Bio Final Exam

Which one of the following incorrectly pairs a vertebrate group with its major evolutionary innovation?

Amphibians—paired lateral fins

When a tourist buys a sand dollar at a beach shop, what are they buying?

Anendoskeleton of calcium carbonate ossicles

Based on the number of species, the most successful extant phylum of plants is the

Anthophyta.

Which one of the following statements about the phylum Brachiopoda is false?

As in bivalves, the valves in brachiopods are lateral (left and right) to the body axis

Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) reproduce via rhizomes, creating immense colonies that may include thousands of trees. One colony in Utah, nicknamed Pando, consists of a grove of ~47,000 trunks. Despite their massive size, scientists worry that these stands are vulnerable - why?

Because they are essentially clones, their low genetic variability makes the population vulnerable to plant diseases.

A snail in your garden and an oyster are quite different in appearance. What would be evidence to justify grouping them together?

Both have a mantle capable of secreting calcium carbonate.

In what way are a human and a crab similar?

Both have muscles that pull against rigid skeletons.

A marine biologist is conducting research on animals that have a lophophore and two calcified shells. Based on this information, this animal must belong to the phylum

Brachiopoda.

Which of the following groups is most closely related to the tracheophytes?

Bryophytes

Scorpions have a prosoma, pedipalps that are modified into claws, and chelicerae. Which taxonomic group are they a member of

Chelicerata

Food storage roots

Contain many parenchyma cells filled with carbohydrates

Water storage roots

Contain water for plants in arid regions

Are any of these vegetables actually fruit?

Corn

Which of the following describes what is currently known about Ctenophore symmetry?

Ctenophores are possibly triploblasts because of muscle cells derived from meoderm.

Due to their pinnately compound leaves, tropical habitat, and overall appearance members of which phylum are often thought of as a type of palm?

Cycadophyta

In foxglove flowers, the anthers mature before the stigma becomes receptive.

Dichogamy

Hops plants produce male and female flowers on different plants.

Dioecy

Annelids possess all of the following except A. Muscles to swim, crawl, and burrow B. Ganglia to respond to light and respond to other environmental cues C. Circulatory, excretory, and neural elements in each segment D. Setae in each segment E. Adductor muscles

E. Adductor Muscles

Select the phylum that includes deuterostome animals that are exclusively marine and have radial symmetry as adults.

Echinodermata

Why doesn't a tapeworm have a mouth on its scolex?

Endoparasites don't need a mouth

Which of the following does not correctly describe an anatomical feature of a leaf?

Epidermis - waxy and transparent, it covers of the entire surface of the leaf. The upper surface contains many stomata.

In humans, one pair of pharyngeal pouches become the tube-shaped organ called the

Eustachian tube.

What would be an easy way to determine if a skull is a mammal's skull?

Examine the teeth.

Why aren't ferns commonly found in deserts?

Fern spores are unable to resist prolonged dry conditions.

Place the events in sequence to describe the two-year life cycle of a biennial plant

First year- seed germination, growth and storage of nutrients in root second year- utilization of nutrients in roots, stem elongates, flowering, death of plant

Through genetic engineering, you are developing a plant that will have increased tolerance to drought. Choose the traits from the list below that would be desirable in this plant.

Increased production of stomata, Reduced production of trichomes, Enhanced aerenchyma production

What happens to the ovary after fertilization in angiosperms?

It becomes the fruit.

How would you identify a shoot that has experienced phase change?

It has begun to produce flowers

What change would result for a land snail that had a mutation interfering with chitin formation?

It would have difficulty feeding

Suburban sprawl has contributed to the decline of this plant through loss of habitat. Based on what you have learned about its flowering regulation, can you suggest another reason why encroaching human development might cause this plant population to decline?

Light reduction may inhibit flowering, reducing seed production.

A researcher brings a sample of dry soil to the lab, wets it, provides ample amounts of fertilizer, and places the soil in a container in a greenhouse. Which type of plant would be least likely to emerge?

Liverwort

How do lycophytes differ from bryophytes?

Lycophytes have tracheids.

The excretory structures of terrestrial arthropods are slender projections from the digestive tract that are attached at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. These are called

Malpighian tubules.

DNA studies can be used to make all of the following conclusions except that

Modern man remained changeless for the last 1 million years.

The phylum that includes snails, clams, oysters, and octopuses is the

Mollusca.

Pine trees produce separate male and female cones on the same plant

Monoecy

Linnaeus lumped all of the worm-like animals into the category Vermes (Vermis is Latin for worm). Is this a valid classification scheme?

No, because the worm-like body plan has appeared many times through evolutionary history and is not a useful trait for classification.

Which one of the following incorrectly matches a molluscan group with a feature characterizing that group?

Nudibranchs—extensive gills in mantle cavity

Parasitic roots

Penetrate vascular tissue of a host plant

Classify the items according to whether they are transported in the xylem, phloem, or both.

Phloem Xylem Both Sucrose minerals from soil water Hormones mRNA Proteins Organic acids

The following classes of fish are matched with an example. Select the mismatched pair

Placodermi—lobe-finned fish

A botanist examines two plants. Plant A has large colorful petals; plant B has extremely tiny white flowers. Which one is most likely animal pollinated?

Plant A

Why is external water not essential for fertilization in seed plants?

Pollen grains are transported by wind or an animal.

Aerial roots

Produced by epiphytic plants to attach to their host plant

Buttress roots

Provide support for large tropical trees

Why is a rhizoid not considered a true root?

Rhizoids lack xylem tissue.

As an expert on plant reproduction, your aunt has asked you to help her design a garden filled with fragrant, beautiful flowers that will not attract bees. Choose the best plant from the following seed catalog descriptions.

"Moonflower. A climbing vine with lovely white scented flowers that open at night.

Turbellarian flatworms have a distinct head. When compared to the head of an insect, what is the flatworm head missing?

A mouth

Breeders are working to develop plants that grow better in salty environments. Choose the characteristics that they should attempt to breed into plants.

Ability to dilute salt as it enters the plant, Ability to exclude salt, Ability to secrete salt that has entered the plant

Contractile roots

Act to pull roots deeper into the ground

To which group of fishes does the following description apply: swim bladder, bony skeleton, and paired fins supported by bony rays.

Actinopterygi

Homo erectus has been shown to have dispersed from

Africa.

Pneumatophores

Aid in oxygen uptake for plants growing in aquatic or waterlogged habitats

Which one of the following statements about haplodiplontic life cycles is false?

The zygote is the only diploid cell in the sporophyte stage.

Barnacles are sessile filter feeders but unlike bivalves they have internal fertilization. How do they solve this problem?

They are hemaphrodites with especially long penises.

Sharks have a number of fleshy gill slits instead of a bony gill cover. How does this affect their behavior?

They keep swimming to move water across their gills.

The single ventricle in an amphibian heart means the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix. How do amphibians manage to survive despite this inefficiency?

They transport oxygen across the skin.

Prop roots

Thick adventitious roots that grow from the lower part of the stem and brace the plant.

A tunicate looks like a sponge. How could a biologist distinguish it from a member of the Porifera?

Tunicates have a stomach.

A marine biologist makes a presentation about crustaceans to your biology class. He explains that he has recently received an NSF grant to study sessile crustaceans. You are only aware of one group of sessile crustaceans. This crustacean must be

a barnacle.

A fruit-bearing dioecious flower would have

a gynoecium

A marine biologist visits your biology class and begins his talk entitled, "Life as a Trochophore." A friend seated next to you asks, "What is a trochophore?" You explain that a trochophore is

a term used to describe a larval form of either the phylum Mollusca or Annelida.

. In some species of sweet potato, pollen will not germinate if the pollen parent had any S allele that matches any S allele in the female tissue.

Sporophytic self-incompatibility

What are possible advantages for self-pollination to have evolved in a flowering plant species? Select all that apply.

The plant species can survive in areas where animal pollinators are absent. ; The plant species tends to produce offspring that are more uniform compared to offspring resulting from outcrossing. ; Less energy can be spent on producing gametes because meiosis does not occur.; Less energy can be spent on attracting pollinators.

Which of the following evidence obtained from fossil studies is generally accepted as marking the beginning of the hominids?

bipedalism

If a plant did not produce axillary buds, it would likely not be able to form

branches or some flowers.

Each segment of an annelid typically contains bristles of chitin called

chaetae.

Which of the following is NOT a bird adaptation that facilitates flight?

changes in the forearm bones

You and your biology lab class take a field trip to a marine aquarium. Your guide is a marine biologist who studies squids. She explains to your class how squids are able to blend into their environment. She points out that squids have pouches of pigments embedded in their epithelium. The pouches are called

chromatophores.

Damage to its flagellum would prevent a choanocyte from

circulating water through the sponge.

The organ that is responsible for secreting cocoons in the oligochaetes is known as the

clitellum

features of phloem

conducts carbohydrates, conducts amino acids, sieve cells, sieve tube members, companion cells, living at maturity

features of xylem

conducts water, cells are dead at maturity, cells are hollow, tracheids, vessel elements, functions in transpiration, comprises wood

Earthworms show all of the following features except

containing distinct head regions and parapodia.

Which of the following living reptiles care for their young and have a four-chambered heart, as birds do?

crocodiles

Nauplius, a unique kind of larva, is characteristic of

crustaceans.

Which one of the following incorrectly matches a molluscan structure with its typical function?

ctenidia—secretion of the shell (when present)

Place the events in the correct order to describe cavitation

vessel is broken or damaged, air bubble enters cell, cohesion interrupted, cavitation occurs

For a seed to germinate, the embryo will need _____ and ______. However, some seeds also require specific _____ to germinate. For example, some pines require _____ to open ___ and release seeds. Other plants require ____ to remove chemicals that _____ embryo growth Some seeds even require being ____ or regurgitated to stimulate germination.

water and oxygen stimuli fire, cones rainfall, inhibit eaten

Transpiration happens because

water has polar covalent bonds, water forms hydrogen bonds. A water molecule contains both negative and positive partial charges.

Bryophytes, like ferns and certain other tracheophyte plants, require

water to reproduce sexually.

Which of the following molecules are not important food reserves in seeds?

waxes

What are self-pollinated angiosperms adapted to a particular uniform habitat likely to produce?

well-adapted offspring

What is floral determination?

when a shoot is committed to producing a flower

You excavate a fossil of a small reptile during a paleontology field trip. It has the following characteristics: skull with a pair of dorsal temporal openings and a pair of lateral temporal openings; bipedal with legs positioned directly under the pelvic girdle. Dating with radioisotopes shows that the specimen lived 100 million year ago (MYA). You conclude that the specimen belongs to which reptilian group (be specific as possible)?

dinosaur

Double fertilization produces a ___________ embryo and a _________ endosperm.

diploid; triploid

In animals that display indeterminate development

early embryonic cells, if separated from the embryo, can develop into complete organisms.

items related to megagemetophyte

embryo sac, produced in ovary, eight nuclei, seven cells, egg, polar nuclei, antipodals, synergids

What do echinoderms and chordates have in common?

endoskeletons

woody

extensive secondary growth of stem, evergreen or deciduous leaves, oak trees for example, may flower or fruit for many years, survives for multiple seasons

A plant is subjected to a toxin that blocks potassium channels in the membranes of guard cells and prevents the passage of K+ out of the cell. This would lead to a reduction in the intake of carbon dioxide into the plant.

false

After fertilization the zygote continuously develops until an embryonic plant is formed within the seed.

false

All gymnosperms have needle-like leaves and produce some type of resin.

false

As the endosperm matures it swells and eventually becomes the fruit.

false

Carbon dioxide entering a leaf moves through the air spaces and ultimately into the vascular tissue where it reacts with the products of photosynthesis and is stored within sugar molecules.

false

Drupes have multiple seeds and fused carpels.

false

In seed plants the sporophyte has been greatly reduced in size and is typically just a few cells.

false

In wild type Arabidopsis, an increase in EMF expression causes flowering

false

The embryonic flower mutant emf shows normal flowering.

false

The side to side thrashing of a nematode is accomplished by contraction of its circular muscles.

false

For which of the following organisms is the sporophyte stage the dominant stage in the life cycle?

fern

Advances in molecular systematics show that whisk ferns and horsetails are the closest living relatives of

ferns

The most abundant group of seedless tracheophyte plants are the

ferns

Which of the following represents a monophyletic group?

ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

Frog eggs most closely resemble

fish eggs.

To reproduce sexually, bryophytes require

free water external to the plant.

Which one of the following is the least likely reason that bipedalism evolved in hominoids?

frees the hands for tool-making

Plant success on the terrestrial landscape is linked to the evolution of all of the following except

gas-filled air spaces.

The development of tracheids helped land plants to

grow to very large sizes.

Plants have a ______ life cycle in which the haploid and diploid stages are multicellular.

haplodiplontic

Parazoa

have no true tissues.

The sexual reproduction of earthworms characteristically is

hermaphroditic but cross-fertilizing.

Apes and humans together make up a group called

hominoids

The hominid australopithecines are generally accepted to be different from modern humans because

human brains on an average are at least twice as large in size.

A chimpanzee's closest extant relative is a(n)

human.

Monotremes differ from the other mammals in their

laying of shelled eggs.

Anthropoids or higher primates include all of the following except

lemurs.

What are the four genetically-controlled flowering pathways?

light-dependent, temperature-dependent, gibberellin-dependent, and autonomous

Amphibians are thought to have evolved from

lobe-finned fish.

Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Bryozoa?

lophophore

Flooding is detrimental to plant growth because it causes ____ levels of ____ in soil. Because of this, ____ have difficulty transporting ____ and carbohydrates. Root growth can also be altered because of changes in ____ levels. For example, ethylene production _____ which acts to suppress root ____. Gibberellin and ____ production ____ which suppresses growth of new roots.

low;oxygen roots;minerals hormone increases;elongation cytokinin;decreases

The rigid chitinous exoskeleton of an arthropod has all of the following functions except it

maintains a uniform size for all individuals of that species.

In mollusks, the folds of tissue that arise from the dorsal body wall and enclose a cavity surrounding the visceral mass are called the

mantle.

Which of the following would not be related to reproduction through apomixis?

meiosis of the megaspore

The passage of an arthropod through stages from egg to adult is

metamorphosis.

The gametophyte is green and nutritionally independent in

mosses, liverworts, and ferns.

The nitrogenous waste in mollusks is removed by

nephridia.

herbaceous

no secondary growth of stem, aboveground stems die each year, major resource allocation to roots, iresis for example, may flower or fruit for many years, survives for multiple seasons

Which one of the following structures is not found in all adult and larval tunicates?

notochord

Given the distribution of the 30 or so animal phyla across the Earth's various ecosystems, what would be the most likely habitat for the origin of animals?

oceans

Eyes with single lenses that respond to light and darkness are found in many arthropods; these are the

ocelli.

Compound eyes are composed of independent visual units called

ommatidia

Mammal

one sperm fertilizes on egg, single fertilization, embryo and extraembryonic tissue derived from same fertilization event, extra embryonic tissues are diploid, embryo uses nutrient supply from parent, nutrients are transferred via the umbilical cord

angiosperm

one sperm fertilizes one egg and one sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei, double fertilization, extraembryonic tissue derived from separate fertilization event, extraembryonic tissues are triploid, embryo uses nutrient supply after separating from the parent, nutrients are transferred via the suspensor

Opening of stomata involves a tradeoff between the conflicting needs to

open to maximize CO2 uptake for photosynthesis but close to minimize water loss through transpiration.

Most bony fishes have a hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head called the

operculum.

The only marsupial mammal living in North America is the

opossum.

All of the following features are true of Anthropoids except

opposable thumbs.

Of the primates listed below, a human's closest extant relative is a(n)

orangutan.

From what are fruits derived?

ovaries

Hornworts differ from mosses and liverworts in containing

photosynthetic sporophytes.

items related to microgametophye

pollen grains, produced in anthers, generative cell, tube cell, produces sperm

Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Cnidaria?

radial symmetry

What is the function of pine resins?

reduction of fungal and insect parasitism

All of the following are functions or features of root hairs except

roots hairs are also known as lateral roots

In comparing primary and secondary growth,

secondary growth results from activity of the lateral meristems, while primary growth results from activity of the apical meristems.

Put the following events in the correct order for a long-day, annual plant like Arabidopsis, starting with the germination of a seed

seed germination, plant body development, phase change, period of darkness that falls below the critical photoperiod threshold, expression of CONSTANS (CO), expression of flower-promoting genes, including LEAFY (LFY), expression of APETALA1 (AP1) and ABCDE floral organ identity genes, flower organ development, seed development, senescence

Tracheophyte plants are characterized by all of the following except

seeds.

The rasping tongue, the radula, is present in which molluscan group?

snail

Protostomes develop through

spiral cleavage.

Plants as well as brown, green, and red algae show a basic life cycle which involves the alternation of generations between a(n)

sporophyte and a gametophyte.

Which of the following is not one of the three basic embryonic tissue systems of a plant?

suspensor tissue

Which one of the following was not an adaptation seen in the sharks (Chondrichthyes)?

swim bladder

Bony fishes possess two features not found in other fish. Select the best choice from those listed below to complete the following sentence. Bony fishes have

swim bladders and gill covers called opercula

Which of the following is not one of the early developmental stages that establishes a plant's basic body plan?

synchronization of the biological clock

In lab, you are given a plant sample and asked to determine the type of plant tissue. After looking in the microscope, you have a hypothesis and to test it you apply iodine to the sample. Areas of the sample turn a very blue-black. Based on this analysis, you determine that

the sample contains starch and starch is stored in ground tissue.

All of the following about Homo habilis is true except

the species coexisted with dinosaurs.

The aquatic ancestry of bryophytes is most clearly demonstrated by what character?

the use of flagellated motile sperm

Homo erectus and the modern humans differ in

their brain size.

Chimpanzees are considered to be our closest extant relative because

their genome is 99% identical to the human genome.

Mammals are thought to have evolved from

therapsids.

All of the following are true about prosimians except

they are widespread.

New world monkeys have all of the following features except

they have ischial callosities (thickened rump pads).

Which plants are characterized by a conducting system, the possession of cuticles, specialized stems, and roots, stomata, and, in many species, seeds?

tracheophyte

Animals with pentaradial symmetry have 5 planes of symmetry.

true

Germination inhibitors that must be digested by acids in order to be removed help to ensure the seed will be dispersed with some fertilizer.

true

In a normal plant, EMF prevents an immature plant from flowering

true

In seed plants the entire male gametophyte is transported to the female.

true

Increased LFY gene expression will cause a plant to flower sooner than a wild type plant

true

LFY and EMF have opposite functions

true

The LEAFY (LFY) gene promotes flowering.

true

The mucous sheet produced by the endostyle traps the microscopic food particles in the water. This sheet is located in the pharynx of what animal?

tunicate

Petals

attract pollinators

Survival on land for organisms is difficult because of the problem of

desiccation.

A biologist discovered a new animal. Upon studying its embryonic development, she observed radial cleavage with the blastopore developing into an anus. This animal was categorized as a

deuterostome.

A scientist is studying some developing eggs from an ocean sample. The early embryos have divided only a few times, and all cells look identical. When the scientist carefully removes half the cells from an embryo, both clumps of cells are able to complete development, forming twins. The eggs can be identified as

deuterostomes

Which of the following characteristics applies to humans?

deuterostomes

What are flowers classified as when functional stamens and carpels are both present, but reach maturity at different times?

dichogamous

Small, fishlike marine chordates, pointed at both ends with no distinguishable head, in which the notochord runs the entire length of the nerve cord, are called

lancelets.

lateral meristem

adds diameter to the plant, produces bark, cork cambium and vascular cambium, produces the secondary plant body

apical meristem

adds length to the plant, forms the epidermis and ground tissues, generates the protoderm procambium and ground meristems, produces the primary plant body

Which one of the following statements about a typical fern life cycle is false?

Gametophytes have rhizomes.

In many grasses, pollen will not germinate on the stigma if the S genotype of the pollen matches any S allele in the female tissue

Gametophytic self-incompatibility

Hepaticophytes lack stomata and tracheids. What would provide evidence to justify their inclusion in the Bryophytes and not the Charophytes?

Genes for ABA signalling

Ephedrine is a stimulant that is derived from a member of the phylum

Gnetophyta.

In terms of the number of species, the most successful class of arthropods is

Hexapoda.

Which of the following has the longest fossil record?

Homo erectus

Because of its association with tools, the earliest human was called ____________ meaning "handy man."

Homo habilis

Of the following sequences, which one reflects the best scientific knowledge about the succession of Homo species from the past until the present?

Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo heidelbergensis → Homo sapiens

What is a simple way for determining if an annelid is a member of Errantia (a polychaete) or Sedentaria (a clitellate)?

The amount of chaetae (setae)

What would result if a leech had a mutation causing it to secrete low levels of anticoagulants?

The blood would stop flowing after a short time.

What would happen to an egg that had a nonfunctional chorion?

The embryo would suffocate or dehydrate.

Why can corn seeds germinate in total darkness?

The endosperm provides the embryo with the nutrition needed during the initial germination stages.

The invasion of the land by amphibians posed a number of challenges requiring evolutionary innovations. Which one of the following does NOT match a challenge with a corresponding adaptation found in amphibians?

The force of gravity was greater without water's buoying effect, selecting for well-muscled legs.

Which of the following is not a correct statement regarding bean (a typical eudicot) and maize (a typical monocot) seedlings?

The maize seedling has a well-differentiated and visible hypocotyl and epicotyl region.

Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Platyhelminthes?

acoelomate

Solid worms that lack a body cavity are known as

acoelomates.

Whisk ferns, club mosses, and horsetails have all the following characteristics in common with ferns except

all of these plants have no vascular tissue.

One of the most critical adaptations of the reptiles in relation to their life on land is the evolution of the

amniotic egg.

You dissect a specimen of a vertebrate during an anatomy laboratory. It has the following characteristics: lungs, abundant blood capillaries under thin skin, a partially-divided heart, a pulmonary circuit, and four walking legs. What is this animal?

amphibian

The seed coat is formed by the hardening of the

integument.

Place the events in the correct sequence to describe the process of root pressure.

ion concentrations increase in root xylems at night, water is drawn into roots via osmosis, water moves up the plant and through leaves, water exits via cells along the edge of the leaves via guttation

The breakdown of antipodals

is a normal part of development in the ovule.

One characteristic that New World monkeys have that Old World monkeys lack is

prehensile tails.

Antipodals and synergids are

produced in the female gametophyte.

Radula modification allowed all of the following functions in gastropods except

protecting themselves with nematocysts.

The dominant stage in the life cycle of tracheophyte plants is the

sporophyte generation.

The gynoecium contains a slender style with a pollen-receptive _____________ at its apex.

stigma

All of the following describe functions of root hairs except which?

store sugars

Which feature is an evolutionary novelty of hexapods?

wings

Which one of the following is not an adaptation shown by modern birds?

wings and a long feathered tail

All of the following features are true of primates except

young are born as embryos and complete development in an external pouch.