Bio Chapter 1

The hypothesis that a common ancestor gave rise to all living organisms is strengthened by what observation?a. Almost all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, and behavior.b. All living organisms use energy acquired directly from the environment or from other organisms.c. All living organisms reproduce.d. Each type of living organism adheres to the general principles of the biological hierarchy.

Almost all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, and behavior.

the hypothesis that there is a common ancestor to all living organisms is strengthened by what observation?

Almost all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, and behavior.

Which of the following would be a fact?a. Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.b. A fungal infection is solely responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher mortality across bat populations and species.c. Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.d. A fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat reserves.

Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.

Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Which of these experiments tests the hypothesis that Bt is killing the bees?

Collecting hundreds of bees. Half of the bees would be kept in a facility with plants genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin while the other half would be kept in a facility with plants not genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin. The survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared.

Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Which of these experiments tests the hypothesis that Bt is killing the bees?a. Spraying Bt toxin on a field and counting the number of bees present before and after spraying.b. Collecting hundreds of bees. Half of the bees would be kept in a facility with plants genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin while the other half would be kept in a facility with plants not genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin. The survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared.c. Collecting hundreds of bees and spraying half of them with Bt toxin while the other half is not sprayed with Bt toxin. The survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared.d. The number of bees in two adjacent fields would be counted before and after spraying one of the fields with Bt toxin. The survival rate of bees in both fields would be calculated and compared

Collecting hundreds of bees. Half of the bees would be kept in a facility with plants genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin while the other half would be kept in a facility with plants not genetically engineered to contain the gene for Bt toxin. The survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared.

Which of the following would be a theory?a. Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.b. A fungal infection is responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher mortality across bat populations and species.c. Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.d. A fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat reserves.

Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.

Which of the following statements is true?

The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical andenvironmental decisions.

A species of butterflies gradually becomes darker in color over many generations; this is an example of which characteristic of living organisms?a. They reproduce using DNA.b. They obtain energy from the environment to support metabolism.c. They can evolve as groups.d. They sense the environment and respond to it

They can evolve as groups.

What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms? a. They make their own energy. c. They evolve through time.b. They grow and develop. d. They are composed of one or more cells.

They make their own energy.

The roots of a sunflower plant growing downwards while the shoot grows upwards and the flower turns towards the sun are examples of what characteristic of all living organisms?a. They reproduce using DNA.b. They evolve through time.c. They make their own energy.d. They sense the environment and respond to it.

They sense the environment and respond to it.

Is it possible for scientists to study events that happened or animals/plants that lived millions of years ago?a. Yes. Apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the evidence of past events. For example, observe modern animal behavior, structure, and function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function of the fossilized structures.b. No. The laws of physics that exist today are not the same laws of physics that existed in the past, so there is no way to compare plant or animal fossils to those of modern organisms and deduce the function of fossilized structures.c. Yes. Genetic manipulation of fossils allows scientists to directly test metabolic and behavioral characteristics of plants and animals from the past.d. No. There is no way to analyze plant or animal fossils that lived millions of years ago because the laws of nature that exist today have changed dramatically from the past.

Yes. Apply the laws of physics and nature that we know exist today to evaluate the evidence of past events. For example, observe modern animal behavior, structure, and function, and compare them to the structures of fossilized animals to deduce the function of the fossilized structures.

Is it important for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists?a. Yes. Scientists want to receive recognition and monetary reward for their work.b. No. There is no reason for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists.c. Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.d. No. Communication between scientists is discouraged because it can confuse the details of the experiments.

Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.

David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into 4 groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What were the independent and dependent variables in this experiment?a. The independent variable was the type of exposure to Geomyces destructans. The dependent variable was whether or not the bats became sick with WNS.b. The independent variable was whether or not the bats became sick with WNS. The dependent variable was the type of exposure to Geomyces destructans.c. The independent variable was whether or not the bats became sick with WNS. The dependent variable was the number of bats included in the study.d. The independent variable was the number of bats included in the study. The dependent variable was the type of exposure to Geomyces destructans.

a. The independent variable was the type of exposure to Geomyces destructans. The dependent variable was whether or not the bats became sick with WNS.

You are coughing and producing a wheezing sound as you breathe; you also have a fever. You go to the doctor who listens to your chest, takes X-rays of your chest, and determines that you probably have something called croup. Which of the following are the facts in this scenario?a. You are coughing, wheezing, and have a fever.b. You probably have croup.c. You probably have whooping cough.d. You probably need antibiotics.

a. You are coughing, wheezing, and have a fever.

A tissue is defined asa. a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body.b. two or more atoms held together by strong chemical bonds.c. the basic unit of life.d. a network of organs which perform a wide range of functions.

a. a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body.

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?a. cells > tissues > organs > individualb. tissues > organs > cells > individualc. individual cells > organ systems > tissuesd. organ systems > organs > tissues > individual

a. cells > tissues > organs > individual

Victoria, who is 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up because she loves animals. So, she decided to begin her training by "doing something scientific." Specifically, she weighed and measured the lengths of all the earthworms she could find in her yard and recorded the data in a notebook. She then made a graph showing the maximum, minimum, and average weights and heights of the earthworms. Was she doing something scientific?a. No, because she is too young to think like a scientist.b. No, because she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation.c. Yes, because scientists always make measurements.d. Yes, because scientists always construct graphs with the data they collect.

b. No, because she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation.

Scientific understanding can always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new observations and the discovery of additional information. This has resulted in revised ways of understanding how molecules are moved across the plasma membrane of cells. Hence, there is no certainty in science, only degrees of probability (likelihood) and potential for change. In light of this understanding, which of the following statements is most meaningful? a. Scientific knowledge is absolute knowledge.b. Scientific knowledge is necessarily contingent knowledge.c. Scientific knowledge is a static and unchanging collection of facts.d. Scientific knowledge is rigid collection of invariable facts.

b. Scientific knowledge is necessarily contingent knowledge.

Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method?a. What is the function of the appendix in human beings?b. Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals?c. Why do smokers develop lung cancer more frequently than nonsmokers?d. Why is it so difficult to quit smoking?

b. Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals?

Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses?a. composed of one or more cells; obtain energy from their environment; reproduce using DNA (or RNA)b. reproduce using DNA (or RNA); sense their environment and respond to it; can evolve as groupsc. maintain a constant internal environment; obtain energy from their environment; composed of one or more cellsd. obtain energy from their environment; composed of one or more cells; maintain a constant internal environment

b. reproduce using DNA (or RNA); sense their environment and respond to it; can evolve as groups

David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into 4 groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. What is the specific hypothesis being tested by the inclusion of group 4 in this experiment?a. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted through the air.b. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it is only transmitted by direct contact with other infected bats.c. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted by direct contact with the fungus; no contact with infected bats is needed for transmission of the fungus.d. Group 4 is the control.

c. Geomyces destructans causes WNS, and it can be transmitted by direct contact with the fungus; no contact with infected bats is needed for transmission of the fungus.

Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to contain the gene for the Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Without data from a scientific experiment, is it reasonable to state that Bt-containing crops are responsible for the loss of honeybees?a. Yes, because it is obviously the Bt crops killing the bees.b. Yes, because there cannot possibly be any other explanation for the loss of the honeybees.c. No, because there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the survival of honeybees.d. No, because there is no reason to suspect that an insecticide would kill honeybees.

c. No, because there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the survival of honeybees.

Which of the following questions could NOT be used to develop a testable hypothesis?a. Does exposure to secondhand smoke affect the probability of developing lung cancer?b. Do organic vegetables contain harmful substances?c. Should everyone drink bottled water only?d. Does a can of vegetable juice contain more salt than the same size can of iced tea?

c. Should everyone drink bottled water only?

Which of the following statements is true?a. Once a hypothesis has been proposed, it can never be challenged.b. A valid scientific hypothesis is self-evident and does not need to be tested by experimentation.c. The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and environmental decisions.d. If properly designed, experiments always prove hypotheses to be wrong

c. The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and environmental decisions.

The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientifica. theory. c. fact.b. hypothesis. d. experiment

c. fact

Scientists are human beings and are, like all human beings, susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding, perhaps even contributing to our understanding of an important scientific theory, it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this isa. popular magazines. c. peer-reviewed publications.b. the Discovery Channel. d. Wikipedia.

c. peer-reviewed publications.

A group of researchers conducted an experiment and collected the data presented in this graph. Which of the following statements are supported by the information in this graph?a. The hypothesis was proven beyond a doubt because all members of the control group survived while most of the members of both treatment groups died by the end of the study.b. The hypothesis was proven because all members of the control group survived while most of the members of both treatment groups died by the end of the study.c. The hypothesis was not supported because all members of the control group died while most of the members of both treatment groups survived through the end of the study.d. The hypothesis was supported because all members of the control group survived while most of the members of both treatment groups died by the end of the study.

d. The hypothesis was supported because all members of the control group survived while most of the members of both treatment groups died by the end of the study.

Bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing this requires special adaptations in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is an example ofa. a cell. c. an organ.b. a tissue. d. an organ system.

d. an organ system.

In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a ________. It is not a guess. It is not static. It is tentative and dynamic and can be adjusted when new, compelling evidence is discovered. It is typically an overarching explanation that best fits all of the available information or evidence.a. lawb. mathematical theoremc. hypothesisd. theory

d. theory

Which of the following represents conducting an experiment?a. dialing a telephone numberb. comparing prices of computersc. checking your midterm grades onlined. predicting the outcome of a basketball game

dialing a telephone number

The caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hicks' team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats, represent the

ecosystem where the bats lived.

In 1890, Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases. He designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis. Later, his experiment was repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch's original hypothesis. These many experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable diseases contributed to the development of thea. theory of evolution. c. theory of relativity.b. germ theory of disease. d. law of gravity.

germ theory of disease.

David Blehert and his research team captured 117 healthy bats to study in the laboratory and divided them into four groups. Group 1 was housed in an area free from Geomyces destructans. Group 2 was housed in an area that shared the same air as bats infected with WNS, but they did not have direct contact with the infected bats. Group 3 was housed in direct contact with other bats infected with WNS. Group 4 was directly exposed to Geomyces destructans when it was applied to their wings. During the study period the bats were monitored for signs of WNS. Which group is the control group?a. group 1 c. group 3b. group 2 d. group 4

group 1

Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known asa. homeostasis. c. reproduction.b. evolution. d. sensation.

homeostasis

When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientifica. hypothesis. c. theory.b. observation. d. correlation.

hypothesis.

You often experience numbness and pain in the thumb and first two fingers on your right hand. You go to the doctor who suspects that carpal tunnel syndrome is the reason for the numbness and pain. The doctor then orders a simple test to see how fast nerve impulses are moving up and down your arm. The doctor's preliminary diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is a(n)a. theory. c. experiment.b. fact. d. hypothesis.

hypothesis.

a scientist notices that a population of birds has decreased dramatically within one year and suspects that a newly introduced snail population may be affecting the bird population. Some individuals within the bird population eat snails, primarily, while the other birds avoid eating the snails. Which of the following statements represents a prediction based on well- constructed hypothesis for this decision?

if birds are affected by eating snails, then there will be a difference in the survival rate of birds that eat snails and those that avoid snails.

New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment and variations in the dosage given to participants represents thea. dependent variable. c. correlation coefficient.b. independent variable. d. invariable.

independent variable.

What is science?

is a collection of facts and a process for understanding the world

Experimentation is the primary, but not only, means used to verify or refute the ________ made by a hypothesis.a. variables c. predictionsb. theories d. laws

predictions

A scientific hypothesis must be

testable

Whenever we ________, we are proceeding scientifically.a. invoke a supernatural power as an explanation for how a natural phenomenon occurredb. stop questioning our observationsc. try to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutionsd. develop an unchangeable and definitive explanation

try to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutions