U.S. History Chapter 6 The Progressive Movement

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce.

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902 Act that authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects.

Lochner v. New York

1905 Supreme Court Case where the Court ruled that a New York law forbidding bakers to work more than 10 hours a day was unconstitutional, saying the state did not have the right to interfere with the liberty of employers and employees.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 Supreme Court Case, which involved women working in laundries in Oregon where the Court upheld the state's right to limit hours of women workers arguing that healthy mothers were the state's concern and, therefore, the limits on women's working hours did not violate their Fourteenth Amendment rights.

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act, It weakened monopolies and upheld the rights of unions and farm organizations.

Adamson Act

1916 law that established 8 hour workday for railroad workers in order to avert a national strike

W.E.B Dubois

1st African American to receive a PHD from Harvard, created NAACP in 1909. He helped organize the Niagara Movement, a 1905 meeting of 29 African American leaders who demanded full civil rights for African Americans.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A 1906 law that requires food and drug makers to list ingredients on their packages

17th Amendment

Amendment that established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states instead of Senators being chosen by state legislatures.

19th amendment

Amendment that guaranteed women the right to vote passed in 1920.

Sixteenth Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax.

Theodore Roosevelt

Became the 1st Progressive U.S. President in 1901 at the age of 42 (youngest President in U.S. History). He called his Progressive programs the Square Deal.

Limits of Progressivism

Failed to address racial and religious discrimination in the U.S.

Department of Commerce and Labor

Federal Agency created in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt that investigated big businesses.

National Park Service

Federal Agency created under President Theodore Roosevelt that preserves our national parks, national monuments and wildlife reserves.

Gifford Pinchot

First Director of the US Forest Service appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt who was fired by President Taft after a conflict with Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger angering Roosevelt progressives.

National Woman Suffrage Association

First national organization for women's right to vote founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1869 that wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amendment guaranteeing the right to vote.

Robert La Follette

First progressive state governor as Governor of Wisconsin. His nickname was Fighting Bob. He introduced the direct primary as a method of nominating candidates for office.

Alice Paul

Founder and leader of the National Women's Party that protested in front of the White House and used hunger strikes to pressure the government to pass the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Government agency created in 1887 to regulate railroads.

Governor Albert Roberts

Governor of Tennessee who called a special session of the Tennessee state legislature to vote on passing the 19th Amendment.

Prohibition

Laws banning the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Compulsory Education Laws

Laws passed during the Progressive movement that required young children to be in school instead of at work.

Zoning laws

Laws that divided a town or city into zones for commercial, residential, or other development, thereby regulating how land and buildings could be used.

Carrie Chatman Catt

Leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) that helped push the government to pass the 19th Amendment.

Josephine Pearson

Leader the anti-suffrage movement in Tennessee.

Progressive movement

Movement in the early 1900s to fix society's problems from industrialization and urbanization that arose during the Gilded Age. It was a reaction against laissez-faire economics and its emphasis on an unregulated market.

Temperance Movement

Movement that advocated that people stop, or at least moderate, their alcohol consumption.

Perfect 36

Nickname for Tennessee as it was the final state needed (36th state) to pass the 19th Amendment and grant women the right to vote.

New Freedom

Nickname of Woodrow Wilson's political programs in the election of 1912 of restoring democracy through trust-busting and economic competition

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

On March 25, 1911, a tragedy occurred in New York City that led to new reforms when a fire on the top floors of a factory building caused nearly 150 of the factory's 500 workers to lose their lives.

Taft The Trustbuster

President Taft actually busted twice as many trusts as President Theodore Roosevelt.

Bully Pulpit

President Theodore Roosevelt's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public to get his programs passed.

Woodrow Wilson

Progressive Democrat who wins the Presidential Election of 1912 and is reelected in 1916. He named his progressive programs the New Freedom. His progressive reforms included lowering tariffs, creating the federal reserve system, passing a stronger anti trust act, child labor laws, and starting a graduated income tax.

city commission system

Progressive Reform in city government where Commissioners headed each department and governed the city like a business.

City Council manager system

Progressive Reform in city government where cities employed a city manager who was hired by the city council to run the city like a business.

Initiative

Progressive Reform that allowed voters to directly introduce legislation.

recall

Progressive Reform that is a procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

referendum

Progressive Reform that is the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature.

William Howard Taft

Progressive Republican President who won the Election of 1908 with Theodore Roosevelt's endorsement. He continued breaking up Trusts and created the Children's Bureau to investigate Child Labor but raised Tariffs and and fired the director of the Forest Service which angered some Roosevelt Progressives.

John Muir

Progressive conservationist who started the Sierra Club.

Direct primary

Progressive reform where states have an election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections.

Underwood Tariff

Progressive tariff under President Woodrow Wilson that reduced the rates on most items

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children prohibited companies involved in interstate commerce from hiring workers under 14 years of age

Conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Trust buster

Roosevelt's nickname for becoming the 1st President to break up trusts that worked against the public interests.

Payne Aldrich Tariff

Tariff which hardly cut tariffs at all and actually raised them on some goods signed by President Taft that angered some progressives.

Hepburn Act

The act passed in 1906 that was intended to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by giving it the power to set railroad rates.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election including more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage, more social welfare programs

building codes

Codes for construction that set minimum standards for light, air, room size, and sanitation and required buildings to have fire escapes.

health codes

Codes that required restaurants and other facilities to maintain clean environments for their patrons.

Children Bureau

This agency was created in 1912 under President Taft and investigated and publicized the problems of child labor. The agency still exists today, and deals with issues such as child abuse prevention, adoption, and foster care.

unfair trade practice

any method of business that is dishonest or fraudulent or that illegally limits free competition

Anne Dallas Dudley

Woman in Tennessee who led the fight for the passage of the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote.

Frederick Taylor

Wrote a book called The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) that described how a company could increase efficiency by managing time, breaking tasks down into small parts, and using standardized tools—a scientific approach to business that some progressives wanted to extend to government. Became known as the father of scientific management.

Harry Burn

Young Tennessee Representative in the state legislature that cast the deciding vote to grant women the right to vote. He changed his vote at the last minute after reading a letter from his mother urging him to vote for women's suffrage.

Insubordination

defiance of authority; refusal to obey orders

Anti-Defamation League

organization formed in 1913 to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements

suffrage

right to vote

interest rates

the cost of borrowing money calculated as a percentage of the money borrowed

The Coal Strike of 1902 (United Mine Workers)

A coal strike in 1902 between mine owners and nearly 150,000 members of the United Mine Workers (UMW) that President Theodore Roosevelt helped to end by pushing the owners and workers to accept arbitration.

Arbitration

A settlement negotiated by an outside third party.

Florence Kelly

A social and political reformer of the progressive movement. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights is widely regarded today.

Meat Inspection Act

Act passed in 1906 in response to Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, that put regulations on the Meat Packing Industry.

Federal Farm Loan Act

Act passed under President Woodrow Wilson that created 12 federal land banks to provide farmers with long term loans at low interest rates

Muckrakers

Crusading journalists during the Progressive Movement who exposed abuses and corruption in a society with books and magazine articles.

Election Of 1912

Democrat Woodrow Wilson wins the Presidential Election with the Republican vote split between Incumbent President William Taft (Republican Party) and former President Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive "Bull Moose" Party)

Richard Ballinger vs. Gifford Pinchot

Director of the Forest Service Gifford Pinchot accused Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger of planning to give valuable public lands in Alaska to a private business group for his own profit. Taft's attorney general investigated the charges and decided they were unfounded. Not satisfied, Pinchot went to the press and asked Congress to investigate. Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination, or disobedience to authority angering some Roosevelt Progressives.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

In 1874 a group of women formed this organization to lead the temperance movement in the fight against alcohol. By 1911, it had nearly 250,000 members.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

In 1890 the National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association united to form this organization that worked to get women voting rights.

Anti-saloon league

In 1893 evangelical Protestant ministers formed this temperance group that fought for the prohibition of alcohol.

Bureau Of Mines

In 1910 Taft set up this Federal Agency to monitor the activities of mining companies, expand national forests, and protect waterpower sites from private development. The bureau helped make possible many new technologies in the field of mining.

Bull Moose Party

Nickname for Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party in the 1912 presidential election.

Jacob Riis

Muckraker photo journalist who wrote a book about the living conditions of the poor in tenements with pictures of the tough conditions called "How the Other Half Lives"

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who exposed Rockefeller and his monopoly with her book the History of the Standard Oil Company.

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraker who exposed the political machines running cities, and how they stole from and cheated the people in his book The Shame of the Cities.

John Spargo

Muckraker who wrote a 1906 book, The Bitter Cry of the Children, that presented detailed evidence of child labor conditions.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraking author who published a novel, The Jungle, in 1906 based on his close observations of the slaughterhouses of Chicago. The appalling conditions in the meatpacking industry, as described in his book enraged consumers.

Square Deal

Name of Theodore Roosevelt's progressive reform programs as President.

American Woman Suffrage Association

National organization for women's right to vote led by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe that believed that the best strategy was convincing state governments to grant women the right to vote first.

senaca falls convention

The first women's rights convention in New York, in 1848, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton convinced the delegates that winning suffrage— the right to vote—should be a priority.

Eugene Debs

The former leader of the American Railway Union who won nearly a million votes as the American Socialist Party candidate for president in 1912.

Socialism

The idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

The law that established the Federal Reserve System as the central bank of the United States. The hallmark of Wilson's first term, the act stabilized the banking system in the United States.

Resource Management

The managing of resource harvesting so that resources are not depleted.

Child Labor

The most emotional progressive issue where children as young as 8 years old would work long hours for low pay and in poor and dangerous working conditions.

Federal Trade Commission

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices

income tax

a tax based on the net, income of a person or business started with the 16th Amendment

workers compensation

government program that extends payments for medical care to workers injured on the job