and moving a load E large motor unit. In isometric contractions, the tension generated is not great enough to move the load.

Isometric contractions result in lengthening or shortening of the muscle and moving a load E large motor unit.

What causes actin to slide toward the center of the sarcomere? The sarcoplasmic reticulum coils to pull the actin toward the center of the sarcomere. Myosin heads form a cross-bridge with actin. When the myosin head bends it moves the actin toward the center of the sarcomere. An increase in pressure on the distal end of actin from the transverse tubule forces the actin to move toward the center of the sarcomere. Due to the sudden release of ATP from the sarcolemma, spring-like titan molecules pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere.

Myosin heads form a cross-bridge with actin. When the myosin head bends it moves the actin toward the center of the sarcomere.

By what process does the motor neuron stimulate the muscle cell? The motor neuron creates a magnetic resonance which stimulates myofibrils to react. Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft to cause an action potential in the muscle cell. The motor neuron changes shape putting pressure on the muscle cell to trigger contraction. The action potential skips directly from the motor neuron onto the muscle cell.

Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft to cause an action potential in the muscle cell.

Impacted fracture

One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other

Greenstick fracture

One side of bone is fractured, the other side bends, generally occurs only in children

The type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n) Closed (simple) fracture Open (compound) fracture Impacted fracture Pott's fracture Greenstick fracture

Open (compound) fracture

PTH will increase ________activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________activity. Osteoclast; osteoblast Osteoclast; osteoclast Osteoblast; osteoblast Osteoblast; osteoclast

Osteoclast; osteoclast

Which of the following do not descend from mesenchyme cells? Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Chondrocytes

Osteoclasts

Providing the calcium and ATP levels remain high in the sarcoplasm, the contraction ____________. Shortens the sarcomeres, the thick and thin filament of muscle fibers Shortens the sarcomeres of muscle fibers Shortens the thin filament of muscle fibers Shortens the thick filament of muscle fibers Shortens the thick and thin filament of muscle fibers

Shortens the sarcomeres of muscle fibers

Which of the following is mismatched? Periosteal arteries - supply the periosteum and outer part of the bone. The nutrient arteries enter through Volkmann's canals and supply the inner and outer part of the bone. Metaphyseal arteries help to supply the red bone marrow and tissue of the metaphysis. Epiphyseal arteries supply the epiphysis red bone marrow and tissue.

The nutrient arteries enter through Volkmann's canals and supply the inner and outer part of the bone.

Which structure allows the propagation of the muscle action potential? Calcium ATPase pumps Sarcoplasmic reticulum Voltage-gated calcium channels Transverse tubules Calcium release channels

Transverse tubules

Which structure occurs at the border between two adjacent sarcomeres? Consult the image for assistance. M line Thin filament A band Thick filament Z disc

Z disc

The neurotransmitter released by the motor neuron to cause muscle contraction is acetylcholine. serotonin. dopamine. epinephrine.

acetylcholine

The motor end plate differs from the rest of the sarcolemma in that it contains large numbers of ________. acetylcholine receptors synaptic vesicles ATP calcium

acetylcholine receptors

The general functions of muscle tissue include: production of body movement. stabilization of body positions. storage and movement of substances through the body. heat generation. all of the choices are correct.

all choices are correct

Which of the following factors affect bone remodeling and growth? minerals vitamins hormones all of these choices

all of these

Which of the following tissues could be found on or within a bone, such as the humerus? adipose tissue nervous tissue cartilage osseous tissue all of these

all of these

Which of the following is a function of calcium in the body? nerve cells require extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) for proper functioning Ca2+ is a cofactor needed for many enzymes to function properly Ca2+ is required for the process of blood clotting Ca2+ is needed by muscle cells for contraction all of these are important roles of calcium in the body

all of these are important roles of calcium in the body

Which of the following statements is incorrect? The skeleton provides a structural framework for the body. The cranium, rib cage and vertebrae protect important internal organs from injury. Bone releases minerals as needed to maintain homeostasis. Bone stores calcium and phosphorus. All of these statements are correct.

all these statements are correct

A skeleton that exhibits a partially closed epiphyseal plate would likely be that of a: A child An adolescent A middle-aged adult An elderly adult

an adolescent

By which process, as an individual grows to adulthood, is the thickness (diameter) of bone increased? appositional growth primary ossification secondary ossification chondrocyte calcification all of these processes occur

appositional growth

The ________is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows the diaphysis to grow in length. periosteum epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line articular cartilage distal epiphysis

articular cartilage

The ________is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a joint. periosteum epiphyseal line distal epiphysis articular cartilage epiphyseal plate

articular cartilage

What is the function of an osteoblast? Energy storage Bone deposition Bone resorption Hemopoeisis

bone deposition

Which region of a sarcomere contain thin filaments? A band Both I band and A band. I band H zone

both I band and A band

Osteoblasts _____ bone tissues, while osteoclasts _____ bone tissues. break down, build up build up, break down remodel, maintain maintain, remodel

build up, break down

Which two minerals are stored in major quantities in bone tissue? calcium and phosphorus calcium and iron iron and phosphorus calcium and iodine calcium and sodium

calcium and phosphorus

What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called? osteonic (Haversian) canals perforating (Sharpey's) fibers concentric lamellae interosteonic (perforating) canals canaliculi

canaliculi

Osteons are found in _____, while trabeculae are found in _____. broken, whole whole, broken compact, spongy spongy, compact

compact, spongy

Bone is a type of ________ because it contains an extracellular matrix that surrounds widely spaced cells. Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue Skeletal muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue

connective tissue

During arm flexion, the type of contraction that would occur in triceps brachii is concentric isotonic contraction. eccentric isotonic contraction. isometric contraction.

eccentric isotonic contraction.

Muscular tissue has several important properties, such as electrical excitability. Another property of muscular tissue is that it is able to return to its original size and shape after being stretched. Which property of muscular tissue is this? Conductivity Elasticity Extensibility Plasticity None of these is correct

elasticity

The _______________ surrounds each individual muscle fiber and distributes capillaries to the fibers. perimysium epimysium endomysium fascia

endomysium

Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones? distal metaphysis diaphysis proximal metaphysis epiphyseal plate epiphysis

epiphysis

Which property of muscle gives it the ability to stretch without damage? electrical excitability extensibility elasticity contractility

extensibility

ATP is hydrolyzed by the myosin tail. True False

false

Calcitonin is produced by the parathyroid gland. True False

false

Frequency of stimulation of a muscle cell is not a factor that influences tension. True False

false

In primary ossification, the first type of bone that forms and replaces the cartilage model is compact bone. True False

false

Once formed, bone is never broken down. True False

false

Osetons are composed of concentric rings and are found in spongy bone. True False

false

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) decreases blood Calcium. True False

false

The sheet or broad band of fibrous connective tissue that supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body is called Tendon Hypodermis Endomysium Fascia Ligament

fascia

What is yellow bone marrow? Blood forming tissue Nervous tissue Epithelium Fat

fat

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture? fracture hematoma, bony callus formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bone remodeling fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, fracture hematoma, bone remodeling bony callus formation, fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bone remodeling fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling bone remodeling, fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation

fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Once osteoblasts have surrounded themselves with the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, they remain inside little chambers called __________ where they carry on the metabolic functions that maintain bone tissue. At this point, the cells are called osteocytes. endosteum trabeculae lacunae periosteum osteons

lacunae

The hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty, yellow bone marrow in adults is called the endosteum osteoblast medullary cavity spongy bone tissue red bone marrow

medullary cavity

During endochondral ossification in a fetus, bones initially develop as a cartilage model that was formed from periosteum. endosteum. perichondrium. mesenchyme. mucous connective tissue.

mesenchyme

In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)? epiphysis diaphysis metaphysis periosteum endosteum

metaphysis

Which term describes a somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates? motor unit synapse motor end plate neuromuscular junction

motor unit

The all of the following are part of the bone matrix except: Collagen Muscle fibers Hydroxyapatite Calcium and Phosphorous crystals

muscle fibers

Even at rest, a skeletal muscle exhibits a small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units which could be seen easily in a well trained athlete. What is this characteristic? muscle refraction muscle relaxation motor unit recruitment muscle contraction muscle tone

muscle tone

During the contraction cycle, ATP attaches to actin troponin myosin tropomyosin none of these choices

myosin

During muscle relaxation, what does tropomyosin block? myosin-binding sites on actin voltage-gated calcium channels calcium release channels troponin-binding sites on actin actin-binding sites on myosin

myosin-binding sites on actin

The process of bone formation is referred to as ____. ossification remodeling resorption deposition

ossification

Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)? osteogenic cell osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast

osteoclast

Which of the following bone cells have a different developmental origin than others? osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts

osteoclasts

Which represents the correct sequence of development of bone cells? osteoprogenitor cells → osteocytes → osteoblasts → osteoclasts osteoblasts → osteoclasts → osteoprogenitor cells → osteocytes osteoclasts → osteoblasts → osteocytes → osteoprogenitor cells osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes → osteoclasts

osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes

A fasciculus is a subunit of a skeletal muscle surrounded by ________________. perimysium epimysium endomysium fascia

perimysium

The coating around bones is called the Haversian system Periosteum Hydroxyapatite Trabeculae

periosteum

Hematopoiesis takes place in the ________ of some adult bones. Yellow bone marrow Canaliculi Red bone marrow Osteons Periosteum

red bone marrow

The muscle cell's contracting unit is known as the sarcomere. sarcolemma. lobule. transverse tubule.

sarcomere.

In the muscle cell, calcium ions are stored in the transverse tubules. sarcoplasmic reticulum. sarcomere. sarcolemma.

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary (can't be consciously controlled)? skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle skeletal muscle and smooth muscle smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Which characteristics describe both skeletal and cardiac muscle? autonomic control cell shape somatic control autorhythmicity striations

striations

Skeletal muscle contraction is triggered to begin when calcium is released from terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum T-tubules myofibrils mitochondria

terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum

open (compound) fracture

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

The zone of overlap increases during the relative refractory period latent period contraction period relaxation period absolute refractory period

the contraction period

The sarcomere consists of all of the following except Myosin The motor neuron Troponin Actin

the motor neuron

The contractile organelle of skeletal muscle fibers is the sarcomere the endoplasmic reticulum the myofilament the myofibril the T tubule

the myofibril

Which protein does Calcium bind to? tropomyosin actin myosin troponin

troponin

A single action potential will create a single momentary contraction, not a continuous contraction. True False

true

As long as the levels of calcium and ATP inside the cell are adequate then the contraction cycles will repeatedly occur. True False

true

Bone remodeling, especially bone resorption, plays a role in the maintenance of proper levels of calcium in the blood. True False

true

Calcitonin (CT) decreases blood Calcium. True False

true

Fused tetanus is caused by rapid muscle stimulations without muscle relaxation. True False

true

In a motor unit, all muscle cells move together from a single stimulation. True False

true

Muscle tone in smooth muscle helps to maintain blood pressure. True False

true

Osteoblasts come from mesenchymal precursor cells. True False

true

The function of the neurotransmitter is to cause the opening of sodium channels in the muscle cell membrane. True False

true

The opening of sodium channels is essential for the initiation of an action potential in the muscle cell membrane. True False

true

While bone grown in length involves the epiphyseal plate, bone growth in thickness involves deposition of bone on the outside and removal of bone from the inside. True False

true

A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential moving down the somatic motor neuron is known as twitch contraction. wave summation. fused tetanus refractory period. unfused tetanus.

twitch contraction

Which of the following vitamins are needed for calcium and phosphorous absorption? Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin D Vitamin K

vitamin D