Bio principles unit 2
osmosis
diffusion across a semi-permiable membrane -facilitated diffusion involving water
Golgi Apparatus
-packaging center of cell -synthesises carbohydrates
solvent
the bigger portion of the solution -usually water
cytology
the study of cells
when it rains, what happens to the vacules of plant cells?
the water goes towards the solutes in the vacule and fill up the well wall
everything has thermal energy t/f
true
plants rely on ______ to maintain rigidity
turgidity
-tight junctions
urinary bladder needs to not leak, so they form extreamly tight junctions that can stretch like a ballon
which molecule is the most important to transport across membranes?
water
vinigar is mostly
water and acidic acid
carrier proteins
- integral transmembrane proteins; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport substances.
plamsa membrane
-"fluid mosiac model" -plasma=fluid mosiac-randomly thrown "mosiac, but not random at all -composed of a fluid like phospholipid bilayer, protiens, cholesterol and glycoproteins. -involved in ATP production and the electron transport system
isotonic
-2/98% vs. 2/98% -two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane.
salt water fish
-3.5% more water will enter fish to reach equilibrium than fresh water fishes with a 1% tenocity
protiens
-3D structure responsible for function -passage way-membrane protien structured like a tube
Na/K exchange pump
-ATP driven -sodium out, potasium in -injecting someone with potasium chloride will kill them bc it can alter and diminish nerve functions
membrane pumps
-ATP required -permease is used to move a substance, usually in the opissite direction of diffusion -sodium patasium exchange pump. -all living cells have a charge difference
mitochondria
-ATP synthesis -has two membranes-CRISTA CRISTE
Nucleous
-DNA/chromosomes -controlles cellular activities via genes
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
-DOESN'T Have ribosomes -lipid synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-HAS ribosomes -protein synthesis
facilitated diffusion
-a permease, or membrane enzyme carries a substance
absolute 0
-a theory that when there is no molecular motion at 0 K. -contradicts "everything must have energy"
cell theory
-all living things are composed of cells and come from living cells
channel protiens
-allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane
glycoprotiens
-antogens, name tags in all cells to identify self from not self.
Why is ATP needed in active transport?
-because active transport usually requires movement against the concentration gradient low --> high
chemiosmosis
-chemicals using osmosis -osmosis is 99.9% related to water, but sometimes it uses chemicals
prokaryotic cells
-classified by their shape -bacteria,archea and cyanobacteria -most abundant and succesfull organisms on the plant -more numerous than any other organism put together -nucleoid DNA in a continoius loop -loid=like -simple in organization with no nucleous or other membrane bound organlles -use flagella to rotate -ribosomes present- ALL organisms MUST have ribosomes. -plama membrane produces ATP -cell wall
Eukaryotes
-complex organization with membrane bound organelles, located inside the cell membrane
plasymolysis
-contraction of the protoplast of a cell of a cell as a result of loss of water from the cell
playsmolysis
-contraction of the protoplast of the plant cell
scanning electron microscope
-electrons are reflected off of a specimen and are analyzed by a computer to create a 3D image
endosymbiotic theory
-evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes -mitochondria and cloroplasts have their own DNA and Rna. -believed to have been engulfed by larger cells
how do salt water birds excrete salt from their bodies?
-excearete salt through eyes
desmosoners
-fibers in cells that allow to expand without breaking -recoils -gastro intestrinal cells
hypertonic
-higher solute concentration 1/99% - more solute than water -greater concentrations of solutes outside than inside a cell, so water outside the cell is lower -so water will flow out of the cell and shrivel
Lysosomes
-intracellular waste digestive enzymes -take care of waste
peroxisome
-involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and degredation
cholesterol
-levels in membrane regulate viscosity balance of fluids
hypotonic
-lower solute concentration 2/99% -more water than solute -if there are less solutes on the outside the cell, then the concentration of water is greater -when a cell is put in hypotonic solutions, water will move into the cell -di water
gap juntions
-making sure they are connected, but with gaps in between -cynapse- neuron--> muscle
cytoplasm
-material OUTSIDE the nucleus, site of metabolic activiy
endocytosis
-materials are being brought into the cell -this involves making a membrane structure
organelles
-membrane bound subunits of cells with specific functions
diffusion
-movement from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. -solid block of sugar --> into cup of water --> randomly distributes itself in water --> untill reaching equilibrium
chromoplast
-non green pigments
polygrain
-not self, foreign -white cells will destroy
cell wall
-outside of the plasma membrane in some organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria) -composed of carbohydrates(chitin for fungi) or carbohydrate derivatives(peptolycogen bacteria)
turgor pressure
-pushes plasma membrane against cell wall of plant, bacteria and fungi cells. as well as protists that have cell walls -caused by the osmotic flow of water from an area of low solute concentration outside the cell into the vacule, where there is a higher solute concentration
active transport
-relies on the cell to provide the energy supply to more materials -atp there are three catagories
passive transport
-relies on the thermal energy of matter and concentration gradient; the cell does not do the work. -4 categories: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and bulk flow.
hemolysis
-rupture or destruction of red blood cells
chloroplast
-site of photosynthesis -chlorophyll pigments
cell sap
-solutions that fill the vacuoles of plant cells -contains sugars, amino acids and mineral salts
cytosol
-solutions with dissolved substances -glucose- CO2, O2
robert hooke
-solved the cork problem thus fiinding the cell with a microscope
aquapores
-specialzed terminals for water
Vacuole
-storage and space filling
potential energy
-stored for subsequent use to do work -exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field -e.g. earths gravitational field -energy that COULD be doing work
cytoskeleton
-supportive and metabolic structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments. -funtion as structureal and metabolic as far as chemical reactions go
what happens when cells are placed in distilled water?
-swell up and burst
light microscope
-takes pictures of large atoms. -nucleous, not electrons
Knowing the "relative" solute concentrations can ALSO give us
-the "relative" solvent (i.e., water in living systems) concentrations. -That explains why a hypotonic solution has MORE water per volume than a hypertonic solution.
tenacity
-the definition of a solution based on comparing 2 solutions with their solutes. -ONLY when comparing two or more solvents, never just one -and only if they are seperated by a membrane in the same container
osmotic pressure
-the minimal pressure that would be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a solution by osmosis -often used to express the concentration of a solution -water has reached equilibrium
solute
-the smaller portion of a solvent
you can only use tonicity terms when
-the solutions are in the same beaker, seperated by a membrane
animal cell ceonnections
-tight junction -gap junction -desmosones
what is critical to maintaining life in a dynamic environment
-transport across cell membranes
nano technology
-using molecules to store information
transmmision electron microscope
-very thin slices viewed through a viewing lens
wilting
-wilting- becomes limp through heat, loss of water or disease. -to droop
what would happen if you were in a swimming pool for eight hours?
-you will gain weight because you are hypertonic
what kind of microscopes are there
2 -light and electron
cytolysis
=hemolysis -the dissolution or disruption of cells, especially by an external agent
crenation
=plasymolysis -contraction of the cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution -due to loss of water means to shrivel
bulk flow
a mass movement of fluid affected by pressure and solutes
what happens when cells are placed in a conentrated salt solution
cell body shrinks and pulls away from cell wall
plasmodestamata
cell to cell connections in plants
what happens when cells are placed in a concentrated salt soultion
cells shrink and shrivel
what happens when plant cells are placed in water
cells stiffen, but generally maintain shape
cell connections
cells work together to form tissues
microtubules are found in
cilia and flagella- tubular dimers
what is energy?
energy can be categorized relative to it's passive or active state
difference between excretion and secretion
excretions=waste secretions= needed by the body
vacules
general storage and space
nucleolus
in nucleus, site for ribosome synthesis
gradient
less concentrated area and more concentrated area
exoytosis
materials are expelled from cell -still requires ATP
what are the three catagories of active transport
membrane pumps endocytosis exocytosis
filaments smallest to largest
microfilaments-smallest-actin intermediate filaments-middle microtubules-bigger-2 molecule monomer
phospholipids
most abundent component of the plasma membrane -most massive component is the lipid
cell transport
passive transport and active transport.
forms of endocytosis
phagocytosis pinocytosis
plant cell connections
plasmodestamata
selectivley periable also means
semi-permeable
why are cells so small?
small to maximize the ratio of surface area to volume for regulating the internal cell environment
water will always go towards
solutes. where ever there is more salts. -hypotonic soultions
leukoplast
stores starches